The effects of magnetic field on the graft ratio and stereoregularity of grafts of PVA-g-MMA in the presence ofbenzophenone during UV irradiation are discussed. By means of IR, it was found that the graft ratio was in...The effects of magnetic field on the graft ratio and stereoregularity of grafts of PVA-g-MMA in the presence ofbenzophenone during UV irradiation are discussed. By means of IR, it was found that the graft ratio was increased with the increment of magnetic field strength. Furthermore, application of relative weak magnetic field of 0.4 Tesla had been shown to substantially enhance the stereo-regularity of graft copolymer. The maximum stereo-regularity appeared when the graft ratio approached to 85% with the magnetic field of 1.2 Tesla (T). The resistance to moisture and heat resistance of the grafted copolymer in the presence of magnetic field were also improved.展开更多
OBJECTIVE Alcohol is mainly metabolized through liver and excreted by kidney in the body.Kidney damage has been considered as the secondary to liver injury and kidney dysfunction is common in hospitalized patients wit...OBJECTIVE Alcohol is mainly metabolized through liver and excreted by kidney in the body.Kidney damage has been considered as the secondary to liver injury and kidney dysfunction is common in hospitalized patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis.Both acute and chronic alcoholism accumulation can compromise kidney function,although alcoholic kidney disease has drawn much more attention recently,the methodology for establishing the in vivo and in vitro alcoholic renal fibrosis models are still lacking,and the underlying mechanisms are to be determined.METHODS and RESULTS Mice were feed with a liquid diet containing alcohol for 4 weeks,8 weeks and 12 weeks respectively,results of Masson′ s Trichrome staining showed that kidney fibrosis peaked in 8-week model group,which consistent with the results of albumin assay,Western blot,immunostaining and real-time PCR of collagen I and α-SMA.In vitro study also confirmed that ethanol upregulated the level of fibrotic index.es,including collagen I and α-SMA,in tubular epithelial cells(HK2 cells).Additionally,both in vivo and in vitro studies showed that Smad7 was decreased and Smad3 was highly activated.Then we further detected the underlying mechanisms by which alcohol induced the imbalance of Smad7 and Smad3.Results of Genome-wide methylation sequencing found DNA methylation of Smad7 in the alcoholic fibrosis kidney,which may be mainly mediated by DNA methyltransferase 1(DNMT1),because knock.down of DNMT1,but not DNMT2 and 3,largely restored Smad7 level in ethanol-treated HK2 cells.Con.sequently,we found that NADPH Oxidases(nox)-mediated oxidative stress is the major force upregu.lating DNMT1,since knockdown of Nox2 and 4 could both decrease DNMT1 while rebalancing Smad7/Smad3 axis,and thereby relieved ethanol-induced fibrotic response in HK2 cells.More importantly,intraperitoneal injection of apocynin,an inhibitor of NADPH oxidoreductase,attenuated renal fibrosis in alcoholic kidney fibrosis mouse model.CONCLUSION By establishing the novel in vivo and in vitro models,we found that through activating oxidative stress-induced DNA methylation of Smad7,alcohol induces renal fibrosis by breaking the balance between Smad7 and Smad3.Elimination of Nox-mediated oxidative stress may be a potential therapy for treatment of long-term alcohol abuse-induced kidney fibrosis.展开更多
Alcoholic liver disease(ALD) remains an important health problem worldwide. The disease spectrum is featured by early steatosis, steatohepatitis(steatosis with inflammatory cells infiltration and necrosis), with some ...Alcoholic liver disease(ALD) remains an important health problem worldwide. The disease spectrum is featured by early steatosis, steatohepatitis(steatosis with inflammatory cells infiltration and necrosis), with some individuals ultimately progressing to fibrosis/cirrhosis. Although the disease progression is well characterized, no effective therapies are currently available for the treatment in humans. The mechanisms underlying the initiation and progression of ALD are multifactorial and complex. Emerging evidence supports that adipose tissue dysfunction contributes to the pathogenesis of ALD. In the first part of this review, we discuss the mechanisms whereby chronic alcohol exposure contributed to adipose tissue dysfunction, including cell death, inflammation and insulin resistance. It has been long known that aberrant hepatic methionine metabolism is a major metabolic abnormality induced by chronic alcohol exposure and plays an etiological role in the pathogenesis of ALD. The recent studies in our group documented the similar metabolic effect of chronic alcohol drinking on methionine in adipose tissue. In the second part of this review, we also briefly discuss the recent research progress in the field with a focus on how abnormal methionine metabolism in adipose tissue contributes to adipose tissue dysfunction and liver damage.展开更多
This article reviews the evidence that ties the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) to the natural immune pro-inflammatory response to chronic liver disease, with a focus on the role of Toll-like receptor (T...This article reviews the evidence that ties the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) to the natural immune pro-inflammatory response to chronic liver disease, with a focus on the role of Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling as the mechanism of liver stem cell/progenitor transformation to HCC. Two exemplary models of this phenomenon are reviewed in detail. One model applies chronic ethanol/lipopolysaccharide feeding to the activated TLR4 signaling pathway. The other applies chronic feeding of a carcinogenic drug, in which TLR2 and 4 signaling pathways are activated. In the drug-induced model, two major methyl donors, S-adenosylmethionine and betaine, prevent the upregulation of the TLR signaling pathways and abrogate the stem cell/progenitor proliferation response when fed with the carcinogenic drug. This observation supports a nutritional approach to liver cancer prevention and treatment. The observation that upregulation of the TLR signaling pathways leads to liver tumor formation gives evidence to the popular concept that the chronic pro-inflammatory response is an important mechanism of liver oncogenesis. It provides a nutritional approach, which could prevent HCC from developing in many chronic liver diseases.展开更多
It is likely that the majority of proteins will undergo post-translational modification, be it enzymatic or non-enzymatic. These modified protein(s) regulate activity, localization and interaction with other cellular ...It is likely that the majority of proteins will undergo post-translational modification, be it enzymatic or non-enzymatic. These modified protein(s) regulate activity, localization and interaction with other cellular molecules thereby maintaining cellular hemostasis. Alcohol exposure significantly alters several of these post-translational modifications leading to impairments of many essential physiological processes. Here, we present new insights into novel modifications following ethanol exposure and their role in the initiation and progression of liver injury. This critical review condenses the proceedings of a symposium at the European Society for the Biomedical Research on Alcoholism Meeting held September 12-15, 2015, in Valencia, Spain.展开更多
AIM To investigate the hypothesis that exposure to guanidinoacetate(GAA, a potent methyl-group consumer) either alone or combined with ethanol intake for a prolonged period of time would cause more advanced liver path...AIM To investigate the hypothesis that exposure to guanidinoacetate(GAA, a potent methyl-group consumer) either alone or combined with ethanol intake for a prolonged period of time would cause more advanced liver pathology thus identifying methylation defects as the initiator and stimulator for progressive liver damage.METHODS Adult male Wistar rats were fed the control or ethanolLieber De Carli diet in the absence or presence of GAA supplementation. At the end of 6 wk of the feeding regimen, various biochemical and histological analyses were conducted. RESULTS Contrary to our expectations, we observed that GAA treatment alone resulted in a histologically normal liver without evidence of hepatosteatosis despite persistence of some abnormal biochemical parameters. This protection could result from the generation of creatine from the ingested GAA. Ethanol treatment for 6 wk exhibited changes in liver methionine metabolism and persistence of histological and biochemical defects as reported before. Further, when the rats were fed the GAA-supplemented ethanol diet, similar histological and biochemical changes as observed after 2 wk of combined treatment, including inflammation, macroand micro-vesicular steatosis and a marked decrease in the methylation index were noted. In addition, rats on the combined treatment exhibited increased liver toxicity and even early fibrotic changes in a subset of animals in this group. The worsening liver pathology could be related to the profound reduction in the hepatic methylation index, an increased accumulation of GAA and the inability of creatine generated to exert its hepato-protective effects in the setting of ethanol.CONCLUSION To conclude, prolonged exposure to a methyl consumer superimposed on chronic ethanol consumption causes persistent and pronounced liver damage.展开更多
文摘The effects of magnetic field on the graft ratio and stereoregularity of grafts of PVA-g-MMA in the presence ofbenzophenone during UV irradiation are discussed. By means of IR, it was found that the graft ratio was increased with the increment of magnetic field strength. Furthermore, application of relative weak magnetic field of 0.4 Tesla had been shown to substantially enhance the stereo-regularity of graft copolymer. The maximum stereo-regularity appeared when the graft ratio approached to 85% with the magnetic field of 1.2 Tesla (T). The resistance to moisture and heat resistance of the grafted copolymer in the presence of magnetic field were also improved.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(81570623) Science and Technological Fund of Anhui Province for Outstanding Youth of China(1608085J07)
文摘OBJECTIVE Alcohol is mainly metabolized through liver and excreted by kidney in the body.Kidney damage has been considered as the secondary to liver injury and kidney dysfunction is common in hospitalized patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis.Both acute and chronic alcoholism accumulation can compromise kidney function,although alcoholic kidney disease has drawn much more attention recently,the methodology for establishing the in vivo and in vitro alcoholic renal fibrosis models are still lacking,and the underlying mechanisms are to be determined.METHODS and RESULTS Mice were feed with a liquid diet containing alcohol for 4 weeks,8 weeks and 12 weeks respectively,results of Masson′ s Trichrome staining showed that kidney fibrosis peaked in 8-week model group,which consistent with the results of albumin assay,Western blot,immunostaining and real-time PCR of collagen I and α-SMA.In vitro study also confirmed that ethanol upregulated the level of fibrotic index.es,including collagen I and α-SMA,in tubular epithelial cells(HK2 cells).Additionally,both in vivo and in vitro studies showed that Smad7 was decreased and Smad3 was highly activated.Then we further detected the underlying mechanisms by which alcohol induced the imbalance of Smad7 and Smad3.Results of Genome-wide methylation sequencing found DNA methylation of Smad7 in the alcoholic fibrosis kidney,which may be mainly mediated by DNA methyltransferase 1(DNMT1),because knock.down of DNMT1,but not DNMT2 and 3,largely restored Smad7 level in ethanol-treated HK2 cells.Con.sequently,we found that NADPH Oxidases(nox)-mediated oxidative stress is the major force upregu.lating DNMT1,since knockdown of Nox2 and 4 could both decrease DNMT1 while rebalancing Smad7/Smad3 axis,and thereby relieved ethanol-induced fibrotic response in HK2 cells.More importantly,intraperitoneal injection of apocynin,an inhibitor of NADPH oxidoreductase,attenuated renal fibrosis in alcoholic kidney fibrosis mouse model.CONCLUSION By establishing the novel in vivo and in vitro models,we found that through activating oxidative stress-induced DNA methylation of Smad7,alcohol induces renal fibrosis by breaking the balance between Smad7 and Smad3.Elimination of Nox-mediated oxidative stress may be a potential therapy for treatment of long-term alcohol abuse-induced kidney fibrosis.
基金Supported by National Institutes of Health NIAAA,No.R01AA017442
文摘Alcoholic liver disease(ALD) remains an important health problem worldwide. The disease spectrum is featured by early steatosis, steatohepatitis(steatosis with inflammatory cells infiltration and necrosis), with some individuals ultimately progressing to fibrosis/cirrhosis. Although the disease progression is well characterized, no effective therapies are currently available for the treatment in humans. The mechanisms underlying the initiation and progression of ALD are multifactorial and complex. Emerging evidence supports that adipose tissue dysfunction contributes to the pathogenesis of ALD. In the first part of this review, we discuss the mechanisms whereby chronic alcohol exposure contributed to adipose tissue dysfunction, including cell death, inflammation and insulin resistance. It has been long known that aberrant hepatic methionine metabolism is a major metabolic abnormality induced by chronic alcohol exposure and plays an etiological role in the pathogenesis of ALD. The recent studies in our group documented the similar metabolic effect of chronic alcohol drinking on methionine in adipose tissue. In the second part of this review, we also briefly discuss the recent research progress in the field with a focus on how abnormal methionine metabolism in adipose tissue contributes to adipose tissue dysfunction and liver damage.
基金Supported by NIH/NIAAA 8116Alcohol Center Grant on Liver and Pancreas P50-011999, Morphology Core
文摘This article reviews the evidence that ties the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) to the natural immune pro-inflammatory response to chronic liver disease, with a focus on the role of Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling as the mechanism of liver stem cell/progenitor transformation to HCC. Two exemplary models of this phenomenon are reviewed in detail. One model applies chronic ethanol/lipopolysaccharide feeding to the activated TLR4 signaling pathway. The other applies chronic feeding of a carcinogenic drug, in which TLR2 and 4 signaling pathways are activated. In the drug-induced model, two major methyl donors, S-adenosylmethionine and betaine, prevent the upregulation of the TLR signaling pathways and abrogate the stem cell/progenitor proliferation response when fed with the carcinogenic drug. This observation supports a nutritional approach to liver cancer prevention and treatment. The observation that upregulation of the TLR signaling pathways leads to liver tumor formation gives evidence to the popular concept that the chronic pro-inflammatory response is an important mechanism of liver oncogenesis. It provides a nutritional approach, which could prevent HCC from developing in many chronic liver diseases.
文摘It is likely that the majority of proteins will undergo post-translational modification, be it enzymatic or non-enzymatic. These modified protein(s) regulate activity, localization and interaction with other cellular molecules thereby maintaining cellular hemostasis. Alcohol exposure significantly alters several of these post-translational modifications leading to impairments of many essential physiological processes. Here, we present new insights into novel modifications following ethanol exposure and their role in the initiation and progression of liver injury. This critical review condenses the proceedings of a symposium at the European Society for the Biomedical Research on Alcoholism Meeting held September 12-15, 2015, in Valencia, Spain.
基金Supported by a Merit Review grant BX001155(to Kharbanda KK)from the Department of Veterans Affairs,Office of Research and Development(Biomedical Laboratory Research and Development)
文摘AIM To investigate the hypothesis that exposure to guanidinoacetate(GAA, a potent methyl-group consumer) either alone or combined with ethanol intake for a prolonged period of time would cause more advanced liver pathology thus identifying methylation defects as the initiator and stimulator for progressive liver damage.METHODS Adult male Wistar rats were fed the control or ethanolLieber De Carli diet in the absence or presence of GAA supplementation. At the end of 6 wk of the feeding regimen, various biochemical and histological analyses were conducted. RESULTS Contrary to our expectations, we observed that GAA treatment alone resulted in a histologically normal liver without evidence of hepatosteatosis despite persistence of some abnormal biochemical parameters. This protection could result from the generation of creatine from the ingested GAA. Ethanol treatment for 6 wk exhibited changes in liver methionine metabolism and persistence of histological and biochemical defects as reported before. Further, when the rats were fed the GAA-supplemented ethanol diet, similar histological and biochemical changes as observed after 2 wk of combined treatment, including inflammation, macroand micro-vesicular steatosis and a marked decrease in the methylation index were noted. In addition, rats on the combined treatment exhibited increased liver toxicity and even early fibrotic changes in a subset of animals in this group. The worsening liver pathology could be related to the profound reduction in the hepatic methylation index, an increased accumulation of GAA and the inability of creatine generated to exert its hepato-protective effects in the setting of ethanol.CONCLUSION To conclude, prolonged exposure to a methyl consumer superimposed on chronic ethanol consumption causes persistent and pronounced liver damage.
基金Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(0 0 JJY2 0 1 1 0 ) and Scientific Re-search Fund of Hunan Provincial Education Department(0 1 C0 2 2
