A temperature and acoustic impedance simultaneous sensor based on forward stimulated Brillouin scattering(FSBS)in highly nonlinear fiber(HNLF)with high sensitivity and high accuracy is proposed and demonstrated in thi...A temperature and acoustic impedance simultaneous sensor based on forward stimulated Brillouin scattering(FSBS)in highly nonlinear fiber(HNLF)with high sensitivity and high accuracy is proposed and demonstrated in this paper.High-order acoustic modes(HOAMs)are used to achieve individual or simultaneous measurement of the two parameters.Transverse acoustic waves(TAWs)involved in the FSBS process can efficiently sense the mechanical or environmental changes outside the fiber cladding,which will be reflected in a linear shift of the acoustic resonance frequency.By analyzing the frequencies of specific scattering peaks,the temperature and acoustic impedance outside the fiber cladding can be obtained simultaneously.The highest measured temperature and acoustic impedance sensitivities are 184.93 k Hz/℃and444.56 k Hz/MRayl,and the measurement accuracies are 0.09℃and 0.009 MRayl,respectively,which are both at desirable levels.We believe this work can provide potential application solutions for sensing fields involving temperature or acoustic impedance measurements.展开更多
A metal-sensitive diaphragm fiber optic pressure sensor with temperature compensation is developed for pressure monitoring in high-temperature environments,such as engine fuel systems,oil and gas wells,and aviation hy...A metal-sensitive diaphragm fiber optic pressure sensor with temperature compensation is developed for pressure monitoring in high-temperature environments,such as engine fuel systems,oil and gas wells,and aviation hydraulic systems.The sensor combines a metal-sensitive diaphragm and a sapphire wafer to form a temperature-pressure dual Fabry-Perot(FP)interference cavity.A cross-correlation signal demodulation algorithm and a temperature decoupling method are utilized to reduce the influence of temperature crosstalk on pressure measurement.Experimental results show that the maximum nonlinear error of the sensor pressure measurement is 0.75%full scale(FS)and 0.99%FS at room temperature and 300°C,respectively,in a pressure range of 0−10 MPa and 0−1.5 MPa.The sensor’s pressure measurement accuracy is 1.7%FS when using the temperature decoupling method.The sensor exhibits good static pressure characteristics,stability,and reliability,providing an effective solution for high-temperature pressure monitoring applications.展开更多
Implantable temperature sensors are revolutionizing physiological monitoring and playing a crucial role in diagnostics,therapeutics,and life sciences research.This review classifies the materials used in these sensors...Implantable temperature sensors are revolutionizing physiological monitoring and playing a crucial role in diagnostics,therapeutics,and life sciences research.This review classifies the materials used in these sensors into three categories:metal-based,inorganic semiconductor,and organic semiconductor materials.Metal-based materials are widely used in medical and industrial applications due to their linearity,stability,and reliability.Inorganic semiconductors provide rapid response times and high miniaturization potential,making them promising for biomedical and environmental monitoring.Organic semiconductors offer high sensitivity and ease of processing,enabling the development of flexible and stretchable sensors.This review analyzes recent studies for each material type,covering design principles,performance characteristics,and applications,highlighting key advantages and challenges regarding miniaturization,sensitivity,response time,and biocompatibility.Furthermore,critical performance parameters of implantable temperature sensors based on different material types are summarized,providing valuable references for future sensor design and optimization.The future development of implantable temperature sensors is discussed,focusing on improving biocompatibility,long-term stability,and multifunctional integration.These advancements are expected to expand the application potential of implantable sensors in telemedicine and dynamic physiological monitoring.展开更多
Extreme environments challenge the structural health monitoring of advanced equipment.In-situ dynamic tracking temperature is of particular value due to its enormous impact on material properties.However,the realizati...Extreme environments challenge the structural health monitoring of advanced equipment.In-situ dynamic tracking temperature is of particular value due to its enormous impact on material properties.However,the realization of such integrated temperature sensors typically requires complicated layer-by-layer molding and sintering processes including additional thermal barrier coatings.Herein,we report a laser-induced in-situ conductive passivation strategy for the fabrication of a thin-film based wide-range temperature sensor.The instantaneous thermal effect of laser irradiation creates crystalline conductive traces in response to temperature variations.Synchronously,it also allows the formation of an amorphous antioxidative layer without necessitating extra protective coatings.Such configuration enables precise real-time sensing across-50℃to 950℃following the Steinhart-Hart equation.It also exhibits durable performance with only 1.2%drift over 20 hours during long-term high-temperature,instant thermal shock,frequent wearing,and severe vibration.This in-situ,facile laser manufacturing strategy holds great promise in structural health monitoring and fault diagnosis for advanced equipment working in extreme environments.展开更多
The development of intelligent electronic power systems necessitates advanced flexible pressure sensors.Despite improved compressibility through surface micro-structures or bulk pores,conventional capacitive pressure ...The development of intelligent electronic power systems necessitates advanced flexible pressure sensors.Despite improved compressibility through surface micro-structures or bulk pores,conventional capacitive pressure sensors face limitations due to their low dielectric constant and poor temperature tolerance of most elastomers.Herein,we constructed oriented polyimide-based aerogels with mechanical robustness and notable changes in dielectric constant under compression.The enhancement is attributed to the doping of surface-modified dielectric nanoparticles and graphene oxide sheets,which interact with polymer molecular chains.The resulting aerogels,with their excellent temperature resistance,were used to assemble high-performance capacitive pressure sensors.The sensor exhibits a maximum sensitivity of 1.41 kPa^(−1)over a wide working range of 0-200 kPa.Meanwhile,the sensor can operate in environments up to 150℃during 2000 compression/release cycles.Furthermore,the aerogel-based sensor demonstrates proximity sensing capabilities,showing great potential for applications in non-contact sensing and extreme environment detection.展开更多
Optical temperature sensor materials face great challenges in terms of temperature measurement sensitivity and applicability in extreme environments.To overcome these problems,Er^(3+)∕Yb^(3+)co-doped La_(2)O_(3)-TiO_...Optical temperature sensor materials face great challenges in terms of temperature measurement sensitivity and applicability in extreme environments.To overcome these problems,Er^(3+)∕Yb^(3+)co-doped La_(2)O_(3)-TiO_(2)-Ga_(2)O_(3)-ZrO_(2)(LTGZ)glasses were designed and synthesized using the aerodynamic levitation method.In the glass system,the strongest intensity of upconversion luminescence was measured on 3.0Yb^(3+)∕0.5Er^(3+)(mole fraction)co-doped LTGZ glasses.In the temperature range of 300 to 700 K,the maximum relative and absolute sensitivities were 2.71%and 0.56%K^(−1),respectively.The temperature reliability was proved through variable temperature cycling tests.More importantly,to our knowledge,it is the first time to investigate the optical temperature measurement capability under a high magnetic field in this as-designed sensor.By applying the magnetic field up to 42 T,the relative sensitivity changes from 1.79%to 1.58%K^(−1),revealing that the temperature sensitivity of the sensor remains stable even in high magnetic fields.The results of the study provide a reference for the selection of temperature measurement materials in the field of optical temperature sensing,and the designed temperature sensor can be used for temperature measurement in extreme environments,especially in strong magnetic field conditions,which provides an important value for the development of special optical temperature sensors.展开更多
High-temperature thin-film strain sensors are advanced technological devices for monitoring stress and strain in extreme environments,but the coupling of temperature and strain at high temperature is a challenge for t...High-temperature thin-film strain sensors are advanced technological devices for monitoring stress and strain in extreme environments,but the coupling of temperature and strain at high temperature is a challenge for their use.Here,this issue is addressed by creating a composite ink that combines Pb_(2)Ru_(2)O_(6) and TiB_(2) using polysilazane(PSZ)as a binder.After direct writing and annealing the PSZ/Pb_(2)Ru_(2)O_(6)/TiB_(2) film at 800℃ in air,the resulting thin film exhibits a low temperature coefficient of resistance(TCR)of only 281 ppm/℃ over a wide temperature range from 100℃ to 700℃,while also demonstrating high sensitivity with a gauge factor approaching 19.8.This exceptional performance is attributed to the intrinsic properties of Pb_(2)Ru_(2)O_(6),which has positive TCR at high temperature,and TiB2,which has negative TCR at high temperature.Combining these materials reduces the overall TCR of the film.Tests showed that the PSZ/Pb_(2)Ru_(2)O_(6)/TiB_(2) film maintains stable strain responses and significant signal output even under varying temperature.These findings provide valuable insights for developing high-temperature strain sensors with low TCR and high sensitivity,highlighting their potential for applications in high-temperature strain measurements.展开更多
We proposed a fiber optic high temperature sensor based on the Mach-Zehnder interference(MZI)structure,which is composed of two lengths of multi-mode fibers(MMFs),a length of few-mode fiber(FMF)and two sections of sin...We proposed a fiber optic high temperature sensor based on the Mach-Zehnder interference(MZI)structure,which is composed of two lengths of multi-mode fibers(MMFs),a length of few-mode fiber(FMF)and two sections of single-mode fibers(SMFs).Firstly,the two sections of MMFs were spliced with two sections of SMFs.Then,the MMFs were fused to two ends of FMF to form a symmetrically structured fiber-optic MZI structure.In this structure,the MMF served as the optical mode field coupling element,and the cladding and core of the FMF are the interference arm and the reference arm of the MZI structure,respectively.We investigated the sensor's response characteristics of the temperature and strain.The experimental results indicate that the sensor is sensitive to temperature variation,and the temperature response sensitivity is up to 61.4 pm/℃ in the range of 40-250℃,while the sensor has weak strain sensitivity,its strain sensitivity is only-0.72 pm/μe in the strain range of 0-1400μe.Moreover,the sensor has good stability and repeatability.In brief,the proposed fiber optic high temperature sensor has good properties,such as high sensitivity,compact structure,good stability and repeatability,which can be used for monitoring the temperature of submerged oil electric pump units under oil wells.展开更多
A novel temperature sensor is developed and presented especially for the purpose of on-line thermal monitoring of VLSI chips.This sensor requires very small silicon area and low power consumption,and the simulation re...A novel temperature sensor is developed and presented especially for the purpose of on-line thermal monitoring of VLSI chips.This sensor requires very small silicon area and low power consumption,and the simulation results show that its accuracy is in the order of 0.8℃.The proposed sensor can be easily implemented using regular CMOS process technologies,and can be easily integrated to any VLSI circuits to increase their reliability.展开更多
Polythiophene （PTP） was prepared by a chemical oxidative polymerization and nanosized WO3 was prepared by a colloidal chemical method. The organic-inorganic PTP/WO3 hybrids with different mass fractions of PTP were ...Polythiophene （PTP） was prepared by a chemical oxidative polymerization and nanosized WO3 was prepared by a colloidal chemical method. The organic-inorganic PTP/WO3 hybrids with different mass fractions of PTP were obtained by a simple mechanically mixing the prepared PTP and WO3. The as-prepared PTP/WO3 hybrids have a higher thermal stability than the pure PTP. The gas sensing measurements demonstrate that the PTP/WO3 hybrid sensors exhibit higher response for detecting NO2 at low temperature than the pure PTP and WO3 sensor. The sensing mechanism is suggested to be related to the existence of p-n heterojunctions in the PTP/WO3 hybrids. The response of the PTP/WO3 hybrids is markedly influenced by the PTP mass fraction. The 20% PTP/WO3 hybrid shows high response and good selectivity to NO2 at low temperature （〈90℃）. Therefore, the PTP/WO3 hybrids can be expected to be potentially used as gas sensor material for detecting NO2 at low temperature.展开更多
A silicon temperature sensor with a conventional resistor structure is fabricated on thin-film silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrate.The sensor has very promising characteristics.The maximum operating temperature ca...A silicon temperature sensor with a conventional resistor structure is fabricated on thin-film silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrate.The sensor has very promising characteristics.The maximum operating temperature can reach 550℃ even at a low current of 0.1mA.Experimental results support that the minority-carrier exclusion effect can be strong in the conventional resistor structure when the silicon film is sufficiently thin,thus significantly raising the maximum operating temperature.Moreover,since the structure of the device on thin-film SOI wafer is not crucial in controlling the maximum operating temperature,device layout can be varied according to the requirements of applications.展开更多
Based on attenuated total reflection （ATR） and thermo-optic effect, the polymeric thin film planar optical waveguide is used as the temperature sensor, and the factors influencing the sensitivity of the temperature ...Based on attenuated total reflection （ATR） and thermo-optic effect, the polymeric thin film planar optical waveguide is used as the temperature sensor, and the factors influencing the sensitivity of the temperature sensor are comprehensively analyzed. Combined with theoretical analysis and experimental investigation, the sensitivity of the temperature sensor is related to the thicknesses of the upper cladding layer, the waveguide layer, the optical loss of the polymer material and the guided wave modes. The results show that the slope value about reflectivity and temperature, which stands for the sensitivity of the polymer thin film temperature sensor, is associated with the waveguide film thickness and the guided wave modes, and the slope value is the highest in the zero reflectance of a certain transverse electric （TE） mode. To improve the sensitivity of the temperature sensor, the sensor＇s working incident light exterior angle α should be chosen under a certain TE mode with the reflectivity to be zero. This temperature sensor is characterized by high sensitivity and simple structure and it is easily fabricated.展开更多
Objective To explore the relationship between the receptor temperature and moxibustion distance of mild moxibustion, and provide evidence for clinical moxibustion distance. Methods Mild moxibustion was carried out for...Objective To explore the relationship between the receptor temperature and moxibustion distance of mild moxibustion, and provide evidence for clinical moxibustion distance. Methods Mild moxibustion was carried out for 15min by adopting moxibustion shelf, and the moxibustion ash was shook off automatically for once every 3 min. The distance between moxa stick and temperature sensor was set as 2 cm, 3 cm, 4 cm and 5 cm, respectively, by ruler. The temperature was recorded for once every 2 s with photothermal detection system for moxibustion combustion to form a temperature profile. The initial temperature, maximum temperature and average temperature were observed, and the experimental data were analyzed via SPSS18.0 statistical software. Results The initial receptor temperature was （25.33±0.29） ℃ when the moxibustion distance was 2 cm, （25.29±0.05） ℃ when the moxibustion distance was 3 cm, （25.43±0.17） ℃ when the moxibustion distance was 4cm, and （25.16±0.22） ℃ when the moxibustion distance was 5 cm, respectively. The maximum temperature was （74.96±1.20） ℃ when the moxibustion distance was 2 cm, （51.70±0.74） ℃ when the moxibustion distance was 3 cm, （49.33±0.40） ℃ when the moxibustion distance was 4 cm, and （42.50±0.26） ℃ when the moxibustion distance was 5 cm, respectively. The average temperature was （62.40±7.84） ℃-（62.68±7.58） ℃ when the moxibustion distance was 2 cm, （44.77±3.31） ℃-（45.11±3.21） ℃ when the moxibustion distance was 3 cm, （42.72＋3.86） ℃-（43.12±3.54） ℃ when the moxibust-ion distance was 4 cm, and （38.45±1.67） ℃-（38.50±1.63） ℃ when the moxibustion distance was 5 cm, respectively. The temperature curve showed that the fluctuation range was the maximum when the moxibustion distance was 2 cm, larger when the moxibustion distance was 3 cm, smaller when the moxibustion distance was 4 cm, and minimum when the moxibustion distance was 5 cmo There was no significant difference in the initial temperature of mild moxibustion at different distances, however, the maximum temperature, average temperature and the fluctuation range of temperature curve were closely related to the moxibustion distance. Conclusion The nearer the distance is, the higher the maximum temperature and average temperature as well as the larger the fluctuation range will be, and the farther the distance is, the lower the maximum temperature and average temperature as well as the smaller the fluctuation range will be. Accordin8 to preliminary analysis, the temperature will be the most suitable when the moxibust-ion distance is 3 cm-4 cm.展开更多
In high-speed cutting, natural thermocouple, artificial thermocouple and infrared radiation temperature measurement are usually adopted for measuring cutting temperature, but these methods have difficulty in measuring...In high-speed cutting, natural thermocouple, artificial thermocouple and infrared radiation temperature measurement are usually adopted for measuring cutting temperature, but these methods have difficulty in measuring transient temperature accurately of cutting area on account of low response speed and limited cutting condition. In this paper, NiCr/NiSi thin-film thermocouples（TFTCs） are fabricated according to temperature characteristic of cutting area in high-speed cutting by means of advanced twinned microwave electro cyclotron resonance（MW-ECR） plasma source enhanced radio frequency（RF） reaction non-balance magnetron sputtering technique, and can be used for transient cutting temperature measurement. The time constants of the TFTCs with different thermo-junction film width are measured at four kinds of sampling frequency by using Ultra-CFR short pulsed laser system that established. One-dimensional unsteady heat conduction model is constructed and the dynamic performance is analyzed theoretically. It can be seen from the analysis results that the NiCr/NiSi TFTCs are suitable for measuring transient temperature which varies quickly, the response speed of TFTCs can be obviously improved by reducing the thickness of thin-film, and the area of thermo-junction has little influence on dynamic response time. The dynamic calibration experiments are made on the constructed dynamic calibration system, and the experimental results confirm that sampling frequency should be larger than 50 kHz in dynamic measurement for stable response time, and the shortest response time is 0.042 ms. Measurement methods and devices of cutting heat and cutting temperature measurement are developed and improved by this research, which provide practical methods and instruments in monitoring cutting heat and cutting temperature for research and production in high-speed machining.展开更多
This paper reports a novel technique for fabrication of a flexible skin with a temperature sensor array (40×1 sensors). A simplified MEMS technology using platinum resistors as sensing materials, which are sandwi...This paper reports a novel technique for fabrication of a flexible skin with a temperature sensor array (40×1 sensors). A simplified MEMS technology using platinum resistors as sensing materials, which are sandwiched between two polyimide layers as flexible substrates is developed. The two polyimide layers are deposited on top of a thin aluminum layer, which serves as a sacrificial layer such that the flexible skin can be released by metal etching and peeled off easily. The flexible skin with a temperature sensor array has a high mechanical flexibility and can be handily attached on a highly curved surface to detect tiny temperature distribution inside a small area. The sensor array shows a linear output and has a sensitivity of 7.5 mV/°C (prior to amplifiers) at a drive current of 1 mA. To demonstrate its applications, two examples have been demonstrated, including measurement of temperature distribution around a micro heater of a micro PCR (polymerase chain reaction) chip for DNA amplification and detection of separation point for flow over a circular cylinder. The development of the flexible skin with a temperature sensor array may be crucial for measuring temperature distribution on any curved surface in the fields of aerodynamics, space exploration, auto making and biomedical applications etc.展开更多
Metal-coated fiber Bragg grating（FBG）temperature sensors were prepared via electroless nickel（EN）plating and tin electroplating methods on the surface of normal bare FBG.The surface morphologies of the metal-coate...Metal-coated fiber Bragg grating（FBG）temperature sensors were prepared via electroless nickel（EN）plating and tin electroplating methods on the surface of normal bare FBG.The surface morphologies of the metal-coated layers were observed under a metallographic microscope.The effects of pretreatment sequence,pH value of EN plating solution and current density of electroplating on the performance of the metal-coated layers were analyzed.Meanwhile, the Bragg wavelength shift induced by temperature was monitored by an optical spectrum analyzer.Sensitivity of the metal-coated FBG（MFBG）sensor was almost two times that of normal bare FBG sensor.The measuring temperature of the MFBG sensor could be up to 280℃,which was much better than that of conventional FBG sensor.展开更多
Flexible temperature sensors have been extensively investigated due to their prospect of wide application in various flexible electronic products.However,most of the current flexible temperature sensors only work well...Flexible temperature sensors have been extensively investigated due to their prospect of wide application in various flexible electronic products.However,most of the current flexible temperature sensors only work well in a narrow temperature range,with their application at high or low temperatures still being a big challenge.This work proposes a flexible thermocouple temperature sensor based on aerogel blanket substrate,the temperature-sensitive layer of which uses the screen-printing technology to prepare indium oxide and indium tin oxide.It has good temperature sensitivity,with the test sensitivity reaching 226.7μV℃^(−1).Most importantly,it can work in a wide temperature range,from extremely low temperatures down to liquid nitrogen temperature to high temperatures up to 1200℃,which is difficult to be achieved by other existing flexible temperature sensors.This temperature sensor has huge application potential in biomedicine,aerospace and other fields.展开更多
Room-temperature gas sensors have aroused great attention in current gas sensor technology because of deemed demand of cheap,low power consumption and portable sensors for rapidly growing Internet of things applicatio...Room-temperature gas sensors have aroused great attention in current gas sensor technology because of deemed demand of cheap,low power consumption and portable sensors for rapidly growing Internet of things applications.As an important approach,light illumination has been exploited for room-temperature operation with improving gas sensor's attributes including sensitivity,speed and selectivity.This review provides an overview of the utilization of photoactivated nanomaterials in gas sensing field.First,recent advances in gas sensing of some exciting different nanostructures and hybrids of metal oxide semiconductors under light illumination are highlighted.Later,excellent gas sensing performance of emerging two-dimensional materialsbased sensors under light illumination is discussed in details with proposed gas sensing mechanism.Originated impressive features from the interaction of photons with sensing materials are elucidated in the context of modulating sensing characteristics.Finally,the review concludes with key and constructive insights into current and future perspectives in the light-activated nanomaterials for optoelectronic gas sensor applications.展开更多
With the rapid development of the Internet of Things,there is a great demand for portable gas sensors.Metal oxide semiconductors(MOS)are one of the most traditional and well-studied gas sensing materials and have been...With the rapid development of the Internet of Things,there is a great demand for portable gas sensors.Metal oxide semiconductors(MOS)are one of the most traditional and well-studied gas sensing materials and have been widely used to prepare various commercial gas sensors.However,it is limited by high operating temperature.The current research works are directed towards fabricating high-performance flexible room-temperature(FRT)gas sensors,which are effective in simplifying the structure of MOS-based sensors,reducing power consumption,and expanding the application of portable devices.This article presents the recent research progress of MOS-based FRT gas sensors in terms of sensing mechanism,performance,flexibility characteristics,and applications.This review comprehensively summarizes and discusses five types of MOS-based FRT gas sensors,including pristine MOS,noble metal nanoparticles modified MOS,organic polymers modified MOS,carbon-based materials(carbon nanotubes and graphene derivatives)modified MOS,and two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides materials modified MOS.The effect of light-illuminated to improve gas sensing performance is further discussed.Furthermore,the applications and future perspectives of FRT gas sensors are also discussed.展开更多
The safety of lithium-ion batteries is an essential concern where instant and accurate temperature sensing is critical.It is generally desired to put sensors inside batteries for instant sensing.However,the transmissi...The safety of lithium-ion batteries is an essential concern where instant and accurate temperature sensing is critical.It is generally desired to put sensors inside batteries for instant sensing.However,the transmission of internal measurement outside batteries without interfering their normal state is a non-trivial task due to the harsh electrochemical environment,the particular packaging structures and the intrinsic electromagnetic shielding problems of batteries.In this work,a novel in-situ temperature sensing framework is proposed by incorporating temperature sensors with a novel signal transmission solution.The signal transmission solution uses a self-designed integrated-circuit which modulates the internal measurements outside battery via its positive pole without package breaking.Extensive experimental results validate the noninterference properties of the proposed framework.Our proposed in-situ temperature measurement by the self-designed signal modulation solution has a promising potential for in-situ battery health monitoring and thus promoting the development of smart batteries.展开更多
文摘A temperature and acoustic impedance simultaneous sensor based on forward stimulated Brillouin scattering(FSBS)in highly nonlinear fiber(HNLF)with high sensitivity and high accuracy is proposed and demonstrated in this paper.High-order acoustic modes(HOAMs)are used to achieve individual or simultaneous measurement of the two parameters.Transverse acoustic waves(TAWs)involved in the FSBS process can efficiently sense the mechanical or environmental changes outside the fiber cladding,which will be reflected in a linear shift of the acoustic resonance frequency.By analyzing the frequencies of specific scattering peaks,the temperature and acoustic impedance outside the fiber cladding can be obtained simultaneously.The highest measured temperature and acoustic impedance sensitivities are 184.93 k Hz/℃and444.56 k Hz/MRayl,and the measurement accuracies are 0.09℃and 0.009 MRayl,respectively,which are both at desirable levels.We believe this work can provide potential application solutions for sensing fields involving temperature or acoustic impedance measurements.
文摘A metal-sensitive diaphragm fiber optic pressure sensor with temperature compensation is developed for pressure monitoring in high-temperature environments,such as engine fuel systems,oil and gas wells,and aviation hydraulic systems.The sensor combines a metal-sensitive diaphragm and a sapphire wafer to form a temperature-pressure dual Fabry-Perot(FP)interference cavity.A cross-correlation signal demodulation algorithm and a temperature decoupling method are utilized to reduce the influence of temperature crosstalk on pressure measurement.Experimental results show that the maximum nonlinear error of the sensor pressure measurement is 0.75%full scale(FS)and 0.99%FS at room temperature and 300°C,respectively,in a pressure range of 0−10 MPa and 0−1.5 MPa.The sensor’s pressure measurement accuracy is 1.7%FS when using the temperature decoupling method.The sensor exhibits good static pressure characteristics,stability,and reliability,providing an effective solution for high-temperature pressure monitoring applications.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(62422501)Beijing Nova Program(20230484254,20240484742)Hebei Natural Science Foundation(F2024105039).
文摘Implantable temperature sensors are revolutionizing physiological monitoring and playing a crucial role in diagnostics,therapeutics,and life sciences research.This review classifies the materials used in these sensors into three categories:metal-based,inorganic semiconductor,and organic semiconductor materials.Metal-based materials are widely used in medical and industrial applications due to their linearity,stability,and reliability.Inorganic semiconductors provide rapid response times and high miniaturization potential,making them promising for biomedical and environmental monitoring.Organic semiconductors offer high sensitivity and ease of processing,enabling the development of flexible and stretchable sensors.This review analyzes recent studies for each material type,covering design principles,performance characteristics,and applications,highlighting key advantages and challenges regarding miniaturization,sensitivity,response time,and biocompatibility.Furthermore,critical performance parameters of implantable temperature sensors based on different material types are summarized,providing valuable references for future sensor design and optimization.The future development of implantable temperature sensors is discussed,focusing on improving biocompatibility,long-term stability,and multifunctional integration.These advancements are expected to expand the application potential of implantable sensors in telemedicine and dynamic physiological monitoring.
基金the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52475610,52105593)the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(LDQ24E050001)+1 种基金the"Pioneer"and"Leading Goose"R&D Program of Zhejiang(2023C03007,2024C01173)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(226-2024-00085)。
文摘Extreme environments challenge the structural health monitoring of advanced equipment.In-situ dynamic tracking temperature is of particular value due to its enormous impact on material properties.However,the realization of such integrated temperature sensors typically requires complicated layer-by-layer molding and sintering processes including additional thermal barrier coatings.Herein,we report a laser-induced in-situ conductive passivation strategy for the fabrication of a thin-film based wide-range temperature sensor.The instantaneous thermal effect of laser irradiation creates crystalline conductive traces in response to temperature variations.Synchronously,it also allows the formation of an amorphous antioxidative layer without necessitating extra protective coatings.Such configuration enables precise real-time sensing across-50℃to 950℃following the Steinhart-Hart equation.It also exhibits durable performance with only 1.2%drift over 20 hours during long-term high-temperature,instant thermal shock,frequent wearing,and severe vibration.This in-situ,facile laser manufacturing strategy holds great promise in structural health monitoring and fault diagnosis for advanced equipment working in extreme environments.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research&Development Program of China(No.2022YFA1205200).
文摘The development of intelligent electronic power systems necessitates advanced flexible pressure sensors.Despite improved compressibility through surface micro-structures or bulk pores,conventional capacitive pressure sensors face limitations due to their low dielectric constant and poor temperature tolerance of most elastomers.Herein,we constructed oriented polyimide-based aerogels with mechanical robustness and notable changes in dielectric constant under compression.The enhancement is attributed to the doping of surface-modified dielectric nanoparticles and graphene oxide sheets,which interact with polymer molecular chains.The resulting aerogels,with their excellent temperature resistance,were used to assemble high-performance capacitive pressure sensors.The sensor exhibits a maximum sensitivity of 1.41 kPa^(−1)over a wide working range of 0-200 kPa.Meanwhile,the sensor can operate in environments up to 150℃during 2000 compression/release cycles.Furthermore,the aerogel-based sensor demonstrates proximity sensing capabilities,showing great potential for applications in non-contact sensing and extreme environment detection.
基金supported by the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security of the People’s Republic of China(Grant No.S20240022)the Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation for Innovation and Development(Grant No.2025AFD325)the Interdisciplinary Program of Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center(Grant No.WHMFC202129).
文摘Optical temperature sensor materials face great challenges in terms of temperature measurement sensitivity and applicability in extreme environments.To overcome these problems,Er^(3+)∕Yb^(3+)co-doped La_(2)O_(3)-TiO_(2)-Ga_(2)O_(3)-ZrO_(2)(LTGZ)glasses were designed and synthesized using the aerodynamic levitation method.In the glass system,the strongest intensity of upconversion luminescence was measured on 3.0Yb^(3+)∕0.5Er^(3+)(mole fraction)co-doped LTGZ glasses.In the temperature range of 300 to 700 K,the maximum relative and absolute sensitivities were 2.71%and 0.56%K^(−1),respectively.The temperature reliability was proved through variable temperature cycling tests.More importantly,to our knowledge,it is the first time to investigate the optical temperature measurement capability under a high magnetic field in this as-designed sensor.By applying the magnetic field up to 42 T,the relative sensitivity changes from 1.79%to 1.58%K^(−1),revealing that the temperature sensitivity of the sensor remains stable even in high magnetic fields.The results of the study provide a reference for the selection of temperature measurement materials in the field of optical temperature sensing,and the designed temperature sensor can be used for temperature measurement in extreme environments,especially in strong magnetic field conditions,which provides an important value for the development of special optical temperature sensors.
基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2021YFB2012100)the Major Science and Technology Projects in Fujian Province(Grant No.2023HZ021005)+1 种基金the Open Project Program of Fujian Key Laboratory of Special Intelligent Equipment Measurement and Control(Grant No.FJIES2023KF06)the Industry-University-Research Co-operation Fund of the Eighth Research Institute of China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation(Grant No.SAST2023-061).
文摘High-temperature thin-film strain sensors are advanced technological devices for monitoring stress and strain in extreme environments,but the coupling of temperature and strain at high temperature is a challenge for their use.Here,this issue is addressed by creating a composite ink that combines Pb_(2)Ru_(2)O_(6) and TiB_(2) using polysilazane(PSZ)as a binder.After direct writing and annealing the PSZ/Pb_(2)Ru_(2)O_(6)/TiB_(2) film at 800℃ in air,the resulting thin film exhibits a low temperature coefficient of resistance(TCR)of only 281 ppm/℃ over a wide temperature range from 100℃ to 700℃,while also demonstrating high sensitivity with a gauge factor approaching 19.8.This exceptional performance is attributed to the intrinsic properties of Pb_(2)Ru_(2)O_(6),which has positive TCR at high temperature,and TiB2,which has negative TCR at high temperature.Combining these materials reduces the overall TCR of the film.Tests showed that the PSZ/Pb_(2)Ru_(2)O_(6)/TiB_(2) film maintains stable strain responses and significant signal output even under varying temperature.These findings provide valuable insights for developing high-temperature strain sensors with low TCR and high sensitivity,highlighting their potential for applications in high-temperature strain measurements.
基金supported by the Scientific Research Program Funded by Shaanxi Provincial Education Department (No.15JK1573)the Postgraduate Innovation and Practice Ability Development Fund of Xi’an Shiyou University (No.YCS21211084)。
文摘We proposed a fiber optic high temperature sensor based on the Mach-Zehnder interference(MZI)structure,which is composed of two lengths of multi-mode fibers(MMFs),a length of few-mode fiber(FMF)and two sections of single-mode fibers(SMFs).Firstly,the two sections of MMFs were spliced with two sections of SMFs.Then,the MMFs were fused to two ends of FMF to form a symmetrically structured fiber-optic MZI structure.In this structure,the MMF served as the optical mode field coupling element,and the cladding and core of the FMF are the interference arm and the reference arm of the MZI structure,respectively.We investigated the sensor's response characteristics of the temperature and strain.The experimental results indicate that the sensor is sensitive to temperature variation,and the temperature response sensitivity is up to 61.4 pm/℃ in the range of 40-250℃,while the sensor has weak strain sensitivity,its strain sensitivity is only-0.72 pm/μe in the strain range of 0-1400μe.Moreover,the sensor has good stability and repeatability.In brief,the proposed fiber optic high temperature sensor has good properties,such as high sensitivity,compact structure,good stability and repeatability,which can be used for monitoring the temperature of submerged oil electric pump units under oil wells.
文摘A novel temperature sensor is developed and presented especially for the purpose of on-line thermal monitoring of VLSI chips.This sensor requires very small silicon area and low power consumption,and the simulation results show that its accuracy is in the order of 0.8℃.The proposed sensor can be easily implemented using regular CMOS process technologies,and can be easily integrated to any VLSI circuits to increase their reliability.
基金Foundation item: Project (21171099) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProjects (09JCYBJC03600,10JCYBJC03900) supported by Technology Commission Foundation of Tianjin,China
文摘Polythiophene （PTP） was prepared by a chemical oxidative polymerization and nanosized WO3 was prepared by a colloidal chemical method. The organic-inorganic PTP/WO3 hybrids with different mass fractions of PTP were obtained by a simple mechanically mixing the prepared PTP and WO3. The as-prepared PTP/WO3 hybrids have a higher thermal stability than the pure PTP. The gas sensing measurements demonstrate that the PTP/WO3 hybrid sensors exhibit higher response for detecting NO2 at low temperature than the pure PTP and WO3 sensor. The sensing mechanism is suggested to be related to the existence of p-n heterojunctions in the PTP/WO3 hybrids. The response of the PTP/WO3 hybrids is markedly influenced by the PTP mass fraction. The 20% PTP/WO3 hybrid shows high response and good selectivity to NO2 at low temperature （〈90℃）. Therefore, the PTP/WO3 hybrids can be expected to be potentially used as gas sensor material for detecting NO2 at low temperature.
文摘A silicon temperature sensor with a conventional resistor structure is fabricated on thin-film silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrate.The sensor has very promising characteristics.The maximum operating temperature can reach 550℃ even at a low current of 0.1mA.Experimental results support that the minority-carrier exclusion effect can be strong in the conventional resistor structure when the silicon film is sufficiently thin,thus significantly raising the maximum operating temperature.Moreover,since the structure of the device on thin-film SOI wafer is not crucial in controlling the maximum operating temperature,device layout can be varied according to the requirements of applications.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.60977038)the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education(No.20110092110016)+1 种基金the National Basic Research Program of China(973Program)(No.2011CB302004)the Foundation of Key Laboratory of Micro-Inertial Instrument and Advanced Navigation Technology of Ministry of Education of China(No.201204)
文摘Based on attenuated total reflection （ATR） and thermo-optic effect, the polymeric thin film planar optical waveguide is used as the temperature sensor, and the factors influencing the sensitivity of the temperature sensor are comprehensively analyzed. Combined with theoretical analysis and experimental investigation, the sensitivity of the temperature sensor is related to the thicknesses of the upper cladding layer, the waveguide layer, the optical loss of the polymer material and the guided wave modes. The results show that the slope value about reflectivity and temperature, which stands for the sensitivity of the polymer thin film temperature sensor, is associated with the waveguide film thickness and the guided wave modes, and the slope value is the highest in the zero reflectance of a certain transverse electric （TE） mode. To improve the sensitivity of the temperature sensor, the sensor＇s working incident light exterior angle α should be chosen under a certain TE mode with the reflectivity to be zero. This temperature sensor is characterized by high sensitivity and simple structure and it is easily fabricated.
基金Supported by National Basic Research Program of China:2015CB554502Research Study and Innovative Experimental Planning Project of Hunan Province Undergraduates:NO221+2 种基金Doctor Scientific Research Fund Project of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine:9982-1001-014Popularizing Project of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of ChinaProject of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation:2015M580689
文摘Objective To explore the relationship between the receptor temperature and moxibustion distance of mild moxibustion, and provide evidence for clinical moxibustion distance. Methods Mild moxibustion was carried out for 15min by adopting moxibustion shelf, and the moxibustion ash was shook off automatically for once every 3 min. The distance between moxa stick and temperature sensor was set as 2 cm, 3 cm, 4 cm and 5 cm, respectively, by ruler. The temperature was recorded for once every 2 s with photothermal detection system for moxibustion combustion to form a temperature profile. The initial temperature, maximum temperature and average temperature were observed, and the experimental data were analyzed via SPSS18.0 statistical software. Results The initial receptor temperature was （25.33±0.29） ℃ when the moxibustion distance was 2 cm, （25.29±0.05） ℃ when the moxibustion distance was 3 cm, （25.43±0.17） ℃ when the moxibustion distance was 4cm, and （25.16±0.22） ℃ when the moxibustion distance was 5 cm, respectively. The maximum temperature was （74.96±1.20） ℃ when the moxibustion distance was 2 cm, （51.70±0.74） ℃ when the moxibustion distance was 3 cm, （49.33±0.40） ℃ when the moxibustion distance was 4 cm, and （42.50±0.26） ℃ when the moxibustion distance was 5 cm, respectively. The average temperature was （62.40±7.84） ℃-（62.68±7.58） ℃ when the moxibustion distance was 2 cm, （44.77±3.31） ℃-（45.11±3.21） ℃ when the moxibustion distance was 3 cm, （42.72＋3.86） ℃-（43.12±3.54） ℃ when the moxibust-ion distance was 4 cm, and （38.45±1.67） ℃-（38.50±1.63） ℃ when the moxibustion distance was 5 cm, respectively. The temperature curve showed that the fluctuation range was the maximum when the moxibustion distance was 2 cm, larger when the moxibustion distance was 3 cm, smaller when the moxibustion distance was 4 cm, and minimum when the moxibustion distance was 5 cmo There was no significant difference in the initial temperature of mild moxibustion at different distances, however, the maximum temperature, average temperature and the fluctuation range of temperature curve were closely related to the moxibustion distance. Conclusion The nearer the distance is, the higher the maximum temperature and average temperature as well as the larger the fluctuation range will be, and the farther the distance is, the lower the maximum temperature and average temperature as well as the smaller the fluctuation range will be. Accordin8 to preliminary analysis, the temperature will be the most suitable when the moxibust-ion distance is 3 cm-4 cm.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.50775210)Liaoning Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.20062143)Liaoning Provincial Universities Science and Technology Program of China(Grant No.05L023)
文摘In high-speed cutting, natural thermocouple, artificial thermocouple and infrared radiation temperature measurement are usually adopted for measuring cutting temperature, but these methods have difficulty in measuring transient temperature accurately of cutting area on account of low response speed and limited cutting condition. In this paper, NiCr/NiSi thin-film thermocouples（TFTCs） are fabricated according to temperature characteristic of cutting area in high-speed cutting by means of advanced twinned microwave electro cyclotron resonance（MW-ECR） plasma source enhanced radio frequency（RF） reaction non-balance magnetron sputtering technique, and can be used for transient cutting temperature measurement. The time constants of the TFTCs with different thermo-junction film width are measured at four kinds of sampling frequency by using Ultra-CFR short pulsed laser system that established. One-dimensional unsteady heat conduction model is constructed and the dynamic performance is analyzed theoretically. It can be seen from the analysis results that the NiCr/NiSi TFTCs are suitable for measuring transient temperature which varies quickly, the response speed of TFTCs can be obviously improved by reducing the thickness of thin-film, and the area of thermo-junction has little influence on dynamic response time. The dynamic calibration experiments are made on the constructed dynamic calibration system, and the experimental results confirm that sampling frequency should be larger than 50 kHz in dynamic measurement for stable response time, and the shortest response time is 0.042 ms. Measurement methods and devices of cutting heat and cutting temperature measurement are developed and improved by this research, which provide practical methods and instruments in monitoring cutting heat and cutting temperature for research and production in high-speed machining.
文摘This paper reports a novel technique for fabrication of a flexible skin with a temperature sensor array (40×1 sensors). A simplified MEMS technology using platinum resistors as sensing materials, which are sandwiched between two polyimide layers as flexible substrates is developed. The two polyimide layers are deposited on top of a thin aluminum layer, which serves as a sacrificial layer such that the flexible skin can be released by metal etching and peeled off easily. The flexible skin with a temperature sensor array has a high mechanical flexibility and can be handily attached on a highly curved surface to detect tiny temperature distribution inside a small area. The sensor array shows a linear output and has a sensitivity of 7.5 mV/°C (prior to amplifiers) at a drive current of 1 mA. To demonstrate its applications, two examples have been demonstrated, including measurement of temperature distribution around a micro heater of a micro PCR (polymerase chain reaction) chip for DNA amplification and detection of separation point for flow over a circular cylinder. The development of the flexible skin with a temperature sensor array may be crucial for measuring temperature distribution on any curved surface in the fields of aerodynamics, space exploration, auto making and biomedical applications etc.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.60777038).
文摘Metal-coated fiber Bragg grating（FBG）temperature sensors were prepared via electroless nickel（EN）plating and tin electroplating methods on the surface of normal bare FBG.The surface morphologies of the metal-coated layers were observed under a metallographic microscope.The effects of pretreatment sequence,pH value of EN plating solution and current density of electroplating on the performance of the metal-coated layers were analyzed.Meanwhile, the Bragg wavelength shift induced by temperature was monitored by an optical spectrum analyzer.Sensitivity of the metal-coated FBG（MFBG）sensor was almost two times that of normal bare FBG sensor.The measuring temperature of the MFBG sensor could be up to 280℃,which was much better than that of conventional FBG sensor.
基金supported by The National Key Research and Development Program of China(2020YFB2009100)Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi(Program No.2022JQ-508)National Science and Technology Major Project(Grant No.J2019-V-0006-0100),Open research fund of SKLMS(Grant No.sklms2021009).
文摘Flexible temperature sensors have been extensively investigated due to their prospect of wide application in various flexible electronic products.However,most of the current flexible temperature sensors only work well in a narrow temperature range,with their application at high or low temperatures still being a big challenge.This work proposes a flexible thermocouple temperature sensor based on aerogel blanket substrate,the temperature-sensitive layer of which uses the screen-printing technology to prepare indium oxide and indium tin oxide.It has good temperature sensitivity,with the test sensitivity reaching 226.7μV℃^(−1).Most importantly,it can work in a wide temperature range,from extremely low temperatures down to liquid nitrogen temperature to high temperatures up to 1200℃,which is difficult to be achieved by other existing flexible temperature sensors.This temperature sensor has huge application potential in biomedicine,aerospace and other fields.
基金the financial support of the Department of Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB) (Sanction Order No. CRG/2019/000112)。
文摘Room-temperature gas sensors have aroused great attention in current gas sensor technology because of deemed demand of cheap,low power consumption and portable sensors for rapidly growing Internet of things applications.As an important approach,light illumination has been exploited for room-temperature operation with improving gas sensor's attributes including sensitivity,speed and selectivity.This review provides an overview of the utilization of photoactivated nanomaterials in gas sensing field.First,recent advances in gas sensing of some exciting different nanostructures and hybrids of metal oxide semiconductors under light illumination are highlighted.Later,excellent gas sensing performance of emerging two-dimensional materialsbased sensors under light illumination is discussed in details with proposed gas sensing mechanism.Originated impressive features from the interaction of photons with sensing materials are elucidated in the context of modulating sensing characteristics.Finally,the review concludes with key and constructive insights into current and future perspectives in the light-activated nanomaterials for optoelectronic gas sensor applications.
基金This work is supported by This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Nos.2020YFB2008604 and 2021YFB3202500)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.61874034 and 51861135105)+1 种基金the International Science and Technology Cooperation Program of Shanghai Science and Technology Innovation Action Plan(No.21520713300)Fudan University-CIOMP Joint Fund(E02632Y7H0).
文摘With the rapid development of the Internet of Things,there is a great demand for portable gas sensors.Metal oxide semiconductors(MOS)are one of the most traditional and well-studied gas sensing materials and have been widely used to prepare various commercial gas sensors.However,it is limited by high operating temperature.The current research works are directed towards fabricating high-performance flexible room-temperature(FRT)gas sensors,which are effective in simplifying the structure of MOS-based sensors,reducing power consumption,and expanding the application of portable devices.This article presents the recent research progress of MOS-based FRT gas sensors in terms of sensing mechanism,performance,flexibility characteristics,and applications.This review comprehensively summarizes and discusses five types of MOS-based FRT gas sensors,including pristine MOS,noble metal nanoparticles modified MOS,organic polymers modified MOS,carbon-based materials(carbon nanotubes and graphene derivatives)modified MOS,and two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides materials modified MOS.The effect of light-illuminated to improve gas sensing performance is further discussed.Furthermore,the applications and future perspectives of FRT gas sensors are also discussed.
基金This work was supported by the Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission(Grant Z191100002719007)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant 11672341).
文摘The safety of lithium-ion batteries is an essential concern where instant and accurate temperature sensing is critical.It is generally desired to put sensors inside batteries for instant sensing.However,the transmission of internal measurement outside batteries without interfering their normal state is a non-trivial task due to the harsh electrochemical environment,the particular packaging structures and the intrinsic electromagnetic shielding problems of batteries.In this work,a novel in-situ temperature sensing framework is proposed by incorporating temperature sensors with a novel signal transmission solution.The signal transmission solution uses a self-designed integrated-circuit which modulates the internal measurements outside battery via its positive pole without package breaking.Extensive experimental results validate the noninterference properties of the proposed framework.Our proposed in-situ temperature measurement by the self-designed signal modulation solution has a promising potential for in-situ battery health monitoring and thus promoting the development of smart batteries.
