Sintering is a critical process in steel production that facilitates the efficient utilization of iron ore resources.However,compared to advanced sintering technologies,China’s sintering methods still exhibit high en...Sintering is a critical process in steel production that facilitates the efficient utilization of iron ore resources.However,compared to advanced sintering technologies,China’s sintering methods still exhibit high energy consumption,with typical solid fuel consumption for sintering of about 55 kg/t.In response,a pellet sintering process has been developed and its behavior has been investigated at sintering bed heights of 750 and 1500 mm.Additionally,a technical and economic comparison with traditional sintering methods has been conducted.The results indicate that at a bed height of 750 mm,the pellet sintering method can significantly reduce solid fuel consumption by approximately 30.82%,dropping from 70.75 to 48.95 kg/t.Additionally,the coke rate decreased from 4.55%to 3.20%,and harmful emissions in the flue gas were also reduced.As the bed height increases to 1500 mm,sintering performance improves even further.The coke rate is reduced to 3.00%,and solid fuel consumption decreases to 41.27 kg/t,approaching the world’s advanced level(≤40 kg/t).Technical and economic analysis also indicates that adopting the pellet sintering process can lower sintering costs by about 2.18 dollars/t.展开更多
Coke oven gas(COG)and natural gas(NG),both high-calorific by-products derived from the steel industry,have gained prominence as alternative fuels in the sintering process,thereby supporting dual objectives of emission...Coke oven gas(COG)and natural gas(NG),both high-calorific by-products derived from the steel industry,have gained prominence as alternative fuels in the sintering process,thereby supporting dual objectives of emission reduction and carbon neutrality.While existing research on hydrogen-rich gas injection has predominantly concentrated on conventional thin-bed sintering,investigations into its application within thick-bed sintering remain comparatively scarce.Thick-bed sintering,recognized for enhancing energy efficiency and increasing sinter output,encounters challenges such as uneven heat distribution and diminished permeability,which can negatively impact process efficiency and product quality.To address these issues,sinter pot experiments were conducted to assess the effects of NG and COG injection on thick-bed sintering performance.Findings reveal that NG injection in thick beds mirrors the behavior observed in conventional thin-bed sintering,effectively optimizing the process and achieving a carbon reduction potential exceeding 10%.In contrast,COG injection in thick-bed conditions demonstrates notable differences,substantially lowering the solid fuel consumption rate but detrimentally affecting sinter strength and overall production.However,by optimizing the timing of COG injection,it is feasible to improve sinter yield while concurrently reducing solid fuel usage.These outcomes provide valuable insights for the advancement of gas injection technologies in thick-bed sintering,thereby contributing to energy conservation and emission mitigation efforts within the sintering industry.展开更多
Methods and procedures of three-dimensional （3D） characterization of the pore structure features in the packed ore particle bed are focused. X-ray computed tomography was applied to deriving the cross-sectional imag...Methods and procedures of three-dimensional （3D） characterization of the pore structure features in the packed ore particle bed are focused. X-ray computed tomography was applied to deriving the cross-sectional images of specimens with single particle size of 1-2, 2-3, 3-4, 4-5, 5-6, 6-7, 7-8, 8-9, 9-10 ram. Based on the in-house developed 3D image analysis programs using Matlab, the volume porosity, pore size distribution and degree of connectivity were calculated and analyzed in detail. The results indicate that the volume porosity, the mean diameter of pores and the effective pore size （d50） increase with the increasing of particle size. Lognormal distribution or Gauss distribution is mostly suitable to model the pore size distribution. The degree of connectivity investigated on the basis of cluster-labeling algorithm also increases with increasing the particle size approximately.展开更多
The Phapon gold deposit, located in northern Laos, is a unique large-scale gold deposit in Luang Prabang-Loei metallogenic belt. It is hosted in the Lower Permian limestone and controlled by a NE-trending ductile-brit...The Phapon gold deposit, located in northern Laos, is a unique large-scale gold deposit in Luang Prabang-Loei metallogenic belt. It is hosted in the Lower Permian limestone and controlled by a NE-trending ductile-brittle fault system. There are three types of primary ore including auriferous calcite vein type, disseminated type, and breccia type, and the first two are important in the Phapon gold deposit. Based on fluid inclusion petrography and microthermometry, three types of primary fluid inclusions including type 1 liquid-rich aqueous, type 2 vapor-rich aqueous and type 3 daughter mineralbearing aqueous were identified in hydrothermal calcite grains. The ore-forming fluids are normally homogeneous, as indicated by the widespread type 1 inclusions with identical composition. The coexistence of type 1 and type 2 inclusions, showing similar final homogenization temperature but different compositions, indicate that fluid immiscibility did locally take place in both two types of ores. The results of microthermometry and H-O isotopes geochemistry indicate that there are little differences on ore-fluid geochemistry between the auriferous calcite vein-type and disseminated type ores. The oreforming fluids are characterized by medium-low temperatures(157–268 oC) and low salinity(1.6 wt.%–9.9 wt.% NaCl eq.). It is likely to have a metamorphic-dominant mixed source, which could be associated with dehydration and decarbonisation of Lower Permian limestone and Middle–Upper Triassic sandstones during the dynamic metamorphism. The fluid-wallrock interaction played a major role, and the locally occurred fluid-immiscible processes played a subordinate role in gold precipitation. Combined with the regional and ore deposit geology, and ore-fluid geochemistry, we suggest that the Phapon gold deposit is best considered to be a member of the epizonal orogenic deposit class.展开更多
The reduction-degree of the sample increases and the utilization ratio of gas decreases when the reaction lasts longer time,which indicates that the reaction is faster at the beginning of reduction,while it becomes sl...The reduction-degree of the sample increases and the utilization ratio of gas decreases when the reaction lasts longer time,which indicates that the reaction is faster at the beginning of reduction,while it becomes slower in subsequent process.The higher the reaction temperature,the higher the utilization ratio of gas and the reduction-degree are,but the difference of utilization ratio among the different temperatures becomes smaller with time.The utilization ratio of gas can reach about 8% and the reduction-degree is 80% for 20 min reduction at 850 ℃,indicating that the reduction reaction by CO is very fast at high temperature.The higher the reaction temperature,the higher the apparent reaction rate constant is,but the difference of apparent reaction rate constant among the different temperatures becomes bigger.The apparent activation energy is about 59.11 kJ/mol in the fluidized bed experiment.The increase of reduction-degree with gas velocity shows quite good linearity,indicating that at high temperature even higher velocity of reducing gas can be used to improve the productivity of reactor when CO is used as reducing gas.With the increase of charge height,the metallization ratio and the reduction-degree decrease,but the utilization ratio of gas increases.展开更多
in order to achieve a more efficient way to accurately detect the position of the fire source of spontaneous combustion underground mine, a simple fire source locating method, based on infrared scanning system which c...in order to achieve a more efficient way to accurately detect the position of the fire source of spontaneous combustion underground mine, a simple fire source locating method, based on infrared scanning system which can determine the point where the highest temperature on the surface of igniting ores occurs, was proposed. First, the differential equations that describe heat flow in ore body were presented and the relationship between the surface temperature distribution and the depth and intensity of inner fire source was established with a relatively simple heat transfer model. With the solution of equation, the expression of the relationship between the surface temperature distribution and the inner fire source was deduced and the mathematical-physical model of heat transfer process was set up. Then, with the model, visualization of fire source on the basis of MATLAB simulation platform was realized. The results show that： 1） within 10 m, when the detecting depth is less than 2 m, the temperature perturbation on ores surface can change rapidly, and then slowly; after 4 m, in contrast, it changes very little, and is even close to zero at 10 m; 2） When it is close to self-ignition duration and the detective depths are 2, 5 and 10 m, respectively, the maximum temperature differences are correspondingly 0.5, 0.04 and 0.005 ℃ in the scope of 1 m×1 m; under the same condition, the maximum temperature differences are 1.391, 0.136 and 0.018 ℃, respectively, in the scope of 2 m×2 m. Therefore, this system can be used to measure the temperature differences on the surface of ore body and determine the highest temperature point directly. Also, it is possible to determine the depth of fire source and its intensity by locating method of fire source indirectly.展开更多
Poor permeability and low sintering productivity restrict the development of high-bed sintering.An efficient method of the double-layer sintering process(DLSP)was proposed to achieve high-bed sintering and solve the a...Poor permeability and low sintering productivity restrict the development of high-bed sintering.An efficient method of the double-layer sintering process(DLSP)was proposed to achieve high-bed sintering and solve the aforementioned problems.Theoretical calculation and sintering pot experiments were implemented to investigate the double-layer sintering process.Traditional sintering process and DLSP were compared in terms of sintering indices,metallurgical properties and morphology characterization.Under the condition of traditional sintering process,DLSP successfully realized fast velocity and highly productive sintering of 1000-mm high bed.After the sintering bed is charged and ignited twice,the air permeability of the bed has been greatly improved.Sintering time is shortened significantly by simultaneous sintering of the upper and lower feed layers.Under the condition of bed height proportion of 350/650 mm and pre-sintering time of 20 min,the yield,tumbler strength,productivity and solid fuel consumption are 69.96%,65.87%,1.71 t(m^(2)h)^(-1)and 56.71 kg/t,respectively.Magnetite,hematite,calcium ferrite and complex calcium ferrite are the main phases of DLSP products.The metallurgical properties of DSLP products meet the requirement of ironmaking.It indicates that DLSP is an effective method to solve the disadvantages of bad permeability and low sintering productivity in high-bed sintering.展开更多
Geological setting\;Jinding superlarge Pb\|Zn deposit lies in the Lanping basin between the Lancangjiang fracture zone and the Jinshajiang\|Ailaoshan fracture zone. The Lanping basin is a Meso\|Cenozoic rifting basin ...Geological setting\;Jinding superlarge Pb\|Zn deposit lies in the Lanping basin between the Lancangjiang fracture zone and the Jinshajiang\|Ailaoshan fracture zone. The Lanping basin is a Meso\|Cenozoic rifting basin whose basement consists of the Paleozoic strata. Mesozoic paralic and continental sediments with a thickness of about 20000m deposited in the basin. In the Paleocene, gypsum\|salt\|bearing strata with a thickness of more than 1000m accumulated. In the Cenozoic, collision of the Indian plate with the Eurasian plate resulted in strong folding and napping and subsequent extensions in the Oligocene and Pliocene. The extensions were responsible for alkaline magmatic intrusion in the centre and alkaline magmatic extrusion in the east.Faulting is well developed. N\|S\|trending Bijiang fault with a length of 120km links with the Jinshajiang fracture zone in the north and with the Lancangjiang fracture zone in the south, controlling on the Cenozoic Lanping rifting basin and acting as passage\|way for ore fluids.展开更多
Super-high bed sintering process is an important development direction of iron ore sintering for its lower emission and higher yield.However,there is a lack of deep understanding of the uneven quality of super-high be...Super-high bed sintering process is an important development direction of iron ore sintering for its lower emission and higher yield.However,there is a lack of deep understanding of the uneven quality of super-high bed sintering products,and the deterioration of reduction disintegration performance,the thickening of hearth layer and the reduction in energy-saving effect are perplexing enterprises and researchers.To ascertain the problems of super-high bed sintering,ten sintering machines with the areas of 265,280,360,550 and 660 m^(2)and bed depth above 900 mm were sampled and analyzed.The results showed that problems were mainly shown in the unevenness of chemical composition,macrostructure,mechanical strength and metallurgical performance.The chemical composition exhibits severe segregation in both horizontal and vertical directions,with basicity segregation reaching as high as 0.81.The uneven macrostructure of sinter is reflected in a 10%difference in porosity and mechanical strength increase in 16%–19%along the vertical direction.The reducibility and reduction disintegration performance gradually deteriorate along the bed depth,with a difference of 10.5%in reducibility and 7.3%in RDI−0.5 mm(reduction disintegration index of sinter with size smaller than 0.5 mm).展开更多
In order to quantitatively predict the behavior of the material in the packed bed, a single particle model is developed to describe the combustion and sintering process inside an individual particle composed of multip...In order to quantitatively predict the behavior of the material in the packed bed, a single particle model is developed to describe the combustion and sintering process inside an individual particle composed of multiple solid material fines, including iron ore, coke and limestone, and is applied to the combustion modeling of an iron ore sintering. Byanalyzing three typical fuel distribution cases using the developed single particle combustion model, the effects of temperature and oxygen concentration gradient inside the particle on heat and mass transfer and the combustion behavior of the iron ore sintering process areinvestigated. Considering the various combustion rates which are highly dependent on the fuel distribution methods, correction factor for single particle model is also introduced and systematically analyzed. The aim of this research is to supplement particle technology to conventional approach and it is found that the oxygen concentration gradient inside the particle is significantly affected from the mixing method thereby changing the completion times of sintering process.展开更多
The reduction of 1-3 mm fine powder of iron ore by H2 was conducted in a lab-fabricated kg class high temperature fluidized bed. The results show that the differential pressure in the fluidized bed, which has small fl...The reduction of 1-3 mm fine powder of iron ore by H2 was conducted in a lab-fabricated kg class high temperature fluidized bed. The results show that the differential pressure in the fluidized bed, which has small fluctuation with time, increases with the increase of gas flowing velocity. The utilization ratio of gas decreases when the reaction lasts longer time indicating that the reaction is faster at the beginning of reduction and becomes slower in the latter process. The higher the reaction temperature is, the higher the utilization ratio of gas is, but the difference of utilization ratio among the different temperatures becomes smaller with time. The utilization ratio of gas and the metallization ratio can reach 9% and 84% respectively at 750℃ for 20 min, which shows the reduction reaction by H2 is very fast. The increase of metallization ratio with gas velocity performs quite good linearity, which shows that a higher velocity of reducing gas can be used to improve the productivity of the reactor when H2 is used as reducing gas. With the increase of charge height, the metallization ratio decreases, but the utilization ratio of gas increases. The reaction temperature can be reduced to 700-750℃ from 800-850℃ when H2 is used as reducing gas.展开更多
The temperature distribution of iron ore pellet bed in grate has a significant effect on pellet production and quality control, but the related work is scarce. A well-designed test was successfully carried out by mean...The temperature distribution of iron ore pellet bed in grate has a significant effect on pellet production and quality control, but the related work is scarce. A well-designed test was successfully carried out by means of tracking measurement and the temperature distribution and variation in pellet layers were obtained. The effects of blast tem- perature, blast velocity and oxidation reaction on the pellet layer temperature were studied. According to the analy- sis, the inlet air temperature in the up-draught drying zone （UDD） and blast temperature in the Preheating I （PH I） zone should be raised, and the length of the down-draught drying zone （DDD） should be properly increased.展开更多
The inhomogeneous sinter properties in super-high bed sintering have been reported in our previous research.To inves-tigate the reasons for the inhomogeneous phenomena,detailed sampling and analysis of mixed material ...The inhomogeneous sinter properties in super-high bed sintering have been reported in our previous research.To inves-tigate the reasons for the inhomogeneous phenomena,detailed sampling and analysis of mixed material bed and sintered bed in super-high bed sintering plant were executed.The results indicated that the higher porosity and thinner dendrite of silico-ferrite of calcium and aluminum in the upper layer as well as dense structure and higher secondary hematite content in the lower layer led to the heterogeneities of mechanical strength and reduction properties exceeding 20%and 10%,respectively.From the bed top downward,the basicity of mixed material decreased from 2.13 to 1.68 because the average particle size increased from 2.65 to 4.56 mm.Fluxes and fuels gathered in finer particles(-3 mm)of mixed material,and the-3 mm particles of mixed material generated more liquid phase than+3 mm ones.The heat input of super-high sintering bed was inhomogeneous due to the heat accumulation effect and unreasonable fuel distribution.The inhomo-geneous sintering heat condition in sintering bed resulted in the different quantities and properties of liquid phase.The inhomogeneous quantities and properties of liquid phase that were influenced by inhomogeneous distribution of chemical composition,particle size,and heat input led to inhomogeneous mineralizing results.Homogeneous mineralizing condition is the key for homogeneous super-high bed sintering.展开更多
China is abundant in iron-ore resources, with proven ore reserves of 576.62×10^8 t and proven reserves of 210×10^8 t, containing an average iron content of 33%. However, the rich iron-ore reserves of 10.85&#...China is abundant in iron-ore resources, with proven ore reserves of 576.62×10^8 t and proven reserves of 210×10^8 t, containing an average iron content of 33%. However, the rich iron-ore reserves of 10.85×10^8 t only account for 1.9% of all proven reserves. China＇s iron-ore resources are characterized by many lean ores and a few rich ones.展开更多
The kinetics of removal of loss on ignition(LOI) by thermal decomposition of hydrated minerals present in natural iron ores(i.e.,kaolinite,gibbsite,and goethite) was investigated in a laboratory-scale vertical fluidiz...The kinetics of removal of loss on ignition(LOI) by thermal decomposition of hydrated minerals present in natural iron ores(i.e.,kaolinite,gibbsite,and goethite) was investigated in a laboratory-scale vertical fluidized bed reactor(FBR) using isothermal methods of kinetic analysis.Experiments in the FBR in batch processes were carried out at different temperatures(300 to 1200°C) and residence time(1 to 30 min) for four different iron ore samples with various LOIs(2.34wt% to 9.83wt%).The operating velocity was maintained in the range from 1.2 to 1.4 times the minimum fluidization velocity(Umf).We observed that,below a certain critical temperature,the FBR did not effectively reduce the LOI to a desired level even with increased residence time.The results of this study indicate that the LOI level could be reduced by 90% within 1 min of residence time at 1100°C.The kinetics for low-LOI samples(<6wt%) indicates two different reaction mechanisms in two temperature regimes.At lower temperatures(300 to 700°C),the kinetics is characterized by a lower activation energy(diffusion-controlled physical moisture removal),followed by a higher activation energy(chemically controlled removal of LOI).In the case of high-LOI samples,three different kinetics mechanisms prevail at different temperature regimes.At temperature up to 450°C,diffusion kinetics prevails(removal of physical moisture);at temperature from 450 to 650°C,chemical kinetics dominates during removal of matrix moisture.At temperatures greater than 650°C,nucleation and growth begins to influence the rate of removal of LOI.展开更多
The adhesion of fine iron ore particles during fluidized bed reduction was studied using pressurized visible fluidized bed laboratory equipment.The results showed that the optimal operating parameters for pure hydroge...The adhesion of fine iron ore particles during fluidized bed reduction was studied using pressurized visible fluidized bed laboratory equipment.The results showed that the optimal operating parameters for pure hydrogen reduction under high pressure were reduction temperature of 1073 K,particle size of 0.18-0.66 mm,pure H_(2) linear velocity of 0.8 m/s,reduction pressure of 200 kPa,and reduction time of 50 min.When plastic particles were mixed into the fluidized bed,the optimal parameters were reduction temperature of 973 K,particle size of 0.18-0.66 mm,pure H_(2) linear velocity of 0.8 m/s,reduction pressure of 100 kPa,mass content of plastic particles of 8%,and reduction time of 65 min.The chemical reaction resistance is much higher than the inner diffusion resistance at the initial stage of the reaction,whereas,in later stage,the inner diffusion resistance exceeds the chemical reaction resistance.The contact area of iron atoms or iron whiskers gradually decreases with the increase in reduction pressure from 0.20 to 0.45 MPa,and the sticking trend gradually decreases.Adding plastic particles in the fluidized reduction process of fine iron ore can effectively inhibit the adhesion among fine iron ore particles.展开更多
Reduction kinetics of fine iron ore powder in different gas mixtures were investigated in high-temperature fluidized bed at a scale of kilograms. Influence of processing parameters, such as particle size, gas flow vel...Reduction kinetics of fine iron ore powder in different gas mixtures were investigated in high-temperature fluidized bed at a scale of kilograms. Influence of processing parameters, such as particle size, gas flow velocity, height of charge, temperature, compositions of gas mixture, and percentage of inert components, on reduction ki- netics was experimentally determined under the condition of fluidization. The equations for calculating instantaneous and average oxidation rates were deduced. It was found that an increasing H2 O percentage in the gas mixture could obviously decrease the reduction rate because the equilibrium partial pressure of H2 decreased with increasing content of Hz O in the gas mixture and then the driving force of reduction reaction was reduced. When the H2 content was high, .the apparent reaction rate was so rapid when the average size of iron ore fines was less than 1 mm that the re- action temperature can be as low as 750 ℃ ; when the average size of iron ore fines was more than 1 mm, a high re- action temperature of 800 ℃ was required. In addition, it was also found that the content of H2O should be less than 10% for efficient reduction.展开更多
The processes of fine iron ore reduced in fluidized bed have been reviewed in this paper,the superiorities and limitations of the processes of direct reduction,pre-reduction in fluidized bed have also been comprehensi...The processes of fine iron ore reduced in fluidized bed have been reviewed in this paper,the superiorities and limitations of the processes of direct reduction,pre-reduction in fluidized bed have also been comprehensively analysed,which matches with bath smelting furnace or coke bed type furnace.The analysis has also been made on several controversial topics,and the gas use ratio has been point out to be the key of the competition of the reduction process in fluidized bed.The suitability with final reduction furnace is also important to the energy saving in the whole smelting reduction process.展开更多
In an effort to protect the quality of the water system, interest in non-point source pollution is increasing. Recently, studies of non-point sources pollution are continuing in relation to various land- use areas, bu...In an effort to protect the quality of the water system, interest in non-point source pollution is increasing. Recently, studies of non-point sources pollution are continuing in relation to various land- use areas, but such studies have not been fully conducted in railway facility sites. Using monitoring data of railway bridge area with concrete road-bed, the runoff characteristics, pollutant unit loads, and first flush criteria were assessed. Railway bridge area with concrete road-bed typically show the first flush effect, and the pollutant unit load was determined to be higher than other public facilities areas. Further, the first flush criteria show an effective rainfall amount of 7 mm. In other words, from the runoff of railway facilities, considerable amounts of non-point source pollutants are occurred, indicating the need to create best management practices which are adequate for railway facility sites.展开更多
基金financially supported by Huxiang Youth Talent Program of Hunan Province(No.2024RC3008)National Natural Science Foundation China(Nos.52274343 and 52474370)National Key R&D Program of China(Nos.2023YFC3903900 and 2023YFC3903904).
文摘Sintering is a critical process in steel production that facilitates the efficient utilization of iron ore resources.However,compared to advanced sintering technologies,China’s sintering methods still exhibit high energy consumption,with typical solid fuel consumption for sintering of about 55 kg/t.In response,a pellet sintering process has been developed and its behavior has been investigated at sintering bed heights of 750 and 1500 mm.Additionally,a technical and economic comparison with traditional sintering methods has been conducted.The results indicate that at a bed height of 750 mm,the pellet sintering method can significantly reduce solid fuel consumption by approximately 30.82%,dropping from 70.75 to 48.95 kg/t.Additionally,the coke rate decreased from 4.55%to 3.20%,and harmful emissions in the flue gas were also reduced.As the bed height increases to 1500 mm,sintering performance improves even further.The coke rate is reduced to 3.00%,and solid fuel consumption decreases to 41.27 kg/t,approaching the world’s advanced level(≤40 kg/t).Technical and economic analysis also indicates that adopting the pellet sintering process can lower sintering costs by about 2.18 dollars/t.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52474347)Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China(Grant No.2024T171095)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.2024CDJXY003).
文摘Coke oven gas(COG)and natural gas(NG),both high-calorific by-products derived from the steel industry,have gained prominence as alternative fuels in the sintering process,thereby supporting dual objectives of emission reduction and carbon neutrality.While existing research on hydrogen-rich gas injection has predominantly concentrated on conventional thin-bed sintering,investigations into its application within thick-bed sintering remain comparatively scarce.Thick-bed sintering,recognized for enhancing energy efficiency and increasing sinter output,encounters challenges such as uneven heat distribution and diminished permeability,which can negatively impact process efficiency and product quality.To address these issues,sinter pot experiments were conducted to assess the effects of NG and COG injection on thick-bed sintering performance.Findings reveal that NG injection in thick beds mirrors the behavior observed in conventional thin-bed sintering,effectively optimizing the process and achieving a carbon reduction potential exceeding 10%.In contrast,COG injection in thick-bed conditions demonstrates notable differences,substantially lowering the solid fuel consumption rate but detrimentally affecting sinter strength and overall production.However,by optimizing the timing of COG injection,it is feasible to improve sinter yield while concurrently reducing solid fuel usage.These outcomes provide valuable insights for the advancement of gas injection technologies in thick-bed sintering,thereby contributing to energy conservation and emission mitigation efforts within the sintering industry.
基金Projects(50934002,51074013,51304076,51104100)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(IRT0950)supported by the Program for Changjiang Scholars Innovative Research Team in Universities,ChinaProject(2012M510007)supported by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation
文摘Methods and procedures of three-dimensional （3D） characterization of the pore structure features in the packed ore particle bed are focused. X-ray computed tomography was applied to deriving the cross-sectional images of specimens with single particle size of 1-2, 2-3, 3-4, 4-5, 5-6, 6-7, 7-8, 8-9, 9-10 ram. Based on the in-house developed 3D image analysis programs using Matlab, the volume porosity, pore size distribution and degree of connectivity were calculated and analyzed in detail. The results indicate that the volume porosity, the mean diameter of pores and the effective pore size （d50） increase with the increasing of particle size. Lognormal distribution or Gauss distribution is mostly suitable to model the pore size distribution. The degree of connectivity investigated on the basis of cluster-labeling algorithm also increases with increasing the particle size approximately.
基金financially supported by the China Geological Survey Project (No. 121201010000150013)
文摘The Phapon gold deposit, located in northern Laos, is a unique large-scale gold deposit in Luang Prabang-Loei metallogenic belt. It is hosted in the Lower Permian limestone and controlled by a NE-trending ductile-brittle fault system. There are three types of primary ore including auriferous calcite vein type, disseminated type, and breccia type, and the first two are important in the Phapon gold deposit. Based on fluid inclusion petrography and microthermometry, three types of primary fluid inclusions including type 1 liquid-rich aqueous, type 2 vapor-rich aqueous and type 3 daughter mineralbearing aqueous were identified in hydrothermal calcite grains. The ore-forming fluids are normally homogeneous, as indicated by the widespread type 1 inclusions with identical composition. The coexistence of type 1 and type 2 inclusions, showing similar final homogenization temperature but different compositions, indicate that fluid immiscibility did locally take place in both two types of ores. The results of microthermometry and H-O isotopes geochemistry indicate that there are little differences on ore-fluid geochemistry between the auriferous calcite vein-type and disseminated type ores. The oreforming fluids are characterized by medium-low temperatures(157–268 oC) and low salinity(1.6 wt.%–9.9 wt.% NaCl eq.). It is likely to have a metamorphic-dominant mixed source, which could be associated with dehydration and decarbonisation of Lower Permian limestone and Middle–Upper Triassic sandstones during the dynamic metamorphism. The fluid-wallrock interaction played a major role, and the locally occurred fluid-immiscible processes played a subordinate role in gold precipitation. Combined with the regional and ore deposit geology, and ore-fluid geochemistry, we suggest that the Phapon gold deposit is best considered to be a member of the epizonal orogenic deposit class.
基金Item Sponsored by National Natural Science Foundation of China(50474006)National Key Technology Research and Development Programin 11th Five-Year Plan of China(2006BAE03A12,2006BAE03A05)
文摘The reduction-degree of the sample increases and the utilization ratio of gas decreases when the reaction lasts longer time,which indicates that the reaction is faster at the beginning of reduction,while it becomes slower in subsequent process.The higher the reaction temperature,the higher the utilization ratio of gas and the reduction-degree are,but the difference of utilization ratio among the different temperatures becomes smaller with time.The utilization ratio of gas can reach about 8% and the reduction-degree is 80% for 20 min reduction at 850 ℃,indicating that the reduction reaction by CO is very fast at high temperature.The higher the reaction temperature,the higher the apparent reaction rate constant is,but the difference of apparent reaction rate constant among the different temperatures becomes bigger.The apparent activation energy is about 59.11 kJ/mol in the fluidized bed experiment.The increase of reduction-degree with gas velocity shows quite good linearity,indicating that at high temperature even higher velocity of reducing gas can be used to improve the productivity of reactor when CO is used as reducing gas.With the increase of charge height,the metallization ratio and the reduction-degree decrease,but the utilization ratio of gas increases.
基金Project(2006BAK04B03) supported by the National Basic Research Program of ChinaProject(CX2009B053) supported by Innovation Foundation for Postgraduate Students of Hunan Province,ChinaProject(2009ybfz08) supported by the Doctoral Dissertation of Central South University,China
文摘in order to achieve a more efficient way to accurately detect the position of the fire source of spontaneous combustion underground mine, a simple fire source locating method, based on infrared scanning system which can determine the point where the highest temperature on the surface of igniting ores occurs, was proposed. First, the differential equations that describe heat flow in ore body were presented and the relationship between the surface temperature distribution and the depth and intensity of inner fire source was established with a relatively simple heat transfer model. With the solution of equation, the expression of the relationship between the surface temperature distribution and the inner fire source was deduced and the mathematical-physical model of heat transfer process was set up. Then, with the model, visualization of fire source on the basis of MATLAB simulation platform was realized. The results show that： 1） within 10 m, when the detecting depth is less than 2 m, the temperature perturbation on ores surface can change rapidly, and then slowly; after 4 m, in contrast, it changes very little, and is even close to zero at 10 m; 2） When it is close to self-ignition duration and the detective depths are 2, 5 and 10 m, respectively, the maximum temperature differences are correspondingly 0.5, 0.04 and 0.005 ℃ in the scope of 1 m×1 m; under the same condition, the maximum temperature differences are 1.391, 0.136 and 0.018 ℃, respectively, in the scope of 2 m×2 m. Therefore, this system can be used to measure the temperature differences on the surface of ore body and determine the highest temperature point directly. Also, it is possible to determine the depth of fire source and its intensity by locating method of fire source indirectly.
基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFB0304301)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Central South University(No.202044016).
文摘Poor permeability and low sintering productivity restrict the development of high-bed sintering.An efficient method of the double-layer sintering process(DLSP)was proposed to achieve high-bed sintering and solve the aforementioned problems.Theoretical calculation and sintering pot experiments were implemented to investigate the double-layer sintering process.Traditional sintering process and DLSP were compared in terms of sintering indices,metallurgical properties and morphology characterization.Under the condition of traditional sintering process,DLSP successfully realized fast velocity and highly productive sintering of 1000-mm high bed.After the sintering bed is charged and ignited twice,the air permeability of the bed has been greatly improved.Sintering time is shortened significantly by simultaneous sintering of the upper and lower feed layers.Under the condition of bed height proportion of 350/650 mm and pre-sintering time of 20 min,the yield,tumbler strength,productivity and solid fuel consumption are 69.96%,65.87%,1.71 t(m^(2)h)^(-1)and 56.71 kg/t,respectively.Magnetite,hematite,calcium ferrite and complex calcium ferrite are the main phases of DLSP products.The metallurgical properties of DSLP products meet the requirement of ironmaking.It indicates that DLSP is an effective method to solve the disadvantages of bad permeability and low sintering productivity in high-bed sintering.
基金theNationalClimbingProgram(95 Pre .393 1 2 )andMLMRStrategicKeyProgram (95 0 110 3)
文摘Geological setting\;Jinding superlarge Pb\|Zn deposit lies in the Lanping basin between the Lancangjiang fracture zone and the Jinshajiang\|Ailaoshan fracture zone. The Lanping basin is a Meso\|Cenozoic rifting basin whose basement consists of the Paleozoic strata. Mesozoic paralic and continental sediments with a thickness of about 20000m deposited in the basin. In the Paleocene, gypsum\|salt\|bearing strata with a thickness of more than 1000m accumulated. In the Cenozoic, collision of the Indian plate with the Eurasian plate resulted in strong folding and napping and subsequent extensions in the Oligocene and Pliocene. The extensions were responsible for alkaline magmatic intrusion in the centre and alkaline magmatic extrusion in the east.Faulting is well developed. N\|S\|trending Bijiang fault with a length of 120km links with the Jinshajiang fracture zone in the north and with the Lancangjiang fracture zone in the south, controlling on the Cenozoic Lanping rifting basin and acting as passage\|way for ore fluids.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52274290)the Basic Science Center Project for the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.72088101).
文摘Super-high bed sintering process is an important development direction of iron ore sintering for its lower emission and higher yield.However,there is a lack of deep understanding of the uneven quality of super-high bed sintering products,and the deterioration of reduction disintegration performance,the thickening of hearth layer and the reduction in energy-saving effect are perplexing enterprises and researchers.To ascertain the problems of super-high bed sintering,ten sintering machines with the areas of 265,280,360,550 and 660 m^(2)and bed depth above 900 mm were sampled and analyzed.The results showed that problems were mainly shown in the unevenness of chemical composition,macrostructure,mechanical strength and metallurgical performance.The chemical composition exhibits severe segregation in both horizontal and vertical directions,with basicity segregation reaching as high as 0.81.The uneven macrostructure of sinter is reflected in a 10%difference in porosity and mechanical strength increase in 16%–19%along the vertical direction.The reducibility and reduction disintegration performance gradually deteriorate along the bed depth,with a difference of 10.5%in reducibility and 7.3%in RDI−0.5 mm(reduction disintegration index of sinter with size smaller than 0.5 mm).
文摘In order to quantitatively predict the behavior of the material in the packed bed, a single particle model is developed to describe the combustion and sintering process inside an individual particle composed of multiple solid material fines, including iron ore, coke and limestone, and is applied to the combustion modeling of an iron ore sintering. Byanalyzing three typical fuel distribution cases using the developed single particle combustion model, the effects of temperature and oxygen concentration gradient inside the particle on heat and mass transfer and the combustion behavior of the iron ore sintering process areinvestigated. Considering the various combustion rates which are highly dependent on the fuel distribution methods, correction factor for single particle model is also introduced and systematically analyzed. The aim of this research is to supplement particle technology to conventional approach and it is found that the oxygen concentration gradient inside the particle is significantly affected from the mixing method thereby changing the completion times of sintering process.
基金supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China(No.50474006)the National Science and Technology Support Program for the 11th Five-Year Plan of China(No.2006BAE03A12 and No.2006BAE03A05)
文摘The reduction of 1-3 mm fine powder of iron ore by H2 was conducted in a lab-fabricated kg class high temperature fluidized bed. The results show that the differential pressure in the fluidized bed, which has small fluctuation with time, increases with the increase of gas flowing velocity. The utilization ratio of gas decreases when the reaction lasts longer time indicating that the reaction is faster at the beginning of reduction and becomes slower in the latter process. The higher the reaction temperature is, the higher the utilization ratio of gas is, but the difference of utilization ratio among the different temperatures becomes smaller with time. The utilization ratio of gas and the metallization ratio can reach 9% and 84% respectively at 750℃ for 20 min, which shows the reduction reaction by H2 is very fast. The increase of metallization ratio with gas velocity performs quite good linearity, which shows that a higher velocity of reducing gas can be used to improve the productivity of the reactor when H2 is used as reducing gas. With the increase of charge height, the metallization ratio decreases, but the utilization ratio of gas increases. The reaction temperature can be reduced to 700-750℃ from 800-850℃ when H2 is used as reducing gas.
基金Sponsored by National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (2007AA05Z215)
文摘The temperature distribution of iron ore pellet bed in grate has a significant effect on pellet production and quality control, but the related work is scarce. A well-designed test was successfully carried out by means of tracking measurement and the temperature distribution and variation in pellet layers were obtained. The effects of blast tem- perature, blast velocity and oxidation reaction on the pellet layer temperature were studied. According to the analy- sis, the inlet air temperature in the up-draught drying zone （UDD） and blast temperature in the Preheating I （PH I） zone should be raised, and the length of the down-draught drying zone （DDD） should be properly increased.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52274290).
文摘The inhomogeneous sinter properties in super-high bed sintering have been reported in our previous research.To inves-tigate the reasons for the inhomogeneous phenomena,detailed sampling and analysis of mixed material bed and sintered bed in super-high bed sintering plant were executed.The results indicated that the higher porosity and thinner dendrite of silico-ferrite of calcium and aluminum in the upper layer as well as dense structure and higher secondary hematite content in the lower layer led to the heterogeneities of mechanical strength and reduction properties exceeding 20%and 10%,respectively.From the bed top downward,the basicity of mixed material decreased from 2.13 to 1.68 because the average particle size increased from 2.65 to 4.56 mm.Fluxes and fuels gathered in finer particles(-3 mm)of mixed material,and the-3 mm particles of mixed material generated more liquid phase than+3 mm ones.The heat input of super-high sintering bed was inhomogeneous due to the heat accumulation effect and unreasonable fuel distribution.The inhomo-geneous sintering heat condition in sintering bed resulted in the different quantities and properties of liquid phase.The inhomogeneous quantities and properties of liquid phase that were influenced by inhomogeneous distribution of chemical composition,particle size,and heat input led to inhomogeneous mineralizing results.Homogeneous mineralizing condition is the key for homogeneous super-high bed sintering.
文摘China is abundant in iron-ore resources, with proven ore reserves of 576.62×10^8 t and proven reserves of 210×10^8 t, containing an average iron content of 33%. However, the rich iron-ore reserves of 10.85×10^8 t only account for 1.9% of all proven reserves. China＇s iron-ore resources are characterized by many lean ores and a few rich ones.
基金the Ministry of Steel,New Delhi for sponsoring the research work
文摘The kinetics of removal of loss on ignition(LOI) by thermal decomposition of hydrated minerals present in natural iron ores(i.e.,kaolinite,gibbsite,and goethite) was investigated in a laboratory-scale vertical fluidized bed reactor(FBR) using isothermal methods of kinetic analysis.Experiments in the FBR in batch processes were carried out at different temperatures(300 to 1200°C) and residence time(1 to 30 min) for four different iron ore samples with various LOIs(2.34wt% to 9.83wt%).The operating velocity was maintained in the range from 1.2 to 1.4 times the minimum fluidization velocity(Umf).We observed that,below a certain critical temperature,the FBR did not effectively reduce the LOI to a desired level even with increased residence time.The results of this study indicate that the LOI level could be reduced by 90% within 1 min of residence time at 1100°C.The kinetics for low-LOI samples(<6wt%) indicates two different reaction mechanisms in two temperature regimes.At lower temperatures(300 to 700°C),the kinetics is characterized by a lower activation energy(diffusion-controlled physical moisture removal),followed by a higher activation energy(chemically controlled removal of LOI).In the case of high-LOI samples,three different kinetics mechanisms prevail at different temperature regimes.At temperature up to 450°C,diffusion kinetics prevails(removal of physical moisture);at temperature from 450 to 650°C,chemical kinetics dominates during removal of matrix moisture.At temperatures greater than 650°C,nucleation and growth begins to influence the rate of removal of LOI.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51974001)the University outstanding young talents funding program(No.gxyq2019016).
文摘The adhesion of fine iron ore particles during fluidized bed reduction was studied using pressurized visible fluidized bed laboratory equipment.The results showed that the optimal operating parameters for pure hydrogen reduction under high pressure were reduction temperature of 1073 K,particle size of 0.18-0.66 mm,pure H_(2) linear velocity of 0.8 m/s,reduction pressure of 200 kPa,and reduction time of 50 min.When plastic particles were mixed into the fluidized bed,the optimal parameters were reduction temperature of 973 K,particle size of 0.18-0.66 mm,pure H_(2) linear velocity of 0.8 m/s,reduction pressure of 100 kPa,mass content of plastic particles of 8%,and reduction time of 65 min.The chemical reaction resistance is much higher than the inner diffusion resistance at the initial stage of the reaction,whereas,in later stage,the inner diffusion resistance exceeds the chemical reaction resistance.The contact area of iron atoms or iron whiskers gradually decreases with the increase in reduction pressure from 0.20 to 0.45 MPa,and the sticking trend gradually decreases.Adding plastic particles in the fluidized reduction process of fine iron ore can effectively inhibit the adhesion among fine iron ore particles.
基金Item Sponsored by National Environmental Protection Public Welfare Profession Scientific Special Plan of China(201209023)
文摘Reduction kinetics of fine iron ore powder in different gas mixtures were investigated in high-temperature fluidized bed at a scale of kilograms. Influence of processing parameters, such as particle size, gas flow velocity, height of charge, temperature, compositions of gas mixture, and percentage of inert components, on reduction ki- netics was experimentally determined under the condition of fluidization. The equations for calculating instantaneous and average oxidation rates were deduced. It was found that an increasing H2 O percentage in the gas mixture could obviously decrease the reduction rate because the equilibrium partial pressure of H2 decreased with increasing content of Hz O in the gas mixture and then the driving force of reduction reaction was reduced. When the H2 content was high, .the apparent reaction rate was so rapid when the average size of iron ore fines was less than 1 mm that the re- action temperature can be as low as 750 ℃ ; when the average size of iron ore fines was more than 1 mm, a high re- action temperature of 800 ℃ was required. In addition, it was also found that the content of H2O should be less than 10% for efficient reduction.
文摘The processes of fine iron ore reduced in fluidized bed have been reviewed in this paper,the superiorities and limitations of the processes of direct reduction,pre-reduction in fluidized bed have also been comprehensively analysed,which matches with bath smelting furnace or coke bed type furnace.The analysis has also been made on several controversial topics,and the gas use ratio has been point out to be the key of the competition of the reduction process in fluidized bed.The suitability with final reduction furnace is also important to the energy saving in the whole smelting reduction process.
基金supported by the Construction & Transportation Technology Advancement Research Program by the KAIA under the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport of Korea
文摘In an effort to protect the quality of the water system, interest in non-point source pollution is increasing. Recently, studies of non-point sources pollution are continuing in relation to various land- use areas, but such studies have not been fully conducted in railway facility sites. Using monitoring data of railway bridge area with concrete road-bed, the runoff characteristics, pollutant unit loads, and first flush criteria were assessed. Railway bridge area with concrete road-bed typically show the first flush effect, and the pollutant unit load was determined to be higher than other public facilities areas. Further, the first flush criteria show an effective rainfall amount of 7 mm. In other words, from the runoff of railway facilities, considerable amounts of non-point source pollutants are occurred, indicating the need to create best management practices which are adequate for railway facility sites.
