Various velocity models have been built for Southeast Qinghai-Xizang Plateau with the purpose of revealing the internal dynamics and estimating local seismic hazards.In this study,we use a 3-D full-waveform modeling p...Various velocity models have been built for Southeast Qinghai-Xizang Plateau with the purpose of revealing the internal dynamics and estimating local seismic hazards.In this study,we use a 3-D full-waveform modeling package to systematically validate three published continental-scale velocity models,that is,Shen2016,FWEA18,and USTClitho1.0,leveraging the ample datasets in Southeast Qinghai-Xizang Plateau region.Travel time residuals and waveform similarities are measured between observed empirical Green’s functions and synthetic waveforms.The results show that the Shen2016 model,derived from traditional surface wave tomography,performs best in fitting Rayleigh waves in the Southeast Qinghai-Xizang Plateau,followed by FWEA18,built from full-waveform inversion of long-period body and surface waves.The USTClitho1.0 model,although inverted from body wave datasets,is comparable with FWEA18 in fitting Rayleigh waves.The results also show that all the models are faster than the ground-truth model and show relatively large travel-time residuals and poor waveform similarities at shorter period bands,possibly caused by small-scale structural heterogeneities in the shallower crust.We further invert the time residuals for spatial velocity residuals and reveal that all three models underestimate the amplitudes of high-and low-velocity anomalies.The underestimated amplitude is up to 4%,which is non-negligible considering that the overall amplitude of anomalies is only 5%−10%in the crust.These results suggest that datasets and the inversion method are both essential to building accurate models and further refinements of these models are necessary.展开更多
In this paper, the theory and method, obtaining the tomographic determination of three-dimensional velocity structure of the crust by use of the joint inversion of explosion and earthquake data, are given. The velocit...In this paper, the theory and method, obtaining the tomographic determination of three-dimensional velocity structure of the crust by use of the joint inversion of explosion and earthquake data, are given. The velocity distribution of the crust is regarded as a continuous function of the spatial coordinates without parametrization of the velocity model ahead, so that the inversion solution would not be influenced by different parametrization procedures.The expressions of integration kernels, which relates the two kinds of data sets, are also given. The authors have processed the observed data in Tangshan earthquake region by the method proposed in this paper, and obtained the tomographic results of the middle and upper crust structures in this region. The comparison of these results with the result obtained only by the explosion data, has also been made.展开更多
The prevailing academic view regards mantle flow and the metasomatism triggered by the subduction of the Pacific plate as the cause and mechanism for the destruction of the North China Craton(NCC). However, the geodyn...The prevailing academic view regards mantle flow and the metasomatism triggered by the subduction of the Pacific plate as the cause and mechanism for the destruction of the North China Craton(NCC). However, the geodynamic destruction process remains ambiguous, necessitating detailed information at this stage. Combining the structural images obtained by the exploration of dense seismic arrays and the geodynamic simulations inspired by numerical modeling, this paper arrives at the following conclusions: the spatial variation of the P-and S-wave velocities, as well as their velocity ratio in the mantle transition zone, are key evidences of the nonuniform dehydration of the Pacific plate, the subducted plate induces hot upwellings in the mantle transition zone(MTZ), resulting in the heterogeneous distribution of the melt/fluid beneath the craton, characterized by small scale anomalies in the seismic velocity field, and as revealed by dense seismic array observation, the heterogeneities in the upper mantle structure and deformation are the synthetic results of lithospheric strain localization and the heterogeneous distribution of the melt/fluid. It is known that the nonuniform dehydration of the Pacific slab and the heterogeneous distribution of the melt/fluid have occured in the Cenozoic. If these scenarios could have already occurred in the Early Cretaceous, their interaction with the NCC lithosphere would be the dynamic mechanism for the heterogeneous lithospheric destruction of the NCC. The inference in this study is significant for further reconciling the multidisciplinary evidences in the NCC.展开更多
Southwest China is a tectonically and seismically active region,witnessing strong deformation due to the collision between the Indian and Eurasian plates.Constraining the subsurface velocity structure of this region i...Southwest China is a tectonically and seismically active region,witnessing strong deformation due to the collision between the Indian and Eurasian plates.Constraining the subsurface velocity structure of this region is thus important in understanding the tectonics and geodynamic processes of continental collision and in mitigating seismic hazards.Numerous studies have provided various 3D seismic velocity models in southwest China.However,discrepancies exist among these models,and less effort has been made to quantify the reliability and accuracy of these existing velocity models.In this study,we use regional 3D waveform simulation to evaluate the performance of various regional crustal 3D velocity models in reproducing observed seismograms.We particularly focus on two recent earthquake sequence in the region,the 2021 Yunnan Yangbi MS_(6.4)earthquake sequence and the 2022 Sichuan Luding MS_(6.8)earthquake sequence.The tested 3D velocity models include the Southwest China Community Velocity model V1.0,the Unified Seismic Tomography Models for Continental China Lithosphere V2.0,the adjoint full waveform tomography model of the crustal and upper mantle beneath Eastern Tibetan Plateau,and the shallow seismic structure model beneath continental China.Our results show that the tested 3D velocity models generally capture well long-period(<0.2 Hz)waveforms,indicating that the 3D models adequately resolve overall large-scale subsurface structures.However,the 3D synthetics show discrepancies in higher frequencies(0.05–0.3 Hz)and the performance of the 3D velocity models varies from region to region,suggesting that smaller scale heterogeneities are not well constrained.Including shallow velocity structures(<10 km)can improve the waveform fitting,emphasizing the importance of incorporating shallow structures in waveform modeling.The full-waveform tomography model shows a slighter better performance than the other models,especially for the body-waves,highlighting the advantages of full-waveform method in achieving sub-wavelength resolution despite the usage of very long-period waveforms.In light of these comparison results of model performance,we identify the advantages and limitations of different seismic tomography models and methods,and we propose to incorporate different tomography methods and datasets to better constrain subsurface structures.While our target region in this study is southwest China,the analysis that we have conducted can be applied to other regions of various scales and tectonic settings for quantitative seismic model evaluation.展开更多
基金supported by the Special Fund of the Institute of Geophysics,China Earthquake Administration(Nos.DQJB23R28 and DQJB22K40)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42304078,U1839210 and 42104043).
文摘Various velocity models have been built for Southeast Qinghai-Xizang Plateau with the purpose of revealing the internal dynamics and estimating local seismic hazards.In this study,we use a 3-D full-waveform modeling package to systematically validate three published continental-scale velocity models,that is,Shen2016,FWEA18,and USTClitho1.0,leveraging the ample datasets in Southeast Qinghai-Xizang Plateau region.Travel time residuals and waveform similarities are measured between observed empirical Green’s functions and synthetic waveforms.The results show that the Shen2016 model,derived from traditional surface wave tomography,performs best in fitting Rayleigh waves in the Southeast Qinghai-Xizang Plateau,followed by FWEA18,built from full-waveform inversion of long-period body and surface waves.The USTClitho1.0 model,although inverted from body wave datasets,is comparable with FWEA18 in fitting Rayleigh waves.The results also show that all the models are faster than the ground-truth model and show relatively large travel-time residuals and poor waveform similarities at shorter period bands,possibly caused by small-scale structural heterogeneities in the shallower crust.We further invert the time residuals for spatial velocity residuals and reveal that all three models underestimate the amplitudes of high-and low-velocity anomalies.The underestimated amplitude is up to 4%,which is non-negligible considering that the overall amplitude of anomalies is only 5%−10%in the crust.These results suggest that datasets and the inversion method are both essential to building accurate models and further refinements of these models are necessary.
文摘In this paper, the theory and method, obtaining the tomographic determination of three-dimensional velocity structure of the crust by use of the joint inversion of explosion and earthquake data, are given. The velocity distribution of the crust is regarded as a continuous function of the spatial coordinates without parametrization of the velocity model ahead, so that the inversion solution would not be influenced by different parametrization procedures.The expressions of integration kernels, which relates the two kinds of data sets, are also given. The authors have processed the observed data in Tangshan earthquake region by the method proposed in this paper, and obtained the tomographic results of the middle and upper crust structures in this region. The comparison of these results with the result obtained only by the explosion data, has also been made.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 91414301 & 41604081)
文摘The prevailing academic view regards mantle flow and the metasomatism triggered by the subduction of the Pacific plate as the cause and mechanism for the destruction of the North China Craton(NCC). However, the geodynamic destruction process remains ambiguous, necessitating detailed information at this stage. Combining the structural images obtained by the exploration of dense seismic arrays and the geodynamic simulations inspired by numerical modeling, this paper arrives at the following conclusions: the spatial variation of the P-and S-wave velocities, as well as their velocity ratio in the mantle transition zone, are key evidences of the nonuniform dehydration of the Pacific plate, the subducted plate induces hot upwellings in the mantle transition zone(MTZ), resulting in the heterogeneous distribution of the melt/fluid beneath the craton, characterized by small scale anomalies in the seismic velocity field, and as revealed by dense seismic array observation, the heterogeneities in the upper mantle structure and deformation are the synthetic results of lithospheric strain localization and the heterogeneous distribution of the melt/fluid. It is known that the nonuniform dehydration of the Pacific slab and the heterogeneous distribution of the melt/fluid have occured in the Cenozoic. If these scenarios could have already occurred in the Early Cretaceous, their interaction with the NCC lithosphere would be the dynamic mechanism for the heterogeneous lithospheric destruction of the NCC. The inference in this study is significant for further reconciling the multidisciplinary evidences in the NCC.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2022YFF0802600)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.91958209 and 42288201)the Key Research Program of the Institute of Geology and Geophysics,Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.IGGCAS-201904)。
文摘Southwest China is a tectonically and seismically active region,witnessing strong deformation due to the collision between the Indian and Eurasian plates.Constraining the subsurface velocity structure of this region is thus important in understanding the tectonics and geodynamic processes of continental collision and in mitigating seismic hazards.Numerous studies have provided various 3D seismic velocity models in southwest China.However,discrepancies exist among these models,and less effort has been made to quantify the reliability and accuracy of these existing velocity models.In this study,we use regional 3D waveform simulation to evaluate the performance of various regional crustal 3D velocity models in reproducing observed seismograms.We particularly focus on two recent earthquake sequence in the region,the 2021 Yunnan Yangbi MS_(6.4)earthquake sequence and the 2022 Sichuan Luding MS_(6.8)earthquake sequence.The tested 3D velocity models include the Southwest China Community Velocity model V1.0,the Unified Seismic Tomography Models for Continental China Lithosphere V2.0,the adjoint full waveform tomography model of the crustal and upper mantle beneath Eastern Tibetan Plateau,and the shallow seismic structure model beneath continental China.Our results show that the tested 3D velocity models generally capture well long-period(<0.2 Hz)waveforms,indicating that the 3D models adequately resolve overall large-scale subsurface structures.However,the 3D synthetics show discrepancies in higher frequencies(0.05–0.3 Hz)and the performance of the 3D velocity models varies from region to region,suggesting that smaller scale heterogeneities are not well constrained.Including shallow velocity structures(<10 km)can improve the waveform fitting,emphasizing the importance of incorporating shallow structures in waveform modeling.The full-waveform tomography model shows a slighter better performance than the other models,especially for the body-waves,highlighting the advantages of full-waveform method in achieving sub-wavelength resolution despite the usage of very long-period waveforms.In light of these comparison results of model performance,we identify the advantages and limitations of different seismic tomography models and methods,and we propose to incorporate different tomography methods and datasets to better constrain subsurface structures.While our target region in this study is southwest China,the analysis that we have conducted can be applied to other regions of various scales and tectonic settings for quantitative seismic model evaluation.
