Logicians have worked with so many different logical systems that it is not possible even to esti-mate the number. Of these, many are best seen as extensions of classical logic, including both thoseof interest to math...Logicians have worked with so many different logical systems that it is not possible even to esti-mate the number. Of these, many are best seen as extensions of classical logic, including both thoseof interest to mathematics and those of interest to philosophy and computer science. (Henceforth Iwill use the term "intelligent systems theory" for the common ground of philosophical logic and展开更多
In connexive logic,two fundamental ideas are observed:first,no proposition im-plies or is implied by its own negation;second,if a proposition implies p then it will not imply the negation of 4p.In classical logic,neit...In connexive logic,two fundamental ideas are observed:first,no proposition im-plies or is implied by its own negation;second,if a proposition implies p then it will not imply the negation of 4p.In classical logic,neither of the ideas holds,which makes it difficult to give a natural semantics for connexive logic.By combining Kleene's three valued logic and Lewis'conditional logic,we propose a new natural semantics for connexive logic.We give four ax-iomatic systems characterizing different classes of selection models in the new semantics.We prove soundness and completeness of these logics and compare them with some comexive 1og-ics in the literature.展开更多
In modal logic,topological semantics is an intuitive and natural special case of neighbourhood semantics.This paper stems from the observation that the satisfaction relation of topological semantics applies to subset ...In modal logic,topological semantics is an intuitive and natural special case of neighbourhood semantics.This paper stems from the observation that the satisfaction relation of topological semantics applies to subset spaces which are more general than topological spaces.The minimal modal logic which is strongly sound and complete with respect to the class of subset spaces is found.Soundness and completeness results of some famous modal logics(e.g.S4,S5 and Tr)with respect to various important classes of subset spaces(eg intersection structures and complete fields of sets)are also proved.In the meantime,some known results,e.g.the soundness and completeness of Tr with respect to the class of discrete topological spaces,are proved directly using some modifications of the method of canonical mode1,without a detour via neighbourhood semantics or relational semantics.展开更多
Institutional logic theory,a pivotal framework within organizational studies,delineates the multifaceted and intricate logics that underpin organizational fields.This theoretical perspective elucidates the manner in w...Institutional logic theory,a pivotal framework within organizational studies,delineates the multifaceted and intricate logics that underpin organizational fields.This theoretical perspective elucidates the manner in which diverse individuals or groups within an organization internalize and manifest distinct institutional logics,alongside the ensuing political and cultural conflicts.Furthermore,the theory endeavors to elucidate the complexities inherent in institutional logic across organizational fields,examining the reflection of these logics among various individuals or groups and their associated political and cultural dichotomies.Central to this discourse is the acknowledgment of the core systems that constitute the fabric of a country,encompassing the state,market,familial structures,corporate entities,professional bodies,and religious institutions.These components not only coexist with inherent conflicts but also exhibit a high degree of interdependence,underlined by their shared institutional logics.This literature attempts to review and analysis institutional logic in the field of entrepreneurship and integrates institutional logic into entrepreneurs’personal background,experience,and other social characteristics,and study how institutional logic operates.It is recommended that future researchers take entrepreneurs as the research object and conduct more in-depth research on the evolution of organizational response strategies when political and cultural conflicts occur between different groups within the enterprise,combined with institutional logic theory.展开更多
This article extends the foundational work of Wang and Wang on modal logic over lattices.Building upon their framework using polyadic modal logic with binary modalities<sup>and<inf>under standard Kripke se...This article extends the foundational work of Wang and Wang on modal logic over lattices.Building upon their framework using polyadic modal logic with binary modalities<sup>and<inf>under standard Kripke semantics to axiomatize lattice structures,we focus on the modal characterization of bounded lattices and their extensions relevant to logical systems.By introducing nullary modalities 1(maximum element)and 0(minimum element),we first establish a modal axiomatic system for bounded lattices.Subsequently,we provide pure formula characterizations of complementation and orthocomplementation relations in lattices,along with corresponding completeness results.As key applications,we present modal characterizations of fundamental logical algebraic structures:Boolean algebras,orthomodular lattices,and Heyting algebras.The last section develops novel axiomatization results for atomic lattices and atomless lattices.Throughout this work,all axiomatic systems are shown to be strongly complete via pureformula extensions,demonstrating how hybrid modal languages with nullary operators can uniformly capture boundary elements,complementation properties,and latticetheoretic operations central to both classical and nonclassical logics.展开更多
In recent years,acoustic logic gates has attracted growing interest in acoustics due to their promising applications in acoustic communication and signal processing.For practical implementation,these logic gates must ...In recent years,acoustic logic gates has attracted growing interest in acoustics due to their promising applications in acoustic communication and signal processing.For practical implementation,these logic gates must operate over a certain bandwidth to ensure reliable performance.However,current experimental realizations have predominantly been confined to single-frequency or narrowband operation,leaving their broadband capabilities largely unverified.To address this gap,we present both numerical and experimental demonstrations of three basic acoustic logic gates(OR,NOT,and AND)using a phased unit cell composed of a central channel flanked by two arrays of semicircular cavities.By leveraging phase modulation of the unit cells and linear interference of sound,we achieve these logic operations with a uniform threshold of I_(t)=0.25.Remarkably,the measured fractional bandwidths(bandwidth relative to center frequency)reach approximately 111.5%(OR),37.2%(NOT),and 48.5%(AND),demonstrating ultra-broadband functionality.The proposed logic gates combine exceptional bandwidth with structural simplicity,offering significant potential for applications in acoustic computing,information processing,and integrated acoustic systems.展开更多
This paper explores the algebraic essence of universal logic functions(ULFs)from an algebraic perspective.Under the framework of semi-tensor product of matrices,the“sequential nature”of ULFs is revealed.Utilizing th...This paper explores the algebraic essence of universal logic functions(ULFs)from an algebraic perspective.Under the framework of semi-tensor product of matrices,the“sequential nature”of ULFs is revealed.Utilizing the nature,a technique called universal transformation method is proposed,by which any ULF can be transformed into an equivalent expression with desired features that facilitate achieving specific objectives,such as modeling,analyzing and synthesizing universal logical systems.Furthermore,several useful logical operators are constructed in a mixed-dimensional situation,including power-raising operator,power-descending operator,erasure operator,and appending operator.Finally,these results are applied to model and analyze finite state machines and their networks,which demonstrate the practical value of the method and operators.展开更多
To enable representation and reasoning for fuzzy ontologies with expressive fuzzy knowledge on the semantic web, a new fuzzy extension of description logics called the fuzzy description logics with comparison expressi...To enable representation and reasoning for fuzzy ontologies with expressive fuzzy knowledge on the semantic web, a new fuzzy extension of description logics called the fuzzy description logics with comparison expressions （FCDLs） is presented. The syntax and semantics of FCDLs are formally defined, and the forms of axioms and assertions in FCDLs knowledge bases are specified. FCDLs combine both fuzzy concepts from the fuzzy description logics （FDLs） and cut concepts from the extended fuzzy description logics （EFDLs） in the same theory. Furthermore, cut concepts are extended into comparison cut concepts in FCDLs to represent comparison expressions between fuzzy membership degrees, which are often used in practice but not supported by the other fuzzy extensions of description logics. FCDLs have more expressive power than FDLs and EFDLs, and are able to represent expressive fuzzy knowledge and to perform reasoning tasks based on them. Therefore, FCDLs can enable representation and reasoning for fuzzy ontologies with expressive fuzzy knowledge on the semantic web.展开更多
Non-classical manifestations of autoimmune hepatitis can delay diagnosis and treatment. Our aims were to describe the clinical phenotypes that can confound the diagnosis, detail scoring systems that can ensure their r...Non-classical manifestations of autoimmune hepatitis can delay diagnosis and treatment. Our aims were to describe the clinical phenotypes that can confound the diagnosis, detail scoring systems that can ensure their recognition, and outline advances in treatment that can improve their outcome. Prime source and review articles in English were selected throuqh Medline from 1970-2008 and assimilated into personal libraries spanning 32 years. Acute severe or asymptomatic presentations and atypical histological findings,including centrilobular zone 3 necrosis and concurrent bile duct changes, are compatible with the diagnosis. Cholangiographic abnormalities may be present in children and adults with the disease, and autoimmune hepatitis must be considered in patients without autoantibodies or with antimitochondrial antibodies and no other cholestatic features. Asymptomatic patients frequently become symptomatic; mild disease can progress; and there are no confident indices that justify withholding treatment. Two diagnostic scoring systems with complementary virtues have been developed to evaluate patients with confusing features. Normal liver tests and tissue constitute the optimal end point of treatment, and the first relapse is an indication for long- term azathioprine therapy. Cyclosporine, tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil are promising salvage therapies,and budesonide with azathioprine may be a superior frontline treatment. We conclude that the non-classical phenotypes of autoimmune hepatitis can be recognized promptly, diagnosed accurately, and treated effectively.展开更多
We demonstrate the flaws of Mao's method, which is an augmentation ofprotocol idealization in BAN-like logics, and then offer some new idealization rules based on Mao'smethod. Furthermore, we give some theoret...We demonstrate the flaws of Mao's method, which is an augmentation ofprotocol idealization in BAN-like logics, and then offer some new idealization rules based on Mao'smethod. Furthermore, we give some theoretical analysis of our rules using the strand spaceformalism, and show the soundness of our idealization rules under strand spaces Some examples onusing the new rules to analyze security protocols are also concerned. Our idealization method ismore effective than Mao's method towards many protocol instances, and is supported by a formalmodel.展开更多
The hydrolysis process of the anticancer agents novel non-classical transplatinum（ Ⅱ ） with aliphatic amines and the influence of solvent models therein have been studied by using hybrid density functional theory ...The hydrolysis process of the anticancer agents novel non-classical transplatinum（ Ⅱ ） with aliphatic amines and the influence of solvent models therein have been studied by using hybrid density functional theory （B3LYP）. In this study, the stepwise hydrolysis, trans[PtCl2（Am）（isopropylamine）] ＋ 2H2O → trans-[Pt（Am）（isopropylamine）（OH2）2]^2＋＋ 2Cl^-, was explored. Implicit solvent effects were incorporated through polarized continuum models. The stationary points on the potential energy surfaces for the first and second hydrolysis steps,proceeding via a general SN2 pathway, were fully optimized and characterized. It was found that the first hydrolysis reaction is easier than the second one and the hydrolysis of trans- [PtCl2-（isopropylamine）2] is the easiest in our studying systems. The result can assist in under- tanding the hydrolysis mechanism of trans-[PtCl2（Am）（isopropylamine）] and designing novel Pt-based anticancer drugs.展开更多
Ontology is defined as an explicit specification of a conceptualization. In this paper, an extended ontology model was constructed using description logics, which is a 5-tuples including term set, individual set, term...Ontology is defined as an explicit specification of a conceptualization. In this paper, an extended ontology model was constructed using description logics, which is a 5-tuples including term set, individual set, term definition set, instantiation assertion set and term restriction set. Based on the extended model, the issue on ontology checking was studied with the conclusion that the four kinds of term checking, including term satisfiability checking, term subsumption checking, term equivalence checking and term disjointness checking, can be reduced to the satisfiability checking, and satisfiability checking can be transformed into instantiation consistence checking.展开更多
A method to calculate the stationary random response of a non-classically damped structure is proposed that features clearly-defined physical meaning and simple expression. The method is developed in the frequency dom...A method to calculate the stationary random response of a non-classically damped structure is proposed that features clearly-defined physical meaning and simple expression. The method is developed in the frequency domain. The expression of the proposed method consists of three terms, i.e., modal velocity response, modal displacement response, and coupled (between modal velocity and modal displacement response). Numerical results from the parametric study and three example structures reveal that the modal velocity response term and the coupled term are important to structural response estimates only for a dynamic system with a tuned mass damper. In typical cases, the modal displacement term can provide response estimates with satisfactory accuracy by itself, so that the modal velocity term and coupled term may be ignored without loss of accuracy. This is used to simplify the response computation of non-classically damped structures. For the white noise excitation, three modal correlation coefficients in closed form are derived. To consider the modal velocity response term and the coupled term, a simplified approximation based on white noise excitation is developed for the case when the modal velocity response is important to the structural responses. Numerical results show that the approximate expression based on white noise excitation can provide structural responses with satisfactory accuracy.展开更多
This paper gives a dynamic decoupling approach for the analysis of large scale non-classically damped system, in which the complex variable computations were completely avoided not only in solving for the eigenvalue p...This paper gives a dynamic decoupling approach for the analysis of large scale non-classically damped system, in which the complex variable computations were completely avoided not only in solving for the eigenvalue problem but also in the calculation of the dynamic response. The analytical approaches for undamped gyroscopic system, non-classically damped system, including the damped gyroscopic system were unified. Very interesting and useful theoretical results, practical algorithms were obtained which are applicable to both non-defective and defective systems.展开更多
This paper proposes an algorithm applied in se mantic P2P network based on the description logics with the purpose for realizing the concepts distribution of resources, which makes the resources semantic locating easy...This paper proposes an algorithm applied in se mantic P2P network based on the description logics with the purpose for realizing the concepts distribution of resources, which makes the resources semantic locating easy. With the idea of the consistent hashing in the Chord, our algorithm stores the addresses and resources with the values of the same type to select instance. In addition, each peer has its own ontology, which will be completed by the knowledge distributed over the network during the exchange of CHGs （classification hierarchy graphs）. The hierarchy classification of concepts allows to find matching resource by querying to the upper level concept because the all concepts described in the CHG have the same root.展开更多
It is known that the strength of concrete is seriously affected by damage and cracking. In this paper, six concrete samples under different damage levels are studied. The experimental results show a linear dependence ...It is known that the strength of concrete is seriously affected by damage and cracking. In this paper, six concrete samples under different damage levels are studied. The experimental results show a linear dependence of the resonance frequency shift on strain amplitude at the fundamental frequency, and approximate quadratic dependence of the am- plitudes of the second and third harmonics on strain amplitude at the fundamental frequency as well. In addition, the amplitude of the third harmonics is shown to increase with the increase of damage level, which is even higher than that of the second harmonics in samples with higher damage levels. These are three properties of non-classical nonlinear acoustics. The nonlinear parameters increase from 106 to 108 with damage level, and are more sensitive to the damage level of the concrete than the linear parameters obtained by using traditional acoustics methods. So, this method based on non-classical nonlinear acoustics may provide a better means of non-destructive testing （NDT） of concrete and other porous materials.展开更多
A new kind of quantum optical state, photon-added and -subtracted displaced Fock states, is introduced by applying the inverse of bosonic creation and annihilation operators to displaced Fock states. The quantum stati...A new kind of quantum optical state, photon-added and -subtracted displaced Fock states, is introduced by applying the inverse of bosonic creation and annihilation operators to displaced Fock states. The quantum statistical properties of these states are investigated by numerical methods. Numerical results indicate that these states reveal some interesting non-classical properties, such as anti-bunching effects, sub-Poisson distributions and negativities of their Wigner functions.展开更多
Fundamental principles from structural dynamics,random theory and perturbation methods are adopted to develop a new response spectrum combination rule for the seismic analysis of non-classically damped systems,such as...Fundamental principles from structural dynamics,random theory and perturbation methods are adopted to develop a new response spectrum combination rule for the seismic analysis of non-classically damped systems,such as structure-damper systems. The approach,which is named the perturbation spectrum method,can provide a more accurate evaluation of a non-classically damped system's mean peak response in terms of the ground response spectrum. To account for the effect of non-classical damping,all elements are included in the proposed method for seismic analysis of structure,which is usually ap-proximated by ignoring the off-diagonal elements of the modal damping matrix. Moreover,as has been adopted in the traditional Complete Quadratic Combination (CQC) method,the white noise model is also used to simplify the expressions of perturbation correlation coefficients. Finally,numerical work is performed to examine the accuracy of the proposed method by comparing the approximate results with exact ones and to demonstrate the importance of the neglected off-diagonal elements of the modal damping matrix. In the examined cases,the proposed method shows good agreement with direct time-history integration. Also,the perturbation spectrum method leads to a more efficient and economical calculation by avoiding the integral and complex operation.展开更多
Neurons with complex-valued weights have stronger capability because of their multi-valued threshold logic. Neurons with such features may be suitable for solution of different kinds of problems including associative ...Neurons with complex-valued weights have stronger capability because of their multi-valued threshold logic. Neurons with such features may be suitable for solution of different kinds of problems including associative memory,image recognition and digital logical mapping. In this paper,robustness or tolerance is introduced and newly defined for this kind of neuron ac-cording to both their mathematical model and the perceptron neuron's definition of robustness. Also,the most robust design for basic digital logics of multiple variables is proposed based on these robust neurons. Our proof procedure shows that,in robust design each weight only takes the value of i or -i,while the value of threshold is with respect to the number of variables. The results demonstrate the validity and simplicity of using robust neurons for realizing arbitrary digital logical functions.展开更多
In the quantum mechanical Hilbert space formalism, the probabilistic interpretation is a later ad-hoc add-on, more or less enforced by the experimental evidence, but not motivated by the mathematical model itself. A m...In the quantum mechanical Hilbert space formalism, the probabilistic interpretation is a later ad-hoc add-on, more or less enforced by the experimental evidence, but not motivated by the mathematical model itself. A model involving a clear probabilistic interpretation from the very beginning is provided by the quantum logics with unique conditional probabilities. It includes the projection lattices in von Neumann algebras and here probability conditionalization becomes identical with the state transition of the Lueders-von Neumann measurement process. This motivates the definition of a hierarchy of five compatibility and comeasurability levels in the abstract setting of the quantum logics with unique conditional probabilities. Their meanings are： the absence of quantum interference or influence, the existence of a joint distribution, simultaneous measurability, and the independence of the final state after two successive measurements from the sequential order of these two measurements. A further level means that two elements of the quantum logic （events） belong to the same Boolean subalgebra. In the general case, the five compatibility and comeasurability levels appear to differ, but they all coincide in the common Hilbert space formalism of quantum mechanics, in von Neumann algebras, and in some other cases.展开更多
文摘Logicians have worked with so many different logical systems that it is not possible even to esti-mate the number. Of these, many are best seen as extensions of classical logic, including both thoseof interest to mathematics and those of interest to philosophy and computer science. (Henceforth Iwill use the term "intelligent systems theory" for the common ground of philosophical logic and
基金supported by the MOE Project of Humanities and Social Sciences of China(Grant No.21YJA72040001)。
文摘In connexive logic,two fundamental ideas are observed:first,no proposition im-plies or is implied by its own negation;second,if a proposition implies p then it will not imply the negation of 4p.In classical logic,neither of the ideas holds,which makes it difficult to give a natural semantics for connexive logic.By combining Kleene's three valued logic and Lewis'conditional logic,we propose a new natural semantics for connexive logic.We give four ax-iomatic systems characterizing different classes of selection models in the new semantics.We prove soundness and completeness of these logics and compare them with some comexive 1og-ics in the literature.
基金supported by the National Social Science Fund of China(No.20CZX048)。
文摘In modal logic,topological semantics is an intuitive and natural special case of neighbourhood semantics.This paper stems from the observation that the satisfaction relation of topological semantics applies to subset spaces which are more general than topological spaces.The minimal modal logic which is strongly sound and complete with respect to the class of subset spaces is found.Soundness and completeness results of some famous modal logics(e.g.S4,S5 and Tr)with respect to various important classes of subset spaces(eg intersection structures and complete fields of sets)are also proved.In the meantime,some known results,e.g.the soundness and completeness of Tr with respect to the class of discrete topological spaces,are proved directly using some modifications of the method of canonical mode1,without a detour via neighbourhood semantics or relational semantics.
文摘Institutional logic theory,a pivotal framework within organizational studies,delineates the multifaceted and intricate logics that underpin organizational fields.This theoretical perspective elucidates the manner in which diverse individuals or groups within an organization internalize and manifest distinct institutional logics,alongside the ensuing political and cultural conflicts.Furthermore,the theory endeavors to elucidate the complexities inherent in institutional logic across organizational fields,examining the reflection of these logics among various individuals or groups and their associated political and cultural dichotomies.Central to this discourse is the acknowledgment of the core systems that constitute the fabric of a country,encompassing the state,market,familial structures,corporate entities,professional bodies,and religious institutions.These components not only coexist with inherent conflicts but also exhibit a high degree of interdependence,underlined by their shared institutional logics.This literature attempts to review and analysis institutional logic in the field of entrepreneurship and integrates institutional logic into entrepreneurs’personal background,experience,and other social characteristics,and study how institutional logic operates.It is recommended that future researchers take entrepreneurs as the research object and conduct more in-depth research on the evolution of organizational response strategies when political and cultural conflicts occur between different groups within the enterprise,combined with institutional logic theory.
基金supported by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2024M750225).
文摘This article extends the foundational work of Wang and Wang on modal logic over lattices.Building upon their framework using polyadic modal logic with binary modalities<sup>and<inf>under standard Kripke semantics to axiomatize lattice structures,we focus on the modal characterization of bounded lattices and their extensions relevant to logical systems.By introducing nullary modalities 1(maximum element)and 0(minimum element),we first establish a modal axiomatic system for bounded lattices.Subsequently,we provide pure formula characterizations of complementation and orthocomplementation relations in lattices,along with corresponding completeness results.As key applications,we present modal characterizations of fundamental logical algebraic structures:Boolean algebras,orthomodular lattices,and Heyting algebras.The last section develops novel axiomatization results for atomic lattices and atomless lattices.Throughout this work,all axiomatic systems are shown to be strongly complete via pureformula extensions,demonstrating how hybrid modal languages with nullary operators can uniformly capture boundary elements,complementation properties,and latticetheoretic operations central to both classical and nonclassical logics.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12174159)。
文摘In recent years,acoustic logic gates has attracted growing interest in acoustics due to their promising applications in acoustic communication and signal processing.For practical implementation,these logic gates must operate over a certain bandwidth to ensure reliable performance.However,current experimental realizations have predominantly been confined to single-frequency or narrowband operation,leaving their broadband capabilities largely unverified.To address this gap,we present both numerical and experimental demonstrations of three basic acoustic logic gates(OR,NOT,and AND)using a phased unit cell composed of a central channel flanked by two arrays of semicircular cavities.By leveraging phase modulation of the unit cells and linear interference of sound,we achieve these logic operations with a uniform threshold of I_(t)=0.25.Remarkably,the measured fractional bandwidths(bandwidth relative to center frequency)reach approximately 111.5%(OR),37.2%(NOT),and 48.5%(AND),demonstrating ultra-broadband functionality.The proposed logic gates combine exceptional bandwidth with structural simplicity,offering significant potential for applications in acoustic computing,information processing,and integrated acoustic systems.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants 62073124 and U1804150.
文摘This paper explores the algebraic essence of universal logic functions(ULFs)from an algebraic perspective.Under the framework of semi-tensor product of matrices,the“sequential nature”of ULFs is revealed.Utilizing the nature,a technique called universal transformation method is proposed,by which any ULF can be transformed into an equivalent expression with desired features that facilitate achieving specific objectives,such as modeling,analyzing and synthesizing universal logical systems.Furthermore,several useful logical operators are constructed in a mixed-dimensional situation,including power-raising operator,power-descending operator,erasure operator,and appending operator.Finally,these results are applied to model and analyze finite state machines and their networks,which demonstrate the practical value of the method and operators.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.60373066,60425206,90412003),the National Basic Research Pro-gram of China (973Program)(No.2002CB312000),the Innovation Plan for Jiangsu High School Graduate Student, the High TechnologyResearch Project of Jiangsu Province (No.BG2005032), and the Weap-onry Equipment Foundation of PLA Equipment Ministry ( No.51406020105JB8103).
文摘To enable representation and reasoning for fuzzy ontologies with expressive fuzzy knowledge on the semantic web, a new fuzzy extension of description logics called the fuzzy description logics with comparison expressions （FCDLs） is presented. The syntax and semantics of FCDLs are formally defined, and the forms of axioms and assertions in FCDLs knowledge bases are specified. FCDLs combine both fuzzy concepts from the fuzzy description logics （FDLs） and cut concepts from the extended fuzzy description logics （EFDLs） in the same theory. Furthermore, cut concepts are extended into comparison cut concepts in FCDLs to represent comparison expressions between fuzzy membership degrees, which are often used in practice but not supported by the other fuzzy extensions of description logics. FCDLs have more expressive power than FDLs and EFDLs, and are able to represent expressive fuzzy knowledge and to perform reasoning tasks based on them. Therefore, FCDLs can enable representation and reasoning for fuzzy ontologies with expressive fuzzy knowledge on the semantic web.
文摘Non-classical manifestations of autoimmune hepatitis can delay diagnosis and treatment. Our aims were to describe the clinical phenotypes that can confound the diagnosis, detail scoring systems that can ensure their recognition, and outline advances in treatment that can improve their outcome. Prime source and review articles in English were selected throuqh Medline from 1970-2008 and assimilated into personal libraries spanning 32 years. Acute severe or asymptomatic presentations and atypical histological findings,including centrilobular zone 3 necrosis and concurrent bile duct changes, are compatible with the diagnosis. Cholangiographic abnormalities may be present in children and adults with the disease, and autoimmune hepatitis must be considered in patients without autoantibodies or with antimitochondrial antibodies and no other cholestatic features. Asymptomatic patients frequently become symptomatic; mild disease can progress; and there are no confident indices that justify withholding treatment. Two diagnostic scoring systems with complementary virtues have been developed to evaluate patients with confusing features. Normal liver tests and tissue constitute the optimal end point of treatment, and the first relapse is an indication for long- term azathioprine therapy. Cyclosporine, tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil are promising salvage therapies,and budesonide with azathioprine may be a superior frontline treatment. We conclude that the non-classical phenotypes of autoimmune hepatitis can be recognized promptly, diagnosed accurately, and treated effectively.
文摘We demonstrate the flaws of Mao's method, which is an augmentation ofprotocol idealization in BAN-like logics, and then offer some new idealization rules based on Mao'smethod. Furthermore, we give some theoretical analysis of our rules using the strand spaceformalism, and show the soundness of our idealization rules under strand spaces Some examples onusing the new rules to analyze security protocols are also concerned. Our idealization method ismore effective than Mao's method towards many protocol instances, and is supported by a formalmodel.
基金This work was supported by the Science Foundation of Jinan University (639)
文摘The hydrolysis process of the anticancer agents novel non-classical transplatinum（ Ⅱ ） with aliphatic amines and the influence of solvent models therein have been studied by using hybrid density functional theory （B3LYP）. In this study, the stepwise hydrolysis, trans[PtCl2（Am）（isopropylamine）] ＋ 2H2O → trans-[Pt（Am）（isopropylamine）（OH2）2]^2＋＋ 2Cl^-, was explored. Implicit solvent effects were incorporated through polarized continuum models. The stationary points on the potential energy surfaces for the first and second hydrolysis steps,proceeding via a general SN2 pathway, were fully optimized and characterized. It was found that the first hydrolysis reaction is easier than the second one and the hydrolysis of trans- [PtCl2-（isopropylamine）2] is the easiest in our studying systems. The result can assist in under- tanding the hydrolysis mechanism of trans-[PtCl2（Am）（isopropylamine）] and designing novel Pt-based anticancer drugs.
基金National Natural Science Foundation ofChina(No.70 2 710 3 8)
文摘Ontology is defined as an explicit specification of a conceptualization. In this paper, an extended ontology model was constructed using description logics, which is a 5-tuples including term set, individual set, term definition set, instantiation assertion set and term restriction set. Based on the extended model, the issue on ontology checking was studied with the conclusion that the four kinds of term checking, including term satisfiability checking, term subsumption checking, term equivalence checking and term disjointness checking, can be reduced to the satisfiability checking, and satisfiability checking can be transformed into instantiation consistence checking.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China Under Grant No.40072088
文摘A method to calculate the stationary random response of a non-classically damped structure is proposed that features clearly-defined physical meaning and simple expression. The method is developed in the frequency domain. The expression of the proposed method consists of three terms, i.e., modal velocity response, modal displacement response, and coupled (between modal velocity and modal displacement response). Numerical results from the parametric study and three example structures reveal that the modal velocity response term and the coupled term are important to structural response estimates only for a dynamic system with a tuned mass damper. In typical cases, the modal displacement term can provide response estimates with satisfactory accuracy by itself, so that the modal velocity term and coupled term may be ignored without loss of accuracy. This is used to simplify the response computation of non-classically damped structures. For the white noise excitation, three modal correlation coefficients in closed form are derived. To consider the modal velocity response term and the coupled term, a simplified approximation based on white noise excitation is developed for the case when the modal velocity response is important to the structural responses. Numerical results show that the approximate expression based on white noise excitation can provide structural responses with satisfactory accuracy.
基金the National Science Foundation of Chinathe Doctoral Training of Education Committee of China
文摘This paper gives a dynamic decoupling approach for the analysis of large scale non-classically damped system, in which the complex variable computations were completely avoided not only in solving for the eigenvalue problem but also in the calculation of the dynamic response. The analytical approaches for undamped gyroscopic system, non-classically damped system, including the damped gyroscopic system were unified. Very interesting and useful theoretical results, practical algorithms were obtained which are applicable to both non-defective and defective systems.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foun-dation of China (60403027)
文摘This paper proposes an algorithm applied in se mantic P2P network based on the description logics with the purpose for realizing the concepts distribution of resources, which makes the resources semantic locating easy. With the idea of the consistent hashing in the Chord, our algorithm stores the addresses and resources with the values of the same type to select instance. In addition, each peer has its own ontology, which will be completed by the knowledge distributed over the network during the exchange of CHGs （classification hierarchy graphs）. The hierarchy classification of concepts allows to find matching resource by querying to the upper level concept because the all concepts described in the CHG have the same root.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No 10674066)the Open Project in State Key Laboratory of Acoustics(Grant No 200802)
文摘It is known that the strength of concrete is seriously affected by damage and cracking. In this paper, six concrete samples under different damage levels are studied. The experimental results show a linear dependence of the resonance frequency shift on strain amplitude at the fundamental frequency, and approximate quadratic dependence of the am- plitudes of the second and third harmonics on strain amplitude at the fundamental frequency as well. In addition, the amplitude of the third harmonics is shown to increase with the increase of damage level, which is even higher than that of the second harmonics in samples with higher damage levels. These are three properties of non-classical nonlinear acoustics. The nonlinear parameters increase from 106 to 108 with damage level, and are more sensitive to the damage level of the concrete than the linear parameters obtained by using traditional acoustics methods. So, this method based on non-classical nonlinear acoustics may provide a better means of non-destructive testing （NDT） of concrete and other porous materials.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No 10874142)
文摘A new kind of quantum optical state, photon-added and -subtracted displaced Fock states, is introduced by applying the inverse of bosonic creation and annihilation operators to displaced Fock states. The quantum statistical properties of these states are investigated by numerical methods. Numerical results indicate that these states reveal some interesting non-classical properties, such as anti-bunching effects, sub-Poisson distributions and negativities of their Wigner functions.
基金Project supported by the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University (No. IRT0518)the Program of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities (No. B08014), China
文摘Fundamental principles from structural dynamics,random theory and perturbation methods are adopted to develop a new response spectrum combination rule for the seismic analysis of non-classically damped systems,such as structure-damper systems. The approach,which is named the perturbation spectrum method,can provide a more accurate evaluation of a non-classically damped system's mean peak response in terms of the ground response spectrum. To account for the effect of non-classical damping,all elements are included in the proposed method for seismic analysis of structure,which is usually ap-proximated by ignoring the off-diagonal elements of the modal damping matrix. Moreover,as has been adopted in the traditional Complete Quadratic Combination (CQC) method,the white noise model is also used to simplify the expressions of perturbation correlation coefficients. Finally,numerical work is performed to examine the accuracy of the proposed method by comparing the approximate results with exact ones and to demonstrate the importance of the neglected off-diagonal elements of the modal damping matrix. In the examined cases,the proposed method shows good agreement with direct time-history integration. Also,the perturbation spectrum method leads to a more efficient and economical calculation by avoiding the integral and complex operation.
文摘Neurons with complex-valued weights have stronger capability because of their multi-valued threshold logic. Neurons with such features may be suitable for solution of different kinds of problems including associative memory,image recognition and digital logical mapping. In this paper,robustness or tolerance is introduced and newly defined for this kind of neuron ac-cording to both their mathematical model and the perceptron neuron's definition of robustness. Also,the most robust design for basic digital logics of multiple variables is proposed based on these robust neurons. Our proof procedure shows that,in robust design each weight only takes the value of i or -i,while the value of threshold is with respect to the number of variables. The results demonstrate the validity and simplicity of using robust neurons for realizing arbitrary digital logical functions.
文摘In the quantum mechanical Hilbert space formalism, the probabilistic interpretation is a later ad-hoc add-on, more or less enforced by the experimental evidence, but not motivated by the mathematical model itself. A model involving a clear probabilistic interpretation from the very beginning is provided by the quantum logics with unique conditional probabilities. It includes the projection lattices in von Neumann algebras and here probability conditionalization becomes identical with the state transition of the Lueders-von Neumann measurement process. This motivates the definition of a hierarchy of five compatibility and comeasurability levels in the abstract setting of the quantum logics with unique conditional probabilities. Their meanings are： the absence of quantum interference or influence, the existence of a joint distribution, simultaneous measurability, and the independence of the final state after two successive measurements from the sequential order of these two measurements. A further level means that two elements of the quantum logic （events） belong to the same Boolean subalgebra. In the general case, the five compatibility and comeasurability levels appear to differ, but they all coincide in the common Hilbert space formalism of quantum mechanics, in von Neumann algebras, and in some other cases.
