BaCe0.8Pr0.2O3-α ceramic was synthesized by high temperature solid-state reaction. The structural characteristics and the phase purity of the crystal were determined using powder X-ray diffraction analysis. By using ...BaCe0.8Pr0.2O3-α ceramic was synthesized by high temperature solid-state reaction. The structural characteristics and the phase purity of the crystal were determined using powder X-ray diffraction analysis. By using the methods of AC impedance spectroscopy, gas concentration cell and electrochemical pumping of hydrogen, the conductivity and ionic transport number of BaCe0.8Pr0.2O3-α were measured, and the electrical conduction behavior of the material was investigated in different gases in the temperature range of 500-900℃. The results indicate that the material was of a single perovskite-type orthorhombic phase. From 500℃ to 900 ℃, electronic-hole conduction was dominant in dry and wet oxygen, air or nitrogen, and the total conductivity of the material increased slightly with increasing oxygen partial pressure in the oxygen partial pressure range studied. Ionic conduction was dominant in wet hydrogen, and the total conductivity was about one or two orders of magnitude higher than that in hydrogen-free atmosphere （oxygen, air or nitrogen）展开更多
An adaptive mixed least squares Galerkin/Petrov finite element method （FEM） is developed for stationary conduction convection problems. The mixed least squares Galerkin/Petrov FEM is consistent and stable for any co...An adaptive mixed least squares Galerkin/Petrov finite element method （FEM） is developed for stationary conduction convection problems. The mixed least squares Galerkin/Petrov FEM is consistent and stable for any combination of discrete velocity and pressure spaces without requiring the Babuska-Brezzi stability condition. Using the general theory of Verfiirth, the posteriori error estimates of the residual type are derived. Finally, numerical tests are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the method.展开更多
Transient behavior of three-dimensional semiconductor device with heat conduc- tion is described by a coupled mathematical system of four quasi-linear partial differential equations with initial-boundary value conditi...Transient behavior of three-dimensional semiconductor device with heat conduc- tion is described by a coupled mathematical system of four quasi-linear partial differential equations with initial-boundary value conditions. The electric potential is defined by an ellip- tic equation and it appears in the following three equations via the electric field intensity. The electron concentration and the hole concentration are determined by convection-dominated diffusion equations and the temperature is interpreted by a heat conduction equation. A mixed finite volume element approximation, keeping physical conservation law, is used to get numerical values of the electric potential and the accuracy is improved one order. Two con- centrations and the heat conduction are computed by a fractional step method combined with second-order upwind differences. This method can overcome numerical oscillation, dispersion and decreases computational complexity. Then a three-dimensional problem is solved by computing three successive one-dimensional problems where the method of speedup is used and the computational work is greatly shortened. An optimal second-order error estimate in L2 norm is derived by using prior estimate theory and other special techniques of partial differential equations. This type of mass-conservative parallel method is important and is most valuable in numerical analysis and application of semiconductor device.展开更多
In this study,magneto-hydrodynamics (MHD) mixed convection effects of Al2O3-water nanofluid flow over a backward-facing step were investigated numerically for various electrical conductivity models of nanofluids.A uni...In this study,magneto-hydrodynamics (MHD) mixed convection effects of Al2O3-water nanofluid flow over a backward-facing step were investigated numerically for various electrical conductivity models of nanofluids.A uniform external magnetic field was applied to the flow and strength of magnetic field was varied with different values of dimensionless parameter Hartmann number (Ha=0,10,20,30,40).Three different electrical conductivity models were used to see the effects of MHD nanofluid flow.Besides,five different inclination angles between 0°-90° is used for the external magnetic field.The problem geometry is a backward-facing step which is used in many engineering applications where flow separation and reattachment phenomenon occurs.Mixed type convective heat transfer of backward-facing step was examined with various values of Richardson number (Ri=0.01,0.1,1,10) and four different nanoparticle volume fractions (Ф=0.01,0.015,0.020,0.025) considering different electrical conductivity models.Finite element method via commercial code COMSOL was used for computations.Results indicate that the addition of nanoparticles enhanced heat transfer significantly.Also increasing magnetic field strength and inclination angle increased heat transfer rate.Effects of different electrical conductivity models were also investigated and it was observed that they have significant effects on the fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics in the presence of magnetic field.展开更多
The electrical conductivity of sintered Cr2O3 mixed with 2% and 5% （in molar fraction） TiO2 or CuO was investigated in the temperature range 500-900℃ in air and in At/4 vol. pct H2 atmospheres. The effect of differ...The electrical conductivity of sintered Cr2O3 mixed with 2% and 5% （in molar fraction） TiO2 or CuO was investigated in the temperature range 500-900℃ in air and in At/4 vol. pct H2 atmospheres. The effect of different Mn-oxides on the electrical conductivity of Cr2O3 was also studied under the same conditions. From the conductivity measurements it is established that additions of TiO2 change the defect structure of Cr2O3 and the effect of TiO2 on the electrical conductivity is controlled by TiO2 concentration as well as temperature and O2 partial pressure of the surrounding atmosphere. The conductivity of Cr2O3 increased in air and decreased in the At/H2 atmosphere by CuO additions. The effect of CuO was discussed with possible changes in the defect concentration in Cr2O3. Mixing of Cr2O3 with different Mn-oxides at the same Mn to metal atom fraction decreased the conductivity in air and in Ar/H2 atmospheres. No clear correlation between the spinel fraction and the changes in conductivity could be found.展开更多
In this article,three-dimensional mixed convection flow over an exponentially stretching sheet is investigated.Energy equation is modelled in the presence of viscous dissipation and variable thermal conductivity.Tempe...In this article,three-dimensional mixed convection flow over an exponentially stretching sheet is investigated.Energy equation is modelled in the presence of viscous dissipation and variable thermal conductivity.Temperature of the sheet is varying exponentially and is chosen in a form that facilitates the similarity transformations to obtain self-similar equations.Resulting nonlinear ordinary differential equations are solved numerically employing the Runge-Kutta shooting method.In order to check the accuracy of the method,these equations are also solved using bvp4c built-in routine in Matlab.Both solutions are in excellent agreement.The effects of physical parameters on the dimensionless velocity field and temperature are demonstrated through various graphs.The novelty of this analysis is the self-similar solution of the threedimensional boundary layer flow in the presence of mixed convection,viscous dissipation and variable thermal conductivity.展开更多
Using the extended Blonder-Tinkham-Klapwijk （BTK） theory, this paper calculates the tunnelling conductance in quantum wire/insulator/dx2-y2 ＋ idly mixed wave superconductor （q/I/dx2-y2 ＋ idly） junctions. That is...Using the extended Blonder-Tinkham-Klapwijk （BTK） theory, this paper calculates the tunnelling conductance in quantum wire/insulator/dx2-y2 ＋ idly mixed wave superconductor （q/I/dx2-y2 ＋ idly） junctions. That is different from the case in d- and p-wave superconductor junctions. When the angle α between a-axis of the dx2-y2 wave superconductor and the interface normal is π/4, there follows a rather distinctive tunnelling conductance. The zero-bias conductance peak （ZBCP） may or may not appear in the tunnelling conductance. Both the interface potential z and the quasi-particle lifetime factor F are smaller, there is no ZBCP. Otherwise, the ZBCP will appear. The position of bias conductance peak （BCP） depends strongly on the amplitude ratio of two components for dx2-y2 ＋ idxy mixed wave. The low and narrow ZBCP may coexist with the BCP in the tunnelling conductance. Using those features in the tunnelling conductance of q/I/dx2-y2 ＋ idxy junctions, it can distinguish dx2-y2 ＋ idxy mixed wave superconductor from d- and p-wave one.展开更多
For the crystalline temperature of BaSnO_(3)(BTO)was above 650℃,the transparent conductive BTO-based films were always deposited above this temperature on epitaxy substrates by pulsed laser deposition or molecular be...For the crystalline temperature of BaSnO_(3)(BTO)was above 650℃,the transparent conductive BTO-based films were always deposited above this temperature on epitaxy substrates by pulsed laser deposition or molecular beam epitaxy till now which limited there application in low temperature device process.In the article,the microstructure,optical and electrical of BTO and In_(2)O_(3) mixed transparent conductive BaInSnO_(x)(BITO)film deposited by filtered cathodic vacuum arc technique(FCVA)on glass substrate at room temperature were firstly reported.The BITO film with thickness of 300 nm had mainly In_(2)O_(3) polycrystalline phase,and minor polycrystalline BTO phase with(001),(011),(111),(002),(222)crystal faces which were first deposited at room temperature on amorphous glass.The transmittance was 70%–80%in the visible light region with linear refractive index of 1.94 and extinction coefficient of 0.004 at 550-nm wavelength.The basic optical properties included the real and imaginary parts,high frequency dielectric constants,the absorption coefficient,the Urbach energy,the indirect and direct band gaps,the oscillator and dispersion energies,the static refractive index and dielectric constant,the average oscillator wavelength,oscillator length strength,the linear and the third-order nonlinear optical susceptibilities,and the nonlinear refractive index were all calculated.The film was the n-type conductor with sheet resistance of 704.7Ω/□,resistivity of 0.02Ω⋅cm,mobility of 18.9 cm2/V⋅s,and carrier electron concentration of 1.6×10^(19) cm^(−3) at room temperature.The results suggested that the BITO film deposited by FCVA had potential application in transparent conductive films-based low temperature device process.展开更多
The effect of dopant valence on oxygen desorption and oxygen permeability of SrCo0.4Fe0.5M0.1O3-δ （M = Ni, Al and Zr） mixed-conducting oxides were investigated in detail by O2-TPD and oxygen permeation measurement....The effect of dopant valence on oxygen desorption and oxygen permeability of SrCo0.4Fe0.5M0.1O3-δ （M = Ni, Al and Zr） mixed-conducting oxides were investigated in detail by O2-TPD and oxygen permeation measurement. The SrCo0.4Fe0.5M0.1O3-δ for M = Fe, Ni, Al and Zr were denoted as SCF, SCFN, SCFA and SCFZ, respectively. O2-TPD analysis revealed that the amount of α oxygen desorption decreased with increasing the valance of doped metal elements （SCFN 〉 SCFA SCF 〉 SCFZ）. The oxygen permeation flux at the temperature ≈igher than 1148 K decreased in the order of SCFN 〉 SCF 〉 SCFZ 〉 SCFA. Single activation for oxygen permeation was observed for SCFZ oxide and the activation energies of SCF and SCFA change at around 1073 K, while the change temoerature of SCFN was about 1173 K.展开更多
The thermophysical properties of the SiC /Al composites mixed with diamond（SiC-Dia/Al） were studied through theoretical calculation and experiments. The thermal conductivity and the thermal expansion coefficient of ...The thermophysical properties of the SiC /Al composites mixed with diamond（SiC-Dia/Al） were studied through theoretical calculation and experiments. The thermal conductivity and the thermal expansion coefficient of the SiC-Dia/Al were calculated by differential effective medium（DEM） theoretical model and extended Turner model, respectively. The microstructure of the SiC-Dia/Al shows that the combination between SiC particles and Al is close, while that between diamond particles and Al is not close. The experimental results of the thermophysical properties of the SiC-Dia/Al are consistent with the calculated ones. The calculation results show that when the volume ratio of the diamond particles to the SiC particles is 3：7, the thermal conductivity and the thermal expansion coefficient can be improved by 39% and 30% compared to SiC/Al composites, respectively. In other words, by adding a small amount of diamond particles, the thermophysical properties of the composites can be improved effectively, while the cost increases little.展开更多
A new glass system （Bi2O3）50（Fe2O3）10（Li2O）x（K2O）40-x, where x changes in steps of 5 mole fraction between 0 and 40, was selected to study the electrical relaxation and the mixed alkali effect （MAE） phenomen...A new glass system （Bi2O3）50（Fe2O3）10（Li2O）x（K2O）40-x, where x changes in steps of 5 mole fraction between 0 and 40, was selected to study the electrical relaxation and the mixed alkali effect （MAE） phenomena. Measurements of ac conductivity σac, dielectric permittivity ε′ and loss factor tanδ in the frequency range of 0.12～10^2 kHz and in the temperature range of 300～650 K were carried out. The temperature dependence of the ac conductivity shows a slow increasing rate at low temperature and high frequency and a rapid increase at high temperature and low frequency. At constant temperature, the ac conductivity is found to be proportional to ω^8, where s is the frequency exponent, which is less than 1. Analysis of the conductivity data and the frequency exponent shows that the overlapping large polaron tunnelling （OLPT） model of ions is the most favorable mechanism for the ac conduction in the present glass system. The ac response, the dc conductivity and dielectric relaxation have the same activation energy and they originate from the same basic transport mechanism. The results of the dielectric permittivity show no maximum peak in the temperature and frequency range studied. This absence of maximum peak is an indication of non-ferroelectric behavior of all the studied samples. The MAE has been detected in the ac conductivity, which is the same as the classical MAE in the dc conductivity. The electrical parameters such as dielectric permittivity ε′ and real dielectric modulus M′ show a typical minimum deviation from linearity by about two orders of magnitude. The loss factor tanδ and the imaginary dielectric modulus M″ are insignificantly dependent on composition even at the same transition temperature Tg.展开更多
In this article, a reduced mixed finite element （MFE） formulation based on proper orthogonal decomposition （POD） for the non-stationary conduction-convection problems is presented. Also the error estimates between...In this article, a reduced mixed finite element （MFE） formulation based on proper orthogonal decomposition （POD） for the non-stationary conduction-convection problems is presented. Also the error estimates between the reduced MFE solutions based on POD and usual MFE solutions are derived. It is shown by numerical examples that the results of numerical computation are consistent with theoretical conclusions. Moreover, it is shown that the reduced MFE formulation based on POD is feasible and efficient in finding numerical solutions for the non-stationary conduction-convection problems.展开更多
Based on the complex effective conductivity method, a closed-form expression for the internal impedance of mixed carbon nanotube （CNT） bundles, in which the number of CNTs for a given diameter follows a Gaussian dis...Based on the complex effective conductivity method, a closed-form expression for the internal impedance of mixed carbon nanotube （CNT） bundles, in which the number of CNTs for a given diameter follows a Gaussian distribution, is proposed in this paper. It can appropriately capture the skin effect as well as the temperature effect of mixed CNT bundles. The results of the closed-form expression and the numerical calculation are compared with various mean diameters, standard deviations, and temperatures. It is shown that the proposed model has very high accuracy in the whole frequency range considered, with maximum errors of 1% and 2.3% for the resistance and the internal inductance, respectively. Moreover, by using the proposed model, the high-frequency electrical characteristics of mixed CNT bundles are deeply analyzed to provide helpful design guidelines for their application in future high-performance three-dimensional integrated circuits.展开更多
The model of transient behavior of semiconductor with heat-conduction is an initial and boundary problem. Alternating-direction multistep preconditioned iterative methods and theory analyses are given in this paper. E...The model of transient behavior of semiconductor with heat-conduction is an initial and boundary problem. Alternating-direction multistep preconditioned iterative methods and theory analyses are given in this paper. Electric potential equation is approximated by mixed finite element method, concentration and heat-conduction equations are approximated by Galerkin alternating-direction multistep methods. Error estimates of optimal order in L2 are demonstrated.展开更多
Lithium metal anode possesses a high theoretical capacity and the lowest redox potential,while the severe growth of Li dendrite prevents its practical application.Herein,we prepared a structure of Li_(3)P nanosheets a...Lithium metal anode possesses a high theoretical capacity and the lowest redox potential,while the severe growth of Li dendrite prevents its practical application.Herein,we prepared a structure of Li_(3)P nanosheets and Ni nanoparticles decorated on Ni foam(NF)as a three-dimensional(3 D)scaffold for dendrite-free Li metal anodes(Li-Li_(3)P/Ni@Ni foam anodes,shortened as L-LPNNF)using a facile melting method.The LiP nanosheets exhibit excellent Li-ion conductivity as well as superior lithiophilicity,and the 3 D nickel scaffold provides sufficient electron conductivity and ensures structure stability.Therefore,symmetric cells assembled by L-LPNNF possess lowered voltage hysteresis and improved long cycle stability(a voltage hysteresis of 104.2 mV after 500 cycles at a high current density of 20 mA cm^(-2) with a high capacity of 10 mA h cm^(-2)),compared with the cells assembled with Li foil or Li-NF anodes.Furthermore,the full cells with paired L-LPNNF anodes and commercial LiFePOcathodes suggest a specific capacity of 124.6 mA h gand capacity retention of 90.8%after 180 cycles with the Coulombic efficiency(CE)of~100%at a current rate of 1 C.This work provides a potentially scalable option for preparing a mixed electronic-ionic conductive and lithiophilic scaffold for dendrite-free Li anodes at high current densities.展开更多
Diamond/metal composites with 50 vol.%diamond have been produced by spark plasma sintering(SPS)using pure Ag as a matrix and diamond particles as reinforcement.Three kinds of powder mixing processes were used to prepa...Diamond/metal composites with 50 vol.%diamond have been produced by spark plasma sintering(SPS)using pure Ag as a matrix and diamond particles as reinforcement.Three kinds of powder mixing processes were used to prepare the mixture of diamond/Ag powders:dry mixing without milling medium,wet mixing and magnetic blending.Subsequently,they were all consolidated by SPS at various processing parameters to produce bulk diamond/Ag composites.Then samples were heat treated in order to obtain a higher thermal conductivity.The effect of processing parameters on the morphologies of the mixed powders,the microstructure and the thermal conductivity of the composites were investigated by comparing the experimental data.It reveals that particles were easy to agglomerate and the distribution of mixed powders was inhomogeneous by dry mixing method,and wet mixing method is too complex.The most favorable mixing process is magnetic blending by which the powders can be homogenously mixed and the composites prepared by optimized SPS processing parameters can obtain the highest relative density and the best thermal conductivity among the composites prepared by different processes.The magnetic blending diamond/Ag composites even have a 23%increase in thermal conductivity compared with pure silver sintered by SPS.展开更多
Zr-substituted,Tm-doped SrCeO3（SrCe0.95-xZrxTm0.05O3-δ,0≤x≤0.40）were synthesized via citrate complexing method,and the membranes of SrCe0.95-xZrxTm0.05O3-δwere prepared by pressing followed by sintering. X-ray d...Zr-substituted,Tm-doped SrCeO3（SrCe0.95-xZrxTm0.05O3-δ,0≤x≤0.40）were synthesized via citrate complexing method,and the membranes of SrCe0.95-xZrxTm0.05O3-δwere prepared by pressing followed by sintering. X-ray diffraction（XRD）was used to characterize the phase structure of sintered membrane.The microstructure of the sintered membranes was studied by scanning electron microscopy（SEM）.Protonic and electronic conductivities were measured under different circumstance.Hydrogen permeation through the SrCe0.75Zr0.20Tm0.05O3-δmembranes was carried out using gas permeation setup.Hydrogen permeation fluxes（ 2H J）of the SrCe0.75Zr0.20Tm0.05O3-δ membrane reach up to 0.042 ml·min^ -1 ·cm^-2 at H 2 partial pressure of 0.4×10 ^5 Pa at 900°C.The hydrogen permea- tion fluxes（ 2H J）obtained in this paper are slightly lower than that of SrCe0.95Tm0.05O3-δon the same orders,and Zr doping can increase chemical stability of the SrCe0.75Zr0.20Tm0.05O3-δmembranes.展开更多
This research concerns the development of lithium ions conductive electrolyte from poly(vinyl butyral)(PVB)resin for use as a special interlayer film in electrochromic glass.To obtain the final PVB film with high ioni...This research concerns the development of lithium ions conductive electrolyte from poly(vinyl butyral)(PVB)resin for use as a special interlayer film in electrochromic glass.To obtain the final PVB film with high ionic conductivity and thermal stability,a masterbatch was firstly prepared by mixing of PVB resin with lithium salt(LiClO_(4))and additives in an aqueous ethanol solution.After this,the dried masterbatch were converted into final films by an extrusion process.In this study,PVB film with the highest ionic conductivity value of 4.85×10^(-6) was obtained when the masterbatch was diluted with the neat PVB resin at the weight ratio of 2:1 in the extruder prior to fabrication.The results from cyclic voltammetry over 100 cycles,showed that performance of the electrochromic device(ITO/WO_(3)/PVB electrolyte/ITO)fabricated by using the above PVB film is stable and reversible.In overall,this work demonstrates that ion conductive PVB films with compromised ionic conductivity and thermal stability can be prepared via an extrusion process without the need to modify chemical structure of PVB.This was carried out through the masterbatch approach,by introducing (LiClO_(4)) salts into the plasticized PVB via a solution mixing process prior to converting it into a final film via the extrusion process.展开更多
The perovskite-type solid oxides (ABO3) were a novel kind of functional material with superior properties and have found wide application. A series of nanocrystalline mixed oxides LnFexCo1-xO3 (Ln=La, Pr, Sm, Dy, Er)w...The perovskite-type solid oxides (ABO3) were a novel kind of functional material with superior properties and have found wide application. A series of nanocrystalline mixed oxides LnFexCo1-xO3 (Ln=La, Pr, Sm, Dy, Er)were prepared by sol-gel method. Several aspects of the perovskite type LnFexCo1-xO3, such as crystal defects, oxygen ion vacancy, the tolerance factor of the ABO3, col size, and the bond energy of chemical bond, searching for the relationship between the conductivity and structure of the perovskite type LnFexCo1-xO3, hoping to find some regularities in theory, and providing some helps for composing new type of electricity materials.展开更多
Ionic, electronic and mixed (ionic-electronic) conductivities of blends of poly(2-vinyl pyridine) (P2VP) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) with high molecular weight after doped with LiClO4, TCNQ or LiClO4 and TCNQ were ...Ionic, electronic and mixed (ionic-electronic) conductivities of blends of poly(2-vinyl pyridine) (P2VP) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) with high molecular weight after doped with LiClO4, TCNQ or LiClO4 and TCNQ were investigated. Effects of LiClO4 and TCNQ concentrations on the conductivity of PEO/P2VP/LiClO4 or TCNQ blend were studied. The ionic conductivity of PEO/P2VP/LiClO4 blend increases with increasing PEO content. At a Li/ethylene bride molar ratio of 0.10 and a TCNQ/2-vinyl pyridine molar ratio of 0.5, the mixed conductivity of PEO/P2VP/LiClO4/TCNQ is higher than the total of ionic conductivity of PEO/P2VP/LiClO4 and electronic conductivity of PEO/P2VP/TCNQ when the weight ratio of PEO and P2VP is 6/4 or 5/5. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on the broken cross-section of the PEO/P2VP/LiClO4 blend and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results show that LiClO4 could act as a compatibilizer in the blend.展开更多
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （No.20771079） and the Natural Science Foundation of Education Department of Jiangsu Province （No.07KJB150126）.
文摘BaCe0.8Pr0.2O3-α ceramic was synthesized by high temperature solid-state reaction. The structural characteristics and the phase purity of the crystal were determined using powder X-ray diffraction analysis. By using the methods of AC impedance spectroscopy, gas concentration cell and electrochemical pumping of hydrogen, the conductivity and ionic transport number of BaCe0.8Pr0.2O3-α were measured, and the electrical conduction behavior of the material was investigated in different gases in the temperature range of 500-900℃. The results indicate that the material was of a single perovskite-type orthorhombic phase. From 500℃ to 900 ℃, electronic-hole conduction was dominant in dry and wet oxygen, air or nitrogen, and the total conductivity of the material increased slightly with increasing oxygen partial pressure in the oxygen partial pressure range studied. Ionic conduction was dominant in wet hydrogen, and the total conductivity was about one or two orders of magnitude higher than that in hydrogen-free atmosphere （oxygen, air or nitrogen）
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.10871156 and 11171269)the Fund of Xi'an Jiaotong University(No.2009xjtujc30)
文摘An adaptive mixed least squares Galerkin/Petrov finite element method （FEM） is developed for stationary conduction convection problems. The mixed least squares Galerkin/Petrov FEM is consistent and stable for any combination of discrete velocity and pressure spaces without requiring the Babuska-Brezzi stability condition. Using the general theory of Verfiirth, the posteriori error estimates of the residual type are derived. Finally, numerical tests are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the method.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(11101244,11271231)National Tackling Key Problems Program(20050200069)Doctorate Foundation of the Ministry of Education of China(20030422047)
文摘Transient behavior of three-dimensional semiconductor device with heat conduc- tion is described by a coupled mathematical system of four quasi-linear partial differential equations with initial-boundary value conditions. The electric potential is defined by an ellip- tic equation and it appears in the following three equations via the electric field intensity. The electron concentration and the hole concentration are determined by convection-dominated diffusion equations and the temperature is interpreted by a heat conduction equation. A mixed finite volume element approximation, keeping physical conservation law, is used to get numerical values of the electric potential and the accuracy is improved one order. Two con- centrations and the heat conduction are computed by a fractional step method combined with second-order upwind differences. This method can overcome numerical oscillation, dispersion and decreases computational complexity. Then a three-dimensional problem is solved by computing three successive one-dimensional problems where the method of speedup is used and the computational work is greatly shortened. An optimal second-order error estimate in L2 norm is derived by using prior estimate theory and other special techniques of partial differential equations. This type of mass-conservative parallel method is important and is most valuable in numerical analysis and application of semiconductor device.
文摘In this study,magneto-hydrodynamics (MHD) mixed convection effects of Al2O3-water nanofluid flow over a backward-facing step were investigated numerically for various electrical conductivity models of nanofluids.A uniform external magnetic field was applied to the flow and strength of magnetic field was varied with different values of dimensionless parameter Hartmann number (Ha=0,10,20,30,40).Three different electrical conductivity models were used to see the effects of MHD nanofluid flow.Besides,five different inclination angles between 0°-90° is used for the external magnetic field.The problem geometry is a backward-facing step which is used in many engineering applications where flow separation and reattachment phenomenon occurs.Mixed type convective heat transfer of backward-facing step was examined with various values of Richardson number (Ri=0.01,0.1,1,10) and four different nanoparticle volume fractions (Ф=0.01,0.015,0.020,0.025) considering different electrical conductivity models.Finite element method via commercial code COMSOL was used for computations.Results indicate that the addition of nanoparticles enhanced heat transfer significantly.Also increasing magnetic field strength and inclination angle increased heat transfer rate.Effects of different electrical conductivity models were also investigated and it was observed that they have significant effects on the fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics in the presence of magnetic field.
文摘The electrical conductivity of sintered Cr2O3 mixed with 2% and 5% （in molar fraction） TiO2 or CuO was investigated in the temperature range 500-900℃ in air and in At/4 vol. pct H2 atmospheres. The effect of different Mn-oxides on the electrical conductivity of Cr2O3 was also studied under the same conditions. From the conductivity measurements it is established that additions of TiO2 change the defect structure of Cr2O3 and the effect of TiO2 on the electrical conductivity is controlled by TiO2 concentration as well as temperature and O2 partial pressure of the surrounding atmosphere. The conductivity of Cr2O3 increased in air and decreased in the At/H2 atmosphere by CuO additions. The effect of CuO was discussed with possible changes in the defect concentration in Cr2O3. Mixing of Cr2O3 with different Mn-oxides at the same Mn to metal atom fraction decreased the conductivity in air and in Ar/H2 atmospheres. No clear correlation between the spinel fraction and the changes in conductivity could be found.
文摘In this article,three-dimensional mixed convection flow over an exponentially stretching sheet is investigated.Energy equation is modelled in the presence of viscous dissipation and variable thermal conductivity.Temperature of the sheet is varying exponentially and is chosen in a form that facilitates the similarity transformations to obtain self-similar equations.Resulting nonlinear ordinary differential equations are solved numerically employing the Runge-Kutta shooting method.In order to check the accuracy of the method,these equations are also solved using bvp4c built-in routine in Matlab.Both solutions are in excellent agreement.The effects of physical parameters on the dimensionless velocity field and temperature are demonstrated through various graphs.The novelty of this analysis is the self-similar solution of the threedimensional boundary layer flow in the presence of mixed convection,viscous dissipation and variable thermal conductivity.
文摘Using the extended Blonder-Tinkham-Klapwijk （BTK） theory, this paper calculates the tunnelling conductance in quantum wire/insulator/dx2-y2 ＋ idly mixed wave superconductor （q/I/dx2-y2 ＋ idly） junctions. That is different from the case in d- and p-wave superconductor junctions. When the angle α between a-axis of the dx2-y2 wave superconductor and the interface normal is π/4, there follows a rather distinctive tunnelling conductance. The zero-bias conductance peak （ZBCP） may or may not appear in the tunnelling conductance. Both the interface potential z and the quasi-particle lifetime factor F are smaller, there is no ZBCP. Otherwise, the ZBCP will appear. The position of bias conductance peak （BCP） depends strongly on the amplitude ratio of two components for dx2-y2 ＋ idxy mixed wave. The low and narrow ZBCP may coexist with the BCP in the tunnelling conductance. Using those features in the tunnelling conductance of q/I/dx2-y2 ＋ idxy junctions, it can distinguish dx2-y2 ＋ idxy mixed wave superconductor from d- and p-wave one.
基金Project supported by the Enterprise Science and Technology Correspondent for Guangdong Province,China (Grant No.GDKTP2021015200)。
文摘For the crystalline temperature of BaSnO_(3)(BTO)was above 650℃,the transparent conductive BTO-based films were always deposited above this temperature on epitaxy substrates by pulsed laser deposition or molecular beam epitaxy till now which limited there application in low temperature device process.In the article,the microstructure,optical and electrical of BTO and In_(2)O_(3) mixed transparent conductive BaInSnO_(x)(BITO)film deposited by filtered cathodic vacuum arc technique(FCVA)on glass substrate at room temperature were firstly reported.The BITO film with thickness of 300 nm had mainly In_(2)O_(3) polycrystalline phase,and minor polycrystalline BTO phase with(001),(011),(111),(002),(222)crystal faces which were first deposited at room temperature on amorphous glass.The transmittance was 70%–80%in the visible light region with linear refractive index of 1.94 and extinction coefficient of 0.004 at 550-nm wavelength.The basic optical properties included the real and imaginary parts,high frequency dielectric constants,the absorption coefficient,the Urbach energy,the indirect and direct band gaps,the oscillator and dispersion energies,the static refractive index and dielectric constant,the average oscillator wavelength,oscillator length strength,the linear and the third-order nonlinear optical susceptibilities,and the nonlinear refractive index were all calculated.The film was the n-type conductor with sheet resistance of 704.7Ω/□,resistivity of 0.02Ω⋅cm,mobility of 18.9 cm2/V⋅s,and carrier electron concentration of 1.6×10^(19) cm^(−3) at room temperature.The results suggested that the BITO film deposited by FCVA had potential application in transparent conductive films-based low temperature device process.
基金This work is sponsored by the National Basic Research Program of China （No. 2003CB615702）；National Natural Science Foundation of China （No. 20576051, 20636020）；Special Research Foundation for Doctoral Discipline of Higher Education （No. 20060291003）.
文摘The effect of dopant valence on oxygen desorption and oxygen permeability of SrCo0.4Fe0.5M0.1O3-δ （M = Ni, Al and Zr） mixed-conducting oxides were investigated in detail by O2-TPD and oxygen permeation measurement. The SrCo0.4Fe0.5M0.1O3-δ for M = Fe, Ni, Al and Zr were denoted as SCF, SCFN, SCFA and SCFZ, respectively. O2-TPD analysis revealed that the amount of α oxygen desorption decreased with increasing the valance of doped metal elements （SCFN 〉 SCFA SCF 〉 SCFZ）. The oxygen permeation flux at the temperature ≈igher than 1148 K decreased in the order of SCFN 〉 SCF 〉 SCFZ 〉 SCFA. Single activation for oxygen permeation was observed for SCFZ oxide and the activation energies of SCF and SCFA change at around 1073 K, while the change temoerature of SCFN was about 1173 K.
文摘The thermophysical properties of the SiC /Al composites mixed with diamond（SiC-Dia/Al） were studied through theoretical calculation and experiments. The thermal conductivity and the thermal expansion coefficient of the SiC-Dia/Al were calculated by differential effective medium（DEM） theoretical model and extended Turner model, respectively. The microstructure of the SiC-Dia/Al shows that the combination between SiC particles and Al is close, while that between diamond particles and Al is not close. The experimental results of the thermophysical properties of the SiC-Dia/Al are consistent with the calculated ones. The calculation results show that when the volume ratio of the diamond particles to the SiC particles is 3：7, the thermal conductivity and the thermal expansion coefficient can be improved by 39% and 30% compared to SiC/Al composites, respectively. In other words, by adding a small amount of diamond particles, the thermophysical properties of the composites can be improved effectively, while the cost increases little.
文摘A new glass system （Bi2O3）50（Fe2O3）10（Li2O）x（K2O）40-x, where x changes in steps of 5 mole fraction between 0 and 40, was selected to study the electrical relaxation and the mixed alkali effect （MAE） phenomena. Measurements of ac conductivity σac, dielectric permittivity ε′ and loss factor tanδ in the frequency range of 0.12～10^2 kHz and in the temperature range of 300～650 K were carried out. The temperature dependence of the ac conductivity shows a slow increasing rate at low temperature and high frequency and a rapid increase at high temperature and low frequency. At constant temperature, the ac conductivity is found to be proportional to ω^8, where s is the frequency exponent, which is less than 1. Analysis of the conductivity data and the frequency exponent shows that the overlapping large polaron tunnelling （OLPT） model of ions is the most favorable mechanism for the ac conduction in the present glass system. The ac response, the dc conductivity and dielectric relaxation have the same activation energy and they originate from the same basic transport mechanism. The results of the dielectric permittivity show no maximum peak in the temperature and frequency range studied. This absence of maximum peak is an indication of non-ferroelectric behavior of all the studied samples. The MAE has been detected in the ac conductivity, which is the same as the classical MAE in the dc conductivity. The electrical parameters such as dielectric permittivity ε′ and real dielectric modulus M′ show a typical minimum deviation from linearity by about two orders of magnitude. The loss factor tanδ and the imaginary dielectric modulus M″ are insignificantly dependent on composition even at the same transition temperature Tg.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China (10871022 11061009+5 种基金 40821092)the National Basic Research Program (2010CB428403 2009CB421407 2010CB951001)Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province (A2010001663)Chinese Universities Scientific Fund (2009-2-05)
文摘In this article, a reduced mixed finite element （MFE） formulation based on proper orthogonal decomposition （POD） for the non-stationary conduction-convection problems is presented. Also the error estimates between the reduced MFE solutions based on POD and usual MFE solutions are derived. It is shown by numerical examples that the results of numerical computation are consistent with theoretical conclusions. Moreover, it is shown that the reduced MFE formulation based on POD is feasible and efficient in finding numerical solutions for the non-stationary conduction-convection problems.
基金Project supported by the National Science and Technology Major Project of China(Grant No.2015ZX03001004)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.61604113,61625403,61334003,61376039,61574104,and 61474088)
文摘Based on the complex effective conductivity method, a closed-form expression for the internal impedance of mixed carbon nanotube （CNT） bundles, in which the number of CNTs for a given diameter follows a Gaussian distribution, is proposed in this paper. It can appropriately capture the skin effect as well as the temperature effect of mixed CNT bundles. The results of the closed-form expression and the numerical calculation are compared with various mean diameters, standard deviations, and temperatures. It is shown that the proposed model has very high accuracy in the whole frequency range considered, with maximum errors of 1% and 2.3% for the resistance and the internal inductance, respectively. Moreover, by using the proposed model, the high-frequency electrical characteristics of mixed CNT bundles are deeply analyzed to provide helpful design guidelines for their application in future high-performance three-dimensional integrated circuits.
基金This research was surpported by the National Natural Science Foundation , Mathematical TY Foun-dation (TY10126029) of China and the Youth Foundation of Shandong University.
文摘The model of transient behavior of semiconductor with heat-conduction is an initial and boundary problem. Alternating-direction multistep preconditioned iterative methods and theory analyses are given in this paper. Electric potential equation is approximated by mixed finite element method, concentration and heat-conduction equations are approximated by Galerkin alternating-direction multistep methods. Error estimates of optimal order in L2 are demonstrated.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51072130,51502045 and 21905202)。
文摘Lithium metal anode possesses a high theoretical capacity and the lowest redox potential,while the severe growth of Li dendrite prevents its practical application.Herein,we prepared a structure of Li_(3)P nanosheets and Ni nanoparticles decorated on Ni foam(NF)as a three-dimensional(3 D)scaffold for dendrite-free Li metal anodes(Li-Li_(3)P/Ni@Ni foam anodes,shortened as L-LPNNF)using a facile melting method.The LiP nanosheets exhibit excellent Li-ion conductivity as well as superior lithiophilicity,and the 3 D nickel scaffold provides sufficient electron conductivity and ensures structure stability.Therefore,symmetric cells assembled by L-LPNNF possess lowered voltage hysteresis and improved long cycle stability(a voltage hysteresis of 104.2 mV after 500 cycles at a high current density of 20 mA cm^(-2) with a high capacity of 10 mA h cm^(-2)),compared with the cells assembled with Li foil or Li-NF anodes.Furthermore,the full cells with paired L-LPNNF anodes and commercial LiFePOcathodes suggest a specific capacity of 124.6 mA h gand capacity retention of 90.8%after 180 cycles with the Coulombic efficiency(CE)of~100%at a current rate of 1 C.This work provides a potentially scalable option for preparing a mixed electronic-ionic conductive and lithiophilic scaffold for dendrite-free Li anodes at high current densities.
基金supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China(No.50971020)
文摘Diamond/metal composites with 50 vol.%diamond have been produced by spark plasma sintering(SPS)using pure Ag as a matrix and diamond particles as reinforcement.Three kinds of powder mixing processes were used to prepare the mixture of diamond/Ag powders:dry mixing without milling medium,wet mixing and magnetic blending.Subsequently,they were all consolidated by SPS at various processing parameters to produce bulk diamond/Ag composites.Then samples were heat treated in order to obtain a higher thermal conductivity.The effect of processing parameters on the morphologies of the mixed powders,the microstructure and the thermal conductivity of the composites were investigated by comparing the experimental data.It reveals that particles were easy to agglomerate and the distribution of mixed powders was inhomogeneous by dry mixing method,and wet mixing method is too complex.The most favorable mixing process is magnetic blending by which the powders can be homogenously mixed and the composites prepared by optimized SPS processing parameters can obtain the highest relative density and the best thermal conductivity among the composites prepared by different processes.The magnetic blending diamond/Ag composites even have a 23%increase in thermal conductivity compared with pure silver sintered by SPS.
基金Supported by the Joint Funds of NSFC-Guangdong （U0834004）, the National Natural Science Foundation of China （20976057） and the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province （06025657）.
文摘Zr-substituted,Tm-doped SrCeO3（SrCe0.95-xZrxTm0.05O3-δ,0≤x≤0.40）were synthesized via citrate complexing method,and the membranes of SrCe0.95-xZrxTm0.05O3-δwere prepared by pressing followed by sintering. X-ray diffraction（XRD）was used to characterize the phase structure of sintered membrane.The microstructure of the sintered membranes was studied by scanning electron microscopy（SEM）.Protonic and electronic conductivities were measured under different circumstance.Hydrogen permeation through the SrCe0.75Zr0.20Tm0.05O3-δmembranes was carried out using gas permeation setup.Hydrogen permeation fluxes（ 2H J）of the SrCe0.75Zr0.20Tm0.05O3-δ membrane reach up to 0.042 ml·min^ -1 ·cm^-2 at H 2 partial pressure of 0.4×10 ^5 Pa at 900°C.The hydrogen permea- tion fluxes（ 2H J）obtained in this paper are slightly lower than that of SrCe0.95Tm0.05O3-δon the same orders,and Zr doping can increase chemical stability of the SrCe0.75Zr0.20Tm0.05O3-δmembranes.
基金support by the"Thailand Science Research and Innovation(TSRI)under Fundamental Fund 2022"(Sustainable Energy&EnvironmentTheme).
文摘This research concerns the development of lithium ions conductive electrolyte from poly(vinyl butyral)(PVB)resin for use as a special interlayer film in electrochromic glass.To obtain the final PVB film with high ionic conductivity and thermal stability,a masterbatch was firstly prepared by mixing of PVB resin with lithium salt(LiClO_(4))and additives in an aqueous ethanol solution.After this,the dried masterbatch were converted into final films by an extrusion process.In this study,PVB film with the highest ionic conductivity value of 4.85×10^(-6) was obtained when the masterbatch was diluted with the neat PVB resin at the weight ratio of 2:1 in the extruder prior to fabrication.The results from cyclic voltammetry over 100 cycles,showed that performance of the electrochromic device(ITO/WO_(3)/PVB electrolyte/ITO)fabricated by using the above PVB film is stable and reversible.In overall,this work demonstrates that ion conductive PVB films with compromised ionic conductivity and thermal stability can be prepared via an extrusion process without the need to modify chemical structure of PVB.This was carried out through the masterbatch approach,by introducing (LiClO_(4)) salts into the plasticized PVB via a solution mixing process prior to converting it into a final film via the extrusion process.
基金the High College-Technology Research Foundation of Shanxi Province (200611022)
文摘The perovskite-type solid oxides (ABO3) were a novel kind of functional material with superior properties and have found wide application. A series of nanocrystalline mixed oxides LnFexCo1-xO3 (Ln=La, Pr, Sm, Dy, Er)were prepared by sol-gel method. Several aspects of the perovskite type LnFexCo1-xO3, such as crystal defects, oxygen ion vacancy, the tolerance factor of the ABO3, col size, and the bond energy of chemical bond, searching for the relationship between the conductivity and structure of the perovskite type LnFexCo1-xO3, hoping to find some regularities in theory, and providing some helps for composing new type of electricity materials.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China.
文摘Ionic, electronic and mixed (ionic-electronic) conductivities of blends of poly(2-vinyl pyridine) (P2VP) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) with high molecular weight after doped with LiClO4, TCNQ or LiClO4 and TCNQ were investigated. Effects of LiClO4 and TCNQ concentrations on the conductivity of PEO/P2VP/LiClO4 or TCNQ blend were studied. The ionic conductivity of PEO/P2VP/LiClO4 blend increases with increasing PEO content. At a Li/ethylene bride molar ratio of 0.10 and a TCNQ/2-vinyl pyridine molar ratio of 0.5, the mixed conductivity of PEO/P2VP/LiClO4/TCNQ is higher than the total of ionic conductivity of PEO/P2VP/LiClO4 and electronic conductivity of PEO/P2VP/TCNQ when the weight ratio of PEO and P2VP is 6/4 or 5/5. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on the broken cross-section of the PEO/P2VP/LiClO4 blend and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results show that LiClO4 could act as a compatibilizer in the blend.
