With the objective of reducing the flight cost and the amount of polluting emissions released in the atmosphere, a new optimization algorithm considering the climb, cruise and descent phases is presented for the refer...With the objective of reducing the flight cost and the amount of polluting emissions released in the atmosphere, a new optimization algorithm considering the climb, cruise and descent phases is presented for the reference vertical flight trajectory. The selection of the reference vertical navigation speeds and altitudes was solved as a discrete combinatory problem by means of a graphtree passing through nodes using the beam search optimization technique. To achieve a compromise between the execution time and the algorithm＇s ability to find the global optimal solution, a heuristic methodology introducing a parameter called ‘‘optimism coefficient was used in order to estimate the trajectory＇s flight cost at every node. The optimal trajectory cost obtained with the developed algorithm was compared with the cost of the optimal trajectory provided by a commercial flight management system（FMS）. The global optimal solution was validated against an exhaustive search algorithm（ESA）, other than the proposed algorithm. The developed algorithm takes into account weather effects, step climbs during cruise and air traffic management constraints such as constant altitude segments, constant cruise Mach, and a pre-defined reference lateral navigation route. The aircraft fuel burn was computed using a numerical performance model which was created and validated using flight test experimental data.展开更多
The purpose of this paper is to provide the author’s view on basic techniques to optimize burn wound healing.For burns that are partial thickness,the goal is to optimize re-epithelialization to reduce the chance of h...The purpose of this paper is to provide the author’s view on basic techniques to optimize burn wound healing.For burns that are partial thickness,the goal is to optimize re-epithelialization to reduce the chance of hypertrophic scarring.For deeper burns,there are principles that lead to better outcomes.For very small burns,such as on the hand,full-thickness skin grafts can be performed in the outpatient setting.For burns requiring split-thickness skin grafts,thicker grafts tend to contract less than thinner ones.Using wider skin grafts or breaking up straight seams with darts also leads to improved results.Choosing donor sites that either minimize scarring or can be hidden should also be considered.For the massive burn,one must still prioritize better grafts for more functional or cosmetic areas(face,hands).Early excision and coverage should reduce scarring.Despite the availability of newer technologies,simple strategies to treat the burn wound still lead to excellent results.展开更多
基金the team of the Business-led Network of Centers of Excellence Green Aviation Research & Development Network (GARDN)in particular Mr. Sylvan Cofsky, for the funds received for this project (GARDNⅡ–Project: CMC-21)conducted at The Research Laboratory in Active Controls, Avionics and Aeroservoelasticity (LARCASE) in the framework of the global project ‘‘Optimized Descent and Cruise”
文摘With the objective of reducing the flight cost and the amount of polluting emissions released in the atmosphere, a new optimization algorithm considering the climb, cruise and descent phases is presented for the reference vertical flight trajectory. The selection of the reference vertical navigation speeds and altitudes was solved as a discrete combinatory problem by means of a graphtree passing through nodes using the beam search optimization technique. To achieve a compromise between the execution time and the algorithm＇s ability to find the global optimal solution, a heuristic methodology introducing a parameter called ‘‘optimism coefficient was used in order to estimate the trajectory＇s flight cost at every node. The optimal trajectory cost obtained with the developed algorithm was compared with the cost of the optimal trajectory provided by a commercial flight management system（FMS）. The global optimal solution was validated against an exhaustive search algorithm（ESA）, other than the proposed algorithm. The developed algorithm takes into account weather effects, step climbs during cruise and air traffic management constraints such as constant altitude segments, constant cruise Mach, and a pre-defined reference lateral navigation route. The aircraft fuel burn was computed using a numerical performance model which was created and validated using flight test experimental data.
文摘The purpose of this paper is to provide the author’s view on basic techniques to optimize burn wound healing.For burns that are partial thickness,the goal is to optimize re-epithelialization to reduce the chance of hypertrophic scarring.For deeper burns,there are principles that lead to better outcomes.For very small burns,such as on the hand,full-thickness skin grafts can be performed in the outpatient setting.For burns requiring split-thickness skin grafts,thicker grafts tend to contract less than thinner ones.Using wider skin grafts or breaking up straight seams with darts also leads to improved results.Choosing donor sites that either minimize scarring or can be hidden should also be considered.For the massive burn,one must still prioritize better grafts for more functional or cosmetic areas(face,hands).Early excision and coverage should reduce scarring.Despite the availability of newer technologies,simple strategies to treat the burn wound still lead to excellent results.
