Analytical solutions for contaminant transport are widely used for both theoretical and practical purposes.However,many existing solutions are obtained subject to an initial condition of zero concentration,which is of...Analytical solutions for contaminant transport are widely used for both theoretical and practical purposes.However,many existing solutions are obtained subject to an initial condition of zero concentration,which is often unrealistic in many practical cases.This article proposed a stepwise superposition approximation approach to solve the non-zero initial concentration problem for first-type and third-type boundary conditions by using the existing zero initial concentration solution.Theoretical examples showed that the approach was highly efficient if a proper superposition scheme with relative concentration increments was constructed.The key parameter that controlled the convergence speed was the time increment（△t） multiplied by the rate constant（λ）.The approach served also as an alternative way to make a convenient concentration calculation even if the non-zero initial concentration solution of a problem was known.展开更多
Four sequence batch reactors（SBRs） fed by fermented sugar cane wastewater were continuously operated under the aerobic dynamic feeding（ADF） mode with different configurations of sludge retention time（SRT）, carbo...Four sequence batch reactors（SBRs） fed by fermented sugar cane wastewater were continuously operated under the aerobic dynamic feeding（ADF） mode with different configurations of sludge retention time（SRT）, carbon and initial biomass concentrations to enrich polyhydroxyalkanoate（PHA） accumulating mixed microbial cultures（MMCs） from municipal activated sludge.The stability of SBRs was investigated besides the enrichment performance. The microbial community structures of the enriched MMCs were analyzed using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism（T-RFLP）. The optimum operating conditions for the enrichment process were： SRT of 5 days, carbon concentration of 2.52 g COD/L and initial biomass concentration of3.65 g/L. The best enrichment performance in terms of both operating stability and PHA storage ability of enriched cultures（with the maximum PHA content and PHA storage yield（YPHA/S） of61.26% and 0.68 mg COD/mg COD, respectively） was achieved under this condition. Effects of the SRT, carbon concentration and initial biomass concentration on the PHA accumulating MMCs selection process were discussed respectively. A new model including the segmentation of the enrichment process and the effects of SRT on each phase was proposed.展开更多
Understanding the transport of humic acids（HAs） in porous media can provide important and practical evidence needed for accurate prediction of organic/inorganic contaminant transport in different environmental media...Understanding the transport of humic acids（HAs） in porous media can provide important and practical evidence needed for accurate prediction of organic/inorganic contaminant transport in different environmental media and interfaces. A series of column transport experiments was conducted to evaluate the transport of HA in different porous media at different flow velocities and influent HA concentrations. Low flow velocity and influent concentration were found to favor the adsorption and deposition of HA onto sand grains packed into columns and to give higher equilibrium distribution coefficients and deposition rate coefficients, which resulted in an increased fraction of HA being retained in columns.Consequently, retardation factors were increased and the transport of HA through the columns was delayed. These results suggest that the transport of HA in porous media is primarily controlled by the attachment of HA to the solid matrix. Accordingly, this attachment should be considered in studies of HA behavior in porous media.展开更多
The nuisance from odor caused by municipal solid waste(MSW) is resulting in a growing number of public complaints and concerns. Odor pollution occurs in the initial decomposition stage of MSW, including waste collecti...The nuisance from odor caused by municipal solid waste(MSW) is resulting in a growing number of public complaints and concerns. Odor pollution occurs in the initial decomposition stage of MSW, including waste collection, transportation and early pre-treatment. Furthermore, decomposition takes place in waste facilities that are often close to living areas, which can result in odor impacts on local inhabitants. However, this aspect of odor impact from MSW has not been well studied. In the current study, lab-scale waste cells were designed to simulate MSW storage conditions in the early stage. The characteristics of VOCs emissions with different waste compositions were analyzed. The odor concentration( CO, non-dimensional) method and odor intensity were used for the assessment of odor. Ethanol was the substance with highest emission rate. The release rate of VOCs increased with the growth easily biodegradable waste(EBW). VOCs emissions was reduced by 25% when the proportion of EBW decreased from 60% to 45%. Methyl sulfide, ethanol, dimethyl disulfide and ethyl acetate were identified as typical odorants. The EBW proportion in waste is the main factor significantly influencing odor pollution. The CO was 244.51 for the 60% EBW condition, which was only 61.46 for 15% EBW condition. These study results provide important information for the implementation of a garbage sorting policy and the monitoring of odor pollution from waste management.展开更多
The fatigue performance of optimized welded detail has been investigated by fatigue experiments of three welded specimens under different loadings.In addition,local finite element models of this welded detail were est...The fatigue performance of optimized welded detail has been investigated by fatigue experiments of three welded specimens under different loadings.In addition,local finite element models of this welded detail were established using finite element software ANSYS.The influences of different factors such as plate thickness,plate gap and initial geometric imperfections on the stress concentration coefficient(SCC) were discussed.The experimental results indicate that the fatigue life of three specimens for this welded detail is 736,000,1,044,200 and 1,920,300 times,respectively.The web thickness,the filler plate thickness and the initial geometric imperfection have relatively less effect on the SCCs of this welded detail.However,cope-hole radius is influential on the SCCs of the web and the weld.The SCC of weld is significantly affected by the weld size and plate gap,but the SCCs of other parts of the welded detail are hardly affected by the plate gap.展开更多
Lab-scale experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of initial concentration,temperature and pH on the removal of bezafibrate(BF)by activated sludge under aerobic condition.The results showed that adsorptio...Lab-scale experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of initial concentration,temperature and pH on the removal of bezafibrate(BF)by activated sludge under aerobic condition.The results showed that adsorption of BF onto activated sludge was negligible,and biodegradation was the main removal mechanism of BF.The removal of BF in the aqueous phase by the activated sludge can be described by a pseudo-first-order reaction.The reaction rate constants had a negative relationship with the initial concentration of BF,and dramatically reduced from 0.050 to 0.007 h^-1,when the temperature dropped from 20℃to 10℃.Variation of pH between 5.0 and 9.0 did not have significant influence on the removal of BF,indicating a high adaptation of microorganism in the activated sludge responsible for BF degradation to a wide pH range.The findings of this study are helpful to improve the removal of pharmaceuticals during the wastewater treatment plants by selecting the appropriate process variables,and eventually eliminate their release to the environment.展开更多
The effect of initial concentrations on solidification of ammonium chloride water solution is numerically investi- gated in detail.The solidifying process,with the cold wall temperature lower than the eutectic tempera...The effect of initial concentrations on solidification of ammonium chloride water solution is numerically investi- gated in detail.The solidifying process,with the cold wall temperature lower than the eutectic temperature,is assumed to be one-dimensional,and controlled by heat conduction only.The simulation reveals that:(1)The solid-mush interface grows in a linear manner,while the growth rate of the mush-liquid interface decreases in a parabolic manner,with increasing initial concentrations.(2)The temperature field in the whole region has parabolic characteristics,but it shows a linear feature in the solid zone and mushy zone.(3)The concentration always has linear characteristics in the mush.(4)The solid fraction distribution is strongly affected by the ini- tial concentration.The solidification process shows quite different features,especially at small and high initial concentrations.展开更多
To further understand the prediction skill for the interannual variability of the sea ice concentration(SIC)in specific regions of the Arctic,this paper evaluates the NCEP Climate Forecast System version 2(CFSv2),in p...To further understand the prediction skill for the interannual variability of the sea ice concentration(SIC)in specific regions of the Arctic,this paper evaluates the NCEP Climate Forecast System version 2(CFSv2),in predicting the autumn SIC and its interannual variability over the Barents–East Siberian Seas(BES).It is found that CFSv2 presents much better prediction skill for the September SIC over BES than the Arctic as a whole at 1–6-month leads,and high prediction skill for the interannual variability of the SIC over BES is displayed at 1–2-month leads after removing the linear trend.CFSv2 can reasonably reproduce the relationship between the SIC over BES in September and such factors as the surface air temperature(SAT),200-hPa geopotential height,sea surface temperature(SST),and North Atlantic Oscillation.In addition,it is found that the prescribed SIC initial condition in August as an input to CFSv2 is also essential.Therefore,the above atmospheric and oceanic factors,as well as an accurate initial condition of SIC,all contribute to a high prediction skill for SIC over BES in September.Based on a statistical prediction method,the contributions from individual predictability sources are further identified.The high prediction skill of CFSv2 for the interannual variability of SIC over BES is largely attributable to its accurate predictions of the SAT and SST,as well as a better initial condition of SIC.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40872151)the Key Project in the National Science and Technology Pillar Program of China (No. 2006BAC06B05)
文摘Analytical solutions for contaminant transport are widely used for both theoretical and practical purposes.However,many existing solutions are obtained subject to an initial condition of zero concentration,which is often unrealistic in many practical cases.This article proposed a stepwise superposition approximation approach to solve the non-zero initial concentration problem for first-type and third-type boundary conditions by using the existing zero initial concentration solution.Theoretical examples showed that the approach was highly efficient if a proper superposition scheme with relative concentration increments was constructed.The key parameter that controlled the convergence speed was the time increment（△t） multiplied by the rate constant（λ）.The approach served also as an alternative way to make a convenient concentration calculation even if the non-zero initial concentration solution of a problem was known.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51378142)the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University(No.NCET-12-0156)+1 种基金the Open Project of the State Key Laboratory of Urban Water ResourceEnvironment(Harbin institute of Technology)(No.2015DX10)
文摘Four sequence batch reactors（SBRs） fed by fermented sugar cane wastewater were continuously operated under the aerobic dynamic feeding（ADF） mode with different configurations of sludge retention time（SRT）, carbon and initial biomass concentrations to enrich polyhydroxyalkanoate（PHA） accumulating mixed microbial cultures（MMCs） from municipal activated sludge.The stability of SBRs was investigated besides the enrichment performance. The microbial community structures of the enriched MMCs were analyzed using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism（T-RFLP）. The optimum operating conditions for the enrichment process were： SRT of 5 days, carbon concentration of 2.52 g COD/L and initial biomass concentration of3.65 g/L. The best enrichment performance in terms of both operating stability and PHA storage ability of enriched cultures（with the maximum PHA content and PHA storage yield（YPHA/S） of61.26% and 0.68 mg COD/mg COD, respectively） was achieved under this condition. Effects of the SRT, carbon concentration and initial biomass concentration on the PHA accumulating MMCs selection process were discussed respectively. A new model including the segmentation of the enrichment process and the effects of SRT on each phase was proposed.
基金supported by the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.KZCX2-XB3-13-02)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41271315,91025018)+1 种基金the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University(No.NCET-13-0487)the Programs from the Northwest A&F University(No.2014YQ007)
文摘Understanding the transport of humic acids（HAs） in porous media can provide important and practical evidence needed for accurate prediction of organic/inorganic contaminant transport in different environmental media and interfaces. A series of column transport experiments was conducted to evaluate the transport of HA in different porous media at different flow velocities and influent HA concentrations. Low flow velocity and influent concentration were found to favor the adsorption and deposition of HA onto sand grains packed into columns and to give higher equilibrium distribution coefficients and deposition rate coefficients, which resulted in an increased fraction of HA being retained in columns.Consequently, retardation factors were increased and the transport of HA through the columns was delayed. These results suggest that the transport of HA in porous media is primarily controlled by the attachment of HA to the solid matrix. Accordingly, this attachment should be considered in studies of HA behavior in porous media.
基金financially supported by the Nation Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51808520)the State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Odor Pollution Control (No. 20200502)。
文摘The nuisance from odor caused by municipal solid waste(MSW) is resulting in a growing number of public complaints and concerns. Odor pollution occurs in the initial decomposition stage of MSW, including waste collection, transportation and early pre-treatment. Furthermore, decomposition takes place in waste facilities that are often close to living areas, which can result in odor impacts on local inhabitants. However, this aspect of odor impact from MSW has not been well studied. In the current study, lab-scale waste cells were designed to simulate MSW storage conditions in the early stage. The characteristics of VOCs emissions with different waste compositions were analyzed. The odor concentration( CO, non-dimensional) method and odor intensity were used for the assessment of odor. Ethanol was the substance with highest emission rate. The release rate of VOCs increased with the growth easily biodegradable waste(EBW). VOCs emissions was reduced by 25% when the proportion of EBW decreased from 60% to 45%. Methyl sulfide, ethanol, dimethyl disulfide and ethyl acetate were identified as typical odorants. The EBW proportion in waste is the main factor significantly influencing odor pollution. The CO was 244.51 for the 60% EBW condition, which was only 61.46 for 15% EBW condition. These study results provide important information for the implementation of a garbage sorting policy and the monitoring of odor pollution from waste management.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51308467 and 51378431)China railway corporation research and development of science and technology key project(2013G001-A-2)
文摘The fatigue performance of optimized welded detail has been investigated by fatigue experiments of three welded specimens under different loadings.In addition,local finite element models of this welded detail were established using finite element software ANSYS.The influences of different factors such as plate thickness,plate gap and initial geometric imperfections on the stress concentration coefficient(SCC) were discussed.The experimental results indicate that the fatigue life of three specimens for this welded detail is 736,000,1,044,200 and 1,920,300 times,respectively.The web thickness,the filler plate thickness and the initial geometric imperfection have relatively less effect on the SCCs of this welded detail.However,cope-hole radius is influential on the SCCs of the web and the weld.The SCC of weld is significantly affected by the weld size and plate gap,but the SCCs of other parts of the welded detail are hardly affected by the plate gap.
基金This research was partly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21577033,51208199,51408425)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(22A201514057)+1 种基金Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control,the Foundation of The State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse,China(PCRRY 11017)the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China(20130072120033).
文摘Lab-scale experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of initial concentration,temperature and pH on the removal of bezafibrate(BF)by activated sludge under aerobic condition.The results showed that adsorption of BF onto activated sludge was negligible,and biodegradation was the main removal mechanism of BF.The removal of BF in the aqueous phase by the activated sludge can be described by a pseudo-first-order reaction.The reaction rate constants had a negative relationship with the initial concentration of BF,and dramatically reduced from 0.050 to 0.007 h^-1,when the temperature dropped from 20℃to 10℃.Variation of pH between 5.0 and 9.0 did not have significant influence on the removal of BF,indicating a high adaptation of microorganism in the activated sludge responsible for BF degradation to a wide pH range.The findings of this study are helpful to improve the removal of pharmaceuticals during the wastewater treatment plants by selecting the appropriate process variables,and eventually eliminate their release to the environment.
文摘The effect of initial concentrations on solidification of ammonium chloride water solution is numerically investi- gated in detail.The solidifying process,with the cold wall temperature lower than the eutectic temperature,is assumed to be one-dimensional,and controlled by heat conduction only.The simulation reveals that:(1)The solid-mush interface grows in a linear manner,while the growth rate of the mush-liquid interface decreases in a parabolic manner,with increasing initial concentrations.(2)The temperature field in the whole region has parabolic characteristics,but it shows a linear feature in the solid zone and mushy zone.(3)The concentration always has linear characteristics in the mush.(4)The solid fraction distribution is strongly affected by the ini- tial concentration.The solidification process shows quite different features,especially at small and high initial concentrations.
基金Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFE0106800)National Natural Science Foundation of China(42230603)Innovation Group Project of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Zhuhai)(311021001)。
文摘To further understand the prediction skill for the interannual variability of the sea ice concentration(SIC)in specific regions of the Arctic,this paper evaluates the NCEP Climate Forecast System version 2(CFSv2),in predicting the autumn SIC and its interannual variability over the Barents–East Siberian Seas(BES).It is found that CFSv2 presents much better prediction skill for the September SIC over BES than the Arctic as a whole at 1–6-month leads,and high prediction skill for the interannual variability of the SIC over BES is displayed at 1–2-month leads after removing the linear trend.CFSv2 can reasonably reproduce the relationship between the SIC over BES in September and such factors as the surface air temperature(SAT),200-hPa geopotential height,sea surface temperature(SST),and North Atlantic Oscillation.In addition,it is found that the prescribed SIC initial condition in August as an input to CFSv2 is also essential.Therefore,the above atmospheric and oceanic factors,as well as an accurate initial condition of SIC,all contribute to a high prediction skill for SIC over BES in September.Based on a statistical prediction method,the contributions from individual predictability sources are further identified.The high prediction skill of CFSv2 for the interannual variability of SIC over BES is largely attributable to its accurate predictions of the SAT and SST,as well as a better initial condition of SIC.
