This manuscript summarizes the results of Classical Physics before Quantum Mechanics and Hypotheses proposed by classical physicists from the 17th until the beginning of 21st century. We then proceed to unify these re...This manuscript summarizes the results of Classical Physics before Quantum Mechanics and Hypotheses proposed by classical physicists from the 17th until the beginning of 21st century. We then proceed to unify these results into a single coherent picture in frames of the developed Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM). The Model proposes 5 types of Dark Matter particles and predicts their masses;models the origin, evolution, and structure of the World and Macroobjects;provides a mathematical framework that ties together a number of Fundamental constants and allows for direct calculation of their values.展开更多
5D World-Universe Model (WUM) is based on the decisive role of the Medium of the World com-posed of massive particles: protons, electrons, photons, neutrinos, and Dark Matter Particles (DMP). The model forecasts the m...5D World-Universe Model (WUM) is based on the decisive role of the Medium of the World com-posed of massive particles: protons, electrons, photons, neutrinos, and Dark Matter Particles (DMP). The model forecasts the masses of DMP, discusses the possibility of all macroobject cores consisting of DMP (galaxy clusters, galaxies, star clusters, extrasolar systems, and planets), and explains the diffuse cosmic gamma-ray background radiation as the sum of contributions of multicomponent dark matter annihilation. The signatures of DMP annihilation with expected masses of 1.3 TeV, 9.6 GeV, 70 MeV, 340 keV, and 3.7 keV, are found in spectra of the diffuse gamma-ray background and the emission of various macroobjects in the World. The correlation between different emission lines in spectra of macroobjects is connected to their structure, which depends on the composition of the cores and surrounding shells made up of DMP. Consequently, the diversity of Very High Energy (VHE) gamma-ray sources in the World has a clear explanation.展开更多
Nitrogen cycling has profound effects on carbon uptake in the terrestrial ecosystem and the response of the biosphere to climate changes.However,nutrient cycling is not taken into account in most land surface models f...Nitrogen cycling has profound effects on carbon uptake in the terrestrial ecosystem and the response of the biosphere to climate changes.However,nutrient cycling is not taken into account in most land surface models for climate change.In this study,a nitrogen model,based on nitrogen transformation processes and nitrogen fluxes exchange between the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystem,was incorporated into the Atmosphere–Vegetation Interaction Model(AVIM)to simulate the carbon cycle under nitrogen limitation.This new model,AVIM-CN,was evaluated against site-scale eddy covariance–based measurements of an alpine meadow located at Damxung station from the FLUXNET 2015 dataset.Results showed that the annual mean gross primary production simulated by AVIM-CN(0.7073 gC m^-2 d^-1)was in better agreement with the corresponding flux data(0.5407 gC m^-2 d^-1)than the original AVIM(1.1403 gC m^-2 d^-1)at Damxung station.Similarly,ecosystem respiration was also down-regulated,from 1.7695 gC m^-2 d^-1 to 1.0572 gC m^-2 d^-1,after the nitrogen processes were introduced,and the latter was closer to the observed vales(0.8034 gC m^-2 d^-1).Overall,the new results were more consistent with the daily time series of carbon and energy fluxes of observations compared to the former version without nitrogen dynamics.A model that does not incorporate the limitation effects of nitrogen nutrient availability will probably overestimate carbon fluxes by about 40%.展开更多
We consider a five-electron system in the Hubbard model with a coupling between nearest-neighbors. The structure of essential spectrum and discrete spectrum of the systems in the third and fourth doublet states in a &...We consider a five-electron system in the Hubbard model with a coupling between nearest-neighbors. The structure of essential spectrum and discrete spectrum of the systems in the third and fourth doublet states in a <em>v</em>-dimensional lattice is investigated. We prove that the essential spectrum of the system in a third doublet state consists is the union of at most four segments, and discrete spectrum of the system is empty. We show that the essential spectrum of the system in a fourth doublet state consists of the union of at most seven segments, and discrete spectrum of the system consists of no more than one point.展开更多
5D World-Universe Model is based on the decisive role of the Medium of the World composed of massive particles: protons, electrons, photons, neutrinos, and dark matter particles. In this manuscript we discuss differen...5D World-Universe Model is based on the decisive role of the Medium of the World composed of massive particles: protons, electrons, photons, neutrinos, and dark matter particles. In this manuscript we discuss different aspects of the gravitation: measured values of the Newtonian parameter of Gravitation and different Gravitational effects (gravitational lensing, cosmological redshift, gravitational deflection of light and gravitational refraction, proposed in the present paper). We show inter-connectivity of all cosmological parameters and provide a mathematical framework that allows direct calculation of them based on the value of the gravitational parameter. We analyze the difference between Electromagnetism and Gravitoelectromagnetism and make a conclusion about the mandatory existence of the Medium of the World. This paper aligns the World-Universe Model with the Le Sage’s theory of gravitation and makes a deduction on Gravity, Space and Time be emergent phenomena.展开更多
In this manuscript we discuss mass-varying neutrinos and propose their energy density to exceed that of baryonic and dark matter. We introduce cosmic Large Grains whose mass is about Planck mass, and their temperature...In this manuscript we discuss mass-varying neutrinos and propose their energy density to exceed that of baryonic and dark matter. We introduce cosmic Large Grains whose mass is about Planck mass, and their temperature is around 29 K. Large Grains are in fact Bose-Einstein condensates of proposed dineutrinos, and are responsible for the cosmic Far-Infrared Background (FIRB) radiation. The distribution of the energy density of all components of the World (protons, electrons, photons, neutrinos, and dark matter particles) is considered. We present an overview of the World- Universe Model (WUM) and pay particular attention to the self-consistent set of time-varying values of basic parameters of the World: the age and critical energy density;Newtonian parameter of gravitation and Hubble’s parameter;temperatures of the cosmic Microwave Background radiation and the peak of the cosmic FIRB radiation;Fermi coupling parameter and coupling parameters of the proposed Super-Weak and Extremely-Weak interactions. Additionally, WUM forecasts the masses of dark matter particles, axions, and neutrinos;proposes two fundamental parameters of the World: fine-structure constant α and the quantity Q which is the dimensionless value of the fifth coordinate, and three fundamental physical units: basic unit of momentum, energy density, and energy flux density. WUM suggests that all time-dependent parameters of the World are inter- connected and in fact dependent on Q. We recommend adding the quantity Q to the list of the CODATA-recommended values.展开更多
We consider the energy operator of four-electron systems in an impurity Hubbard model and investigated the structure of essential spectra and discrete spectrum of the system in the first triplet state in a one-dimensi...We consider the energy operator of four-electron systems in an impurity Hubbard model and investigated the structure of essential spectra and discrete spectrum of the system in the first triplet state in a one-dimensional lattice. For investigation the structure of essential spectra and discrete spectrum of the energy operator of four-electron systems in an impurity Hubbard model, for which the momentum representation is convenient. In addition, we used the tensor products of Hilbert spaces and tensor products of operators in Hilbert spaces and described the structure of essential spectrum and discrete spectrum of the energy operator of four-electron systems in an impurity Hubbard model. The investigations show that there are such cases: 1) the essential spectrum of the system consists of the union of no more than eight segments, and the discrete spectrum of the system consists of no more than three eigenvalues;2) the essential spectrum of the system consists of the union of no more than sixteen segments, and the discrete spectrum of the system consists of no more than eleven eigenvalues;3) the essential spectrum of the system consists of the union of no more than three segments, and the discrete spectrum of the system is the empty set. Consequently, the essential spectrum of the system consists of the union of no more than sixteen segments, and the discrete spectrum of the system consists of no more than eleven eigenvalues.展开更多
We consider the energy operator of six-electron systems in the Hubbard model and investigate the structure of essential spectra and discrete spectrum of the system in the first quintet and first singlet states in the ...We consider the energy operator of six-electron systems in the Hubbard model and investigate the structure of essential spectra and discrete spectrum of the system in the first quintet and first singlet states in the v-dimensional lattice.展开更多
We consider an energy operator of four-electron system in the Impurity Hubbard model with a coupling between nearest-neighbors. The spectrum of the systems in the second triplet state in a ν-dimensional lattice is in...We consider an energy operator of four-electron system in the Impurity Hubbard model with a coupling between nearest-neighbors. The spectrum of the systems in the second triplet state in a ν-dimensional lattice is investigated. For investigation the structure of essential spectra and discrete spectrum of the energy operator of four-electron systems in an impurity Hubbard model, for which the momentum representation is convenient. In addition, we used the tensor products of Hilbert spaces and tensor products of operators in Hilbert spaces and described the structure of essential spectrum and discrete spectrum of the energy operator of four-electron systems in an impurity Hubbard model for the second triplet state of the system. The investigations show that the essential spectrum of the system consists of the union of no more than sixteen segments, and the discrete spectrum of the system consists of no more than eleven eigenvalues.展开更多
Comparison of the Hubble parameter with cosmological quantities strongly supports the black hole model for the description of the Universe evolution. Such evolution requires matter creation and has implications for wh...Comparison of the Hubble parameter with cosmological quantities strongly supports the black hole model for the description of the Universe evolution. Such evolution requires matter creation and has implications for what is currently referred to as “dark energy” and the “cosmological constant”.展开更多
Rural domestic sewage treatment is critical for environmental protection.This study defines the spatial pattern of villages from the perspective of rural sewage treatment and develops an integrated decision-making sys...Rural domestic sewage treatment is critical for environmental protection.This study defines the spatial pattern of villages from the perspective of rural sewage treatment and develops an integrated decision-making system to propose a sewage treatment mode and scheme suitable for local conditions.By considering the village spatial layout and terrain factors,a decision tree model of residential density and terrain type was constructed with accuracies of 76.47%and 96.00%,respectively.Combined with binary classification probability unit regression,an appropriate sewage treatment mode for the village was determined with 87.00%accuracy.The Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP),combined with the Technique for Order Preference(TOPSIS)by Similarity to an Ideal Solution model,formed the basis for optimal treatment process selection under different emission standards.Verification was conducted in 542 villages across three counties of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,focusing on the standard effluent effect(0.3773),low investment cost(0.3196),and high standard effluent effect(0.5115)to determine the best treatment process for the same emission standard under different needs.The annual environmental and carbon emission benefits of sewage treatment in these villages were estimated.This model matches village density,geographic feature,and social development level,and provides scientific support and a theoretical basis for rural sewage treatment decision-making.展开更多
We present a comprehensive description and benchmark evaluation of the global–regional chemical transport model called the Emission and Atmospheric Processes Integrated and Coupled Community(EPICC)model.The framework...We present a comprehensive description and benchmark evaluation of the global–regional chemical transport model called the Emission and Atmospheric Processes Integrated and Coupled Community(EPICC)model.The framework incorporates(1)grid configuration,(2)transport dynamics,(3)chemical mechanisms,(4)aerosol processes,(5)wet/dry deposition parameterizations,and(6)heterogeneous chemistry treatments associated with sulfate,nitrous acid(HONO)chemistry,and aerosol/cloud–photolysis interactions(APIs/CPIs).Openly shared with the atmospheric research community,the model facilitates integration of advanced physicochemical schemes to enhance simulation accuracy.Globally,the model demonstrates realistic representations of ozone(O_(3))and aerosol optical depth.The EPICC model generally demonstrates robust performance in simulating regional concentrations of O_(3) and PM_(2.5)(and its components)in China.It successfully captures vertical profiles of both global and regional O_(3).Notably,the model mitigates frequently reported sulfate underestimations in highly industrialized regions of China.The model accurately captures two regional severe pollution episodes observed in eastern China(January/June 2021).Sensitivity experiments highlight the critical roles of heterogeneous chemical mechanisms associated with sulfate,HONO chemistry,APIs,and CPIs in capturing PM_(2.5) and O_(3) concentrations in China.Improved sulfate mechanisms result in an increase of approximately 32.4%(2.8μg m^(−3))in simulated winter sulfate concentrations when observations exceed 10μg m^(−3).Enhanced HONO elevates winter O_(3) and PM_(2.5) by≤20 and≤10μg m^(−3),respectively.Overall,CPIs dominate over APIs in improving O_(3) and PM_(2.5) simulations across China.Locally,APIs mitigate PM_(2.5) and O_(3) discrepancies in the Sichuan Basin.Seasonal cloud–chemistry coupling explains the weaker impact of PM_(2.5) in summer.展开更多
Model evaluation using benchmark datasets is an important method to measure the capability of large language models(LLMs)in specific domains,and it is mainly used to assess the knowledge and reasoning abilities of LLM...Model evaluation using benchmark datasets is an important method to measure the capability of large language models(LLMs)in specific domains,and it is mainly used to assess the knowledge and reasoning abilities of LLMs.Therefore,in order to better assess the capability of LLMs in the agricultural domain,Agri-Eval was proposed as a benchmark for assessing the knowledge and reasoning ability of LLMs in agriculture.The assessment dataset used in Agri-Eval covered seven major disciplines in the agricultural domain:crop science,horticulture,plant protection,animal husbandry,forest science,aquaculture science,and grass science,and contained a total of 2283 questions.Among domestic general-purpose LLMs,DeepSeek R1 performed best with an accuracy rate of 75.49%.In the realm of international general-purpose LLMs,Gemini 2.0 pro exp 0205 standed out as the top performer,achieving an accuracy rate of 74.28%.As an LLMs in agriculture vertical,Shennong V2.0 outperformed all the LLMs in China,and the answer accuracy rate of agricultural knowledge exceeded that of all the existing general-purpose LLMs.The launch of Agri-Eval helped the LLM developers to comprehensively evaluate the model's capability in the field of agriculture through a variety of tasks and tests to promote the development of the LLMs in the field of agriculture.展开更多
In this paper,we establish and study a single-species logistic model with impulsive age-selective harvesting.First,we prove the ultimate boundedness of the solutions of the system.Then,we obtain conditions for the asy...In this paper,we establish and study a single-species logistic model with impulsive age-selective harvesting.First,we prove the ultimate boundedness of the solutions of the system.Then,we obtain conditions for the asymptotic stability of the trivial solution and the positive periodic solution.Finally,numerical simulations are presented to validate our results.Our results show that age-selective harvesting is more conducive to sustainable population survival than non-age-selective harvesting.展开更多
This paper presents an efficient model reduction technique for linear time-varying systems based on shifted Legendre polynomials.The approach constructs approximate low-rank decomposition factors of finite-time Gramia...This paper presents an efficient model reduction technique for linear time-varying systems based on shifted Legendre polynomials.The approach constructs approximate low-rank decomposition factors of finite-time Gramians directly from the expansion coefficients of impulse responses.Leveraging these factors,we develop two model reduction algorithms that integrate the low-rank square root method with dominant subspace projection.Our method is computationally efficient and flexible,requiring only a few matrix-vector operations and a singular value decomposition of a low-dimensional matrix,thereby avoiding the need to solve differential Lyapunov equations.Numerical experiments confirm the effectiveness of the proposed approach.展开更多
Utilizing finite element analysis,the ballistic protection provided by a combination of perforated D-shaped and base armor plates,collectively referred to as radiator armor,is evaluated.ANSYS Explicit Dynamics is empl...Utilizing finite element analysis,the ballistic protection provided by a combination of perforated D-shaped and base armor plates,collectively referred to as radiator armor,is evaluated.ANSYS Explicit Dynamics is employed to simulate the ballistic impact of 7.62 mm armor-piercing projectiles on Aluminum AA5083-H116 and Steel Secure 500 armors,focusing on the evaluation of material deformation and penetration resistance at varying impact points.While the D-shaped armor plate is penetrated by the armor-piercing projectiles,the combination of the perforated D-shaped and base armor plates successfully halts penetration.A numerical model based on the finite element method is developed using software such as SolidWorks and ANSYS to analyze the interaction between radiator armor and bullet.The perforated design of radiator armor is to maintain airflow for radiator function,with hole sizes smaller than the bullet core diameter to protect radiator assemblies.Predictions are made regarding the brittle fracture resulting from the projectile core′s bending due to asymmetric impact,and the resulting fragments failed to penetrate the perforated base armor plate.Craters are formed on the surface of the perforated D-shaped armor plate due to the impact of projectile fragments.The numerical model accurately predicts hole growth and projectile penetration upon impact with the armor,demonstrating effective protection of the radiator assemblies by the radiator armor.展开更多
The proliferation of high-dimensional data and the widespread use of complex models present central challenges in contemporary statistics and data science.Dimension reduction and model checking,as two foundational pil...The proliferation of high-dimensional data and the widespread use of complex models present central challenges in contemporary statistics and data science.Dimension reduction and model checking,as two foundational pillars supporting scientific inference and data-driven decisionmaking,have evolved through the collective wisdom of generations of statisticians.This special issue,titled"Recent Developments in Dimension Reduction and Model Checking for regressions",not only aims to showcase cutting-edge advances in the field but also carries a distinct sense of academic homage to honor the groundbreaking and enduring contributions of Professor Lixing Zhu,a leading scholar whose work has profoundly shaped both areas.展开更多
In their recent paper Pereira et al.(2025)claim that validation is overlooked in mapping and modelling of ecosystem services(ES).They state that“many studies lack critical evaluation of the results and no validation ...In their recent paper Pereira et al.(2025)claim that validation is overlooked in mapping and modelling of ecosystem services(ES).They state that“many studies lack critical evaluation of the results and no validation is provided”and that“the validation step is largely overlooked”.This assertion may have been true several years ago,for example,when Ochoa and Urbina-Cardona(2017)made a similar observation.However,there has been much work on ES model validation over the last decade.展开更多
文摘This manuscript summarizes the results of Classical Physics before Quantum Mechanics and Hypotheses proposed by classical physicists from the 17th until the beginning of 21st century. We then proceed to unify these results into a single coherent picture in frames of the developed Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM). The Model proposes 5 types of Dark Matter particles and predicts their masses;models the origin, evolution, and structure of the World and Macroobjects;provides a mathematical framework that ties together a number of Fundamental constants and allows for direct calculation of their values.
文摘5D World-Universe Model (WUM) is based on the decisive role of the Medium of the World com-posed of massive particles: protons, electrons, photons, neutrinos, and Dark Matter Particles (DMP). The model forecasts the masses of DMP, discusses the possibility of all macroobject cores consisting of DMP (galaxy clusters, galaxies, star clusters, extrasolar systems, and planets), and explains the diffuse cosmic gamma-ray background radiation as the sum of contributions of multicomponent dark matter annihilation. The signatures of DMP annihilation with expected masses of 1.3 TeV, 9.6 GeV, 70 MeV, 340 keV, and 3.7 keV, are found in spectra of the diffuse gamma-ray background and the emission of various macroobjects in the World. The correlation between different emission lines in spectra of macroobjects is connected to their structure, which depends on the composition of the cores and surrounding shells made up of DMP. Consequently, the diversity of Very High Energy (VHE) gamma-ray sources in the World has a clear explanation.
基金supported by a project of the National Key Research and Development Program of China [grant number2016YFA0602501]a project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China [grant numbers 41630532 and41575093]
文摘Nitrogen cycling has profound effects on carbon uptake in the terrestrial ecosystem and the response of the biosphere to climate changes.However,nutrient cycling is not taken into account in most land surface models for climate change.In this study,a nitrogen model,based on nitrogen transformation processes and nitrogen fluxes exchange between the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystem,was incorporated into the Atmosphere–Vegetation Interaction Model(AVIM)to simulate the carbon cycle under nitrogen limitation.This new model,AVIM-CN,was evaluated against site-scale eddy covariance–based measurements of an alpine meadow located at Damxung station from the FLUXNET 2015 dataset.Results showed that the annual mean gross primary production simulated by AVIM-CN(0.7073 gC m^-2 d^-1)was in better agreement with the corresponding flux data(0.5407 gC m^-2 d^-1)than the original AVIM(1.1403 gC m^-2 d^-1)at Damxung station.Similarly,ecosystem respiration was also down-regulated,from 1.7695 gC m^-2 d^-1 to 1.0572 gC m^-2 d^-1,after the nitrogen processes were introduced,and the latter was closer to the observed vales(0.8034 gC m^-2 d^-1).Overall,the new results were more consistent with the daily time series of carbon and energy fluxes of observations compared to the former version without nitrogen dynamics.A model that does not incorporate the limitation effects of nitrogen nutrient availability will probably overestimate carbon fluxes by about 40%.
文摘We consider a five-electron system in the Hubbard model with a coupling between nearest-neighbors. The structure of essential spectrum and discrete spectrum of the systems in the third and fourth doublet states in a <em>v</em>-dimensional lattice is investigated. We prove that the essential spectrum of the system in a third doublet state consists is the union of at most four segments, and discrete spectrum of the system is empty. We show that the essential spectrum of the system in a fourth doublet state consists of the union of at most seven segments, and discrete spectrum of the system consists of no more than one point.
文摘5D World-Universe Model is based on the decisive role of the Medium of the World composed of massive particles: protons, electrons, photons, neutrinos, and dark matter particles. In this manuscript we discuss different aspects of the gravitation: measured values of the Newtonian parameter of Gravitation and different Gravitational effects (gravitational lensing, cosmological redshift, gravitational deflection of light and gravitational refraction, proposed in the present paper). We show inter-connectivity of all cosmological parameters and provide a mathematical framework that allows direct calculation of them based on the value of the gravitational parameter. We analyze the difference between Electromagnetism and Gravitoelectromagnetism and make a conclusion about the mandatory existence of the Medium of the World. This paper aligns the World-Universe Model with the Le Sage’s theory of gravitation and makes a deduction on Gravity, Space and Time be emergent phenomena.
文摘In this manuscript we discuss mass-varying neutrinos and propose their energy density to exceed that of baryonic and dark matter. We introduce cosmic Large Grains whose mass is about Planck mass, and their temperature is around 29 K. Large Grains are in fact Bose-Einstein condensates of proposed dineutrinos, and are responsible for the cosmic Far-Infrared Background (FIRB) radiation. The distribution of the energy density of all components of the World (protons, electrons, photons, neutrinos, and dark matter particles) is considered. We present an overview of the World- Universe Model (WUM) and pay particular attention to the self-consistent set of time-varying values of basic parameters of the World: the age and critical energy density;Newtonian parameter of gravitation and Hubble’s parameter;temperatures of the cosmic Microwave Background radiation and the peak of the cosmic FIRB radiation;Fermi coupling parameter and coupling parameters of the proposed Super-Weak and Extremely-Weak interactions. Additionally, WUM forecasts the masses of dark matter particles, axions, and neutrinos;proposes two fundamental parameters of the World: fine-structure constant α and the quantity Q which is the dimensionless value of the fifth coordinate, and three fundamental physical units: basic unit of momentum, energy density, and energy flux density. WUM suggests that all time-dependent parameters of the World are inter- connected and in fact dependent on Q. We recommend adding the quantity Q to the list of the CODATA-recommended values.
文摘We consider the energy operator of four-electron systems in an impurity Hubbard model and investigated the structure of essential spectra and discrete spectrum of the system in the first triplet state in a one-dimensional lattice. For investigation the structure of essential spectra and discrete spectrum of the energy operator of four-electron systems in an impurity Hubbard model, for which the momentum representation is convenient. In addition, we used the tensor products of Hilbert spaces and tensor products of operators in Hilbert spaces and described the structure of essential spectrum and discrete spectrum of the energy operator of four-electron systems in an impurity Hubbard model. The investigations show that there are such cases: 1) the essential spectrum of the system consists of the union of no more than eight segments, and the discrete spectrum of the system consists of no more than three eigenvalues;2) the essential spectrum of the system consists of the union of no more than sixteen segments, and the discrete spectrum of the system consists of no more than eleven eigenvalues;3) the essential spectrum of the system consists of the union of no more than three segments, and the discrete spectrum of the system is the empty set. Consequently, the essential spectrum of the system consists of the union of no more than sixteen segments, and the discrete spectrum of the system consists of no more than eleven eigenvalues.
文摘We consider the energy operator of six-electron systems in the Hubbard model and investigate the structure of essential spectra and discrete spectrum of the system in the first quintet and first singlet states in the v-dimensional lattice.
文摘We consider an energy operator of four-electron system in the Impurity Hubbard model with a coupling between nearest-neighbors. The spectrum of the systems in the second triplet state in a ν-dimensional lattice is investigated. For investigation the structure of essential spectra and discrete spectrum of the energy operator of four-electron systems in an impurity Hubbard model, for which the momentum representation is convenient. In addition, we used the tensor products of Hilbert spaces and tensor products of operators in Hilbert spaces and described the structure of essential spectrum and discrete spectrum of the energy operator of four-electron systems in an impurity Hubbard model for the second triplet state of the system. The investigations show that the essential spectrum of the system consists of the union of no more than sixteen segments, and the discrete spectrum of the system consists of no more than eleven eigenvalues.
文摘Comparison of the Hubble parameter with cosmological quantities strongly supports the black hole model for the description of the Universe evolution. Such evolution requires matter creation and has implications for what is currently referred to as “dark energy” and the “cosmological constant”.
基金supported by the Central Government Guiding Local Science and Technology Development Fund Project(No.2024SZY0343)the Joint Research Program for Ecological Conservation and High Quality Development of the Yellow River Basin(No.2022-YRUC-01-050205)+2 种基金the Higher Education Scientific Research Project of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(No.NJZZ23078)the project of Inner Mongolia"Prairie Talents"Engineering Innovation Entrepreneurship Talent Team,the Major Projects of Erdos Science and Technology(No.2022EEDSKJZDZX015)the Innovation Team of the Inner Mongolia Academy of Science and Technology(No.CXTD2023-01-016).
文摘Rural domestic sewage treatment is critical for environmental protection.This study defines the spatial pattern of villages from the perspective of rural sewage treatment and develops an integrated decision-making system to propose a sewage treatment mode and scheme suitable for local conditions.By considering the village spatial layout and terrain factors,a decision tree model of residential density and terrain type was constructed with accuracies of 76.47%and 96.00%,respectively.Combined with binary classification probability unit regression,an appropriate sewage treatment mode for the village was determined with 87.00%accuracy.The Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP),combined with the Technique for Order Preference(TOPSIS)by Similarity to an Ideal Solution model,formed the basis for optimal treatment process selection under different emission standards.Verification was conducted in 542 villages across three counties of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,focusing on the standard effluent effect(0.3773),low investment cost(0.3196),and high standard effluent effect(0.5115)to determine the best treatment process for the same emission standard under different needs.The annual environmental and carbon emission benefits of sewage treatment in these villages were estimated.This model matches village density,geographic feature,and social development level,and provides scientific support and a theoretical basis for rural sewage treatment decision-making.
基金National Key Scientific and Technological Infrastructure project “Earth System Science Numerical Simulator Facility” (EarthLab)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 92044302)the National Key Research Development Program of China (Grant No. 2022YFC3700703)
文摘We present a comprehensive description and benchmark evaluation of the global–regional chemical transport model called the Emission and Atmospheric Processes Integrated and Coupled Community(EPICC)model.The framework incorporates(1)grid configuration,(2)transport dynamics,(3)chemical mechanisms,(4)aerosol processes,(5)wet/dry deposition parameterizations,and(6)heterogeneous chemistry treatments associated with sulfate,nitrous acid(HONO)chemistry,and aerosol/cloud–photolysis interactions(APIs/CPIs).Openly shared with the atmospheric research community,the model facilitates integration of advanced physicochemical schemes to enhance simulation accuracy.Globally,the model demonstrates realistic representations of ozone(O_(3))and aerosol optical depth.The EPICC model generally demonstrates robust performance in simulating regional concentrations of O_(3) and PM_(2.5)(and its components)in China.It successfully captures vertical profiles of both global and regional O_(3).Notably,the model mitigates frequently reported sulfate underestimations in highly industrialized regions of China.The model accurately captures two regional severe pollution episodes observed in eastern China(January/June 2021).Sensitivity experiments highlight the critical roles of heterogeneous chemical mechanisms associated with sulfate,HONO chemistry,APIs,and CPIs in capturing PM_(2.5) and O_(3) concentrations in China.Improved sulfate mechanisms result in an increase of approximately 32.4%(2.8μg m^(−3))in simulated winter sulfate concentrations when observations exceed 10μg m^(−3).Enhanced HONO elevates winter O_(3) and PM_(2.5) by≤20 and≤10μg m^(−3),respectively.Overall,CPIs dominate over APIs in improving O_(3) and PM_(2.5) simulations across China.Locally,APIs mitigate PM_(2.5) and O_(3) discrepancies in the Sichuan Basin.Seasonal cloud–chemistry coupling explains the weaker impact of PM_(2.5) in summer.
文摘Model evaluation using benchmark datasets is an important method to measure the capability of large language models(LLMs)in specific domains,and it is mainly used to assess the knowledge and reasoning abilities of LLMs.Therefore,in order to better assess the capability of LLMs in the agricultural domain,Agri-Eval was proposed as a benchmark for assessing the knowledge and reasoning ability of LLMs in agriculture.The assessment dataset used in Agri-Eval covered seven major disciplines in the agricultural domain:crop science,horticulture,plant protection,animal husbandry,forest science,aquaculture science,and grass science,and contained a total of 2283 questions.Among domestic general-purpose LLMs,DeepSeek R1 performed best with an accuracy rate of 75.49%.In the realm of international general-purpose LLMs,Gemini 2.0 pro exp 0205 standed out as the top performer,achieving an accuracy rate of 74.28%.As an LLMs in agriculture vertical,Shennong V2.0 outperformed all the LLMs in China,and the answer accuracy rate of agricultural knowledge exceeded that of all the existing general-purpose LLMs.The launch of Agri-Eval helped the LLM developers to comprehensively evaluate the model's capability in the field of agriculture through a variety of tasks and tests to promote the development of the LLMs in the field of agriculture.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(12261018)Universities Key Laboratory of Mathematical Modeling and Data Mining in Guizhou Province(2023013)。
文摘In this paper,we establish and study a single-species logistic model with impulsive age-selective harvesting.First,we prove the ultimate boundedness of the solutions of the system.Then,we obtain conditions for the asymptotic stability of the trivial solution and the positive periodic solution.Finally,numerical simulations are presented to validate our results.Our results show that age-selective harvesting is more conducive to sustainable population survival than non-age-selective harvesting.
文摘This paper presents an efficient model reduction technique for linear time-varying systems based on shifted Legendre polynomials.The approach constructs approximate low-rank decomposition factors of finite-time Gramians directly from the expansion coefficients of impulse responses.Leveraging these factors,we develop two model reduction algorithms that integrate the low-rank square root method with dominant subspace projection.Our method is computationally efficient and flexible,requiring only a few matrix-vector operations and a singular value decomposition of a low-dimensional matrix,thereby avoiding the need to solve differential Lyapunov equations.Numerical experiments confirm the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
文摘Utilizing finite element analysis,the ballistic protection provided by a combination of perforated D-shaped and base armor plates,collectively referred to as radiator armor,is evaluated.ANSYS Explicit Dynamics is employed to simulate the ballistic impact of 7.62 mm armor-piercing projectiles on Aluminum AA5083-H116 and Steel Secure 500 armors,focusing on the evaluation of material deformation and penetration resistance at varying impact points.While the D-shaped armor plate is penetrated by the armor-piercing projectiles,the combination of the perforated D-shaped and base armor plates successfully halts penetration.A numerical model based on the finite element method is developed using software such as SolidWorks and ANSYS to analyze the interaction between radiator armor and bullet.The perforated design of radiator armor is to maintain airflow for radiator function,with hole sizes smaller than the bullet core diameter to protect radiator assemblies.Predictions are made regarding the brittle fracture resulting from the projectile core′s bending due to asymmetric impact,and the resulting fragments failed to penetrate the perforated base armor plate.Craters are formed on the surface of the perforated D-shaped armor plate due to the impact of projectile fragments.The numerical model accurately predicts hole growth and projectile penetration upon impact with the armor,demonstrating effective protection of the radiator assemblies by the radiator armor.
文摘The proliferation of high-dimensional data and the widespread use of complex models present central challenges in contemporary statistics and data science.Dimension reduction and model checking,as two foundational pillars supporting scientific inference and data-driven decisionmaking,have evolved through the collective wisdom of generations of statisticians.This special issue,titled"Recent Developments in Dimension Reduction and Model Checking for regressions",not only aims to showcase cutting-edge advances in the field but also carries a distinct sense of academic homage to honor the groundbreaking and enduring contributions of Professor Lixing Zhu,a leading scholar whose work has profoundly shaped both areas.
文摘In their recent paper Pereira et al.(2025)claim that validation is overlooked in mapping and modelling of ecosystem services(ES).They state that“many studies lack critical evaluation of the results and no validation is provided”and that“the validation step is largely overlooked”.This assertion may have been true several years ago,for example,when Ochoa and Urbina-Cardona(2017)made a similar observation.However,there has been much work on ES model validation over the last decade.
