Carotenoids are the largest group of natural pigments responsible for the yellow,orange,and red colors in plant kernels,fruits,and leaves(Gupta and Hirschberg,2021).In plants,carotenoids are involved in manybiological...Carotenoids are the largest group of natural pigments responsible for the yellow,orange,and red colors in plant kernels,fruits,and leaves(Gupta and Hirschberg,2021).In plants,carotenoids are involved in manybiological processes,such as acting as accessory light-harvesting pigments in photosynthesis,participating in photoprotection,and serving as precursors for the hormones abscisic acid(ABA)and strigolactones(Ruiz-Sola and Rodriguez-Concepcion,2012).展开更多
BACKGROUND Diamine oxidase(DAO)is secreted by epithelial cells in the intestinal villi,and its serum levels are elevated after intestinal mucosal damage.d-lactate(D-LA)is a gut microbial metabolite that can enter the ...BACKGROUND Diamine oxidase(DAO)is secreted by epithelial cells in the intestinal villi,and its serum levels are elevated after intestinal mucosal damage.d-lactate(D-LA)is a gut microbial metabolite that can enter the systemic circulation if intestinal barrier function is impaired.Both DAO and D-LA are serum markers of small bowel mucosal integrity,and can be valuable biomarkers of intestinal barrier damage in inflammatory bowel disease(IBD).Intestinal barrier dysfunction was recently found to contribute to psychological symptoms in IBD patients.However,the correlations among DAO,D-LA,psychological symptoms,and disease activity in IBD remain unexplored.AIM To explore the correlations between serum markers of intestinal barrier dysfunction and psychological symptoms in IBD.METHODS We enrolled of 126 participants in this study.Psychological symptom questionnaires(depression,patient health questionnaire-9;anxiety,generalized anxiety disorder-7;and stress,perceived stress scale)and a quality of life(QOL)questionnaire(IBD questionnaire 32)were collected at the baseline.Serum DAO and D-LA levels were measured to assess intestinal barrier integrity.Receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curves were used to identify candidate markers of psychological symptoms and disease activity in IBD patients.Logistic regression was applied,with DAO as an independent variable for predicting psychological symptoms in IBD.RESULTS Serum DAO levels were significantly higher in IBD patients with moderate-to-severe psychological symptoms than in patients with mild or no psychological symptoms.DAO was positively correlated with depression and negatively correlated with QOL in IBD patients.ROC curves revealed that DAO was independently associated with psychological symptoms and clinical activity in patients with IBD.Additionally,logistic regression analysis revealed that each 1-ng/mL increase in DAO levels was significantly associated with an increased risk of psychological symptoms in IBD patients(OR:1.019,95%CI:1.002-1.037).These results highlight the potential of DAO as a novel biomarker for both depression and disease activity in IBD patients.CONCLUSION This study indicates that DAO may be associated with depression and disease activity in IBD patients;however,prospective studies are required to validate its causal relationship.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the effects of a crude extract from Gnetum montanum Markgr.on ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity and metabolic disorders.Methods:Alcoholic liver disorder was induced in mice by administering incre...Objective:To investigate the effects of a crude extract from Gnetum montanum Markgr.on ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity and metabolic disorders.Methods:Alcoholic liver disorder was induced in mice by administering increasing doses of ethanol via oral gavage.Biomarkers of liver injury and oxidative stress were assessed at the end of the study.Liver tissue damage and fat deposition were evaluated using hematoxylin and eosin and oil red O staining,respectively.In addition,key biomarkers were examined in acetaldehyde-treated HepG2 cells.Results:Ethanol consumption induced characteristic pathological changes,including elevated serum markers of liver injury,hepatic lipid accumulation,and oxidative stress in liver tissues.Oral administration of Gnetum montanum extract(175 and 350 mg/kg)decreased serum aspartate aminotransferase,alanine aminotransferase,γ-glutamyl transferase,and bilirubin levels in ethanol-treated mice.The extract also lowered triglyceride levels in serum and liver tissue in a dose-dependent manner.Furthermore,it mitigated malondialdehyde levels,preserved reduced glutathione levels,and enhanced catalase activity and total antioxidant capacity in liver tissue homogenates.Additionally,ethanol-induced hyperuricemia was suppressed by Gnetum montanum extract by inhibiting xanthine oxidase activity.Similar effects were observed in Gnetum montanum extract-treated HepG2 cells.Conclusions:This study demonstrates that Gnetum montanum extract alleviates ethanol-induced hepatic injury by alleviating oxidative stress and inhibiting xanthine oxidase activity.展开更多
Multiple phytohormones,including gibberellin(GA),abscisic acid(ABA),and indole-3-acetic acid(IAA),regulate seed germination.In this study,a barley aldehyde oxidase 1(HvAO1)gene was identified,which is located near the...Multiple phytohormones,including gibberellin(GA),abscisic acid(ABA),and indole-3-acetic acid(IAA),regulate seed germination.In this study,a barley aldehyde oxidase 1(HvAO1)gene was identified,which is located near the SD2(seed dormancy 2)region at the telomeric end of chromosome 5H.A doubledhaploid population(AC Metcalfe/Baudin)was used to characterize HvAO1 and validated its association with seed germination and malting quality.Aldehyde oxidase is predicted to catalyse the oxidation of various aldehydes,such as indoleacetaldehyde and abscisic aldehyde,into IAA and ABA,which is the final step of IAA/ABA biogenesis.This process influences the final IAA/ABA concentration in the seed,affecting the seed dormancy.Sequence analysis revealed substantial variations in the HvAO1 promoter regions between AC Metcalfe and Baudin.The combining seed germination tests,genetic variation analysis,gene expression,and phytohormone measurements showed that Baudin,which displays strong seed dormancy,has a specific sequence variation in the promoter region of the HvAO1 gene.This variation is associated with a higher expression level of the HvAO1 gene and an increased level of ABA than those in AC Metcalfe,which shows weak dormancy and lacks this sequence variation.In addition to its strong effect on the SD2 gene,HvAO1 shows excellent potential to fine-tune malting quality and seed dormancy,as evidenced by genotyping with HvAO1-specific markers,dormancy phenotypes,and malting quality.Our findings provide a new strategy for introducing favourable HvAO1 alleles to achieve the desired level of seed dormancy and high malting quality in barley.展开更多
Constructing high-performance nanozymes for specific biomolecules is crucial but challenging for practical applications and fundamental research.Herein,through the examination of the catalytic reaction paths of natura...Constructing high-performance nanozymes for specific biomolecules is crucial but challenging for practical applications and fundamental research.Herein,through the examination of the catalytic reaction paths of natural nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide(NADH)oxidase(NOX),a novel and efficient single-atom rhodium catalyst(Rh1/NC)was developed to mimic NOX.The Rh_(1)/NC demonstrated the ability to catalyze the dehydrogenation of NADH and transfer electrons to O_(2)to generate H_(2)O_(2)through the typical two-electron pathway.Furthermore,our findings revealed that Rh_(1)/NC exhibits the ability to catalyze the conversion of produced H_(2)O_(2)into OH under mildly acidic conditions.This process amplifies the oxidation of NADH,showcasing NADH peroxidase-like activity(NPx-like).As a paradigm,this unique dual enzyme-like property of Rh_(1)/NC with a positive feedback effect holds significance in disrupting cancer cellular homeostasis.Rh_(1)/NC can effectively consume NADH via cascade biocatalytic reactions within cancer cells,further triggering the elevation of reactive oxygen species(ROS),leading to impaired oxidative phosphorylation and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential,thus damaging the adenosine triphosphate(ATP)synthesis.The resulting'domino effect'interferes with the energy metabolism homeostasis of cancer cells,ultimately promoting cell apoptosis.This study provides potential guidance for the rational design of materials with greater capabilities.展开更多
Diseases like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases are defined by inflammation and the damage neurons undergo due to oxidative stress. A primary reactive oxygen species contributor in the central nervous system, NAD...Diseases like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases are defined by inflammation and the damage neurons undergo due to oxidative stress. A primary reactive oxygen species contributor in the central nervous system, NADPH oxidase 4, is viewed as a potential therapeutic touchstone and indicative marker for these ailments. This in-depth review brings to light distinct features of NADPH oxidase 4, responsible for generating superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, emphasizing its pivotal role in activating glial cells, inciting inflammation, and disturbing neuronal functions. Significantly, malfunctioning astrocytes, forming the majority in the central nervous system, play a part in advancing neurodegenerative diseases, due to their reactive oxygen species and inflammatory factor secretion. Our study reveals that aiming at NADPH oxidase 4 within astrocytes could be a viable treatment pathway to reduce oxidative damage and halt neurodegenerative processes. Adjusting NADPH oxidase 4 activity might influence the neuroinflammatory cytokine levels, including myeloperoxidase and osteopontin, offering better prospects for conditions like Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. This review sheds light on the role of NADPH oxidase 4 in neural degeneration, emphasizing its drug target potential, and paving the path for novel treatment approaches to combat these severe conditions.展开更多
Type-B monoamine oxidase inhibitors,encompassing selegiline,rasagiline,and safinamide,are available to treat Parkinson's disease.These drugs ameliorate motor symptoms and improve motor fluctuation in the advanced ...Type-B monoamine oxidase inhibitors,encompassing selegiline,rasagiline,and safinamide,are available to treat Parkinson's disease.These drugs ameliorate motor symptoms and improve motor fluctuation in the advanced stages of the disease.There is also evidence suppo rting the benefit of type-B monoamine oxidase inhibitors on non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease,such as mood deflection,cognitive impairment,sleep disturbances,and fatigue.Preclinical studies indicate that type-B monoamine oxidase inhibitors hold a strong neuroprotective potential in Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases for reducing oxidative stress and stimulating the production and release of neurotrophic factors,particularly glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor,which suppo rt dopaminergic neurons.Besides,safinamide may interfere with neurodegenerative mechanisms,countera cting excessive glutamate overdrive in basal ganglia motor circuit and reducing death from excitotoxicity.Due to the dual mechanism of action,the new generation of type-B monoamine oxidase inhibitors,including safinamide,is gaining interest in other neurological pathologies,and many supporting preclinical studies are now available.The potential fields of application concern epilepsy,Duchenne muscular dystrophy,multiple scle rosis,and above all,ischemic brain injury.The purpose of this review is to investigate the preclinical and clinical pharmacology of selegiline,rasagiline,and safinamide in Parkinson's disease and beyond,focusing on possible future therapeutic applications.展开更多
Neuroinflammation mediated by microglia and oxidative stress play pivotal roles in the development of chronic temporal lobe epilepsy(TLE).We postulated that kainic acid(KA)-Induced status epilepticus triggers microgli...Neuroinflammation mediated by microglia and oxidative stress play pivotal roles in the development of chronic temporal lobe epilepsy(TLE).We postulated that kainic acid(KA)-Induced status epilepticus triggers microglia-dependent inflammation,leading to neuronal damage,a lowered seizure threshold,and the emergence of spontaneous recurrent seizures(SRS).Extensive evidence from our laboratory suggests that dextromethorphan(DM),even in ultra-low doses,has anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in many animal models of neurodegenerative disease.Our results showed that administration of DM(10 ng/kg per day;subcutaneously via osmotic minipump for 4 weeks)significantly mitigated the residual effects of KA,including the frequency of SRS and seizure susceptibility.In addition,DM-treated rats showed improved cognitive function and reduced hippocampal neuronal loss.We found suppressed microglial activation-mediated neuroinflammation and decreased expression of hippocampal gp91^(phox) and p47^(phox) proteins in KA-induced chronic TLE rats.Notably,even after discontinuation of DM treatment,ultra-low doses of DM continued to confer long-term anti-seizure and neuroprotective effects,which were attributed to the inhibition of microglial NADPH oxidase 2 as revealed by mechanistic studies.展开更多
Seed vigor is a crucial trait for the direct seeding of rice.Here we examined the genetic regulation of seed vigor traits in rice,including germination index(GI)and germination potential(GP),using a genome-wide associ...Seed vigor is a crucial trait for the direct seeding of rice.Here we examined the genetic regulation of seed vigor traits in rice,including germination index(GI)and germination potential(GP),using a genome-wide association study approach.One major quantitative trait locus,qGI6/qGP6,was identified simultaneously for both GI and GP.The candidate gene encoding the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 5B(OsCOX5B)was validated for qGI6/qGP6.The disruption of OsCOX5B caused the vigor traits to be significantly lower in Oscox5b mutants than in the japonica Nipponbare wild type(WT).Gene co-expression analysis revealed that OsCOX5B influences seed vigor mainly by modulating the tricarboxylic acid cycle process.The glucose levels were significantly higher while the pyruvic acid and adenosine triphosphate levels were significantly lower in Oscox5b mutants than in WT during seed germination.The elite haplotype of OsCOX5B facilitates seed vigor by increasing its expression during seed germination.Thus,we propose that OsCOX5B is a potential target for the breeding of rice varieties with enhanced seed vigor for direct seeding.展开更多
Neuroinflammation,mediated by the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing-3(NLRP3)inflammasome,is a significant contributor to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disea...Neuroinflammation,mediated by the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing-3(NLRP3)inflammasome,is a significant contributor to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases(NDDs).Reynos-in,a natural sesquiterpene lactone(SL),exhibits a broad spectrum of pharmacological effects,suggesting its potential therapeutic value.However,the effects and mechanism of reynosin on neuroinflammation remain elusive.The current study explores the effects and mechanisms of reynosin on neuroinflammation using mice and BV-2 microglial cells treated with lipopolysaccharide(LPS).Our findings reveal that reynosin effectively reduces microglial inflammation in vitro,as demonstrated by decreased CD11b expression and lowered interleukin-1 beta(IL-1β)and interleukin-18(IL-18)mRNA and protein levels.Correspondingly,in vivo,results showed a re-duction in the number of Iba-1 positive cells and alleviation of morphological alterations,alongside decreased expressions of IL-1βand IL-18.Further analysis indicates that reynosin inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation,evidenced by reduced transcription of NLRP3 and caspase-1,diminished NLRP3 protein expression,inhibited apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD(ASC)oli-gomerization,and decreased caspase-1 self-cleavage.Additionally,reynosin curtailed the activation of nicotinamide adenine dinuc-leotide phosphate(NADPH)oxidase,demonstrated by reduced NADP^(+)and NADPH levels,downregulation of gp91^(phox) mRNA,pro-tein expression,suppression of p47^(phox) expression and translocation to the membrane.Moreover,reynosin exhibited a neuroprotective effect against microglial inflammation in vivo and in vitro.These collective findings underscore reynosin’s capacity to mitigate mi-croglial inflammation by inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome,thus highlighting its potential as a therapeutic agent for managing neuroinflammation.展开更多
Despite decades of laboratory and clinical trials,breast cancer remains the main cause of cancer-related disease burden in women.Considering the metabolism destruction effect of metformin(Met)and cancer cell starvatio...Despite decades of laboratory and clinical trials,breast cancer remains the main cause of cancer-related disease burden in women.Considering the metabolism destruction effect of metformin(Met)and cancer cell starvation induced by glucose oxidase(GOx),after their efficient delivery to tumor sites,GOx and Met may consume a large amount of glucose and produce sufficient hydrogen peroxide in situ.Herein,a pH-responsive epigallocatechin gallate(EGCG)-conjugated low-molecular-weight chitosan(LC-EGCG,LE)nanoparticle(Met–GOx/Fe@LE NPs)was constructed.The coordination between iron ions(Fe3+)and EGCG in this nanoplatform can enhance the efficacy of chemodynamic therapy via the Fenton reaction.Met–GOx/Fe@LE NPs allow GOx to retain its enzymatic activity while simultaneously improving its stability.Moreover,this pH-responsive nanoplatform presents controllable drug release behavior.An in vivo biodistribution study showed that the intracranial accumulation of GOx delivered by this nanoplatform was 3.6-fold higher than that of the free drug.The in vivo anticancer results indicated that this metabolism destruction/starvation/chemodynamic triple-combination therapy could induce increased apoptosis/death of tumor cells and reduce their proliferation.This triple-combination therapy approach is promising for efficient and targeted cancer treatment.展开更多
Formate oxidase(FOx),which contains 8-formyl flavin adenine dinucleotide(FAD),exhibits a distinct advantage in utilizing ambient oxygen molecules for the oxidation of formic acid compared to other glucose-methanol-cho...Formate oxidase(FOx),which contains 8-formyl flavin adenine dinucleotide(FAD),exhibits a distinct advantage in utilizing ambient oxygen molecules for the oxidation of formic acid compared to other glucose-methanol-choline(GMC)oxidoreductase enzymes that contain only the standard FAD cofactor.The FOx-mediated conversion of FAD to 8-formyl FAD results in an approximate 10-fold increase in formate oxidase activity.However,the mechanistic details underlying the autocatalytic formation of 8-formyl FAD are still not well understood,which impedes further utilization of FOx.In this study,we employ molecular dynamics simulation,QM/MM umbrella sampling simulation,enzyme activity assay,site-directed mutagenesis,and spectroscopic analysis to elucidate the oxidation mechanism of FAD to 8-formyl FAD.Our results reveal that a catalytic water molecule,rather than any catalytic amino acids,serves as a general base to deprotonate the C8 methyl group on FAD,thus facilitating the formation of a quinone-methide tautomer intermediate.An oxygen molecule subsequently oxidizes this intermediate,resulting in a C8 methyl hydroperoxide anion that is protonated and dissociated to form OHC-RP and OH−.During the oxidation of FAD to 8-formyl FAD,the energy barrier for the rate-limiting step is calculated to be 22.8 kcal/mol,which corresponds to the required 14-hour transformation time observed experimentally.Further,the elucidated oxidation mechanism reveals that the autocatalytic formation of 8-formyl FAD depends on the proximal arginine and serine residues,R87 and S94,respectively.Enzymatic activity assay validates that the mutation of R87 to lysine reduces the kcat value to 75%of the wild-type,while the mutation to histidine results in a complete loss of activity.Similarly,the mutant S94I also leads to the deactivation of enzyme.This dependency arises because the nucleophilic OH−group and the quinone-methide tautomer intermediate are stabilized through the noncovalent interaction provided by R87 and S94.These findings not only explain the mechanistic details of each reaction step but also clarify the functional role of R87 and S94 during the oxidative maturation of 8-formyl FAD,thereby providing crucial theoretical support for the development of novel flavoenzymes with enhanced redox properties.展开更多
Monoamine oxidases(MAOs)are a class of flavin enzymes that are mainly present in the outer membrane of mitochondria and play a crucial role in maintaining the homeostasis of monoamine neurotransmitters in the central ...Monoamine oxidases(MAOs)are a class of flavin enzymes that are mainly present in the outer membrane of mitochondria and play a crucial role in maintaining the homeostasis of monoamine neurotransmitters in the central nervous system.Furthermore,expression of MAOs is associated with the functions of peripheral organs.Dysfunction of MAOs is relevant in a variety of diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases,heart failure,metabolic disor-ders,and cancers.Monoamine oxidases have two isoenzymes,namely,monoamine oxidase A(MAO-A)and monoamine oxidase B(MAO-B).Therefore,the development of reliable and specific methods to detect these two isoenzymes is of great significance for the in-depth understanding of their functions in biological systems,and for further promoting the clinical diag-nosis and treatment of MAO-related diseases.This review mainly focuses on the advances in small molecular probes for the specific imaging of MAO-A and MAO-B,including radiolabeled probes,fluorescent probes,and a 19F magnetic resonance imaging probe.In addition,applications of these probes for detecting MAO expression levels in cells,tissues,animal models,and patients are described.Finally,the challenges and perspectives of developing novel MAO imaging probes are also highlighted.展开更多
The phylogenetic relationships of genera in the subfamily Apaturinae were examined using mtDNA sequence data from 1,471 bp of cytochrome oxidase subunit Ⅰ （COI）. The mitochondrial COI gene from a total of 16 specie...The phylogenetic relationships of genera in the subfamily Apaturinae were examined using mtDNA sequence data from 1,471 bp of cytochrome oxidase subunit Ⅰ （COI）. The mitochondrial COI gene from a total of 16 species in 11 genera were sequenced to obtain mtDNA data, along with those of 4 species obtained from GenBank, to construct the MP and the NJ trees using Athyma jina, Penthema adelma, Polyura nepenthes, and Charaxes bernardus as outgroups. The transitions at the third codon positions of the COI data set were found saturated, but they were retained for analysis, because they contain the majority of the phylogenetic information. The impacts of equal weight assumptions for all characters in the parsimonious analysis were assessed by potential alternations in clades in response to different transition/transversion weighting schemes. The results indicated four distinct major groups in Apaturinae. Moreover, several well supported and stable clades were found in the Apaturinae. The study also identified undetermined taxon groups whose positions were weakly supported and were subject to changes under different weighting schemes. Within the Apaturinae, the clustering results are approximately identical to the classical morphological classification. The mtDNA data suggest the genus Mimathyma as a monophyletic group. Lelecella limenitoides and Dilipa fenestra have close relationship with very strong support in all phylogenetic trees. It also supports the taxonomic revision of removing several species from Apatura to other genera, namely Mimathyma schrenckii, M. chevana, M. nycteis, Chitoria subcaerulea, C. fasciola, C. pallas, and Helcyra subalba.展开更多
[Objective] The aim was to explore the phylogenetic relationships among four subspecies of the genus Locusta.[Method] The sequences of three subunits of cytochrome oxidase of Locusta migratoria tibetensis and Locusta ...[Objective] The aim was to explore the phylogenetic relationships among four subspecies of the genus Locusta.[Method] The sequences of three subunits of cytochrome oxidase of Locusta migratoria tibetensis and Locusta migratoria manilensis were amplified and sequenced（COⅠ 1 539 bp,COⅡ 684 bp,CO Ⅲ 792 bp,with the total of 3 015 bp）.The corresponding sequenses of Locusta migratoria migratoria and Locusta migratoria migratorioides were obtained from GenBank and constructed a multiple alignment.Phylogenic trees of four subspecies of L.migratoria were constructed by Neighbor-Joining,Maximum-parsimony and Bayesian,respectively.[Result] The average content of A ＋ T in three subunits of four subspecies was 69.57%;the third site of codon showed the highest A ＋ T content,and the COⅠ had the highest A ＋ T content（87.6%）;The nucleotide substitution mainly occurred at the third site of codon,and the nucleotide replacement rate of CO Ⅱ was the highest.The second site of codon was conservative,so the replacement rate was in the range of 5.9%-15%.The start codon of COⅠ was CCG or ACG.Genetic distances among four subspecies were ranged from 0.001 to 0.076.The relationship between L.m.tibetensis and Locusta migratoria manilensis was the closest,followed by L.m.migratorioides and L.m.migratorioides,while the genetic distance between L.m.tibetensis and L.m.migratorioides was the largest.[Conclusion] The phylogenetic relationships among four subspecies of Locusta migratoria is L.m.tibetensis,L.m.manilensis,L.m.migratoria,L.m.migratorioides.展开更多
NAD(P)H oxidases were detected in suspension cultured cells of ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer). The activities of these enzymes were induced by an elicitor (Cle) extracted from cell walls of Col-letotrichum lagera...NAD(P)H oxidases were detected in suspension cultured cells of ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer). The activities of these enzymes were induced by an elicitor (Cle) extracted from cell walls of Col-letotrichum lagerarium. In addition, Cle induced an oxidative burst and enhanced the synthesis of saponin, activity of phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL) , accumulation of chalcone synthase (CHS) and the transcription of a hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein gene ( hrgp ) . Pre-treatments with DPI and quinacrine (two inhibitors of mammalian neutrophil plasma membrane NADPH oxidase) for 30 min prior to Cle addition blocked the NAD(P)H oxidase activity induced by Cle. These inhibitors also inhibited the release of H2C2, the synthesis of saponin, PAL activity and CHS accumulation. Our data revealed homology between plasma membrane NAD(P)H oxidases of mammalian neutrophil cells and ginseng suspension cells. They also indicated that deactivated NAD(P)H oxidases catalysed the release of H2O2 and that H2O2 was functioning as a second messenger stimulating PAL activity, saponin synthesis and hrgp transcription. Elevations of Ca2 + and protein phos-phorylation/dephosphorylation were required for this defense process. We propose that NAD(P)H oxidases mediate the processes of Cle-induced defense responses in ginseng suspensions, and postulate the existence of a signalling cascade including extracellular Cle stimulation, activation of plasma membrane NAD(P)H oxidases, release of H2O2, and the intracellular responses of metabolism and gene transcription in ginseng suspension cells.展开更多
Endogenous elicitor, termed cellulase-degraded cell wall (CDW), was prepared from the cell wall of suspension-cultured ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) cells via cellulase degradation. CDW activated the NADPH oxidas...Endogenous elicitor, termed cellulase-degraded cell wall (CDW), was prepared from the cell wall of suspension-cultured ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) cells via cellulase degradation. CDW activated the NADPH oxidase activity of isolated plasma membranes and stimulated in vivo H2O2 generation in ginseng cell suspensions. CDW also increased the activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), expression of a P. ginseng squalene epoxidase (sqe) gene and saponin synthesis. NADPH oxidase inhibitors inhibited both in vitro NADPH oxidase activity and in vivo H2O2 generation. Induction of PAL activity, saponin synthesis and sqe gene expression were all inhibited by such inhibitor treatments and reduced by incubation with catalase and HA scavengers. These data indicate that activation of NADPH oxidase and generation of H2O2 are essential signalling events mediating defence responses induced by the endogenous elicitor(s) present in CDW.展开更多
Rhizopus rot of peach fruits could be significantly suppressed by Pichia membranefaciens. Polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (POD) and phenylalanine ammonium-lyase (PAL) activities induced by inoculation with P. mem...Rhizopus rot of peach fruits could be significantly suppressed by Pichia membranefaciens. Polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (POD) and phenylalanine ammonium-lyase (PAL) activities induced by inoculation with P. membrane faciens or R. stolonifer were studied in postharvest peach fruits. The activities of PPO and PAL in peaches increased significantly after being inoculated with P. membrane faciens + R. stolonifer by 24 h, the activities maintained at a high level throughout the experiment. Under the condition of infected with R. stolonifer alone, activity of PPO and PAL could also increased, but the levels were lower than those treated with P. membrane faciens+ R. stolonifer. However, fruits inoculaed with P. membrane-faciens + R. stolonifer or R. stolonifer alone did not stimulated POD activity. The results suggest that the activation of these defense enzymes is involved in the action of P. membrane faciens against R. stolonifer.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD1200704-3)Crop Varietal Improvement and Insect Pests Control by Nuclear Radiation,the Sichuan Province Science and Technology Program(2022NSFSC0018,2021YFYZ0011,2020YJ0249,MZGC20230108)the Biological Breeding Program of State Key of Sichuan Agricultural University(SKL-ZY202234).
文摘Carotenoids are the largest group of natural pigments responsible for the yellow,orange,and red colors in plant kernels,fruits,and leaves(Gupta and Hirschberg,2021).In plants,carotenoids are involved in manybiological processes,such as acting as accessory light-harvesting pigments in photosynthesis,participating in photoprotection,and serving as precursors for the hormones abscisic acid(ABA)and strigolactones(Ruiz-Sola and Rodriguez-Concepcion,2012).
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.82270581 and No.82270546.
文摘BACKGROUND Diamine oxidase(DAO)is secreted by epithelial cells in the intestinal villi,and its serum levels are elevated after intestinal mucosal damage.d-lactate(D-LA)is a gut microbial metabolite that can enter the systemic circulation if intestinal barrier function is impaired.Both DAO and D-LA are serum markers of small bowel mucosal integrity,and can be valuable biomarkers of intestinal barrier damage in inflammatory bowel disease(IBD).Intestinal barrier dysfunction was recently found to contribute to psychological symptoms in IBD patients.However,the correlations among DAO,D-LA,psychological symptoms,and disease activity in IBD remain unexplored.AIM To explore the correlations between serum markers of intestinal barrier dysfunction and psychological symptoms in IBD.METHODS We enrolled of 126 participants in this study.Psychological symptom questionnaires(depression,patient health questionnaire-9;anxiety,generalized anxiety disorder-7;and stress,perceived stress scale)and a quality of life(QOL)questionnaire(IBD questionnaire 32)were collected at the baseline.Serum DAO and D-LA levels were measured to assess intestinal barrier integrity.Receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curves were used to identify candidate markers of psychological symptoms and disease activity in IBD patients.Logistic regression was applied,with DAO as an independent variable for predicting psychological symptoms in IBD.RESULTS Serum DAO levels were significantly higher in IBD patients with moderate-to-severe psychological symptoms than in patients with mild or no psychological symptoms.DAO was positively correlated with depression and negatively correlated with QOL in IBD patients.ROC curves revealed that DAO was independently associated with psychological symptoms and clinical activity in patients with IBD.Additionally,logistic regression analysis revealed that each 1-ng/mL increase in DAO levels was significantly associated with an increased risk of psychological symptoms in IBD patients(OR:1.019,95%CI:1.002-1.037).These results highlight the potential of DAO as a novel biomarker for both depression and disease activity in IBD patients.CONCLUSION This study indicates that DAO may be associated with depression and disease activity in IBD patients;however,prospective studies are required to validate its causal relationship.
基金funded by Vietnam National Foundation for Science and Technology Development under grant number 108.05-2023.23.
文摘Objective:To investigate the effects of a crude extract from Gnetum montanum Markgr.on ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity and metabolic disorders.Methods:Alcoholic liver disorder was induced in mice by administering increasing doses of ethanol via oral gavage.Biomarkers of liver injury and oxidative stress were assessed at the end of the study.Liver tissue damage and fat deposition were evaluated using hematoxylin and eosin and oil red O staining,respectively.In addition,key biomarkers were examined in acetaldehyde-treated HepG2 cells.Results:Ethanol consumption induced characteristic pathological changes,including elevated serum markers of liver injury,hepatic lipid accumulation,and oxidative stress in liver tissues.Oral administration of Gnetum montanum extract(175 and 350 mg/kg)decreased serum aspartate aminotransferase,alanine aminotransferase,γ-glutamyl transferase,and bilirubin levels in ethanol-treated mice.The extract also lowered triglyceride levels in serum and liver tissue in a dose-dependent manner.Furthermore,it mitigated malondialdehyde levels,preserved reduced glutathione levels,and enhanced catalase activity and total antioxidant capacity in liver tissue homogenates.Additionally,ethanol-induced hyperuricemia was suppressed by Gnetum montanum extract by inhibiting xanthine oxidase activity.Similar effects were observed in Gnetum montanum extract-treated HepG2 cells.Conclusions:This study demonstrates that Gnetum montanum extract alleviates ethanol-induced hepatic injury by alleviating oxidative stress and inhibiting xanthine oxidase activity.
基金supported by the Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland,Ministry of Education(KFT202302)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32372052).
文摘Multiple phytohormones,including gibberellin(GA),abscisic acid(ABA),and indole-3-acetic acid(IAA),regulate seed germination.In this study,a barley aldehyde oxidase 1(HvAO1)gene was identified,which is located near the SD2(seed dormancy 2)region at the telomeric end of chromosome 5H.A doubledhaploid population(AC Metcalfe/Baudin)was used to characterize HvAO1 and validated its association with seed germination and malting quality.Aldehyde oxidase is predicted to catalyse the oxidation of various aldehydes,such as indoleacetaldehyde and abscisic aldehyde,into IAA and ABA,which is the final step of IAA/ABA biogenesis.This process influences the final IAA/ABA concentration in the seed,affecting the seed dormancy.Sequence analysis revealed substantial variations in the HvAO1 promoter regions between AC Metcalfe and Baudin.The combining seed germination tests,genetic variation analysis,gene expression,and phytohormone measurements showed that Baudin,which displays strong seed dormancy,has a specific sequence variation in the promoter region of the HvAO1 gene.This variation is associated with a higher expression level of the HvAO1 gene and an increased level of ABA than those in AC Metcalfe,which shows weak dormancy and lacks this sequence variation.In addition to its strong effect on the SD2 gene,HvAO1 shows excellent potential to fine-tune malting quality and seed dormancy,as evidenced by genotyping with HvAO1-specific markers,dormancy phenotypes,and malting quality.Our findings provide a new strategy for introducing favourable HvAO1 alleles to achieve the desired level of seed dormancy and high malting quality in barley.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22207066)Taishan Scholars Program of Shandong Province(No.TS201712065)+2 种基金the Academic Promotion Program of Shandong First Medical University(No.2019QL009)the Science and Technology Funding from Jinan(No.2020GXRC018)the Traditional Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Project of Shandong Province(No.Q-2022142)。
文摘Constructing high-performance nanozymes for specific biomolecules is crucial but challenging for practical applications and fundamental research.Herein,through the examination of the catalytic reaction paths of natural nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide(NADH)oxidase(NOX),a novel and efficient single-atom rhodium catalyst(Rh1/NC)was developed to mimic NOX.The Rh_(1)/NC demonstrated the ability to catalyze the dehydrogenation of NADH and transfer electrons to O_(2)to generate H_(2)O_(2)through the typical two-electron pathway.Furthermore,our findings revealed that Rh_(1)/NC exhibits the ability to catalyze the conversion of produced H_(2)O_(2)into OH under mildly acidic conditions.This process amplifies the oxidation of NADH,showcasing NADH peroxidase-like activity(NPx-like).As a paradigm,this unique dual enzyme-like property of Rh_(1)/NC with a positive feedback effect holds significance in disrupting cancer cellular homeostasis.Rh_(1)/NC can effectively consume NADH via cascade biocatalytic reactions within cancer cells,further triggering the elevation of reactive oxygen species(ROS),leading to impaired oxidative phosphorylation and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential,thus damaging the adenosine triphosphate(ATP)synthesis.The resulting'domino effect'interferes with the energy metabolism homeostasis of cancer cells,ultimately promoting cell apoptosis.This study provides potential guidance for the rational design of materials with greater capabilities.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of the Republic of Korea 2018R1D1A3B07047960the Soonchunhyang University Research Fund(to SSY).
文摘Diseases like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases are defined by inflammation and the damage neurons undergo due to oxidative stress. A primary reactive oxygen species contributor in the central nervous system, NADPH oxidase 4, is viewed as a potential therapeutic touchstone and indicative marker for these ailments. This in-depth review brings to light distinct features of NADPH oxidase 4, responsible for generating superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, emphasizing its pivotal role in activating glial cells, inciting inflammation, and disturbing neuronal functions. Significantly, malfunctioning astrocytes, forming the majority in the central nervous system, play a part in advancing neurodegenerative diseases, due to their reactive oxygen species and inflammatory factor secretion. Our study reveals that aiming at NADPH oxidase 4 within astrocytes could be a viable treatment pathway to reduce oxidative damage and halt neurodegenerative processes. Adjusting NADPH oxidase 4 activity might influence the neuroinflammatory cytokine levels, including myeloperoxidase and osteopontin, offering better prospects for conditions like Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. This review sheds light on the role of NADPH oxidase 4 in neural degeneration, emphasizing its drug target potential, and paving the path for novel treatment approaches to combat these severe conditions.
文摘Type-B monoamine oxidase inhibitors,encompassing selegiline,rasagiline,and safinamide,are available to treat Parkinson's disease.These drugs ameliorate motor symptoms and improve motor fluctuation in the advanced stages of the disease.There is also evidence suppo rting the benefit of type-B monoamine oxidase inhibitors on non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease,such as mood deflection,cognitive impairment,sleep disturbances,and fatigue.Preclinical studies indicate that type-B monoamine oxidase inhibitors hold a strong neuroprotective potential in Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases for reducing oxidative stress and stimulating the production and release of neurotrophic factors,particularly glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor,which suppo rt dopaminergic neurons.Besides,safinamide may interfere with neurodegenerative mechanisms,countera cting excessive glutamate overdrive in basal ganglia motor circuit and reducing death from excitotoxicity.Due to the dual mechanism of action,the new generation of type-B monoamine oxidase inhibitors,including safinamide,is gaining interest in other neurological pathologies,and many supporting preclinical studies are now available.The potential fields of application concern epilepsy,Duchenne muscular dystrophy,multiple scle rosis,and above all,ischemic brain injury.The purpose of this review is to investigate the preclinical and clinical pharmacology of selegiline,rasagiline,and safinamide in Parkinson's disease and beyond,focusing on possible future therapeutic applications.
基金supported by the National Major Scientific and Technological Special Project for Significant New Drugs Development(2019zx09301102)the Project of Liaoning Provincial Department of Education(LJKZ0826)the Open Project of National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug Research and Development of Neurodegenerative Diseases(2022GCYJZX-YB02).
文摘Neuroinflammation mediated by microglia and oxidative stress play pivotal roles in the development of chronic temporal lobe epilepsy(TLE).We postulated that kainic acid(KA)-Induced status epilepticus triggers microglia-dependent inflammation,leading to neuronal damage,a lowered seizure threshold,and the emergence of spontaneous recurrent seizures(SRS).Extensive evidence from our laboratory suggests that dextromethorphan(DM),even in ultra-low doses,has anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in many animal models of neurodegenerative disease.Our results showed that administration of DM(10 ng/kg per day;subcutaneously via osmotic minipump for 4 weeks)significantly mitigated the residual effects of KA,including the frequency of SRS and seizure susceptibility.In addition,DM-treated rats showed improved cognitive function and reduced hippocampal neuronal loss.We found suppressed microglial activation-mediated neuroinflammation and decreased expression of hippocampal gp91^(phox) and p47^(phox) proteins in KA-induced chronic TLE rats.Notably,even after discontinuation of DM treatment,ultra-low doses of DM continued to confer long-term anti-seizure and neuroprotective effects,which were attributed to the inhibition of microglial NADPH oxidase 2 as revealed by mechanistic studies.
基金supported by the Hainan Province Science and Technology Special Fund,China(ZDYF2023XDNY086)the Project of Sanya Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City,China(SCKJ-JYRC-2022-87)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province,China(2023A1515012052 and 2023A1515012092)the Guangzhou Science and Technology Plan Project,China(2023A04J1452 and 2023A04J0749)the Double First-class Discipline Promotion Project,China(2021B10564001).
文摘Seed vigor is a crucial trait for the direct seeding of rice.Here we examined the genetic regulation of seed vigor traits in rice,including germination index(GI)and germination potential(GP),using a genome-wide association study approach.One major quantitative trait locus,qGI6/qGP6,was identified simultaneously for both GI and GP.The candidate gene encoding the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 5B(OsCOX5B)was validated for qGI6/qGP6.The disruption of OsCOX5B caused the vigor traits to be significantly lower in Oscox5b mutants than in the japonica Nipponbare wild type(WT).Gene co-expression analysis revealed that OsCOX5B influences seed vigor mainly by modulating the tricarboxylic acid cycle process.The glucose levels were significantly higher while the pyruvic acid and adenosine triphosphate levels were significantly lower in Oscox5b mutants than in WT during seed germination.The elite haplotype of OsCOX5B facilitates seed vigor by increasing its expression during seed germination.Thus,we propose that OsCOX5B is a potential target for the breeding of rice varieties with enhanced seed vigor for direct seeding.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82174076)the Construction Project of Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory,China(No.2022JH13/10200026)+2 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.N2220002),the 111 Project(No.B16009)Scientific Research Fund of Liaoning Province Education Department(No.LJKZ0945)Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province(No.2022-MS-242).
文摘Neuroinflammation,mediated by the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing-3(NLRP3)inflammasome,is a significant contributor to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases(NDDs).Reynos-in,a natural sesquiterpene lactone(SL),exhibits a broad spectrum of pharmacological effects,suggesting its potential therapeutic value.However,the effects and mechanism of reynosin on neuroinflammation remain elusive.The current study explores the effects and mechanisms of reynosin on neuroinflammation using mice and BV-2 microglial cells treated with lipopolysaccharide(LPS).Our findings reveal that reynosin effectively reduces microglial inflammation in vitro,as demonstrated by decreased CD11b expression and lowered interleukin-1 beta(IL-1β)and interleukin-18(IL-18)mRNA and protein levels.Correspondingly,in vivo,results showed a re-duction in the number of Iba-1 positive cells and alleviation of morphological alterations,alongside decreased expressions of IL-1βand IL-18.Further analysis indicates that reynosin inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation,evidenced by reduced transcription of NLRP3 and caspase-1,diminished NLRP3 protein expression,inhibited apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD(ASC)oli-gomerization,and decreased caspase-1 self-cleavage.Additionally,reynosin curtailed the activation of nicotinamide adenine dinuc-leotide phosphate(NADPH)oxidase,demonstrated by reduced NADP^(+)and NADPH levels,downregulation of gp91^(phox) mRNA,pro-tein expression,suppression of p47^(phox) expression and translocation to the membrane.Moreover,reynosin exhibited a neuroprotective effect against microglial inflammation in vivo and in vitro.These collective findings underscore reynosin’s capacity to mitigate mi-croglial inflammation by inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome,thus highlighting its potential as a therapeutic agent for managing neuroinflammation.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.:82102767 and 82002655)the 1·3·5 Project for Disciplines of Excellence-Clinical Research Incubation Project,West China Hospital,Sichuan University,China(Grant No.:2020HXFH036)+2 种基金the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,China(Grant No.:JH2022007)the Cultivation Project of Basic Medical College of Xinxiang Medical University,China(Grant No.:JCYXYKY202112)the Key Project of Science and Technology of Henan Province,China(Grant No.:222102310260).
文摘Despite decades of laboratory and clinical trials,breast cancer remains the main cause of cancer-related disease burden in women.Considering the metabolism destruction effect of metformin(Met)and cancer cell starvation induced by glucose oxidase(GOx),after their efficient delivery to tumor sites,GOx and Met may consume a large amount of glucose and produce sufficient hydrogen peroxide in situ.Herein,a pH-responsive epigallocatechin gallate(EGCG)-conjugated low-molecular-weight chitosan(LC-EGCG,LE)nanoparticle(Met–GOx/Fe@LE NPs)was constructed.The coordination between iron ions(Fe3+)and EGCG in this nanoplatform can enhance the efficacy of chemodynamic therapy via the Fenton reaction.Met–GOx/Fe@LE NPs allow GOx to retain its enzymatic activity while simultaneously improving its stability.Moreover,this pH-responsive nanoplatform presents controllable drug release behavior.An in vivo biodistribution study showed that the intracranial accumulation of GOx delivered by this nanoplatform was 3.6-fold higher than that of the free drug.The in vivo anticancer results indicated that this metabolism destruction/starvation/chemodynamic triple-combination therapy could induce increased apoptosis/death of tumor cells and reduce their proliferation.This triple-combination therapy approach is promising for efficient and targeted cancer treatment.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32201030,32271319 and 32071267)the Science and Technology Department of Jilin Province(20230402041GH and YDZJ202301ZYTS537)+2 种基金the Education Department of Jilin Province(JJKH20220970KJ)the Development and Reform Commission of Jilin Province(2023C015)the Fundamental Research Funds of the Central Universities in China(2024-JCXK-11).
文摘Formate oxidase(FOx),which contains 8-formyl flavin adenine dinucleotide(FAD),exhibits a distinct advantage in utilizing ambient oxygen molecules for the oxidation of formic acid compared to other glucose-methanol-choline(GMC)oxidoreductase enzymes that contain only the standard FAD cofactor.The FOx-mediated conversion of FAD to 8-formyl FAD results in an approximate 10-fold increase in formate oxidase activity.However,the mechanistic details underlying the autocatalytic formation of 8-formyl FAD are still not well understood,which impedes further utilization of FOx.In this study,we employ molecular dynamics simulation,QM/MM umbrella sampling simulation,enzyme activity assay,site-directed mutagenesis,and spectroscopic analysis to elucidate the oxidation mechanism of FAD to 8-formyl FAD.Our results reveal that a catalytic water molecule,rather than any catalytic amino acids,serves as a general base to deprotonate the C8 methyl group on FAD,thus facilitating the formation of a quinone-methide tautomer intermediate.An oxygen molecule subsequently oxidizes this intermediate,resulting in a C8 methyl hydroperoxide anion that is protonated and dissociated to form OHC-RP and OH−.During the oxidation of FAD to 8-formyl FAD,the energy barrier for the rate-limiting step is calculated to be 22.8 kcal/mol,which corresponds to the required 14-hour transformation time observed experimentally.Further,the elucidated oxidation mechanism reveals that the autocatalytic formation of 8-formyl FAD depends on the proximal arginine and serine residues,R87 and S94,respectively.Enzymatic activity assay validates that the mutation of R87 to lysine reduces the kcat value to 75%of the wild-type,while the mutation to histidine results in a complete loss of activity.Similarly,the mutant S94I also leads to the deactivation of enzyme.This dependency arises because the nucleophilic OH−group and the quinone-methide tautomer intermediate are stabilized through the noncovalent interaction provided by R87 and S94.These findings not only explain the mechanistic details of each reaction step but also clarify the functional role of R87 and S94 during the oxidative maturation of 8-formyl FAD,thereby providing crucial theoretical support for the development of novel flavoenzymes with enhanced redox properties.
基金Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province,Grant/Award Number:BK20210062National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Number:82172054Project of Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province,College of Chemistry,Chemical Engineering and Materials Science,Soochow University,Grant/Award Number:KJS2326。
文摘Monoamine oxidases(MAOs)are a class of flavin enzymes that are mainly present in the outer membrane of mitochondria and play a crucial role in maintaining the homeostasis of monoamine neurotransmitters in the central nervous system.Furthermore,expression of MAOs is associated with the functions of peripheral organs.Dysfunction of MAOs is relevant in a variety of diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases,heart failure,metabolic disor-ders,and cancers.Monoamine oxidases have two isoenzymes,namely,monoamine oxidase A(MAO-A)and monoamine oxidase B(MAO-B).Therefore,the development of reliable and specific methods to detect these two isoenzymes is of great significance for the in-depth understanding of their functions in biological systems,and for further promoting the clinical diag-nosis and treatment of MAO-related diseases.This review mainly focuses on the advances in small molecular probes for the specific imaging of MAO-A and MAO-B,including radiolabeled probes,fluorescent probes,and a 19F magnetic resonance imaging probe.In addition,applications of these probes for detecting MAO expression levels in cells,tissues,animal models,and patients are described.Finally,the challenges and perspectives of developing novel MAO imaging probes are also highlighted.
基金This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30570247)the Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province (No. 2003-1087)
文摘The phylogenetic relationships of genera in the subfamily Apaturinae were examined using mtDNA sequence data from 1,471 bp of cytochrome oxidase subunit Ⅰ （COI）. The mitochondrial COI gene from a total of 16 species in 11 genera were sequenced to obtain mtDNA data, along with those of 4 species obtained from GenBank, to construct the MP and the NJ trees using Athyma jina, Penthema adelma, Polyura nepenthes, and Charaxes bernardus as outgroups. The transitions at the third codon positions of the COI data set were found saturated, but they were retained for analysis, because they contain the majority of the phylogenetic information. The impacts of equal weight assumptions for all characters in the parsimonious analysis were assessed by potential alternations in clades in response to different transition/transversion weighting schemes. The results indicated four distinct major groups in Apaturinae. Moreover, several well supported and stable clades were found in the Apaturinae. The study also identified undetermined taxon groups whose positions were weakly supported and were subject to changes under different weighting schemes. Within the Apaturinae, the clustering results are approximately identical to the classical morphological classification. The mtDNA data suggest the genus Mimathyma as a monophyletic group. Lelecella limenitoides and Dilipa fenestra have close relationship with very strong support in all phylogenetic trees. It also supports the taxonomic revision of removing several species from Apatura to other genera, namely Mimathyma schrenckii, M. chevana, M. nycteis, Chitoria subcaerulea, C. fasciola, C. pallas, and Helcyra subalba.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(30770263)~~
文摘[Objective] The aim was to explore the phylogenetic relationships among four subspecies of the genus Locusta.[Method] The sequences of three subunits of cytochrome oxidase of Locusta migratoria tibetensis and Locusta migratoria manilensis were amplified and sequenced（COⅠ 1 539 bp,COⅡ 684 bp,CO Ⅲ 792 bp,with the total of 3 015 bp）.The corresponding sequenses of Locusta migratoria migratoria and Locusta migratoria migratorioides were obtained from GenBank and constructed a multiple alignment.Phylogenic trees of four subspecies of L.migratoria were constructed by Neighbor-Joining,Maximum-parsimony and Bayesian,respectively.[Result] The average content of A ＋ T in three subunits of four subspecies was 69.57%;the third site of codon showed the highest A ＋ T content,and the COⅠ had the highest A ＋ T content（87.6%）;The nucleotide substitution mainly occurred at the third site of codon,and the nucleotide replacement rate of CO Ⅱ was the highest.The second site of codon was conservative,so the replacement rate was in the range of 5.9%-15%.The start codon of COⅠ was CCG or ACG.Genetic distances among four subspecies were ranged from 0.001 to 0.076.The relationship between L.m.tibetensis and Locusta migratoria manilensis was the closest,followed by L.m.migratorioides and L.m.migratorioides,while the genetic distance between L.m.tibetensis and L.m.migratorioides was the largest.[Conclusion] The phylogenetic relationships among four subspecies of Locusta migratoria is L.m.tibetensis,L.m.manilensis,L.m.migratoria,L.m.migratorioides.
文摘NAD(P)H oxidases were detected in suspension cultured cells of ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer). The activities of these enzymes were induced by an elicitor (Cle) extracted from cell walls of Col-letotrichum lagerarium. In addition, Cle induced an oxidative burst and enhanced the synthesis of saponin, activity of phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL) , accumulation of chalcone synthase (CHS) and the transcription of a hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein gene ( hrgp ) . Pre-treatments with DPI and quinacrine (two inhibitors of mammalian neutrophil plasma membrane NADPH oxidase) for 30 min prior to Cle addition blocked the NAD(P)H oxidase activity induced by Cle. These inhibitors also inhibited the release of H2C2, the synthesis of saponin, PAL activity and CHS accumulation. Our data revealed homology between plasma membrane NAD(P)H oxidases of mammalian neutrophil cells and ginseng suspension cells. They also indicated that deactivated NAD(P)H oxidases catalysed the release of H2O2 and that H2O2 was functioning as a second messenger stimulating PAL activity, saponin synthesis and hrgp transcription. Elevations of Ca2 + and protein phos-phorylation/dephosphorylation were required for this defense process. We propose that NAD(P)H oxidases mediate the processes of Cle-induced defense responses in ginseng suspensions, and postulate the existence of a signalling cascade including extracellular Cle stimulation, activation of plasma membrane NAD(P)H oxidases, release of H2O2, and the intracellular responses of metabolism and gene transcription in ginseng suspension cells.
文摘Endogenous elicitor, termed cellulase-degraded cell wall (CDW), was prepared from the cell wall of suspension-cultured ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) cells via cellulase degradation. CDW activated the NADPH oxidase activity of isolated plasma membranes and stimulated in vivo H2O2 generation in ginseng cell suspensions. CDW also increased the activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), expression of a P. ginseng squalene epoxidase (sqe) gene and saponin synthesis. NADPH oxidase inhibitors inhibited both in vitro NADPH oxidase activity and in vivo H2O2 generation. Induction of PAL activity, saponin synthesis and sqe gene expression were all inhibited by such inhibitor treatments and reduced by incubation with catalase and HA scavengers. These data indicate that activation of NADPH oxidase and generation of H2O2 are essential signalling events mediating defence responses induced by the endogenous elicitor(s) present in CDW.
基金the grants fromthe National Natural Science Foundation of China(NNSF-30170663) the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
文摘Rhizopus rot of peach fruits could be significantly suppressed by Pichia membranefaciens. Polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (POD) and phenylalanine ammonium-lyase (PAL) activities induced by inoculation with P. membrane faciens or R. stolonifer were studied in postharvest peach fruits. The activities of PPO and PAL in peaches increased significantly after being inoculated with P. membrane faciens + R. stolonifer by 24 h, the activities maintained at a high level throughout the experiment. Under the condition of infected with R. stolonifer alone, activity of PPO and PAL could also increased, but the levels were lower than those treated with P. membrane faciens+ R. stolonifer. However, fruits inoculaed with P. membrane-faciens + R. stolonifer or R. stolonifer alone did not stimulated POD activity. The results suggest that the activation of these defense enzymes is involved in the action of P. membrane faciens against R. stolonifer.
