This study introduces the Smart Exponential-Threshold-Linear with Double Deep Q-learning Network(SETL-DDQN)and an extended Gumbel distribution method,designed to optimize the Contention Window(CW)in IEEE 802.11 networ...This study introduces the Smart Exponential-Threshold-Linear with Double Deep Q-learning Network(SETL-DDQN)and an extended Gumbel distribution method,designed to optimize the Contention Window(CW)in IEEE 802.11 networks.Unlike conventional Deep Reinforcement Learning(DRL)-based approaches for CW size adjustment,which often suffer from overestimation bias and limited exploration diversity,leading to suboptimal throughput and collision performance.Our framework integrates the Gumbel distribution and extreme value theory to systematically enhance action selection under varying network conditions.First,SETL adopts a DDQN architecture(SETL-DDQN)to improve Q-value estimation accuracy and enhance training stability.Second,we incorporate a Gumbel distribution-driven exploration mechanism,forming SETL-DDQN(Gumbel),which employs the extreme value theory to promote diverse action selection,replacing the conventional-greedy exploration that undergoes early convergence to suboptimal solutions.Both models are evaluated through extensive simulations in static and time-varying IEEE 802.11 network scenarios.The results demonstrate that our approach consistently achieves higher throughput,lower collision rates,and improved adaptability,even under abrupt fluctuations in traffic load and network conditions.In particular,the Gumbel-based mechanism enhances the balance between exploration and exploitation,facilitating faster adaptation to varying congestion levels.These findings position Gumbel-enhanced DRL as an effective and robust solution for CW optimization in wireless networks,offering notable gains in efficiency and reliability over existing methods.展开更多
An adaptive Fourier Transform （FT） with an optimal window has been proposed for the time-frequency analysis of nonstationary time series. The method allows for a good estimation of both frequency and amplitude of th...An adaptive Fourier Transform （FT） with an optimal window has been proposed for the time-frequency analysis of nonstationary time series. The method allows for a good estimation of both frequency and amplitude of the spectrum and can be easily applied to the general case of time-varying signals. The evaluation of the proposed approach has been performed on measured time-varying signals from a suspension bridge model and a steel frame model whose data have the typical non-stationary characteristics. The numerical results show that the proposed approach can overcome some of the difficulties encountered in the classic Fourier transform technique and can achieve higher computation accuracy.展开更多
Neural tract tracing is used to study neural pathways and evaluate neuronal regeneration following nerve injuries.However,it is not always clear which tracer should be used to yield optimal results.In this study,we ex...Neural tract tracing is used to study neural pathways and evaluate neuronal regeneration following nerve injuries.However,it is not always clear which tracer should be used to yield optimal results.In this study,we examined the use of Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated cholera toxin subunit B(AF488-CTB).This was injected into the gastrocnemius muscle of rats,and it was found that motor,sensory,and sympathetic neurons were labeled in the spinal ventral horn,dorsal root ganglia,and sympathetic chain,respectively.Similar results were obtained when we injected AF594-CTB into the tibialis anterior muscle.The morphology and number of neurons were evaluated at different time points following the AF488-CTB injection.It was found that labeled motor and sensory neurons could be observed 12 hours post-injection.The intensity was found to increase over time,and the morphology appeared clear and complete 3-7 days post-injection,with clearly distinguishable motor neuron axons and dendrites.However,14 days after the injection,the quality of the images decreased and the neurons appeared blurred and incomplete.Nissl and immunohistochemical staining showed that the AF488-CTB-labeled neurons retained normal neurochemical and morphological features,and the surrounding microglia were also found to be unaltered.Overall,these results imply that the cholera toxin subunit B,whether unconjugated or conjugated with Alexa Fluor,is effective for retrograde tracing in muscular tissues and that it would also be suitable for evaluating the regeneration or degeneration of injured nerves.展开更多
Sinopec's Weiyuan Shale Gas Block is structurally located at the Baimazhen syncline held by the Weiyuan paleo-uplift and Ziliujing anticline in the Sichuan Basin.In this block,the Wufeng Fm of Upper OrdovicianeLon...Sinopec's Weiyuan Shale Gas Block is structurally located at the Baimazhen syncline held by the Weiyuan paleo-uplift and Ziliujing anticline in the Sichuan Basin.In this block,the Wufeng Fm of Upper OrdovicianeLongmaxi Fm of Lower Silurian is an organic-rich dark shale deposit of deepwater shelf facies,whose litho-electric characteristics of geophysical logging are obviously different vertically and reservoir heterogeneity is strong.For providing a guidance for target window optimization and drilling trajectory tracking and adjustment of horizontal wells in the Weiyuan Shale Gas Block,parameter indexes were evaluated by refining the reservoir classification based on well logging subdivision,fine characterization of core laminae,high-precision geophysical prediction and genetic analysis of sedimentary microfacies.Furthermore,the“sweet spots”of shale gas reservoirs were predicted.Then,the target window was optimized and the trajectory of a horizontal well was designed.Finally,the effects of the target window of a horizontal well on shale gas productivity were evaluated.And the following research results were obtained.First,three types of laminae are developed in the high-quality shale reservoir at the bottom of Wufeng FmeLong 1 Member,and they are vertically staggered and overlapped,which reflects the microscopic difference of sedimentary environment and reservoir quality.Second,shale gas reservoirs in this block can be divided into high-quality reservoirs,better reservoirs,general reservoirs and poor reservoirs.Third,the sublayer 2-3^(1) at the bottom of Longmaxi Fm is biogenic sedimentary microfacies and it has the characteristics of“geological+engineering”sweet spot,e.g.high TOC contents,high porosity,high brittleness,high gas content and low in-situ stress difference,so it is classified as a high-quality reservoir.Fourth,actual drilling results show that the location selection of the target window of a horizontal well has a significant impact on single-well shale gas productivity,and the penetration rate of a high-quality reservoir is the key geological factor to achieve high-yield shale gas.The research results provide support for the evaluation of shale gas productivity and lay a foundation for the commercial development of shale gas in the Weiyuan Shale Gas Block.展开更多
In this paper,battery aging diversity among independent cells was studied in terms of available capacity degradation.During the aging process of LiFePO_(4)batteries,the phenomenon of aging diversity can be observed.Wh...In this paper,battery aging diversity among independent cells was studied in terms of available capacity degradation.During the aging process of LiFePO_(4)batteries,the phenomenon of aging diversity can be observed.When batteries with same specification were charged and discharged repeatedly under the same working conditions,the available capacity of different cell decreased at different rates along the cycle number.In this study,accelerated aging tests were carried out on multiple new LiFePO_(4)battery samples of different brands.Experimental results show that under the same working conditions,the actual available capacity of all cells decreased as the number of aging cycle increased,but an obvious aging diversity was observed even among different cells of same brand with same specification.This aging diversity was described and analysed in detail,and the common aging features of different cells beneath this aging diversity was explored.Considering this aging diversity,a probability density concept was adopted to estimate battery’s state of health(SOH).With this method,a relationship between battery SOH and its aging feature parameter was established,and a dynamic sliding window optimization technique was designed to ensure the optimal quality of aging feature extraction.Finally,the accuracy of this SOH estimation method was verified by random test.展开更多
The method and principle of common offset seismic surveys as well as the field data gathering and processing technique were introduced briefly. Through two urban active fault survey examples in Fuzhou and Shenyang, th...The method and principle of common offset seismic surveys as well as the field data gathering and processing technique were introduced briefly. Through two urban active fault survey examples in Fuzhou and Shenyang, the efficiency and limitation of using the common offset seismic reflection technique to carry out urban active fault surveys were probed. The results show that this technique has the properties of high resolving power, better reconstruction of subsurface structures, and real-time analyzing and interpretation of investigation results on site. This method can be used to quickly locate objects under investigation accurately in the areas with thinner Quaternary overburdens and strong bedrock interface fluctuations.展开更多
Atmospheric water harvesting(AWH)is a promising solution to the water shortage problem.Current sorption-based AWH(SAWH)systems seldom obtain both wide climatic adaptability and high energy efficiency due to the lack o...Atmospheric water harvesting(AWH)is a promising solution to the water shortage problem.Current sorption-based AWH(SAWH)systems seldom obtain both wide climatic adaptability and high energy efficiency due to the lack of thermodynamic optimization.To achieve the ideal harvesting circulation in SAWH systems,the“optimal harvesting window”(OHW)design based on thermodynamic analysis was first proposed and validated by our prototype.The“OHW”theory indicates the water production rate and energy efficiency could be improved by properly reducing the adsorption temperature.As the humidity increases,the optimal adsorption temperature should be closer to the dew point of the environment.Experimental results revealed that,loaded with 3 kg widely adopted silica gel,the daily water production could reach 5.76-17.64 L/d with ultrahigh energy efficiency of 0.46-1.5 L/kWh.This prototype could also achieve optimal performance in wide climatic conditions in terms of 13-35℃and 18%-72%RH.Lastly,the performance of photovoltaic(PV)-driven SAWH was evaluated.Results showed that a 1 m^(2)PV panel could generate 0.66-2 L water per day in Shanghai throughout the year,the highest in opening literature.Notably,this work introduces a promising concept that can help achieve large-scale,ultra-fast,energyefficient AWH worldwide.展开更多
Femtosecond laser filamentation has recently emerged as a promising technique to actively create a channel through clouds and fog,thereby providing a revolutionary opportunity to overcome the obstacle of fog-induced a...Femtosecond laser filamentation has recently emerged as a promising technique to actively create a channel through clouds and fog,thereby providing a revolutionary opportunity to overcome the obstacle of fog-induced attenuation for free-space optical communication(FSOC)in atmosphere.However,the underlying physics remains elusive,which is critical for optimizing time window and efficiency of guiding light in this channel.In this work,the time evolution of the filament-induced channel is investigated under various laser pulse energies and repetition rates.The combined diffusion model is built to reveal the contributions of gas molecules and aerosol droplets in competition of guiding and defocusing effect of the filament-induced channel.The related findings can deepen our understanding on the underlying physics of the air channel induced by the filament,provide insight into the optimizing time window and efficiency of guiding light,and potentially contribute to the improvement of filament-assisted FSOC.展开更多
Human motion prediction is a critical issue in human-robot collaboration(HRC)tasks.In order to reduce the local error caused by the limitation of the capture range and sampling frequency of the depth sensor,a hybrid h...Human motion prediction is a critical issue in human-robot collaboration(HRC)tasks.In order to reduce the local error caused by the limitation of the capture range and sampling frequency of the depth sensor,a hybrid human motion prediction algorithm,optimized sliding window polynomial fitting and recursive least squares(OSWPF-RLS)was proposed.The OSWPF-RLS algorithm uses the human body joint data obtained under the HRC task as input,and uses recursive least squares(RLS)to predict the human movement trajectories within the time window.Then,the optimized sliding window polynomial fitting(OSWPF)is used to calculate the multi-step prediction value,and the increment of multi-step prediction value was appropriately constrained.Experimental results show that compared with the existing benchmark algorithms,the OSWPF-RLS algorithm improved the multi-step prediction accuracy of human motion and enhanced the ability to respond to different human movements.展开更多
Background:Determining the appropriate window size is a critical step in the estimation process of stand structural variables based on remote sensing data.Because the value of the reference laser and image metrics tha...Background:Determining the appropriate window size is a critical step in the estimation process of stand structural variables based on remote sensing data.Because the value of the reference laser and image metrics that afect the quality of the prediction model depends on window size.However,suitable window sizes are usually determined by trial and error.There are a limited number of published studies evaluating appropriate window sizes for diferent remote sensing data.This research investigated the efect of window size on predicting forest structural variables using airborne LiDAR data,digital aerial image and WorldView-3 satellite image.Results:In the WorldView-3 and digital aerial image,signifcant diferences were observed in the prediction accuracies of the structural variables according to diferent window sizes.For the estimation based on WorldView-3 in black pine stands,the optimal window sizes for stem number(N),volume(V),basal area(BA)and mean height(H)were determined as 1000 m^(2),100 m^(2),100 m^(2) and 600 m^(2),respectively.In oak stands,the R^(2) values of each moving window size were almost identical for N and BA.The optimal window size was 400 m^(2) for V and 600 m^(2) for H.For the estimation based on aerial image in black pine stands,the 800 m^(2) window size was optimal for N and H,the 600 m^(2) window size was optimal for V and the 1000 m^(2) window size was optimal for BA.In the oak stands,the optimal window sizes for N,V,BA and H were determined as 1000 m^(2),100 m^(2),100 m^(2) and 600 m^(2),respectively.The optimal window sizes may need to be scaled up or down to match the stand canopy components.In the LiDAR data,the R^(2) values of each window size were almost identical for all variables of the black pine and the oak stands.Conclusion:This study illustrated that the window size has an efect on the prediction accuracy in estimating forest structural variables based on remote sensing data.Moreover,the results showed that the optimal window size for forest structural variables varies according to remote sensing data and tree species composition.展开更多
文摘This study introduces the Smart Exponential-Threshold-Linear with Double Deep Q-learning Network(SETL-DDQN)and an extended Gumbel distribution method,designed to optimize the Contention Window(CW)in IEEE 802.11 networks.Unlike conventional Deep Reinforcement Learning(DRL)-based approaches for CW size adjustment,which often suffer from overestimation bias and limited exploration diversity,leading to suboptimal throughput and collision performance.Our framework integrates the Gumbel distribution and extreme value theory to systematically enhance action selection under varying network conditions.First,SETL adopts a DDQN architecture(SETL-DDQN)to improve Q-value estimation accuracy and enhance training stability.Second,we incorporate a Gumbel distribution-driven exploration mechanism,forming SETL-DDQN(Gumbel),which employs the extreme value theory to promote diverse action selection,replacing the conventional-greedy exploration that undergoes early convergence to suboptimal solutions.Both models are evaluated through extensive simulations in static and time-varying IEEE 802.11 network scenarios.The results demonstrate that our approach consistently achieves higher throughput,lower collision rates,and improved adaptability,even under abrupt fluctuations in traffic load and network conditions.In particular,the Gumbel-based mechanism enhances the balance between exploration and exploitation,facilitating faster adaptation to varying congestion levels.These findings position Gumbel-enhanced DRL as an effective and robust solution for CW optimization in wireless networks,offering notable gains in efficiency and reliability over existing methods.
基金Sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 50378041) the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program ofHigher Education (Grant No. 20030487016).
文摘An adaptive Fourier Transform （FT） with an optimal window has been proposed for the time-frequency analysis of nonstationary time series. The method allows for a good estimation of both frequency and amplitude of the spectrum and can be easily applied to the general case of time-varying signals. The evaluation of the proposed approach has been performed on measured time-varying signals from a suspension bridge model and a steel frame model whose data have the typical non-stationary characteristics. The numerical results show that the proposed approach can overcome some of the difficulties encountered in the classic Fourier transform technique and can achieve higher computation accuracy.
基金supported by the CACMS Innovation Fund,No.CI2021A03407(to WZB)the Project of National Key R&D Program of China,No.2019YFC1709103(to WZB)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.81774432(to JJC),81774211(to WZB),82004492(to JW),81801561(to DSX)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Public Welfare Research Institutes of China,Nos.ZZ13-YQ-068(to JJC),ZZ14-YQ-032(to JW),ZZ14-YQ-034(to DSX).
文摘Neural tract tracing is used to study neural pathways and evaluate neuronal regeneration following nerve injuries.However,it is not always clear which tracer should be used to yield optimal results.In this study,we examined the use of Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated cholera toxin subunit B(AF488-CTB).This was injected into the gastrocnemius muscle of rats,and it was found that motor,sensory,and sympathetic neurons were labeled in the spinal ventral horn,dorsal root ganglia,and sympathetic chain,respectively.Similar results were obtained when we injected AF594-CTB into the tibialis anterior muscle.The morphology and number of neurons were evaluated at different time points following the AF488-CTB injection.It was found that labeled motor and sensory neurons could be observed 12 hours post-injection.The intensity was found to increase over time,and the morphology appeared clear and complete 3-7 days post-injection,with clearly distinguishable motor neuron axons and dendrites.However,14 days after the injection,the quality of the images decreased and the neurons appeared blurred and incomplete.Nissl and immunohistochemical staining showed that the AF488-CTB-labeled neurons retained normal neurochemical and morphological features,and the surrounding microglia were also found to be unaltered.Overall,these results imply that the cholera toxin subunit B,whether unconjugated or conjugated with Alexa Fluor,is effective for retrograde tracing in muscular tissues and that it would also be suitable for evaluating the regeneration or degeneration of injured nerves.
基金Project supported by the National science and technology major project of the 13th five-year plan“Exploration potential and target evaluation of marine shale gas in South China”(No.2017zx05036-003).
文摘Sinopec's Weiyuan Shale Gas Block is structurally located at the Baimazhen syncline held by the Weiyuan paleo-uplift and Ziliujing anticline in the Sichuan Basin.In this block,the Wufeng Fm of Upper OrdovicianeLongmaxi Fm of Lower Silurian is an organic-rich dark shale deposit of deepwater shelf facies,whose litho-electric characteristics of geophysical logging are obviously different vertically and reservoir heterogeneity is strong.For providing a guidance for target window optimization and drilling trajectory tracking and adjustment of horizontal wells in the Weiyuan Shale Gas Block,parameter indexes were evaluated by refining the reservoir classification based on well logging subdivision,fine characterization of core laminae,high-precision geophysical prediction and genetic analysis of sedimentary microfacies.Furthermore,the“sweet spots”of shale gas reservoirs were predicted.Then,the target window was optimized and the trajectory of a horizontal well was designed.Finally,the effects of the target window of a horizontal well on shale gas productivity were evaluated.And the following research results were obtained.First,three types of laminae are developed in the high-quality shale reservoir at the bottom of Wufeng FmeLong 1 Member,and they are vertically staggered and overlapped,which reflects the microscopic difference of sedimentary environment and reservoir quality.Second,shale gas reservoirs in this block can be divided into high-quality reservoirs,better reservoirs,general reservoirs and poor reservoirs.Third,the sublayer 2-3^(1) at the bottom of Longmaxi Fm is biogenic sedimentary microfacies and it has the characteristics of“geological+engineering”sweet spot,e.g.high TOC contents,high porosity,high brittleness,high gas content and low in-situ stress difference,so it is classified as a high-quality reservoir.Fourth,actual drilling results show that the location selection of the target window of a horizontal well has a significant impact on single-well shale gas productivity,and the penetration rate of a high-quality reservoir is the key geological factor to achieve high-yield shale gas.The research results provide support for the evaluation of shale gas productivity and lay a foundation for the commercial development of shale gas in the Weiyuan Shale Gas Block.
基金Sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51877187)the Key Program of University Technology Plan of Hebei Province(Grant No.ZD2017081).
文摘In this paper,battery aging diversity among independent cells was studied in terms of available capacity degradation.During the aging process of LiFePO_(4)batteries,the phenomenon of aging diversity can be observed.When batteries with same specification were charged and discharged repeatedly under the same working conditions,the available capacity of different cell decreased at different rates along the cycle number.In this study,accelerated aging tests were carried out on multiple new LiFePO_(4)battery samples of different brands.Experimental results show that under the same working conditions,the actual available capacity of all cells decreased as the number of aging cycle increased,but an obvious aging diversity was observed even among different cells of same brand with same specification.This aging diversity was described and analysed in detail,and the common aging features of different cells beneath this aging diversity was explored.Considering this aging diversity,a probability density concept was adopted to estimate battery’s state of health(SOH).With this method,a relationship between battery SOH and its aging feature parameter was established,and a dynamic sliding window optimization technique was designed to ensure the optimal quality of aging feature extraction.Finally,the accuracy of this SOH estimation method was verified by random test.
基金This research was supported by the project of "Experimental Prospecting of Active Fault in Urban Area"of the National Development and Reform Commission of China (Grant No.20041138)
文摘The method and principle of common offset seismic surveys as well as the field data gathering and processing technique were introduced briefly. Through two urban active fault survey examples in Fuzhou and Shenyang, the efficiency and limitation of using the common offset seismic reflection technique to carry out urban active fault surveys were probed. The results show that this technique has the properties of high resolving power, better reconstruction of subsurface structures, and real-time analyzing and interpretation of investigation results on site. This method can be used to quickly locate objects under investigation accurately in the areas with thinner Quaternary overburdens and strong bedrock interface fluctuations.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51922070).
文摘Atmospheric water harvesting(AWH)is a promising solution to the water shortage problem.Current sorption-based AWH(SAWH)systems seldom obtain both wide climatic adaptability and high energy efficiency due to the lack of thermodynamic optimization.To achieve the ideal harvesting circulation in SAWH systems,the“optimal harvesting window”(OHW)design based on thermodynamic analysis was first proposed and validated by our prototype.The“OHW”theory indicates the water production rate and energy efficiency could be improved by properly reducing the adsorption temperature.As the humidity increases,the optimal adsorption temperature should be closer to the dew point of the environment.Experimental results revealed that,loaded with 3 kg widely adopted silica gel,the daily water production could reach 5.76-17.64 L/d with ultrahigh energy efficiency of 0.46-1.5 L/kWh.This prototype could also achieve optimal performance in wide climatic conditions in terms of 13-35℃and 18%-72%RH.Lastly,the performance of photovoltaic(PV)-driven SAWH was evaluated.Results showed that a 1 m^(2)PV panel could generate 0.66-2 L water per day in Shanghai throughout the year,the highest in opening literature.Notably,this work introduces a promising concept that can help achieve large-scale,ultra-fast,energyefficient AWH worldwide.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(12074198 and 62105042).
文摘Femtosecond laser filamentation has recently emerged as a promising technique to actively create a channel through clouds and fog,thereby providing a revolutionary opportunity to overcome the obstacle of fog-induced attenuation for free-space optical communication(FSOC)in atmosphere.However,the underlying physics remains elusive,which is critical for optimizing time window and efficiency of guiding light in this channel.In this work,the time evolution of the filament-induced channel is investigated under various laser pulse energies and repetition rates.The combined diffusion model is built to reveal the contributions of gas molecules and aerosol droplets in competition of guiding and defocusing effect of the filament-induced channel.The related findings can deepen our understanding on the underlying physics of the air channel induced by the filament,provide insight into the optimizing time window and efficiency of guiding light,and potentially contribute to the improvement of filament-assisted FSOC.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61701270)the Young Doctor Cooperation Foundation of Qilu University of Technology(Shandong Academy of Sciences)(2017BSHZ008)。
文摘Human motion prediction is a critical issue in human-robot collaboration(HRC)tasks.In order to reduce the local error caused by the limitation of the capture range and sampling frequency of the depth sensor,a hybrid human motion prediction algorithm,optimized sliding window polynomial fitting and recursive least squares(OSWPF-RLS)was proposed.The OSWPF-RLS algorithm uses the human body joint data obtained under the HRC task as input,and uses recursive least squares(RLS)to predict the human movement trajectories within the time window.Then,the optimized sliding window polynomial fitting(OSWPF)is used to calculate the multi-step prediction value,and the increment of multi-step prediction value was appropriately constrained.Experimental results show that compared with the existing benchmark algorithms,the OSWPF-RLS algorithm improved the multi-step prediction accuracy of human motion and enhanced the ability to respond to different human movements.
文摘Background:Determining the appropriate window size is a critical step in the estimation process of stand structural variables based on remote sensing data.Because the value of the reference laser and image metrics that afect the quality of the prediction model depends on window size.However,suitable window sizes are usually determined by trial and error.There are a limited number of published studies evaluating appropriate window sizes for diferent remote sensing data.This research investigated the efect of window size on predicting forest structural variables using airborne LiDAR data,digital aerial image and WorldView-3 satellite image.Results:In the WorldView-3 and digital aerial image,signifcant diferences were observed in the prediction accuracies of the structural variables according to diferent window sizes.For the estimation based on WorldView-3 in black pine stands,the optimal window sizes for stem number(N),volume(V),basal area(BA)and mean height(H)were determined as 1000 m^(2),100 m^(2),100 m^(2) and 600 m^(2),respectively.In oak stands,the R^(2) values of each moving window size were almost identical for N and BA.The optimal window size was 400 m^(2) for V and 600 m^(2) for H.For the estimation based on aerial image in black pine stands,the 800 m^(2) window size was optimal for N and H,the 600 m^(2) window size was optimal for V and the 1000 m^(2) window size was optimal for BA.In the oak stands,the optimal window sizes for N,V,BA and H were determined as 1000 m^(2),100 m^(2),100 m^(2) and 600 m^(2),respectively.The optimal window sizes may need to be scaled up or down to match the stand canopy components.In the LiDAR data,the R^(2) values of each window size were almost identical for all variables of the black pine and the oak stands.Conclusion:This study illustrated that the window size has an efect on the prediction accuracy in estimating forest structural variables based on remote sensing data.Moreover,the results showed that the optimal window size for forest structural variables varies according to remote sensing data and tree species composition.
