In this study,a multi-physics and multi-scale coupling program,Fluent/KMC-sub/NDK,was developed based on the user-defined functions(UDF)of Fluent,in which the KMC-sub-code is a sub-channel thermal-hydraulic code and t...In this study,a multi-physics and multi-scale coupling program,Fluent/KMC-sub/NDK,was developed based on the user-defined functions(UDF)of Fluent,in which the KMC-sub-code is a sub-channel thermal-hydraulic code and the NDK code is a neutron diffusion code.The coupling program framework adopts the"master-slave"mode,in which Fluent is the master program while NDK and KMC-sub are coupled internally and compiled into the dynamic link library(DLL)as slave codes.The domain decomposition method was adopted,in which the reactor core was simulated by NDK and KMC-sub,while the rest of the primary loop was simulated using Fluent.A simulation of the reactor shutdown process of M2LFR-1000 was carried out using the coupling program,and the code-to-code verification was performed with ATHLET,demonstrating a good agreement,with absolute deviation was smaller than 0.2%.The results show an obvious thermal stratification phenomenon during the shutdown process,which occurs 10 s after shutdown,and the change in thermal stratification phenomena is also captured by the coupling program.At the same time,the change in the neutron flux density distribution of the reactor was also obtained.展开更多
Considering the influence of hydrogen gas generated during electrochemical machining on the conductivity of electrolyte, a two-phase turbulent flow model is presented to describe the gas bubbles distribution.The k-e t...Considering the influence of hydrogen gas generated during electrochemical machining on the conductivity of electrolyte, a two-phase turbulent flow model is presented to describe the gas bubbles distribution.The k-e turbulent model is used to describe the electrolyte flow field.The Euler–Euler model based on viscous drag and pressure force is used to calculate the twodimensional distribution of gas volume fraction.A multi-physics coupling model of electric field,two-phase flow field and temperature field is established and solved by weak coupling iteration method.The numerical simulation results of gas volume fraction, temperature and conductivity in equilibrium state are discussed.The distributions of machining gap at different time are analyzed.The predicted results of the machining gap are consistent with the experimental results, and the maximum deviation between them is less than 50 lm.展开更多
This study presents a new method to solve the difficult problem of precise machining a non-cylinder pinhole of a piston using embedded giant magnetostrictive material (GMM) in the component. We propose the finite elem...This study presents a new method to solve the difficult problem of precise machining a non-cylinder pinhole of a piston using embedded giant magnetostrictive material (GMM) in the component. We propose the finite element model of GMM smart component in electric, magnetic, and mechanical fields by step computation to optimize the design of GMM smart com-ponent. The proposed model is implemented by using COMSOL multi-physics V3.2a. The effects of the smart component on the deformation and the system resonance frequencies are studied. The results calculated by the model are in excellent agreement (relative errors are below 10%) with the experimental values.展开更多
A transient multi-physics model incorporated with an electromagneto-thermomechanical coupling is developed to capture the multi-field behavior of a single-pancake(SP)insert no-insulation(NI)coil in a hybrid magnet dur...A transient multi-physics model incorporated with an electromagneto-thermomechanical coupling is developed to capture the multi-field behavior of a single-pancake(SP)insert no-insulation(NI)coil in a hybrid magnet during the charging and discharging processes.The coupled problem is resolved by means of the finite element method(FEM)for the magneto-thermo-elastic behaviors and the Runge-Kutta method for the transient responses of the electrical circuits of the hybrid superconducting magnet system.The results reveal that the transient multi-physics responses of the insert NI coil primarily depend on the charging/discharging procedure of the hybrid magnet.Moreover,a reverse azimuthal current and a compressive hoop stress are induced in the insert NI coil during the charging process,while a forward azimuthal current and a tensile hoop stress are observed during the discharging process.The induced voltages in the insert NI coil can drive the currents flowing across the radial turns where the contact resistance exists.Therefore,it brings forth significant Joule heat,causing a temperature rise and a uniform distribution of this heat in the coil turns.Accordingly,a thermally/mechanically unstable or quenching event may be encountered when a high operating current is flowing in the insert NI coil.It is numerically predicted that a quick charging will induce a compressive hoop stress which may bring a risk of buckling instability in the coil,while a discharging will not.The simulations provide an insight of hybrid superconducting magnets under transient start-up or shutdown phases which are inevitably encountered in practical applications.展开更多
To perform an integral simulation of a pool-type reactor using CFD code,a multi-physics coupled code MPC-LBE for an LBE-cooled reactor was proposed by integrating a point kinetics model and a fuel pin heat transfer mo...To perform an integral simulation of a pool-type reactor using CFD code,a multi-physics coupled code MPC-LBE for an LBE-cooled reactor was proposed by integrating a point kinetics model and a fuel pin heat transfer model into self-developed CFD code.For code verification,a code-to-code comparison was employed to validate the CFD code.Furthermore,a typical BT transient benchmark on the LBE-cooled XADS reactor was selected for verification in terms of the integral or system performance.Based on the verification results,it was demonstrated that the MPC-LBE coupled code can perform thermal-hydraulics or safety analyses for analysis for processes involved in LBE-cooled pool-type reactors.展开更多
Uneven frost heave deformation can shorten the operational lifespan of foundation engineering.Clarifying the mechanisms of uneven frost heave facilitates the targeted mitigation of frost damage.This study focused on a...Uneven frost heave deformation can shorten the operational lifespan of foundation engineering.Clarifying the mechanisms of uneven frost heave facilitates the targeted mitigation of frost damage.This study focused on a water conveyance channel in Jilin Province,northern China,and found after monitoring that the frost heave at the channel bottom lining exceeded that at the crest by 44.5 mm,with the freezing temperature at the bottom being over 2℃lower than that at the crest.Soil columns with an initial gravimetric moisture content of 12%,16%,18%,and 20%were then prepared.The effects of temperature and moisture content on frost heave were analyzed under two freezing conditions(-5℃and-10℃)through unidirectional freezing tests.A coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical(THM)frost heave model,validated by the test results,was further established.In the soil with an initial moisture content of 20%,the formation of ice lenses associated with substantial water migration contributed to a large temperature gradient,which can jointly induce frost heave.Under the-10℃condition,the temperature gradient in the soil column with a 20%initial moisture content reached 0.84℃/cm,the total water migration reached 10.72%,and the frost heave deformation was 1.86 mm.The THM coupling results indicated that,under the interaction of a large temperature gradient and moisture accumulation,the volumetric ice content remained high in the bottom soil during freezing and peaked at 0.36.The frost damage to the bottom soil was severe,and the maximum deformation reached 57 mm.展开更多
Conventional concentrator photovoltaics(CPV)face a persistent trade-off between high efficiency and high cost,driven by expensive multi-junction solar cells and complex active cooling systems.This study presents a com...Conventional concentrator photovoltaics(CPV)face a persistent trade-off between high efficiency and high cost,driven by expensive multi-junction solar cells and complex active cooling systems.This study presents a computational investigation of a novel Multi-Focal Pyramidal Array(MFPA)-based CPV system designed to overcome this limitation.The MFPA architecture employs a geometrically optimized pyramidal concentrator to distribute concen-trated sunlight onto strategically placed,low-cost monocrystalline silicon cells,enabling high efficiency energy capture while passively managing thermal loads.Coupled optical thermal electrical simulations in COMSOL Multiphysics demonstrate a geometric concentration ratio of 120×,with system temperatures maintained below 110℃ under standard 1000 W/m2 Direct Normal Irradiance(DNI).Ray tracing confirms 95%optical efficiency and a concentrated light spot radius of 2.48 mm.Compared with conventional CPV designs,the MFPA improves power-per-cost by 25%and reduces tracking requirements by 50%owing to its wide±15°acceptance angle.These results highlight the MFPA’s potential as a scalable,low-cost,and energy-efficient pathway for expanding solar power generation.展开更多
Fine particulate matter produced during the rapid industrialization over the past decades can cause significant harm to human health.Twin-fluid atomization technology is an effective means of controlling fine particul...Fine particulate matter produced during the rapid industrialization over the past decades can cause significant harm to human health.Twin-fluid atomization technology is an effective means of controlling fine particulate matter pollution.In this paper,the influences of the main parameters on the droplet size,effective atomization range and sound pressure level(SPL)of a twin-fluid nozzle(TFN)are investigated,and in order to improve the atomization performance,a multi-objective synergetic optimization algorithm is presented.A multi-physics coupled acousticmechanics model based on the discrete phase model(DPM),large eddy simulation(LES)model,and Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings(FW-H)model is established,and the numerical simulation results of the multi-physics coupled acoustic-mechanics method are verified via experimental comparison.Based on the analysis of the multi-physics coupled acoustic-mechanics numerical simulation results,the effects of the water flow on the characteristics of the atomization flow distribution were obtained.A multi-physics coupled acoustic-mechanics numerical simulation result was employed to establish an orthogonal test database,and a multi-objective synergetic optimization algorithm was adopted to optimize the key parameters of the TFN.The optimal parameters are as follows:A gas flow of 0.94 m^(3)/h,water flow of 0.0237 m^(3)/h,orifice diameter of the self-excited vibrating cavity(SVC)of 1.19 mm,SVC orifice depth of 0.53 mm,distance between SVC and the outlet of nozzle of 5.11 mm,and a nozzle outlet diameter of 3.15 mm.The droplet particle size in the atomization flow field was significantly reduced,the spray distance improved by 71.56%,and the SPL data at each corresponding measurement point decreased by an average of 38.96%.The conclusions of this study offer a references for future TFN research.展开更多
Permanent magnet tubular linear motors(TLMs) arranged in multiple rows and multiple columns used for a radiotherapy machine were studied. Due to severe volumetric and thermal constraints, the TLMs were at high risk of...Permanent magnet tubular linear motors(TLMs) arranged in multiple rows and multiple columns used for a radiotherapy machine were studied. Due to severe volumetric and thermal constraints, the TLMs were at high risk of overheating. To predict the performance of the TLMs accurately, a multi-physics analysis approach was proposed. Specifically, it considered the coupling effects amongst the electromagnetic and the thermal models of the TLMs, as well as the fluid model of the surrounding air. To reduce computation cost, both the electromagnetic and the thermal models were based on lumped-parameter methods. Only a minimum set of numerical computation(computational fluid dynamics, CFD) was performed to model the complex fluid behavior. With the proposed approach, both steady state and transient state temperature distributions, thermal rating and permissible load can be predicted. The validity of this approach is verified through the experiment.展开更多
To accelerate the practicality of electromagnetic railguns,it is necessary to use a combination of threedimensional numerical simulation and experiments to study the mechanism of bore damage.In this paper,a three-dime...To accelerate the practicality of electromagnetic railguns,it is necessary to use a combination of threedimensional numerical simulation and experiments to study the mechanism of bore damage.In this paper,a three-dimensional numerical model of the augmented railgun with four parallel unconventional rails is introduced to simulate the internal ballistic process and realize the multi-physics field coupling calculation of the rail gun,and a test experiment of a medium-caliber electromagnetic launcher powered by pulse formation network(PFN)is carried out.Various test methods such as spectrometer,fiber grating and high-speed camera are used to test several parameters such as muzzle initial velocity,transient magnetic field strength and stress-strain of rail.Combining the simulation results and experimental data,the damage condition of the contact surface is analyzed.展开更多
Based on the analyses of aluminum melt flow, solidification, heat transfer during the process of twin-roll casting, a coupling mathematical model of aluminum thin-gauge high-speed casting was developed, which included...Based on the analyses of aluminum melt flow, solidification, heat transfer during the process of twin-roll casting, a coupling mathematical model of aluminum thin-gauge high-speed casting was developed, which included the casting roller shell. At the same time, Galerkin method was adopted to solve the coupling model. The fluid field and temperature field of aluminum melt in casting zone, the temperature field and thermal stress field of roller shells were simulated by the coupling model. When the casting velocity is 7m/min, and the thickness of strip is 2mm, the circumfluent area comes into being in the casting zone, and the mushy zone dominates the casting zone, while the temperature of melt decreases rapidly as it approaches the rollers. The temperature of the roller shell varies periodically with the rotation of roller, and reaches the highest temperature in the casting zone, while the temperature of roller shell decreases gradually as it leaves the casting zone. The difference of thermal stress between the inner surface and outer surface of the roller shell is very large, and the outer surface suffers tensile-compressive stress.展开更多
This paper analyzes the sources of heat losses in magnetic fluid bearings,proposes various cou-pling relationships of physical fields,divides the coupled heat transfer surfaces while ensuring the continuity of heat fl...This paper analyzes the sources of heat losses in magnetic fluid bearings,proposes various cou-pling relationships of physical fields,divides the coupled heat transfer surfaces while ensuring the continuity of heat flux density,and analyzes the overall heat dissipation pathways of the bearings.By changing parameters such as input current,rotor speed,and inlet oil flow rate,the study applies a multi-physics field coupling method to investigate the influence of different parameters on the temper-ature field and heat dissipation patterns of the bearings,which is then validated through experi-ments.This research provides a theoretical basis for the optimal design of magnetic fluid bearing sys-tems.展开更多
The multi-physics simulation of coupled fluid-structure interaction problems, with disjoint fluid and solid domains, requires one to choose a method for enforcing the fluid-structure coupling at the interface between ...The multi-physics simulation of coupled fluid-structure interaction problems, with disjoint fluid and solid domains, requires one to choose a method for enforcing the fluid-structure coupling at the interface between solid and fluid. While it is common knowledge that the choice of coupling technique can be very problem dependent, there exists no satisfactory coupling comparison methodology that allows for conclusions to be drawn with respect to the comparison of computational cost and solution accuracy for a given scenario. In this work, we develop a computational framework where all aspects of the computation can be held constant, save for the method in which the coupled nature of the fluid-structure equations is enforced. To enable a fair comparison of coupling methods, all simulations presented in this work are implemented within a single numerical framework within the deal.ii [1] finite element library. We have chosen the two-dimensional benchmark test problem of Turek and Hron [2] as an example to examine the relative accuracy of the coupling methods studied;however, the comparison technique is equally applicable to more complex problems. We show that for the specific case considered herein the monolithic approach outperforms partitioned and quasi-direct methods;however, this result is problem dependent and we discuss computational and modeling aspects which may affect other comparison studies.展开更多
Magnetohydrodynamic(MHD)induction pumps are contactless pumps able to withstand harsh environments.The rate of fluid flow through the pump directly affects the efficiency and stability of the device.To explore the inf...Magnetohydrodynamic(MHD)induction pumps are contactless pumps able to withstand harsh environments.The rate of fluid flow through the pump directly affects the efficiency and stability of the device.To explore the influence of induction pump settings on the related delivery speed,in this study,a numerical model for coupled electromagnetic and flow field effects is introduced and used to simulate liquid metal lithium flow in the induction pump.The effects of current intensity,frequency,coil turns and coil winding size on the velocity of the working fluid are analyzed.It is shown that the first three parameters have a significant impact,while changes in the coil turns have a negligible influence.The maximum increase in working fluid velocity within the pump for the parameter combination investigated in this paper is approximately 618%.As the frequency is increased from 20 to 60 Hz,the maximum increase in the mean flow rate of the working fluid is approximately 241%.These research findings are intended to support the design and optimization of these devices.展开更多
To prepare Carbon/Carbon (C/C) composites with advanced performance, the thermal gradient chemical vapor infiltration (TCVI) process has been optimized by simulation. A 2D axisymmetric unstable model was built, which ...To prepare Carbon/Carbon (C/C) composites with advanced performance, the thermal gradient chemical vapor infiltration (TCVI) process has been optimized by simulation. A 2D axisymmetric unstable model was built, which included convection, conduction, diffusion, densification reactions in the pores and the evolution of the porous medium. The multi-physical field coupling model was solved by finite element method (FEM) and iterative calculation. The time evolution of the fluid, temperature and preform density field were obtained by the calculation. It is indicated that convection strongly affects the temperature field. For the preform of carbon/carbon composites infiltrated for 100 h by TCVI, the radial average densities from simulation agrees well with those from experiment. The model is validated to be reliable and the simulation has capability of forecasting the process.展开更多
Thermosyphon loops are widely used in cooling systems.However,such distributed thermal management systems lack the ability to actively control the coolant flow in each parallel branch.An effective method for addressin...Thermosyphon loops are widely used in cooling systems.However,such distributed thermal management systems lack the ability to actively control the coolant flow in each parallel branch.An effective method for addressing this is to control the coolant flow in each branch using a solenoid valve.However,the existing valves do not satisfy the requirements for fast switching,low power,low pressure loss,and miniaturization.Therefore,in this study,a low-power-consumption miniature solenoid valve(LMSV)is proposed for use in thermal management systems.The key novelty is that the valve is designed with a suitably sized permanent magnet(PM)to allow the spool to continue working without consuming electrical energy.To achieve low flow resistance,a straight-through design is employed in the valve with the electromagnetic actuator located inside the valve shell.Multiphysical coupling analysis is performed to investigate its performance.The influence of the PM dimensions and current on the magnetic field distribution and electromagnetic force is studied.The effects of these key parameters on the flow field and pressure loss are also analyzed.Because the LMSV is sensitive to temperature,the switching time and energy consumption at different working temperatures are investigated.Experimental test platforms are constructed.A valve switching time of as short as 3 ms,pressure loss of 200 Pa at 0.92 L/min,and energy consumption of approximately 1.55 J during the opening and closing processes are achieved.The novel solenoid valve proposed in this study offers fast switching,low power consumption,low pressure loss,and miniaturization to meet the requirements of thermal management systems.展开更多
We present a hybrid smoothed particle magnetohydrodynamics(SPMHD)code integrating smoothed particle hydrodynamics(SPH)and finite element methods(FEM)to simulate coupled fluid-electromagnetic phenomena.The framework em...We present a hybrid smoothed particle magnetohydrodynamics(SPMHD)code integrating smoothed particle hydrodynamics(SPH)and finite element methods(FEM)to simulate coupled fluid-electromagnetic phenomena.The framework employs SPH for fluid dynamics,addressing large deformations,shocks,and plasma behavior,while FEM resolves electromagnetic fields via Maxwell's equations for magnetic vector and electric scalar potentials,ensuring divergence-free conditions and global current density calculations in conductive region.Operator splitting method couples these modules,enabling real-time integration of magnetic,electric,thermal,and fluid fields.Benchmark tests validate the code against analytical solutions and existing models,including blow-by instability simulations that demonstrate the method's accuracy in capturing fluid-magnetic interactions.Designed for 3D applications,SPMHD offers robust scalability across multiprocessor architectures,establishing it as a versatile tool for plasma physics research.展开更多
With the continued advancement of deep electrification across various industries, the demand for higher power density in electric machines is steadily increasing. However, realizing high power density remains a signif...With the continued advancement of deep electrification across various industries, the demand for higher power density in electric machines is steadily increasing. However, realizing high power density remains a significant technical challenge and has become a major bottleneck in machine development. The design of such machines is inherently constrained by the strong coupling among electromagnetic(EM), thermal, and mechanical domains, while systematic analyses of these challenges remain insufficient. This paper clarifies the interdependent relationships among these domains during the machine design process. It reviews key enabling strategies, including machine design based on advanced electromagnetic theory, innovative thermal management techniques, cutting-edge material advancements, and state-of-the-art manufacturing technologies, that collectively enhance the performance and feasibility of high power density machines(HPDMs). The insights provided aim to support the development of nextgeneration machine systems with higher power density, compact size, and robust, sustainable performance across a wide range of industrial and technological applications.展开更多
基金supported by Science and Technology on Reactor System Design Technology Laboratory,Chengdu,China(LRSDT2020106)
文摘In this study,a multi-physics and multi-scale coupling program,Fluent/KMC-sub/NDK,was developed based on the user-defined functions(UDF)of Fluent,in which the KMC-sub-code is a sub-channel thermal-hydraulic code and the NDK code is a neutron diffusion code.The coupling program framework adopts the"master-slave"mode,in which Fluent is the master program while NDK and KMC-sub are coupled internally and compiled into the dynamic link library(DLL)as slave codes.The domain decomposition method was adopted,in which the reactor core was simulated by NDK and KMC-sub,while the rest of the primary loop was simulated using Fluent.A simulation of the reactor shutdown process of M2LFR-1000 was carried out using the coupling program,and the code-to-code verification was performed with ATHLET,demonstrating a good agreement,with absolute deviation was smaller than 0.2%.The results show an obvious thermal stratification phenomenon during the shutdown process,which occurs 10 s after shutdown,and the change in thermal stratification phenomena is also captured by the coupling program.At the same time,the change in the neutron flux density distribution of the reactor was also obtained.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51775161 and 51775158)。
文摘Considering the influence of hydrogen gas generated during electrochemical machining on the conductivity of electrolyte, a two-phase turbulent flow model is presented to describe the gas bubbles distribution.The k-e turbulent model is used to describe the electrolyte flow field.The Euler–Euler model based on viscous drag and pressure force is used to calculate the twodimensional distribution of gas volume fraction.A multi-physics coupling model of electric field,two-phase flow field and temperature field is established and solved by weak coupling iteration method.The numerical simulation results of gas volume fraction, temperature and conductivity in equilibrium state are discussed.The distributions of machining gap at different time are analyzed.The predicted results of the machining gap are consistent with the experimental results, and the maximum deviation between them is less than 50 lm.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 50575205)the Hi-Tech Research and Development (863) Program of China (Nos. 2006AA04Z233 and 2007AA04Z101)+1 种基金the Doctoral Foundation of Ministry of Education of China (No. 20070335204)the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (No. Z1080537)
文摘This study presents a new method to solve the difficult problem of precise machining a non-cylinder pinhole of a piston using embedded giant magnetostrictive material (GMM) in the component. We propose the finite element model of GMM smart component in electric, magnetic, and mechanical fields by step computation to optimize the design of GMM smart com-ponent. The proposed model is implemented by using COMSOL multi-physics V3.2a. The effects of the smart component on the deformation and the system resonance frequencies are studied. The results calculated by the model are in excellent agreement (relative errors are below 10%) with the experimental values.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.11932008 and 11672120)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(No.lzujbky-2022-kb01)。
文摘A transient multi-physics model incorporated with an electromagneto-thermomechanical coupling is developed to capture the multi-field behavior of a single-pancake(SP)insert no-insulation(NI)coil in a hybrid magnet during the charging and discharging processes.The coupled problem is resolved by means of the finite element method(FEM)for the magneto-thermo-elastic behaviors and the Runge-Kutta method for the transient responses of the electrical circuits of the hybrid superconducting magnet system.The results reveal that the transient multi-physics responses of the insert NI coil primarily depend on the charging/discharging procedure of the hybrid magnet.Moreover,a reverse azimuthal current and a compressive hoop stress are induced in the insert NI coil during the charging process,while a forward azimuthal current and a tensile hoop stress are observed during the discharging process.The induced voltages in the insert NI coil can drive the currents flowing across the radial turns where the contact resistance exists.Therefore,it brings forth significant Joule heat,causing a temperature rise and a uniform distribution of this heat in the coil turns.Accordingly,a thermally/mechanically unstable or quenching event may be encountered when a high operating current is flowing in the insert NI coil.It is numerically predicted that a quick charging will induce a compressive hoop stress which may bring a risk of buckling instability in the coil,while a discharging will not.The simulations provide an insight of hybrid superconducting magnets under transient start-up or shutdown phases which are inevitably encountered in practical applications.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12005025,41774190).
文摘To perform an integral simulation of a pool-type reactor using CFD code,a multi-physics coupled code MPC-LBE for an LBE-cooled reactor was proposed by integrating a point kinetics model and a fuel pin heat transfer model into self-developed CFD code.For code verification,a code-to-code comparison was employed to validate the CFD code.Furthermore,a typical BT transient benchmark on the LBE-cooled XADS reactor was selected for verification in terms of the integral or system performance.Based on the verification results,it was demonstrated that the MPC-LBE coupled code can perform thermal-hydraulics or safety analyses for analysis for processes involved in LBE-cooled pool-type reactors.
基金funding support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants Nos.42330708 and 42302329)the Graduate Innovation Research Program of Jilin University(Grant No.2024CX118).
文摘Uneven frost heave deformation can shorten the operational lifespan of foundation engineering.Clarifying the mechanisms of uneven frost heave facilitates the targeted mitigation of frost damage.This study focused on a water conveyance channel in Jilin Province,northern China,and found after monitoring that the frost heave at the channel bottom lining exceeded that at the crest by 44.5 mm,with the freezing temperature at the bottom being over 2℃lower than that at the crest.Soil columns with an initial gravimetric moisture content of 12%,16%,18%,and 20%were then prepared.The effects of temperature and moisture content on frost heave were analyzed under two freezing conditions(-5℃and-10℃)through unidirectional freezing tests.A coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical(THM)frost heave model,validated by the test results,was further established.In the soil with an initial moisture content of 20%,the formation of ice lenses associated with substantial water migration contributed to a large temperature gradient,which can jointly induce frost heave.Under the-10℃condition,the temperature gradient in the soil column with a 20%initial moisture content reached 0.84℃/cm,the total water migration reached 10.72%,and the frost heave deformation was 1.86 mm.The THM coupling results indicated that,under the interaction of a large temperature gradient and moisture accumulation,the volumetric ice content remained high in the bottom soil during freezing and peaked at 0.36.The frost damage to the bottom soil was severe,and the maximum deformation reached 57 mm.
文摘Conventional concentrator photovoltaics(CPV)face a persistent trade-off between high efficiency and high cost,driven by expensive multi-junction solar cells and complex active cooling systems.This study presents a computational investigation of a novel Multi-Focal Pyramidal Array(MFPA)-based CPV system designed to overcome this limitation.The MFPA architecture employs a geometrically optimized pyramidal concentrator to distribute concen-trated sunlight onto strategically placed,low-cost monocrystalline silicon cells,enabling high efficiency energy capture while passively managing thermal loads.Coupled optical thermal electrical simulations in COMSOL Multiphysics demonstrate a geometric concentration ratio of 120×,with system temperatures maintained below 110℃ under standard 1000 W/m2 Direct Normal Irradiance(DNI).Ray tracing confirms 95%optical efficiency and a concentrated light spot radius of 2.48 mm.Compared with conventional CPV designs,the MFPA improves power-per-cost by 25%and reduces tracking requirements by 50%owing to its wide±15°acceptance angle.These results highlight the MFPA’s potential as a scalable,low-cost,and energy-efficient pathway for expanding solar power generation.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.U21A20122)Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.LY22E050012)+2 种基金China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant Nos.2023T160580,2023M743102)Open Foundation of the State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems of China (Grant No.GZKF-202225)Students in Zhejiang Province Science and Technology Innovation Plan of China (Grant No.2023R403073)。
文摘Fine particulate matter produced during the rapid industrialization over the past decades can cause significant harm to human health.Twin-fluid atomization technology is an effective means of controlling fine particulate matter pollution.In this paper,the influences of the main parameters on the droplet size,effective atomization range and sound pressure level(SPL)of a twin-fluid nozzle(TFN)are investigated,and in order to improve the atomization performance,a multi-objective synergetic optimization algorithm is presented.A multi-physics coupled acousticmechanics model based on the discrete phase model(DPM),large eddy simulation(LES)model,and Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings(FW-H)model is established,and the numerical simulation results of the multi-physics coupled acoustic-mechanics method are verified via experimental comparison.Based on the analysis of the multi-physics coupled acoustic-mechanics numerical simulation results,the effects of the water flow on the characteristics of the atomization flow distribution were obtained.A multi-physics coupled acoustic-mechanics numerical simulation result was employed to establish an orthogonal test database,and a multi-objective synergetic optimization algorithm was adopted to optimize the key parameters of the TFN.The optimal parameters are as follows:A gas flow of 0.94 m^(3)/h,water flow of 0.0237 m^(3)/h,orifice diameter of the self-excited vibrating cavity(SVC)of 1.19 mm,SVC orifice depth of 0.53 mm,distance between SVC and the outlet of nozzle of 5.11 mm,and a nozzle outlet diameter of 3.15 mm.The droplet particle size in the atomization flow field was significantly reduced,the spray distance improved by 71.56%,and the SPL data at each corresponding measurement point decreased by an average of 38.96%.The conclusions of this study offer a references for future TFN research.
基金Project(2015BAI03B00)supported by the National Key Technology R&D Program of ChinaProject(Z141100000514015)supported by Science and Technology Planning Program of Beijing,ChinaProject(SKLT12A03)supported by Tribology Science Fund of State Key Laboratory of Tribology,China
文摘Permanent magnet tubular linear motors(TLMs) arranged in multiple rows and multiple columns used for a radiotherapy machine were studied. Due to severe volumetric and thermal constraints, the TLMs were at high risk of overheating. To predict the performance of the TLMs accurately, a multi-physics analysis approach was proposed. Specifically, it considered the coupling effects amongst the electromagnetic and the thermal models of the TLMs, as well as the fluid model of the surrounding air. To reduce computation cost, both the electromagnetic and the thermal models were based on lumped-parameter methods. Only a minimum set of numerical computation(computational fluid dynamics, CFD) was performed to model the complex fluid behavior. With the proposed approach, both steady state and transient state temperature distributions, thermal rating and permissible load can be predicted. The validity of this approach is verified through the experiment.
文摘To accelerate the practicality of electromagnetic railguns,it is necessary to use a combination of threedimensional numerical simulation and experiments to study the mechanism of bore damage.In this paper,a three-dimensional numerical model of the augmented railgun with four parallel unconventional rails is introduced to simulate the internal ballistic process and realize the multi-physics field coupling calculation of the rail gun,and a test experiment of a medium-caliber electromagnetic launcher powered by pulse formation network(PFN)is carried out.Various test methods such as spectrometer,fiber grating and high-speed camera are used to test several parameters such as muzzle initial velocity,transient magnetic field strength and stress-strain of rail.Combining the simulation results and experimental data,the damage condition of the contact surface is analyzed.
文摘Based on the analyses of aluminum melt flow, solidification, heat transfer during the process of twin-roll casting, a coupling mathematical model of aluminum thin-gauge high-speed casting was developed, which included the casting roller shell. At the same time, Galerkin method was adopted to solve the coupling model. The fluid field and temperature field of aluminum melt in casting zone, the temperature field and thermal stress field of roller shells were simulated by the coupling model. When the casting velocity is 7m/min, and the thickness of strip is 2mm, the circumfluent area comes into being in the casting zone, and the mushy zone dominates the casting zone, while the temperature of melt decreases rapidly as it approaches the rollers. The temperature of the roller shell varies periodically with the rotation of roller, and reaches the highest temperature in the casting zone, while the temperature of roller shell decreases gradually as it leaves the casting zone. The difference of thermal stress between the inner surface and outer surface of the roller shell is very large, and the outer surface suffers tensile-compressive stress.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52075468)the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(No.E2020203052)+1 种基金the Key Scientific Research Projects of North China University of Technology(No.ZD-YG-202306-23)the Tangshan Science and Technology Project(No.23130201E).
文摘This paper analyzes the sources of heat losses in magnetic fluid bearings,proposes various cou-pling relationships of physical fields,divides the coupled heat transfer surfaces while ensuring the continuity of heat flux density,and analyzes the overall heat dissipation pathways of the bearings.By changing parameters such as input current,rotor speed,and inlet oil flow rate,the study applies a multi-physics field coupling method to investigate the influence of different parameters on the temper-ature field and heat dissipation patterns of the bearings,which is then validated through experi-ments.This research provides a theoretical basis for the optimal design of magnetic fluid bearing sys-tems.
文摘The multi-physics simulation of coupled fluid-structure interaction problems, with disjoint fluid and solid domains, requires one to choose a method for enforcing the fluid-structure coupling at the interface between solid and fluid. While it is common knowledge that the choice of coupling technique can be very problem dependent, there exists no satisfactory coupling comparison methodology that allows for conclusions to be drawn with respect to the comparison of computational cost and solution accuracy for a given scenario. In this work, we develop a computational framework where all aspects of the computation can be held constant, save for the method in which the coupled nature of the fluid-structure equations is enforced. To enable a fair comparison of coupling methods, all simulations presented in this work are implemented within a single numerical framework within the deal.ii [1] finite element library. We have chosen the two-dimensional benchmark test problem of Turek and Hron [2] as an example to examine the relative accuracy of the coupling methods studied;however, the comparison technique is equally applicable to more complex problems. We show that for the specific case considered herein the monolithic approach outperforms partitioned and quasi-direct methods;however, this result is problem dependent and we discuss computational and modeling aspects which may affect other comparison studies.
文摘Magnetohydrodynamic(MHD)induction pumps are contactless pumps able to withstand harsh environments.The rate of fluid flow through the pump directly affects the efficiency and stability of the device.To explore the influence of induction pump settings on the related delivery speed,in this study,a numerical model for coupled electromagnetic and flow field effects is introduced and used to simulate liquid metal lithium flow in the induction pump.The effects of current intensity,frequency,coil turns and coil winding size on the velocity of the working fluid are analyzed.It is shown that the first three parameters have a significant impact,while changes in the coil turns have a negligible influence.The maximum increase in working fluid velocity within the pump for the parameter combination investigated in this paper is approximately 618%.As the frequency is increased from 20 to 60 Hz,the maximum increase in the mean flow rate of the working fluid is approximately 241%.These research findings are intended to support the design and optimization of these devices.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 90716024)
文摘To prepare Carbon/Carbon (C/C) composites with advanced performance, the thermal gradient chemical vapor infiltration (TCVI) process has been optimized by simulation. A 2D axisymmetric unstable model was built, which included convection, conduction, diffusion, densification reactions in the pores and the evolution of the porous medium. The multi-physical field coupling model was solved by finite element method (FEM) and iterative calculation. The time evolution of the fluid, temperature and preform density field were obtained by the calculation. It is indicated that convection strongly affects the temperature field. For the preform of carbon/carbon composites infiltrated for 100 h by TCVI, the radial average densities from simulation agrees well with those from experiment. The model is validated to be reliable and the simulation has capability of forecasting the process.
基金Supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2022YFC2805703)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52305073,51975507).
文摘Thermosyphon loops are widely used in cooling systems.However,such distributed thermal management systems lack the ability to actively control the coolant flow in each parallel branch.An effective method for addressing this is to control the coolant flow in each branch using a solenoid valve.However,the existing valves do not satisfy the requirements for fast switching,low power,low pressure loss,and miniaturization.Therefore,in this study,a low-power-consumption miniature solenoid valve(LMSV)is proposed for use in thermal management systems.The key novelty is that the valve is designed with a suitably sized permanent magnet(PM)to allow the spool to continue working without consuming electrical energy.To achieve low flow resistance,a straight-through design is employed in the valve with the electromagnetic actuator located inside the valve shell.Multiphysical coupling analysis is performed to investigate its performance.The influence of the PM dimensions and current on the magnetic field distribution and electromagnetic force is studied.The effects of these key parameters on the flow field and pressure loss are also analyzed.Because the LMSV is sensitive to temperature,the switching time and energy consumption at different working temperatures are investigated.Experimental test platforms are constructed.A valve switching time of as short as 3 ms,pressure loss of 200 Pa at 0.92 L/min,and energy consumption of approximately 1.55 J during the opening and closing processes are achieved.The novel solenoid valve proposed in this study offers fast switching,low power consumption,low pressure loss,and miniaturization to meet the requirements of thermal management systems.
基金supported by the Major National Science and Technology Infrastructure(No.2208-000000-04-01249628)the Shanghai Science and Technology Commission(No.21DZ1206500)。
文摘We present a hybrid smoothed particle magnetohydrodynamics(SPMHD)code integrating smoothed particle hydrodynamics(SPH)and finite element methods(FEM)to simulate coupled fluid-electromagnetic phenomena.The framework employs SPH for fluid dynamics,addressing large deformations,shocks,and plasma behavior,while FEM resolves electromagnetic fields via Maxwell's equations for magnetic vector and electric scalar potentials,ensuring divergence-free conditions and global current density calculations in conductive region.Operator splitting method couples these modules,enabling real-time integration of magnetic,electric,thermal,and fluid fields.Benchmark tests validate the code against analytical solutions and existing models,including blow-by instability simulations that demonstrate the method's accuracy in capturing fluid-magnetic interactions.Designed for 3D applications,SPMHD offers robust scalability across multiprocessor architectures,establishing it as a versatile tool for plasma physics research.
基金supported in part by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2020YFA0710500)in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)(No. 52277066)in part by the State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment Foundation (No. EIPE23131)。
文摘With the continued advancement of deep electrification across various industries, the demand for higher power density in electric machines is steadily increasing. However, realizing high power density remains a significant technical challenge and has become a major bottleneck in machine development. The design of such machines is inherently constrained by the strong coupling among electromagnetic(EM), thermal, and mechanical domains, while systematic analyses of these challenges remain insufficient. This paper clarifies the interdependent relationships among these domains during the machine design process. It reviews key enabling strategies, including machine design based on advanced electromagnetic theory, innovative thermal management techniques, cutting-edge material advancements, and state-of-the-art manufacturing technologies, that collectively enhance the performance and feasibility of high power density machines(HPDMs). The insights provided aim to support the development of nextgeneration machine systems with higher power density, compact size, and robust, sustainable performance across a wide range of industrial and technological applications.
