Modeling tools simulate the functioning of ecosystems and their interactions with human activities,helping decision makers understand how interventions impact ecosystems and evaluate management strategies.This leads t...Modeling tools simulate the functioning of ecosystems and their interactions with human activities,helping decision makers understand how interventions impact ecosystems and evaluate management strategies.This leads to informed decisions that balance human development and environmental protection.Among these models,Soil and Water Assessment Tool(SWAT)stands out for its ability to simulate multiple biophysical processes that can be linked to the provision of ecosystem services(ES).Although SWAT has been successfully applied for the evaluation of ES,the development of complementary approaches that translate the results of SWAT into monetary terms is still in its early stages.To narrow this gap,this review article aims to provide a comprehensive assessment of the literature on the relationship between SWAT model results and economic analysis.Specifically,the review summarizes the research conducted on the use of SWAT model results to estimate economic values,including the different methodologies used and the types of economic values estimated.The review will also discuss the limitations and challenges of these approaches,provide a critical evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of the research in this area,and provide recommendations to strengthen SWAT application for the economic evaluation of management strategies.展开更多
The purpose of this study was to determine the aboveground biomass density, blue carbon stock, and monetary value of the mangroves at Bakhawan Eco-Park Mangrove Plantation in New Buswang, Kalibo, Aklan. There were 21,...The purpose of this study was to determine the aboveground biomass density, blue carbon stock, and monetary value of the mangroves at Bakhawan Eco-Park Mangrove Plantation in New Buswang, Kalibo, Aklan. There were 21, 45 × 45-meter sampled plots established, equivalent to 5% sampling intensity of the plantation’s total area. The number of sample plots was distributed in proportion to the area of the plantation in the specific year it was established. The quadrant and random sampling methods were used. All trees in a quadrant were identified, and the biomass density was calculated using the wood density of various mangrove species. Carbon stock was calculated by multiplying the biomass density by 0.46 or 0.5. The monetary value of C was calculated using the benefits transfer method at $5/ton. The results showed that the plantation established in 1990 had the highest biomass density (Mg/ha) and carbon stock (Mg/ha) with 132 Mg/ha and 66.02 Mg/ha, while the plantation established in 2015 had the lowest biomass density and carbon stock (Mg/ha) with 69.98 Mg/ha and 34.99 Mg/ha. Overall, the estimated total monetary value of Bakhawan Eco-Park of 250 hectares mangrove plantation in New Buswang, Kalibo, Aklan is PhP 2994771.63.展开更多
The trade-off and synergy relationship of ecosystem services is an important topic in the current assessment.The value of each service provided by the ecosystem is substantially affected by human activities,and conver...The trade-off and synergy relationship of ecosystem services is an important topic in the current assessment.The value of each service provided by the ecosystem is substantially affected by human activities,and conversely,its changes will also affect the relevant human decisions.Due to varying tradeoffs among ecosystem services and synergies between them that can either increase or decrease,it is difficult to optimize multiple ecosystem services simultaneously,making it a huge challenge for ecosystem management.This study firstly develops a global Gross Ecosystem Product(GEP)accounting framework.It uses remote sensing data with a spatial resolution of 1 km to estimate the ecosystem services of forests,wetlands,grasslands,deserts,and farmlands in 179 major countries in 2018.The results show that the range of global GEP values is USD 112e197 trillion,with an average value of USD 155 trillion(the constant price),and the ratio of GEP to gross domestic product(GDP)is 1.85.The tradeoffs and the synergies among different ecosystem services in each continent and income group have been further explored.We found a correspondence between the income levels and the synergy among ecosystem services within each nation.Among specific ecosystem services,there are strong synergies between oxygen release,climate regulation,and carbon sequestration services.A trade-off relationship has been observed between flood regulation and other services,such as water conservation and soil retention services in low-income countries.The results will help clarify the roles and the feedback mechanisms between different stakeholders and provide a scientific basis for optimizing ecosystem management and implementing ecological compensation schemes to enhance human well-being.展开更多
基金MERLIN project(Mainstreaming Ecological Restoration of freshwater-related ecosystems in a Landscape context:INnovation,upscaling and transformation),funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement ID 101036337.
文摘Modeling tools simulate the functioning of ecosystems and their interactions with human activities,helping decision makers understand how interventions impact ecosystems and evaluate management strategies.This leads to informed decisions that balance human development and environmental protection.Among these models,Soil and Water Assessment Tool(SWAT)stands out for its ability to simulate multiple biophysical processes that can be linked to the provision of ecosystem services(ES).Although SWAT has been successfully applied for the evaluation of ES,the development of complementary approaches that translate the results of SWAT into monetary terms is still in its early stages.To narrow this gap,this review article aims to provide a comprehensive assessment of the literature on the relationship between SWAT model results and economic analysis.Specifically,the review summarizes the research conducted on the use of SWAT model results to estimate economic values,including the different methodologies used and the types of economic values estimated.The review will also discuss the limitations and challenges of these approaches,provide a critical evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of the research in this area,and provide recommendations to strengthen SWAT application for the economic evaluation of management strategies.
文摘The purpose of this study was to determine the aboveground biomass density, blue carbon stock, and monetary value of the mangroves at Bakhawan Eco-Park Mangrove Plantation in New Buswang, Kalibo, Aklan. There were 21, 45 × 45-meter sampled plots established, equivalent to 5% sampling intensity of the plantation’s total area. The number of sample plots was distributed in proportion to the area of the plantation in the specific year it was established. The quadrant and random sampling methods were used. All trees in a quadrant were identified, and the biomass density was calculated using the wood density of various mangrove species. Carbon stock was calculated by multiplying the biomass density by 0.46 or 0.5. The monetary value of C was calculated using the benefits transfer method at $5/ton. The results showed that the plantation established in 1990 had the highest biomass density (Mg/ha) and carbon stock (Mg/ha) with 132 Mg/ha and 66.02 Mg/ha, while the plantation established in 2015 had the lowest biomass density and carbon stock (Mg/ha) with 69.98 Mg/ha and 34.99 Mg/ha. Overall, the estimated total monetary value of Bakhawan Eco-Park of 250 hectares mangrove plantation in New Buswang, Kalibo, Aklan is PhP 2994771.63.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42277491)for its support.
文摘The trade-off and synergy relationship of ecosystem services is an important topic in the current assessment.The value of each service provided by the ecosystem is substantially affected by human activities,and conversely,its changes will also affect the relevant human decisions.Due to varying tradeoffs among ecosystem services and synergies between them that can either increase or decrease,it is difficult to optimize multiple ecosystem services simultaneously,making it a huge challenge for ecosystem management.This study firstly develops a global Gross Ecosystem Product(GEP)accounting framework.It uses remote sensing data with a spatial resolution of 1 km to estimate the ecosystem services of forests,wetlands,grasslands,deserts,and farmlands in 179 major countries in 2018.The results show that the range of global GEP values is USD 112e197 trillion,with an average value of USD 155 trillion(the constant price),and the ratio of GEP to gross domestic product(GDP)is 1.85.The tradeoffs and the synergies among different ecosystem services in each continent and income group have been further explored.We found a correspondence between the income levels and the synergy among ecosystem services within each nation.Among specific ecosystem services,there are strong synergies between oxygen release,climate regulation,and carbon sequestration services.A trade-off relationship has been observed between flood regulation and other services,such as water conservation and soil retention services in low-income countries.The results will help clarify the roles and the feedback mechanisms between different stakeholders and provide a scientific basis for optimizing ecosystem management and implementing ecological compensation schemes to enhance human well-being.
