The so-called close-coupled gas atomization process involves melting a metal and using a high-pressure gas jet positioned close to the melt stream to rapidly break it into fine,spherical powder particles.This techniqu...The so-called close-coupled gas atomization process involves melting a metal and using a high-pressure gas jet positioned close to the melt stream to rapidly break it into fine,spherical powder particles.This technique,adapted for blast furnace slag granulation using a circular seam nozzle,typically aims to produce solid slag particles sized 30–140μm,thereby allowing the utilization of slag as a resource.This study explores the atomization dynamics of liquid blast furnace slag,focusing on the effects of atomization pressure.Primary atomization is simulated using a combination of the Volume of Fluid(VOF)method and the Shear Stress Transport k-ωturbulence model,while secondary atomization is analyzed through the Discrete Phase Model(DPM).The results reveal that primary atomization progresses in three stages:the slag column transforms into an umbrella-shaped liquid film,whose leading edge fragments into particles while forming a cavity-like structure,which is eventually torn into ligaments.This primary deformation is driven by the interplay of airflow velocity in the recirculation zone and the guide tube outlet pressure(Fp).Increasing the atomization pressure amplifies airflow velocity,recirculation zone size,expansion and shock waves,though the guide tube outlet pressure variations remain irregular.Notably,at 4.5 MPa,the primary deformation is most pronounced.Secondary atomization yields finer slag particles as a result of more vigorous primary atomization.For this pressure,the smallest average particle size and the highest yield of particles within the target range(30–140μm)are achieved.展开更多
[Objective] The paper was to compare the effects of traditional granulating process and post-expanding lower temperature granulating process on starch gelatinization degree and in vitro protein digestibility of conver...[Objective] The paper was to compare the effects of traditional granulating process and post-expanding lower temperature granulating process on starch gelatinization degree and in vitro protein digestibility of conversation feed, and growth performance of piglets. [Method] Sixty weaned piglets, 25 days old, were randomly divided into two groups, six replicates each group, and each replicate contained five piglets. Piglets in control group were fed with the conversation feed developed by traditional granulating process, and those in experimental group were fed with the conservation feed developed by post-expanding lower temperature granulating process. The trial lasted 28 d. [Result] Compared to traditional granulating process, post-expanding lower temperature granulating process significantly enhanced starch gelatinization degree of conservation feed by56.9%（P〈0.05）, and significantly improved in vitro protein digestibility of conservation feed by 11.48%（P〈0.05）. Compared to the control group, the feed intake of piglets in experimental group was increased by 21.63%（P〈0.05）; the average daily gain was increased by 27.61%（P〈0.05）; the diarrhea rate was lowered; and the feed gain ratio was improved by 4.51%（P〉0.05）. The results suggested that post-expanding lower temperature granulating process effectively enhanced feed digestion and absorption of piglets. [Conclusion] The paper provides a theoretical basis and practical reference for improvement of production process of conservation feed.展开更多
Calcium carboaluminate was successfully prepared by a simple and efficient one-step method,and the effects of temperature,time,raw material ratio,carbonate type and heavy CaCO_(3)particle size on the products were inv...Calcium carboaluminate was successfully prepared by a simple and efficient one-step method,and the effects of temperature,time,raw material ratio,carbonate type and heavy CaCO_(3)particle size on the products were investigated in detail.The results show that increasing the temperature and extending the reaction time can enhance the yield and crystallisation degree of calcium carboaluminate.The proportion of Ca(OH)_(2),Al(OH)_(3)and CaCO_(3)is a pivotal factor in the synthesis of calcium carboaluminate.When the ratio of Ca(OH)_(2),Al(OH)_(3)and CaCO_(3)is 3:2:1,the diffraction peaks of calcium carboaluminate in the products are relatively sharp and strong.Furthermore,the purity and crystallinity of the synthesized calcium carboaluminate are higher when heavy CaCO_(3)with the particle size of 120 mesh is used as the carbonate raw material,in comparison to CO_(2),Na_(2)CO_(3)and light CaCO_(3).As results,a simple and efficient method for the synthesis of calcium carboaluminate is proposed,which will provide a solid experimental foundation and technical support for the industrial application of calcium carboaluminate in marine concrete.展开更多
The optimal condition for a one-step process removing organic compounds from coking wastewater by simultaneously synthesized organobentonite as a pretreatment was investigated.Results showed that sorption of organic c...The optimal condition for a one-step process removing organic compounds from coking wastewater by simultaneously synthesized organobentonite as a pretreatment was investigated.Results showed that sorption of organic compounds by organobentonite was positively correlated to the cation surfactant exchange on the bentonite and the octanol-water partition coefficient（Kow） of the solutes.With 0.75 g/L bentonite and 180 mg/L（60% of bentonite cation exchange capacity） cetyltrimethylammonium bromide,the removal efficiencies of the 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon（PAHs） specified by the US Environmental Protection Agency in coking wastewater except naphthalene were more than 90%,and that of benzo（a）pyrene was 99.5%.At the same time,the removal efficiencies of CODCr,NH3-N,volatile phenols,colour and turbidity were 28.6%,13.2%,8.9%,55% and 84.3%,respectively,and the ratio of BOD5/CODCr increased from 0.31 to 0.41.These results indicated that the one-step process had high removal efficiency for toxic and refractory hydrophobic organic compounds,and could improve the biodegradability of the coking wastewater.Therefore it could be a promising technology for the pretreatment of toxic and refractory organic wastewater.展开更多
Formation of super-hydrophobic and corrosion-resistant coatings can provide significant corrosion protection to magnesium alloys.However,it remains a grand challenge to produce such coatings for magnesium-lithium allo...Formation of super-hydrophobic and corrosion-resistant coatings can provide significant corrosion protection to magnesium alloys.However,it remains a grand challenge to produce such coatings for magnesium-lithium alloys due to their high chemical reactivity.Herein,a one-step hydrothermal processing was developed using a stearic-acid-based precursor medium,which enables the hydrothermal conversion and the formation of low surface energy materials concurrently to produce the super-hydrophobic and corrosion-resistant coating.The multiscale microstructures with nanoscale stacks and microscale spheres on the surface,as well as the through-thickness stearates,lead to the super-hydrophobicity and excellent corrosion resistance of the obtained coating.展开更多
Molten slag is broken up by supersonic air into droplets through the air quenching dry slag granulation technique.The breakup process of blast furnace slag directly determines the droplet diameter and the waste heat r...Molten slag is broken up by supersonic air into droplets through the air quenching dry slag granulation technique.The breakup process of blast furnace slag directly determines the droplet diameter and the waste heat recovery.In order to gain deep insight into the granulation mechanism and visualize the breakup process,three-dimensional unsteady numerical simulation based on the k-x based shear stress transport turbulence model was conducted to simulate the transient breakup process of molten slag(k is the turbulent kinetic energy,and x is the specific dissipation rate).The coupled level-set and volume-of-fluid method was utilized to capture the sharp air–liquid interface.The results show that a flat film is formed firstly under the effects of air impingement,recirculation zone and pressure gradients.Then,the axial wave and the spanwise wave appear simultaneously and the film is broken up into ligaments owing to the generation of vortex and hole structure at the intersection of axial trough and spanwise trough.Finally,the ligaments are broken up into droplets owing to Rayleigh–Taylor instability at the air–liquid interface.The droplets smaller than 3.00 mm account for 80%,with the average diameter of 1.95 mm.展开更多
This work presents a method to solve the weak solubility of zinc chloride(ZnCl_2) in the ethanol by adding some reasonable water into an ethanol electrolyte containing ZnCl_2 and myristic acid(CH_3(CH_2)_(12)COOH).A r...This work presents a method to solve the weak solubility of zinc chloride(ZnCl_2) in the ethanol by adding some reasonable water into an ethanol electrolyte containing ZnCl_2 and myristic acid(CH_3(CH_2)_(12)COOH).A rapid one-step electrodeposition process was developed to fabricate anodic(2.5 min) and cathodic(40 s) superhydrophobic surfaces of copper substrate(contact angle more than 150°) in an aqueous ethanol electrolyte.Morphology,composition,chemical structure and superhydrophobicity of these superhydrophobic surfaces were investigated by SEM,FTIR,XRD,and contact angle measurement,respectively.The results indicate that water ratio of the electrolyte can reduce the required deposition time,superhydrophobic surface needs over 30 min with anhydrous electrolyte,while it needs only 2.5 min with electrolyte including 10 mL water,and the maximum contact angle of anodic surface is 166° and that of the cathodic surface is 168°.Two copper electrode surfaces have different reactions in the process of electrodeposition time,and the anodic copper surface covers copper myristate(Cu[CH_3(CH_2)_(12)COO]_2) and cupric chloride(CuCl);while,zinc myristate(Zn[CH_3(CH_2)_(12)COO]_2) and pure zinc(Zn) appear on the cathodic surface.展开更多
Dry centrifugal granulation(DCG)experiments for blast furnace slag(BFS)were performed by means of a rotary disk atomizer since water quenching method can create a series of problems.The results showed that the DCG met...Dry centrifugal granulation(DCG)experiments for blast furnace slag(BFS)were performed by means of a rotary disk atomizer since water quenching method can create a series of problems.The results showed that the DCG method can granulate the BFS,but the results are easily affected by the slag flow rate,disk rotating speed,disk radius,disk material and slag falling height.The granulating parameters with an excessive flow rate,low rotating speed,SiN–SiC disk,stainless steel disk and low slag falling height are detrimental to the granulation process.The most suitable parameters for granulation are a slag flow rate of 5.1×10^(−5) m^(3)/s,a disk rotating speed of 1500–2300 r/min,a slag falling height of 0.8 m and a smooth graphitic disk with the radius of 0.1 m.In the absence of an off-center flow,the overall best granulating effect produces round particles with mean diameter of 3.43 mm without creating slag fiber.The vitreous content of the BFS particles granulated by graphite disks is 92%,which meets the requirements of cement raw materials.The Bond work index of dry granulated BFS is 18.4 kWh/t,and the grindability of dry granulated slag and water-quenched slag is similar.展开更多
The current study was to understand how process variables of high shear wet granulations affect physical properties of granules and tablets. The knowledge gained was intended to be used for Quality-by-Design based pro...The current study was to understand how process variables of high shear wet granulations affect physical properties of granules and tablets. The knowledge gained was intended to be used for Quality-by-Design based process design and optimization. The variables were selected based on the risk assessment as impeller speed, liquid addition rate, and wet massing time. Formulation compositions were kept constant to minimize their influence on granules properties. Multiple linear regression models were built providing understanding of the impact of each variable on granule hardness, Carr’s index, tablet tensile strength, surface mean diameter of granules, and compression behavior. The experimental results showed that the impact of impeller speed was more dominant compared to wet massing time and water addition rate. The results also revealed that quality of granules and tablets could be optimized by adjusting specific process variables(impeller speed 1193 rpm, water spray rate 3.7 ml/min, and wet massing time 2.84 min). Overall desirability was 0.84 suggesting that the response values were closer to the target one. The SEM image of granules showed that spherical and smooth granules produced at higher impeller speed, whereas rough and irregular shape granules at lower speed. Moreover, multivariate data analysis demonstrated that impeller speed and massing time had strong correlation with the granule and tablet properties. In overall, the combined experimental design and principal component analysis approach allowed to better understand the correlation between process variables and granules and tablet attributes.展开更多
[Objectives]This study was conducted to optimize the preparation process of Tianlu Tongluo Granules and establish its quality standard.[Methods]Tianlu Tongluo Granules was prepared by an orthogonal test.TLC was used t...[Objectives]This study was conducted to optimize the preparation process of Tianlu Tongluo Granules and establish its quality standard.[Methods]Tianlu Tongluo Granules was prepared by an orthogonal test.TLC was used to identify Radix Astragali preparata,Radix Paeoniae Alba,Scutellariae Radix and Acori Tatarinowii Rhizoma in the granules,and the content of paeoniflorin in the finished product was determined by HPLC.[Results]The extraction process of Tianlu Tongluo Granules was as follows:adding 6 times of water,and decocting twice,1 h/time.In the forming process,the optimal ratio of thick paste to excipients as 10∶8.6,and the optimal ratio of excipients dextrin:starch:colloidal silicon dioxide was 6.5∶0.5∶1.6.The results showed that TLC spots were obvious,the separation was significant,and the specificity was strong.The paeoniflorin content had a good linear relationship in the concentration range of 5.9048-590.48 mg/L(r=0.9999).The average sample recovery was 101.10%,and the RSD was 1.18%.[Conclusions]The preparation process is stable and reasonable,and the established quality control method is specific and reproducible,and can be used for the quality control of Tianlu Tongluo Granules.展开更多
Pharmaceutical production is changing from batch production to continuous production,during which granulation is one of the most important unit operations.The quality of mass-produced products is traditionally guarant...Pharmaceutical production is changing from batch production to continuous production,during which granulation is one of the most important unit operations.The quality of mass-produced products is traditionally guaranteed by conducting off-line testing,which cannot meet the demand of continuous production for real-time monitoring of critical process parameters and critical quality attributes(CQAs)of the pharmaceutical granulation technology.Since the U.S.Food and Drug Administration proposed process analytical technology(PAT)in 2004,many PAT tools have been developed to monitor the granulation process and provide information regarding the granulation operation conditions and endpoint determination.In this article,we review the recent research and application of two PAT modes in the granulation process,namely,single CQA and multi-CQA PAT,with the aim to provide references for comprehensively improving the technological level of the pharmaceutical granulation process.Furthermore,the potential applications in traditional Chinese Medicine are discussed.展开更多
Background: This work aims at investigating the histology of hippocampus formation as structural model of information processing. The study addressed the question whether the pattern of cellular type distribution with...Background: This work aims at investigating the histology of hippocampus formation as structural model of information processing. The study addressed the question whether the pattern of cellular type distribution within hippocampal fields could be used as support of information processing in the hippocampus. Method: Pyramidal-shaped neurons presenting both cytoplasm and nucleus outlined clearly were measured systematically on brain slides, using a light microscope connected to a microcomputer equipped with a scanner software for measuring particles. Morphological types of cells were identified following class sizes and their distribution determined through hippocampal fields. Results: A battery of statistical tests: Sturges’ classification, class sizes distribution around overall mean, Bartlett’s sphericity test, principal components analysis (PCA) followed by correlations matrix analysis and ANOVA allowed two cellular groups to be identified in the hippocampus: large and small pyramidal-shaped cells. Conclusion: The results show that sensory information processing in the hippocampus could be built on two classes of pyramidal neurons that differed anatomically with probably different physiological functions. The study suggests combination ensembles clustering large and small pyramidal cells at different rates, as fundamental signaling units of the hippocampus.展开更多
By theoretical analysis of heat transfer during the "one-step" directional solidification process, the functional relation between the temperature in solid-liquid interface and its effect factor was studied....By theoretical analysis of heat transfer during the "one-step" directional solidification process, the functional relation between the temperature in solid-liquid interface and its effect factor was studied. The thermal gradient in solid liquid interface and heat transfer coefficient between the samples and surroundings were also calculated. On the basis of the above analysis, some suggestions for improving the thermal gradient in solid-liquid interface were put forward. It will provide a theoretical instruction for preparing high performance giant magnetostrictive materials (GMM).展开更多
[Objectives]To optimize the forming process of Yi medicine Tongfeng Granules.[Methods]The forming process of Yi medicine Tongfeng Granules was optimized,with paste density,ethanol volume fraction,and type and proporti...[Objectives]To optimize the forming process of Yi medicine Tongfeng Granules.[Methods]The forming process of Yi medicine Tongfeng Granules was optimized,with paste density,ethanol volume fraction,and type and proportion of excipient as influencing factors,and granule formability,solubility,moisture absorption,and angle of repose as evaluation indicators.Critical relative humidity(CRH)was investigated to select optimal storage conditions.[Results]Maltodextrin was selected as the excipient,and the best process parameters was the ratio of drug to excipient at 1∶2(g/g),under which the forming rate,solubility,moisture absorption rate,and angle of repose were 81.38%,98.90%,8.81%,and 27.5°,respectively.The critical relative humidity was 72%.[Conclusions]The forming process adopted is reasonable and feasible,and can provide a reference for large-scale production of Yi medicine Tongfeng Granules.展开更多
Objective The objective of this study was to investigate the preparation process of Mahuang Xixin Fuzi decoction granules based on the clinical pharmacological effects of the classic formulas and to control the qualit...Objective The objective of this study was to investigate the preparation process of Mahuang Xixin Fuzi decoction granules based on the clinical pharmacological effects of the classic formulas and to control the quality of the product.Methods An orthogonal experimental design was used,with extraction yield and transfer rate of key ingredients as evaluation indicators,to optimize the extraction process ofMahuang Xixin Fuzi decoction.The granulation process was optimized based on indicators such as granule formation rate,dissolution rate,and moisture absorption rate.Results The optimal extraction process for Mahuang Xixin Fuzi decoction was determined as the following:using 10 times the amount of water to soak for 30 minutes,extracting three times,each for 60minutes,with a concentrated extract relative density of 1.3 g/mL.A mixture of dextrin and starch at a 1:2 ratio was used as a binder for wet granulation.The granule formation rate,dissolution time,and dilution rate of three repeated batches showed relative standard deviation(RSD)values of 1.48,2.83,and 1.55%.Conclusion This method is stable and feasible,providing valuable data for the industrial production of Mahuang Xixin Fuzi decoction granules and further research on this formulation.展开更多
Low-carbon alkali-activated slag(AAS)is among the most common alkali-activated materials(AAMs).To further lower CO_(2) emissions and optimize the material system,we proposed a scheme of using phosphorous slag(PS)to su...Low-carbon alkali-activated slag(AAS)is among the most common alkali-activated materials(AAMs).To further lower CO_(2) emissions and optimize the material system,we proposed a scheme of using phosphorous slag(PS)to substitute ground granulated blast-furnace slag(GGBS)in sodium carbonate(NC)activated slag system.we conducted a systematic study on the mechanical properties of the NC-activated slag/PS blends at normal temperature and examined the influences of different substitution amounts of phosphorus slag and NC equivalents on the performance of the material system.The hydration process was analyzed using hydration flow and chemical shrinkage.The hydration products were characterized via XRD and TGA.Moreover,the pore structure and pH value were also analyzed.When the substitution dosage of PS was not greater than 30%,the 3 d compressive strength of the systems was improved to a certain degree.However,in the medium and later periods,the compressive strength of the systems was slightly lower than that of the control group.The 90 d compressive strength of the control group 4SC-0% was 47.6 MPa,which was 4.0 MPa lower than the 28 d one of itself,presenting a strength retrogression phenomenon,while all the test groups demonstrated a continuous growth law.When the substitution dosage of PS was not more than 30%,the hydration reaction of the AAS system was facilitated,whereas when the substitution amount was 50%,the hydration of the system was conspicuously slowed down.The incorporation of phosphorous slag was capable of enhancing the volume stability of the material system.The hydration products of this system were likely to be manasseite,calcite,and C-S-(A)-H.When the incorporation amount of phosphorous slag increased,the quantity of the hydration products reduced,which might result in the generation of C-N-S-A-H.The study proposed the methodology for designing weak base-activated slag/PS.展开更多
基金the Tangshan University Doctor Innovation Fund(Project Number:1402306).
文摘The so-called close-coupled gas atomization process involves melting a metal and using a high-pressure gas jet positioned close to the melt stream to rapidly break it into fine,spherical powder particles.This technique,adapted for blast furnace slag granulation using a circular seam nozzle,typically aims to produce solid slag particles sized 30–140μm,thereby allowing the utilization of slag as a resource.This study explores the atomization dynamics of liquid blast furnace slag,focusing on the effects of atomization pressure.Primary atomization is simulated using a combination of the Volume of Fluid(VOF)method and the Shear Stress Transport k-ωturbulence model,while secondary atomization is analyzed through the Discrete Phase Model(DPM).The results reveal that primary atomization progresses in three stages:the slag column transforms into an umbrella-shaped liquid film,whose leading edge fragments into particles while forming a cavity-like structure,which is eventually torn into ligaments.This primary deformation is driven by the interplay of airflow velocity in the recirculation zone and the guide tube outlet pressure(Fp).Increasing the atomization pressure amplifies airflow velocity,recirculation zone size,expansion and shock waves,though the guide tube outlet pressure variations remain irregular.Notably,at 4.5 MPa,the primary deformation is most pronounced.Secondary atomization yields finer slag particles as a result of more vigorous primary atomization.For this pressure,the smallest average particle size and the highest yield of particles within the target range(30–140μm)are achieved.
基金Supported by Animal Genetic Resources and Utilization Innovation Platform of Foshan City(FCG[2014]136)Foshan Engineering Research Center for Animal Breeding(FK[2015]182)
文摘[Objective] The paper was to compare the effects of traditional granulating process and post-expanding lower temperature granulating process on starch gelatinization degree and in vitro protein digestibility of conversation feed, and growth performance of piglets. [Method] Sixty weaned piglets, 25 days old, were randomly divided into two groups, six replicates each group, and each replicate contained five piglets. Piglets in control group were fed with the conversation feed developed by traditional granulating process, and those in experimental group were fed with the conservation feed developed by post-expanding lower temperature granulating process. The trial lasted 28 d. [Result] Compared to traditional granulating process, post-expanding lower temperature granulating process significantly enhanced starch gelatinization degree of conservation feed by56.9%（P〈0.05）, and significantly improved in vitro protein digestibility of conservation feed by 11.48%（P〈0.05）. Compared to the control group, the feed intake of piglets in experimental group was increased by 21.63%（P〈0.05）; the average daily gain was increased by 27.61%（P〈0.05）; the diarrhea rate was lowered; and the feed gain ratio was improved by 4.51%（P〉0.05）. The results suggested that post-expanding lower temperature granulating process effectively enhanced feed digestion and absorption of piglets. [Conclusion] The paper provides a theoretical basis and practical reference for improvement of production process of conservation feed.
基金Funded by the National Nature Science Foundation of China(No.52078321)。
文摘Calcium carboaluminate was successfully prepared by a simple and efficient one-step method,and the effects of temperature,time,raw material ratio,carbonate type and heavy CaCO_(3)particle size on the products were investigated in detail.The results show that increasing the temperature and extending the reaction time can enhance the yield and crystallisation degree of calcium carboaluminate.The proportion of Ca(OH)_(2),Al(OH)_(3)and CaCO_(3)is a pivotal factor in the synthesis of calcium carboaluminate.When the ratio of Ca(OH)_(2),Al(OH)_(3)and CaCO_(3)is 3:2:1,the diffraction peaks of calcium carboaluminate in the products are relatively sharp and strong.Furthermore,the purity and crystallinity of the synthesized calcium carboaluminate are higher when heavy CaCO_(3)with the particle size of 120 mesh is used as the carbonate raw material,in comparison to CO_(2),Na_(2)CO_(3)and light CaCO_(3).As results,a simple and efficient method for the synthesis of calcium carboaluminate is proposed,which will provide a solid experimental foundation and technical support for the industrial application of calcium carboaluminate in marine concrete.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 20890111)
文摘The optimal condition for a one-step process removing organic compounds from coking wastewater by simultaneously synthesized organobentonite as a pretreatment was investigated.Results showed that sorption of organic compounds by organobentonite was positively correlated to the cation surfactant exchange on the bentonite and the octanol-water partition coefficient（Kow） of the solutes.With 0.75 g/L bentonite and 180 mg/L（60% of bentonite cation exchange capacity） cetyltrimethylammonium bromide,the removal efficiencies of the 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon（PAHs） specified by the US Environmental Protection Agency in coking wastewater except naphthalene were more than 90%,and that of benzo（a）pyrene was 99.5%.At the same time,the removal efficiencies of CODCr,NH3-N,volatile phenols,colour and turbidity were 28.6%,13.2%,8.9%,55% and 84.3%,respectively,and the ratio of BOD5/CODCr increased from 0.31 to 0.41.These results indicated that the one-step process had high removal efficiency for toxic and refractory hydrophobic organic compounds,and could improve the biodegradability of the coking wastewater.Therefore it could be a promising technology for the pretreatment of toxic and refractory organic wastewater.
基金support from the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Hohai university(B200202122)National Natural Science Foundation of China(51878246 and 51979099)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China(BK20191303)Key Research and Development Project of Jiangsu Province of China(BE2017148).
文摘Formation of super-hydrophobic and corrosion-resistant coatings can provide significant corrosion protection to magnesium alloys.However,it remains a grand challenge to produce such coatings for magnesium-lithium alloys due to their high chemical reactivity.Herein,a one-step hydrothermal processing was developed using a stearic-acid-based precursor medium,which enables the hydrothermal conversion and the formation of low surface energy materials concurrently to produce the super-hydrophobic and corrosion-resistant coating.The multiscale microstructures with nanoscale stacks and microscale spheres on the surface,as well as the through-thickness stearates,lead to the super-hydrophobicity and excellent corrosion resistance of the obtained coating.
基金This research was supported by the National Key Research and Development Project of China(2016YFB0601403).
文摘Molten slag is broken up by supersonic air into droplets through the air quenching dry slag granulation technique.The breakup process of blast furnace slag directly determines the droplet diameter and the waste heat recovery.In order to gain deep insight into the granulation mechanism and visualize the breakup process,three-dimensional unsteady numerical simulation based on the k-x based shear stress transport turbulence model was conducted to simulate the transient breakup process of molten slag(k is the turbulent kinetic energy,and x is the specific dissipation rate).The coupled level-set and volume-of-fluid method was utilized to capture the sharp air–liquid interface.The results show that a flat film is formed firstly under the effects of air impingement,recirculation zone and pressure gradients.Then,the axial wave and the spanwise wave appear simultaneously and the film is broken up into ligaments owing to the generation of vortex and hole structure at the intersection of axial trough and spanwise trough.Finally,the ligaments are broken up into droplets owing to Rayleigh–Taylor instability at the air–liquid interface.The droplets smaller than 3.00 mm account for 80%,with the average diameter of 1.95 mm.
基金Projects(11304243,11102164)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2014JQ1039)supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shannxi Province,China+3 种基金Project(12JK0966)supported by the Shaanxi Provincial Education Department,ChinaProject(2013QDJ037)supported by the Xi’an University of Science and Technology Dr Scientific Research Fund,ChinaProject(3102016ZY027)supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of ChinaProject(13GH014602)supported by the Program of New Staff and Research Area Project of NPU,China
文摘This work presents a method to solve the weak solubility of zinc chloride(ZnCl_2) in the ethanol by adding some reasonable water into an ethanol electrolyte containing ZnCl_2 and myristic acid(CH_3(CH_2)_(12)COOH).A rapid one-step electrodeposition process was developed to fabricate anodic(2.5 min) and cathodic(40 s) superhydrophobic surfaces of copper substrate(contact angle more than 150°) in an aqueous ethanol electrolyte.Morphology,composition,chemical structure and superhydrophobicity of these superhydrophobic surfaces were investigated by SEM,FTIR,XRD,and contact angle measurement,respectively.The results indicate that water ratio of the electrolyte can reduce the required deposition time,superhydrophobic surface needs over 30 min with anhydrous electrolyte,while it needs only 2.5 min with electrolyte including 10 mL water,and the maximum contact angle of anodic surface is 166° and that of the cathodic surface is 168°.Two copper electrode surfaces have different reactions in the process of electrodeposition time,and the anodic copper surface covers copper myristate(Cu[CH_3(CH_2)_(12)COO]_2) and cupric chloride(CuCl);while,zinc myristate(Zn[CH_3(CH_2)_(12)COO]_2) and pure zinc(Zn) appear on the cathodic surface.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFC1900602)the Open Youth Fund of the State key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy,Wuhan University of Science and Technology(2018QN03).
文摘Dry centrifugal granulation(DCG)experiments for blast furnace slag(BFS)were performed by means of a rotary disk atomizer since water quenching method can create a series of problems.The results showed that the DCG method can granulate the BFS,but the results are easily affected by the slag flow rate,disk rotating speed,disk radius,disk material and slag falling height.The granulating parameters with an excessive flow rate,low rotating speed,SiN–SiC disk,stainless steel disk and low slag falling height are detrimental to the granulation process.The most suitable parameters for granulation are a slag flow rate of 5.1×10^(−5) m^(3)/s,a disk rotating speed of 1500–2300 r/min,a slag falling height of 0.8 m and a smooth graphitic disk with the radius of 0.1 m.In the absence of an off-center flow,the overall best granulating effect produces round particles with mean diameter of 3.43 mm without creating slag fiber.The vitreous content of the BFS particles granulated by graphite disks is 92%,which meets the requirements of cement raw materials.The Bond work index of dry granulated BFS is 18.4 kWh/t,and the grindability of dry granulated slag and water-quenched slag is similar.
基金supported by the National Research Foun-dation of Korea(NRF)grant,funded by the Korean govern-ment(MSIT)(2015R1A1A1A05000942)the National Re-search Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT)(NRF-2018R1A5A2023127)
文摘The current study was to understand how process variables of high shear wet granulations affect physical properties of granules and tablets. The knowledge gained was intended to be used for Quality-by-Design based process design and optimization. The variables were selected based on the risk assessment as impeller speed, liquid addition rate, and wet massing time. Formulation compositions were kept constant to minimize their influence on granules properties. Multiple linear regression models were built providing understanding of the impact of each variable on granule hardness, Carr’s index, tablet tensile strength, surface mean diameter of granules, and compression behavior. The experimental results showed that the impact of impeller speed was more dominant compared to wet massing time and water addition rate. The results also revealed that quality of granules and tablets could be optimized by adjusting specific process variables(impeller speed 1193 rpm, water spray rate 3.7 ml/min, and wet massing time 2.84 min). Overall desirability was 0.84 suggesting that the response values were closer to the target one. The SEM image of granules showed that spherical and smooth granules produced at higher impeller speed, whereas rough and irregular shape granules at lower speed. Moreover, multivariate data analysis demonstrated that impeller speed and massing time had strong correlation with the granule and tablet properties. In overall, the combined experimental design and principal component analysis approach allowed to better understand the correlation between process variables and granules and tablet attributes.
基金Supported by Project of Guiyang Science and Technology Bureau(ZKHT[2020]-18-4).
文摘[Objectives]This study was conducted to optimize the preparation process of Tianlu Tongluo Granules and establish its quality standard.[Methods]Tianlu Tongluo Granules was prepared by an orthogonal test.TLC was used to identify Radix Astragali preparata,Radix Paeoniae Alba,Scutellariae Radix and Acori Tatarinowii Rhizoma in the granules,and the content of paeoniflorin in the finished product was determined by HPLC.[Results]The extraction process of Tianlu Tongluo Granules was as follows:adding 6 times of water,and decocting twice,1 h/time.In the forming process,the optimal ratio of thick paste to excipients as 10∶8.6,and the optimal ratio of excipients dextrin:starch:colloidal silicon dioxide was 6.5∶0.5∶1.6.The results showed that TLC spots were obvious,the separation was significant,and the specificity was strong.The paeoniflorin content had a good linear relationship in the concentration range of 5.9048-590.48 mg/L(r=0.9999).The average sample recovery was 101.10%,and the RSD was 1.18%.[Conclusions]The preparation process is stable and reasonable,and the established quality control method is specific and reproducible,and can be used for the quality control of Tianlu Tongluo Granules.
基金the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China(No.82074276)Tianjin Science and Technology project(No.20ZYJDJC00090).
文摘Pharmaceutical production is changing from batch production to continuous production,during which granulation is one of the most important unit operations.The quality of mass-produced products is traditionally guaranteed by conducting off-line testing,which cannot meet the demand of continuous production for real-time monitoring of critical process parameters and critical quality attributes(CQAs)of the pharmaceutical granulation technology.Since the U.S.Food and Drug Administration proposed process analytical technology(PAT)in 2004,many PAT tools have been developed to monitor the granulation process and provide information regarding the granulation operation conditions and endpoint determination.In this article,we review the recent research and application of two PAT modes in the granulation process,namely,single CQA and multi-CQA PAT,with the aim to provide references for comprehensively improving the technological level of the pharmaceutical granulation process.Furthermore,the potential applications in traditional Chinese Medicine are discussed.
文摘Background: This work aims at investigating the histology of hippocampus formation as structural model of information processing. The study addressed the question whether the pattern of cellular type distribution within hippocampal fields could be used as support of information processing in the hippocampus. Method: Pyramidal-shaped neurons presenting both cytoplasm and nucleus outlined clearly were measured systematically on brain slides, using a light microscope connected to a microcomputer equipped with a scanner software for measuring particles. Morphological types of cells were identified following class sizes and their distribution determined through hippocampal fields. Results: A battery of statistical tests: Sturges’ classification, class sizes distribution around overall mean, Bartlett’s sphericity test, principal components analysis (PCA) followed by correlations matrix analysis and ANOVA allowed two cellular groups to be identified in the hippocampus: large and small pyramidal-shaped cells. Conclusion: The results show that sensory information processing in the hippocampus could be built on two classes of pyramidal neurons that differed anatomically with probably different physiological functions. The study suggests combination ensembles clustering large and small pyramidal cells at different rates, as fundamental signaling units of the hippocampus.
基金This project was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Beijing (2042012)
文摘By theoretical analysis of heat transfer during the "one-step" directional solidification process, the functional relation between the temperature in solid-liquid interface and its effect factor was studied. The thermal gradient in solid liquid interface and heat transfer coefficient between the samples and surroundings were also calculated. On the basis of the above analysis, some suggestions for improving the thermal gradient in solid-liquid interface were put forward. It will provide a theoretical instruction for preparing high performance giant magnetostrictive materials (GMM).
基金National Key R&D Program(2018YFC1708005)Sichuan Provincial Key R&D Project(2021YFS0043)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2020NGD01).
文摘[Objectives]To optimize the forming process of Yi medicine Tongfeng Granules.[Methods]The forming process of Yi medicine Tongfeng Granules was optimized,with paste density,ethanol volume fraction,and type and proportion of excipient as influencing factors,and granule formability,solubility,moisture absorption,and angle of repose as evaluation indicators.Critical relative humidity(CRH)was investigated to select optimal storage conditions.[Results]Maltodextrin was selected as the excipient,and the best process parameters was the ratio of drug to excipient at 1∶2(g/g),under which the forming rate,solubility,moisture absorption rate,and angle of repose were 81.38%,98.90%,8.81%,and 27.5°,respectively.The critical relative humidity was 72%.[Conclusions]The forming process adopted is reasonable and feasible,and can provide a reference for large-scale production of Yi medicine Tongfeng Granules.
基金funded by the Henan Province 2024 Science and Technology Development Plan Science and Technology Key Project(242102310577).
文摘Objective The objective of this study was to investigate the preparation process of Mahuang Xixin Fuzi decoction granules based on the clinical pharmacological effects of the classic formulas and to control the quality of the product.Methods An orthogonal experimental design was used,with extraction yield and transfer rate of key ingredients as evaluation indicators,to optimize the extraction process ofMahuang Xixin Fuzi decoction.The granulation process was optimized based on indicators such as granule formation rate,dissolution rate,and moisture absorption rate.Results The optimal extraction process for Mahuang Xixin Fuzi decoction was determined as the following:using 10 times the amount of water to soak for 30 minutes,extracting three times,each for 60minutes,with a concentrated extract relative density of 1.3 g/mL.A mixture of dextrin and starch at a 1:2 ratio was used as a binder for wet granulation.The granule formation rate,dissolution time,and dilution rate of three repeated batches showed relative standard deviation(RSD)values of 1.48,2.83,and 1.55%.Conclusion This method is stable and feasible,providing valuable data for the industrial production of Mahuang Xixin Fuzi decoction granules and further research on this formulation.
基金Supported by Key Research and Development Program Project of Hubei Province(No.2023DJC157)。
文摘Low-carbon alkali-activated slag(AAS)is among the most common alkali-activated materials(AAMs).To further lower CO_(2) emissions and optimize the material system,we proposed a scheme of using phosphorous slag(PS)to substitute ground granulated blast-furnace slag(GGBS)in sodium carbonate(NC)activated slag system.we conducted a systematic study on the mechanical properties of the NC-activated slag/PS blends at normal temperature and examined the influences of different substitution amounts of phosphorus slag and NC equivalents on the performance of the material system.The hydration process was analyzed using hydration flow and chemical shrinkage.The hydration products were characterized via XRD and TGA.Moreover,the pore structure and pH value were also analyzed.When the substitution dosage of PS was not greater than 30%,the 3 d compressive strength of the systems was improved to a certain degree.However,in the medium and later periods,the compressive strength of the systems was slightly lower than that of the control group.The 90 d compressive strength of the control group 4SC-0% was 47.6 MPa,which was 4.0 MPa lower than the 28 d one of itself,presenting a strength retrogression phenomenon,while all the test groups demonstrated a continuous growth law.When the substitution dosage of PS was not more than 30%,the hydration reaction of the AAS system was facilitated,whereas when the substitution amount was 50%,the hydration of the system was conspicuously slowed down.The incorporation of phosphorous slag was capable of enhancing the volume stability of the material system.The hydration products of this system were likely to be manasseite,calcite,and C-S-(A)-H.When the incorporation amount of phosphorous slag increased,the quantity of the hydration products reduced,which might result in the generation of C-N-S-A-H.The study proposed the methodology for designing weak base-activated slag/PS.
