An integral constitutive equation and a set of material functions for describing the strain history of polymer melts were formulated in terms of the Cauchy-Green and Finger tensors. A simple memory function and the de...An integral constitutive equation and a set of material functions for describing the strain history of polymer melts were formulated in terms of the Cauchy-Green and Finger tensors. A simple memory function and the dependence of ηo and τt on M3.4 were derived from the theory of non-linear viscoelasticity with constraints of entanglements for polymer melts and substituted into the Oldroye-Walters-Fredickson constitutive equation. An integral constitutive equation for polymer melts was consequently obtained. Some material functions of the constitutive equation related to certain 'test flow' are examined as follows : (1) simple steady shear flow; (2) steady elongation flow; (3) small-amplitude oscillatory shear flow; (4) stress growth upon the inception of steady shear elongation flow; (5) stress relaxation (modulus and compllance). These theoretical relations for simple steady shear flow were compared with experimental data from our laboratory and references for various polymer melts and concentrated solutions. A good agreement between the theory and experiment was achieved.展开更多
Flash Joule heating(FJH),as a high-efficiency and low-energy consumption technology for advanced materials synthesis,has shown significant potential in the synthesis of graphene and other functional carbon materials.B...Flash Joule heating(FJH),as a high-efficiency and low-energy consumption technology for advanced materials synthesis,has shown significant potential in the synthesis of graphene and other functional carbon materials.Based on the Joule effect,the solid carbon sources can be rapidly heated to ultra-high temperatures(>3000 K)through instantaneous high-energy current pulses during FJH,thus driving the rapid rearrangement and graphitization of carbon atoms.This technology demonstrates numerous advantages,such as solvent-and catalyst-free features,high energy conversion efficiency,and a short process cycle.In this review,we have systematically summarized the technology principle and equipment design for FJH,as well as its raw materials selection and pretreatment strategies.The research progress in the FJH synthesis of flash graphene,carbon nanotubes,graphene fibers,and anode hard carbon,as well as its by-products,is also presented.FJH can precisely optimize the microstructures of carbon materials(e.g.,interlayer spacing of turbostratic graphene,defect concentration,and heteroatom doping)by regulating its operation parameters like flash voltage and flash time,thereby enhancing their performances in various applications,such as composite reinforcement,metal-ion battery electrodes,supercapacitors,and electrocatalysts.However,this technology is still challenged by low process yield,macroscopic material uniformity,and green power supply system construction.More research efforts are also required to promote the transition of FJH from laboratory to industrial-scale applications,thus providing innovative solutions for advanced carbon materials manufacturing and waste management toward carbon neutrality.展开更多
This study focuses on permanent surface dislocations caused by a strike-slip fault in an alluvial valley.A twodimensional mathematical model is utilized,considering the valley to have a half-cylindrical shape.The vall...This study focuses on permanent surface dislocations caused by a strike-slip fault in an alluvial valley.A twodimensional mathematical model is utilized,considering the valley to have a half-cylindrical shape.The valley medium is assumed to be isotropic,linear elastic and nonhomogeneous,such that the shear modulus of the valley has spatial dependency.The valley is surrounded by an isotropic,linear elastic and homogeneous half-space.A strike-slip fault is located at the intersection between the valley and the half-space.The problem is solved analytically by using finite Fourier transform.Displacement functions are obtained in closed-form,in terms of power series and hypergeometric function series.Unknown coefficients of these series are determined from the boundary conditions,leading to an analytical exact solution.Numerical results indicate that the nonhomogeneity of the alluvial valley material has a limited impact on permanent surface dislocations unless there is a significant variation in the material properties within the functionally graded zone.In many cases,approximating the nonhomogeneous alluvial valley as a homogeneous medium is suitable.展开更多
Calcium ferrite(CF)is recognized as a potential green and efficient functional material because of its advantages of magnetism,electrochemistry,catalysis,and biocompatibility in the fields of materials chemistry,envir...Calcium ferrite(CF)is recognized as a potential green and efficient functional material because of its advantages of magnetism,electrochemistry,catalysis,and biocompatibility in the fields of materials chemistry,environmental engineering,and biomedicine.There-fore,the obtained research results need to be systematically summarized,and new perspectives on CF and its composite materials need to be analyzed.Based on the presented studies of CF and its composite materials,the types and structures of the crystal are summarized.In addition,the current application technologies and theoretical mechanisms with various properties in different fields are elucidated.Moreover,the various preparation methods of CF and its composite materials are elaborated in detail.Most importantly,the advantages and disadvantages of the synthesis methods of CF and its composite materials are discussed,and the existing problems and emerging challenges in practical production are identified.Furthermore,the key future research directions of CF and its composite materials have been prospected from the potential application technologies to provide references for its synthesis and efficient utilization.展开更多
Fe-Mo functionally graded materials(FGMs)with different composition-change rates from 100%304 stainless steel to 100%Mo along the composition gradient direction were prepared by electron beam-directed energy depositio...Fe-Mo functionally graded materials(FGMs)with different composition-change rates from 100%304 stainless steel to 100%Mo along the composition gradient direction were prepared by electron beam-directed energy deposition(EB-DED)technique,including three samples with composition mutation of 100%,composition change rate of 10%and 30%.Results show that the composition-change rate significantly affects the microstructure and mechanical properties of the samples.In the sample with abrupt change of composition,the sharp shift in composition between 304 stainless steel and Mo leads to a great difference in the microstructure and hardness near the interface between the two materials.With the increase in the number of gradient layers,the composition changes continuously along the direction of deposition height,and the microstructure morphology shows a smooth transition from 304 stainless steel to Mo,which is gradually transformed from columnar crystal to dendritic crystal.Elements Fe,Mo,and other major elements transform linearly along the gradient direction,with sufficient interlayer diffusion between the deposited layers,leading to good metallurgical bonding.The smaller the change in composition gradient,the greater the microhardness value along the deposition direction.When the composition gradient is 10%,the gradient layer exhibits higher hardness(940 HV)and excellent resistance to surface abrasion,and the overall compressive properties of the samples are better,with the compressive fracture stress in the top region reaching 750.05±14 MPa.展开更多
SS316L alloy coupled with Inconel625 alloy were combined with Ti6Al4V or Inconel718 alloy through wire arc additive manufacturing technique to manufacture functionally graded materials(FGMs).Two FGMs,namely 60%SS316L+...SS316L alloy coupled with Inconel625 alloy were combined with Ti6Al4V or Inconel718 alloy through wire arc additive manufacturing technique to manufacture functionally graded materials(FGMs).Two FGMs,namely 60%SS316L+20%Inconel625+20%Ti6Al4V composite and 60%SS316L+20%Inconel625+20%Inconel718 composite,were prepared.The tensile strength,elongation,yield strength,hardness,cross section area of the parent material,and composition were analysed.Results illustrate that the 60%SS316L+20%Inconel625+20%Inconel718 composite has better mechanical properties than 60%SS316L+20%Inconel625+20%Ti6Al4V composite,and the comprehensive properties of 60%SS316L+20%Inconel 625+20%Ti6Al4V composite are better than those of the parent material SS316L.Hence,the composite of 60%SS316L+20%Inconel625+20%Inconel718 is optimal.Due to its high strength,the 60%SS316L+20%Inconel625+20%Inconel718 composite has great application potential in the field of high pressure pneumatic tool and defence tool.展开更多
Mechanical loading constitutes a fundamental determinant in the process of bone remodeling.This modeling encompasses the incorporation of mechanical stimuli,the involvement of cellular and molecular constituents,as we...Mechanical loading constitutes a fundamental determinant in the process of bone remodeling.This modeling encompasses the incorporation of mechanical stimuli,the involvement of cellular and molecular constituents,as well as the utilization of sophisticated computational methodologies.Such an approach is imperative for forecasting bone behaviour across varying environmental conditions.In the present study,key findings from bone mechanobiology are reviewed,along with the possibility that Functionally Graded Materials(FGM)enhances osseointegration and lowers the stress-shielding effect during bone remodeling and compared to titanium,FGM improves periprosthetic bone remodeling.To summarise some of the most important findings from computational models of bone mechanobiology,explaining how modifications to the mechanical environment affect implant design,growth of bone,and bone response.The impact that changes related to the mechanical environment have on bone response is examined using computational models and methods such as surface microtopography to determine how an implant’s bone density has increased over time.This review focuses on the refinement of advanced simulation frameworks and their synergy with imaging technologies to strengthen model validation,ultimately resulting in better clinical outcomes in the context of bone health treatments.展开更多
Intracellular polymerization is an emerging field,showcasing high diversity and efficiency of chemistry.Motivated by the principles of natural biomolecular synthesis,polymerization within living cells is believed to b...Intracellular polymerization is an emerging field,showcasing high diversity and efficiency of chemistry.Motivated by the principles of natural biomolecular synthesis,polymerization within living cells is believed to be a powerful and versatile tool to modulate cell behavior.In this review,we summarized recent advances and future trends in the field of intracellular polymerization,specifically focusing on covalent and supramolecular polymerization.This discussion comprehensively covers the diverse chemical designs,reaction mechanisms,responsive features,and functional applications.Furthermore,we also clarified the connection between preliminary design of polymer synthesis and their subsequent biological applications.We hope this review will serve as an innovative platform for chemists and biologists to regulate biological functions in practical applications and clinical trials.展开更多
The fabrication of Invar/MnCu functionally graded material(FGM)through directed energy deposition(DED)can satisfy the demands for precision devices in aerospace,providing lightweight properties and integrating thermal...The fabrication of Invar/MnCu functionally graded material(FGM)through directed energy deposition(DED)can satisfy the demands for precision devices in aerospace,providing lightweight properties and integrating thermal stability and vibration damping capabilities.However,basic research on Invar/MnCu FGM is still lacking,hindering its potential applications.To address this gap,this study was conducted using mixed powders and consistent process parameters to print experiments for Invar/MnCu FGM and homogeneous samples.Phases,microstructures,compositions,and thermal expansion properties were thoroughly examined.Three types of defects were detected in the Invar/MnCu FGM sample:unmelted Invar 36 powders,cracks,and pores.The mechanism of unmelted powders was deeply discussed,attributing it to material properties influencing laser absorptivity,the required time for melting powder,and effects on solidus temperature.The mechanism of cracks was also discussed,attributing it to theγ-Fe dendritic structure causing low melting point metal to form an intergranular liquid film,harmful secondary phases mismatched with the terminal alloy,and obvious tensile stresses during the DED process.Additionally,an effective strategy was proposed to reduce defects in Invar/MnCu FGM.After optimization,the specimens exhibited excellent tensile properties,with a yield strength of 262±5 MPa,an ultimate tensile strength of 316±7 MPa,and an elongation of 3%±1%.This research provides valuable references and insights for subsequent work,offering robust support for better understanding and designing other FGM.展开更多
Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are innovative materials distinguished by gradual variations in composition and structure, offering exceptional properties for diverse applications. Poly(ionic liquid)s (PILs), mer...Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are innovative materials distinguished by gradual variations in composition and structure, offering exceptional properties for diverse applications. Poly(ionic liquid)s (PILs), merging the characteristics of polymers and ionic liquids, have emerged as viable options for the development of FGMs given their tunable skeleton, ionic conductivity, and compatibility with various functional materials. This review highlights the latest advancements in the design strategies of FGMs based on porous PILs, focusing on single and multi-gradient structures. Furthermore, we also highlight their emerging applications in molecular recognition, sensing, adsorption, separation, and catalysis. By exploring the interplay between porosity, ionic functionality, and gradient architecture, this review offers perspectives on the prospects of PIL-based FGMs for tackling global challenges in energy, environment, and healthcare.展开更多
Artificial intelligence(AI)is emerging as a transformative enabler in the development of smart textile systems,particularly those integrating powder-based functional materials.This review highlights recent progress in...Artificial intelligence(AI)is emerging as a transformative enabler in the development of smart textile systems,particularly those integrating powder-based functional materials.This review highlights recent progress in AIguided design of carbon nanomaterials,metallic nanoparticles,and framework-based powders for applications in energy harvesting,intelligent sensing,and robotic actuation.Machine learning techniques,including supervised learning,transfer learning,and Bayesian optimization are discussed for accelerating materials discovery,enhancing integration strategies,and enabling real-time adaptive control.Emphasis is placed on how AI enables multifunctional,wearable platforms that sense,process,and respond to environmental and physiological cues with high accuracy and autonomy.Representative breakthroughs in soft robotics,haptic interfaces,and assistive devices are presented,demonstrating the synergy of AI and responsive textiles.Finally,the review outlines key challenges related to data scarcity,model generalizability,manufacturing scalability,and sustainability,while proposing future directions involving multimodal learning,autonomous experimentation,and ethics-aware design.This work offers a comprehensive outlook on next-generation AI-driven textile systems that seamlessly integrate intelligence,functionality,and wearability.展开更多
This paper presents a new electromagnetic functional material developed byelectron-less nickel deposition technique, with a single hollow micro-sphere as the core templateand a thin nickel layer as the shell. The micr...This paper presents a new electromagnetic functional material developed byelectron-less nickel deposition technique, with a single hollow micro-sphere as the core templateand a thin nickel layer as the shell. The micrograph taken by a scanning electron microscope showsthe microstructures of the materials in detail. Scattering parameters of the waveguide sample holderfilled with the materials have been obtained over X band. The electromagnetic parameters computedfrom the measured S parameters show that the material with metallic hollow spheres has as highrelative permeability μ'_r as 19.0 with about 0.6 magnetic loss tangent over the whole bandwidth.Compared to the material with non-metallic spheres, the permeability μ'_r and the magnetic losstangent μ'_r increase greatly, while the permittivity remains lower than 1.8.展开更多
Cellulosic materials are attracting increasing research interest because of their abundance,biocompatibility,and biodegradability,making them suitable in multiple industrial and medical applications.Functionalization ...Cellulosic materials are attracting increasing research interest because of their abundance,biocompatibility,and biodegradability,making them suitable in multiple industrial and medical applications.Functionalization of cellulose is usually required to improve or expand its properties to meet the requirements of different applications.Cellulose-binding domains(CBDs)found in various proteins have been shown to be powerful tools in the functionalization of cellulose materials.In this review,we firstly introduce the structural characteristics of commonly used CBDs belonging to carbohydrate-binding module families 1,2 and 3.Then,we summarize four main kinds of methodologies for employing CBDs to modify cellulosic materials(i.e.,CBD only,genetic fusion,non-covalent linkage and covalent linkage).Via different approaches,CBDs have been used to improve the material properties of cellulose,immobilize enzymes for biocatalysis,and design various detection tools.To achieve industrial applications,researches for lowering the production cost of CBDs,improving their performance(e.g.,stability),and expanding their application scenarios are still in need.展开更多
Based on the analyses of the severity of cutting process as well as the failure mechanisms of ceramic tools, a model for designing functionally gradient ceramic tool materials with symmetrical distribution is presente...Based on the analyses of the severity of cutting process as well as the failure mechanisms of ceramic tools, a model for designing functionally gradient ceramic tool materials with symmetrical distribution is presented, by which a Al 2O 3/(W,Ti)C ceramic tool material FG 2 was developed. Multi objective optimization method was employed in designing the compositional distribution of this ceramic tool material. The results of both continuous and intermittent cutting tests are indicative of the much better cutting behavior of the functionally gradient ceramic tool FG 2 than that of the common ceramic tool SG 4.展开更多
Functionally graded materials, including their characterization, properties and production methods are a new rapidly developing field of materials science. The aims of this review are to systematize the basic producti...Functionally graded materials, including their characterization, properties and production methods are a new rapidly developing field of materials science. The aims of this review are to systematize the basic production techniques for manufacturing functionally graded materials. Attention is paid to the principles for obtaining graded structure mainly in the metal based functionally graded materials. Several unpublished results obtained by the authors have been discussed briefly. Experimental methods and theoretical analysis for qualitative and quantitative estimation of graded properties have also been presented. The article can be useful for people who work in the field of functionally graded structures and materials, and who need a compact informative review of recent experimental and theoretical activity in this area.展开更多
Traditional gear weight optimization methods consider gear tooth number, module, face width or other dimension parameters of gear as design variables. However, due to the complicated form and geometric features peculi...Traditional gear weight optimization methods consider gear tooth number, module, face width or other dimension parameters of gear as design variables. However, due to the complicated form and geometric features peculiar to the gear, there will be large amounts of design parameters in gear design, and the influences of gear parameters changing on gear trains, transmission system and the whole equipment have to be taken into account, which increases the complexity of optimization problem. This paper puts forward to apply functionally graded materials（FGMs） to gears and then conduct the optimization. According to the force situation of gears, the material distribution form of FGM gears is determined. Then based on the performance parameters analysis of FGMs and the practical working demands for gears, a multi-objective optimization model is formed. Finally by using the goal driven optimization（GDO） method, the optimal material distribution is achieved, which makes gear weight and the maximum deformation be minimum and the maximum bending stress do not exceed the allowable stress. As an example, the applying of FGM to automotive transmission gear is conducted to illustrate the optimization design process and the result shows that under the condition of keeping the normal working performance of gear, the method achieves in greatly reducing the gear weight. This research proposes a FGM gears design method that is able to largely reduce the weight of gears by optimizing the microscopic material parameters instead of changing the macroscopic dimension parameters of gears, which reduces the complexity of gear weight optimization problem.展开更多
Layered intercalated functional materials of layered double hydroxide type are an important class of functional materials developed in recent years. Based on long term studies on these materials in the State Key Labor...Layered intercalated functional materials of layered double hydroxide type are an important class of functional materials developed in recent years. Based on long term studies on these materials in the State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering in Beiiing University of Chemical Technology, the orinciole for the design of controlled intercalation processes in the light of tuture production processing requirements has been developed. Intercalation assembly methods and technologies have been invented to control the intercalation process for preparing layered intercalated materials with various structures and functions.展开更多
Micro/nanostructured crystals with controlled architectures are desirable for many applications in optics, electronics, biology, medicine, and energy conversions. Low-temperature, aqueous chemical routes have been wid...Micro/nanostructured crystals with controlled architectures are desirable for many applications in optics, electronics, biology, medicine, and energy conversions. Low-temperature, aqueous chemical routes have been widely investigated for the synthesis of particles, and arrays of oriented nanorods and nanotubes. In this paper, based on the ideal crystal shapes predicted by the chemical bonding theory, we have developed some potential chemical strategies to tune the microstructure of functional materials, ZnS and Nb205 nanotube arrays, MgO wiskers and nestlike spheres, and cubic phase Cu2O microcrystals were synthesized here to elucidate these strategies. We describe their controlled crystallization processes and illustrate the detailed key factors controlling their growth by examining various reaction parameters. Current results demonstrate that our designed chemical strategies for tuning microstructure of functional materials are applicable to several technologically important materials, and therefore may be used as a versatile and effective route to the controllable synthesis of other inorganic functional materials.展开更多
Cellulose is one of the most abundant natural polymers in the nature,which has many attractive advantages,such as renewability,biodegradability,and biocompatibility.However,due to the strong hydrogen bond network and ...Cellulose is one of the most abundant natural polymers in the nature,which has many attractive advantages,such as renewability,biodegradability,and biocompatibility.However,due to the strong hydrogen bond network and hierarchical structure,cellulose is extremely difficult to be dissolved and processed.More recently,a class of novel eco-friendly solvents,ionic liquids,have been found to be able to efficiently dissolve cellulose,providing a versatile platform for cellulose processing and functionalization.Herein,we highlight recent advances in efficiently fabricating functional cellulose derivatives via the homogeneous chemical modification and developing all-biomass materials via controlling the dissolution-regeneration process in ionic liquids.The effective and environmentally-friendly utilization of cellulose not only reduces dependence on fossil resources but also protects the environment.展开更多
Additive manufacturing enables processing of functionally graded materials(FGMs)with flexible spatial design and high bonding strength.A steel-copper FGM with high interfacial strength was developed using laser powder...Additive manufacturing enables processing of functionally graded materials(FGMs)with flexible spatial design and high bonding strength.A steel-copper FGM with high interfacial strength was developed using laser powder bed fusion(LPBF).The effect of laser process parameters on interfacial defects was evaluated by X-ray tomography,which indicates a low porosity level of 0.042%therein.Gradient/fine dendritic grains in the interface are incited by high cooling rates,which facilitates interface strengthening.Multiple mechanical tests evaluate the bonding reliability of interface;and the fatigue tests further substantiate the ultrahigh bonding strength in FGMs,which is superior to traditional manufacturing methods.Mechanisms of the high interfacial bond strength were also discussed.展开更多
文摘An integral constitutive equation and a set of material functions for describing the strain history of polymer melts were formulated in terms of the Cauchy-Green and Finger tensors. A simple memory function and the dependence of ηo and τt on M3.4 were derived from the theory of non-linear viscoelasticity with constraints of entanglements for polymer melts and substituted into the Oldroye-Walters-Fredickson constitutive equation. An integral constitutive equation for polymer melts was consequently obtained. Some material functions of the constitutive equation related to certain 'test flow' are examined as follows : (1) simple steady shear flow; (2) steady elongation flow; (3) small-amplitude oscillatory shear flow; (4) stress growth upon the inception of steady shear elongation flow; (5) stress relaxation (modulus and compllance). These theoretical relations for simple steady shear flow were compared with experimental data from our laboratory and references for various polymer melts and concentrated solutions. A good agreement between the theory and experiment was achieved.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52276196)the Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion(FSKLCCA2508)the High-level Talent Foundation of Anhui Agricultural University(rc412307).
文摘Flash Joule heating(FJH),as a high-efficiency and low-energy consumption technology for advanced materials synthesis,has shown significant potential in the synthesis of graphene and other functional carbon materials.Based on the Joule effect,the solid carbon sources can be rapidly heated to ultra-high temperatures(>3000 K)through instantaneous high-energy current pulses during FJH,thus driving the rapid rearrangement and graphitization of carbon atoms.This technology demonstrates numerous advantages,such as solvent-and catalyst-free features,high energy conversion efficiency,and a short process cycle.In this review,we have systematically summarized the technology principle and equipment design for FJH,as well as its raw materials selection and pretreatment strategies.The research progress in the FJH synthesis of flash graphene,carbon nanotubes,graphene fibers,and anode hard carbon,as well as its by-products,is also presented.FJH can precisely optimize the microstructures of carbon materials(e.g.,interlayer spacing of turbostratic graphene,defect concentration,and heteroatom doping)by regulating its operation parameters like flash voltage and flash time,thereby enhancing their performances in various applications,such as composite reinforcement,metal-ion battery electrodes,supercapacitors,and electrocatalysts.However,this technology is still challenged by low process yield,macroscopic material uniformity,and green power supply system construction.More research efforts are also required to promote the transition of FJH from laboratory to industrial-scale applications,thus providing innovative solutions for advanced carbon materials manufacturing and waste management toward carbon neutrality.
文摘This study focuses on permanent surface dislocations caused by a strike-slip fault in an alluvial valley.A twodimensional mathematical model is utilized,considering the valley to have a half-cylindrical shape.The valley medium is assumed to be isotropic,linear elastic and nonhomogeneous,such that the shear modulus of the valley has spatial dependency.The valley is surrounded by an isotropic,linear elastic and homogeneous half-space.A strike-slip fault is located at the intersection between the valley and the half-space.The problem is solved analytically by using finite Fourier transform.Displacement functions are obtained in closed-form,in terms of power series and hypergeometric function series.Unknown coefficients of these series are determined from the boundary conditions,leading to an analytical exact solution.Numerical results indicate that the nonhomogeneity of the alluvial valley material has a limited impact on permanent surface dislocations unless there is a significant variation in the material properties within the functionally graded zone.In many cases,approximating the nonhomogeneous alluvial valley as a homogeneous medium is suitable.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51574105)the Science and Technology Program of Hebei Province,China(No.23564101D)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province,China(No.E2021209147)the Key Research Project of North China University of Science and Technology(No.ZD-ST-202308)the Postgraduate Innovation Funding Project of Hebei Province,China(No.CXZZBS2024135).
文摘Calcium ferrite(CF)is recognized as a potential green and efficient functional material because of its advantages of magnetism,electrochemistry,catalysis,and biocompatibility in the fields of materials chemistry,environmental engineering,and biomedicine.There-fore,the obtained research results need to be systematically summarized,and new perspectives on CF and its composite materials need to be analyzed.Based on the presented studies of CF and its composite materials,the types and structures of the crystal are summarized.In addition,the current application technologies and theoretical mechanisms with various properties in different fields are elucidated.Moreover,the various preparation methods of CF and its composite materials are elaborated in detail.Most importantly,the advantages and disadvantages of the synthesis methods of CF and its composite materials are discussed,and the existing problems and emerging challenges in practical production are identified.Furthermore,the key future research directions of CF and its composite materials have been prospected from the potential application technologies to provide references for its synthesis and efficient utilization.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(51975286)。
文摘Fe-Mo functionally graded materials(FGMs)with different composition-change rates from 100%304 stainless steel to 100%Mo along the composition gradient direction were prepared by electron beam-directed energy deposition(EB-DED)technique,including three samples with composition mutation of 100%,composition change rate of 10%and 30%.Results show that the composition-change rate significantly affects the microstructure and mechanical properties of the samples.In the sample with abrupt change of composition,the sharp shift in composition between 304 stainless steel and Mo leads to a great difference in the microstructure and hardness near the interface between the two materials.With the increase in the number of gradient layers,the composition changes continuously along the direction of deposition height,and the microstructure morphology shows a smooth transition from 304 stainless steel to Mo,which is gradually transformed from columnar crystal to dendritic crystal.Elements Fe,Mo,and other major elements transform linearly along the gradient direction,with sufficient interlayer diffusion between the deposited layers,leading to good metallurgical bonding.The smaller the change in composition gradient,the greater the microhardness value along the deposition direction.When the composition gradient is 10%,the gradient layer exhibits higher hardness(940 HV)and excellent resistance to surface abrasion,and the overall compressive properties of the samples are better,with the compressive fracture stress in the top region reaching 750.05±14 MPa.
文摘SS316L alloy coupled with Inconel625 alloy were combined with Ti6Al4V or Inconel718 alloy through wire arc additive manufacturing technique to manufacture functionally graded materials(FGMs).Two FGMs,namely 60%SS316L+20%Inconel625+20%Ti6Al4V composite and 60%SS316L+20%Inconel625+20%Inconel718 composite,were prepared.The tensile strength,elongation,yield strength,hardness,cross section area of the parent material,and composition were analysed.Results illustrate that the 60%SS316L+20%Inconel625+20%Inconel718 composite has better mechanical properties than 60%SS316L+20%Inconel625+20%Ti6Al4V composite,and the comprehensive properties of 60%SS316L+20%Inconel 625+20%Ti6Al4V composite are better than those of the parent material SS316L.Hence,the composite of 60%SS316L+20%Inconel625+20%Inconel718 is optimal.Due to its high strength,the 60%SS316L+20%Inconel625+20%Inconel718 composite has great application potential in the field of high pressure pneumatic tool and defence tool.
文摘Mechanical loading constitutes a fundamental determinant in the process of bone remodeling.This modeling encompasses the incorporation of mechanical stimuli,the involvement of cellular and molecular constituents,as well as the utilization of sophisticated computational methodologies.Such an approach is imperative for forecasting bone behaviour across varying environmental conditions.In the present study,key findings from bone mechanobiology are reviewed,along with the possibility that Functionally Graded Materials(FGM)enhances osseointegration and lowers the stress-shielding effect during bone remodeling and compared to titanium,FGM improves periprosthetic bone remodeling.To summarise some of the most important findings from computational models of bone mechanobiology,explaining how modifications to the mechanical environment affect implant design,growth of bone,and bone response.The impact that changes related to the mechanical environment have on bone response is examined using computational models and methods such as surface microtopography to determine how an implant’s bone density has increased over time.This review focuses on the refinement of advanced simulation frameworks and their synergy with imaging technologies to strengthen model validation,ultimately resulting in better clinical outcomes in the context of bone health treatments.
基金financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2023YFA0915300)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52233012,22405212 and22471219)the Funds for Creative Research Groups of China of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21821001)。
文摘Intracellular polymerization is an emerging field,showcasing high diversity and efficiency of chemistry.Motivated by the principles of natural biomolecular synthesis,polymerization within living cells is believed to be a powerful and versatile tool to modulate cell behavior.In this review,we summarized recent advances and future trends in the field of intracellular polymerization,specifically focusing on covalent and supramolecular polymerization.This discussion comprehensively covers the diverse chemical designs,reaction mechanisms,responsive features,and functional applications.Furthermore,we also clarified the connection between preliminary design of polymer synthesis and their subsequent biological applications.We hope this review will serve as an innovative platform for chemists and biologists to regulate biological functions in practical applications and clinical trials.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Nos.2022YFB4600300 and 2022YFB4600301)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52175364)+1 种基金the ND Basic Research Funds of NPU(G2022WD)the Research Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing(NPU),China(No.2023-QZ-04).
文摘The fabrication of Invar/MnCu functionally graded material(FGM)through directed energy deposition(DED)can satisfy the demands for precision devices in aerospace,providing lightweight properties and integrating thermal stability and vibration damping capabilities.However,basic research on Invar/MnCu FGM is still lacking,hindering its potential applications.To address this gap,this study was conducted using mixed powders and consistent process parameters to print experiments for Invar/MnCu FGM and homogeneous samples.Phases,microstructures,compositions,and thermal expansion properties were thoroughly examined.Three types of defects were detected in the Invar/MnCu FGM sample:unmelted Invar 36 powders,cracks,and pores.The mechanism of unmelted powders was deeply discussed,attributing it to material properties influencing laser absorptivity,the required time for melting powder,and effects on solidus temperature.The mechanism of cracks was also discussed,attributing it to theγ-Fe dendritic structure causing low melting point metal to form an intergranular liquid film,harmful secondary phases mismatched with the terminal alloy,and obvious tensile stresses during the DED process.Additionally,an effective strategy was proposed to reduce defects in Invar/MnCu FGM.After optimization,the specimens exhibited excellent tensile properties,with a yield strength of 262±5 MPa,an ultimate tensile strength of 316±7 MPa,and an elongation of 3%±1%.This research provides valuable references and insights for subsequent work,offering robust support for better understanding and designing other FGM.
基金support provided by National Natural Science Foundation of China(22471018,22071008,22208018)support provided by the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(JCYJ20220818100012025).
文摘Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are innovative materials distinguished by gradual variations in composition and structure, offering exceptional properties for diverse applications. Poly(ionic liquid)s (PILs), merging the characteristics of polymers and ionic liquids, have emerged as viable options for the development of FGMs given their tunable skeleton, ionic conductivity, and compatibility with various functional materials. This review highlights the latest advancements in the design strategies of FGMs based on porous PILs, focusing on single and multi-gradient structures. Furthermore, we also highlight their emerging applications in molecular recognition, sensing, adsorption, separation, and catalysis. By exploring the interplay between porosity, ionic functionality, and gradient architecture, this review offers perspectives on the prospects of PIL-based FGMs for tackling global challenges in energy, environment, and healthcare.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52373085,52573090 and U21A2095)Department of Science and Technology of Hubei Province(No.2025CSA001 and 2024CSA076),Outstanding Young and Middle-aged Scientific and Technology Innovation Team of Higher Education Institutions of Hubei Province(No.T2024010),Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(No.2023AFA828 and 2024AFB238)+2 种基金Innovative Team Program of Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(2023AFA027)Open Fund for Hubei Integrative Technology and Innovation Center for Advanced Fiberous Materials(XC202517)National Local Joint Laboratory for Advanced Textile Processing and Clean Production(FX20240005).
文摘Artificial intelligence(AI)is emerging as a transformative enabler in the development of smart textile systems,particularly those integrating powder-based functional materials.This review highlights recent progress in AIguided design of carbon nanomaterials,metallic nanoparticles,and framework-based powders for applications in energy harvesting,intelligent sensing,and robotic actuation.Machine learning techniques,including supervised learning,transfer learning,and Bayesian optimization are discussed for accelerating materials discovery,enhancing integration strategies,and enabling real-time adaptive control.Emphasis is placed on how AI enables multifunctional,wearable platforms that sense,process,and respond to environmental and physiological cues with high accuracy and autonomy.Representative breakthroughs in soft robotics,haptic interfaces,and assistive devices are presented,demonstrating the synergy of AI and responsive textiles.Finally,the review outlines key challenges related to data scarcity,model generalizability,manufacturing scalability,and sustainability,while proposing future directions involving multimodal learning,autonomous experimentation,and ethics-aware design.This work offers a comprehensive outlook on next-generation AI-driven textile systems that seamlessly integrate intelligence,functionality,and wearability.
文摘This paper presents a new electromagnetic functional material developed byelectron-less nickel deposition technique, with a single hollow micro-sphere as the core templateand a thin nickel layer as the shell. The micrograph taken by a scanning electron microscope showsthe microstructures of the materials in detail. Scattering parameters of the waveguide sample holderfilled with the materials have been obtained over X band. The electromagnetic parameters computedfrom the measured S parameters show that the material with metallic hollow spheres has as highrelative permeability μ'_r as 19.0 with about 0.6 magnetic loss tangent over the whole bandwidth.Compared to the material with non-metallic spheres, the permeability μ'_r and the magnetic losstangent μ'_r increase greatly, while the permittivity remains lower than 1.8.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32170037)and SKLMT Frontiers and Challenges Project(SKLMTFCP-2023-04).
文摘Cellulosic materials are attracting increasing research interest because of their abundance,biocompatibility,and biodegradability,making them suitable in multiple industrial and medical applications.Functionalization of cellulose is usually required to improve or expand its properties to meet the requirements of different applications.Cellulose-binding domains(CBDs)found in various proteins have been shown to be powerful tools in the functionalization of cellulose materials.In this review,we firstly introduce the structural characteristics of commonly used CBDs belonging to carbohydrate-binding module families 1,2 and 3.Then,we summarize four main kinds of methodologies for employing CBDs to modify cellulosic materials(i.e.,CBD only,genetic fusion,non-covalent linkage and covalent linkage).Via different approaches,CBDs have been used to improve the material properties of cellulose,immobilize enzymes for biocatalysis,and design various detection tools.To achieve industrial applications,researches for lowering the production cost of CBDs,improving their performance(e.g.,stability),and expanding their application scenarios are still in need.
文摘Based on the analyses of the severity of cutting process as well as the failure mechanisms of ceramic tools, a model for designing functionally gradient ceramic tool materials with symmetrical distribution is presented, by which a Al 2O 3/(W,Ti)C ceramic tool material FG 2 was developed. Multi objective optimization method was employed in designing the compositional distribution of this ceramic tool material. The results of both continuous and intermittent cutting tests are indicative of the much better cutting behavior of the functionally gradient ceramic tool FG 2 than that of the common ceramic tool SG 4.
文摘Functionally graded materials, including their characterization, properties and production methods are a new rapidly developing field of materials science. The aims of this review are to systematize the basic production techniques for manufacturing functionally graded materials. Attention is paid to the principles for obtaining graded structure mainly in the metal based functionally graded materials. Several unpublished results obtained by the authors have been discussed briefly. Experimental methods and theoretical analysis for qualitative and quantitative estimation of graded properties have also been presented. The article can be useful for people who work in the field of functionally graded structures and materials, and who need a compact informative review of recent experimental and theoretical activity in this area.
基金Supported by National Hi-tech Research and Development Program of China(863 Program,Grant No.2015AA042505)
文摘Traditional gear weight optimization methods consider gear tooth number, module, face width or other dimension parameters of gear as design variables. However, due to the complicated form and geometric features peculiar to the gear, there will be large amounts of design parameters in gear design, and the influences of gear parameters changing on gear trains, transmission system and the whole equipment have to be taken into account, which increases the complexity of optimization problem. This paper puts forward to apply functionally graded materials（FGMs） to gears and then conduct the optimization. According to the force situation of gears, the material distribution form of FGM gears is determined. Then based on the performance parameters analysis of FGMs and the practical working demands for gears, a multi-objective optimization model is formed. Finally by using the goal driven optimization（GDO） method, the optimal material distribution is achieved, which makes gear weight and the maximum deformation be minimum and the maximum bending stress do not exceed the allowable stress. As an example, the applying of FGM to automotive transmission gear is conducted to illustrate the optimization design process and the result shows that under the condition of keeping the normal working performance of gear, the method achieves in greatly reducing the gear weight. This research proposes a FGM gears design method that is able to largely reduce the weight of gears by optimizing the microscopic material parameters instead of changing the macroscopic dimension parameters of gears, which reduces the complexity of gear weight optimization problem.
基金Supported by the National Key Technologies R＆D Program （2011BAE28B01） and the National Natural Science Foundation of China （21276016）.
文摘Layered intercalated functional materials of layered double hydroxide type are an important class of functional materials developed in recent years. Based on long term studies on these materials in the State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering in Beiiing University of Chemical Technology, the orinciole for the design of controlled intercalation processes in the light of tuture production processing requirements has been developed. Intercalation assembly methods and technologies have been invented to control the intercalation process for preparing layered intercalated materials with various structures and functions.
基金the financial support of the program for the New Century Excellent Talents in University(Grant No.NCET-05-0278)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.20471012)+1 种基金the Foundation for the Author of National Excellent Doctoral Dissertation of China(Grant No.200322)the Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education(Grant No.20040141004).
文摘Micro/nanostructured crystals with controlled architectures are desirable for many applications in optics, electronics, biology, medicine, and energy conversions. Low-temperature, aqueous chemical routes have been widely investigated for the synthesis of particles, and arrays of oriented nanorods and nanotubes. In this paper, based on the ideal crystal shapes predicted by the chemical bonding theory, we have developed some potential chemical strategies to tune the microstructure of functional materials, ZnS and Nb205 nanotube arrays, MgO wiskers and nestlike spheres, and cubic phase Cu2O microcrystals were synthesized here to elucidate these strategies. We describe their controlled crystallization processes and illustrate the detailed key factors controlling their growth by examining various reaction parameters. Current results demonstrate that our designed chemical strategies for tuning microstructure of functional materials are applicable to several technologically important materials, and therefore may be used as a versatile and effective route to the controllable synthesis of other inorganic functional materials.
基金the Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS(No.2018040)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U2004211 and 52173292).
文摘Cellulose is one of the most abundant natural polymers in the nature,which has many attractive advantages,such as renewability,biodegradability,and biocompatibility.However,due to the strong hydrogen bond network and hierarchical structure,cellulose is extremely difficult to be dissolved and processed.More recently,a class of novel eco-friendly solvents,ionic liquids,have been found to be able to efficiently dissolve cellulose,providing a versatile platform for cellulose processing and functionalization.Herein,we highlight recent advances in efficiently fabricating functional cellulose derivatives via the homogeneous chemical modification and developing all-biomass materials via controlling the dissolution-regeneration process in ionic liquids.The effective and environmentally-friendly utilization of cellulose not only reduces dependence on fossil resources but also protects the environment.
基金financially supported by the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2019A1515110542)the Guangdong Special Support Program(No.2019BT02C629)+5 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52005189and 51775196)the Chinese Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2020M672617)the Guangzhou Science and Technology Society Project(Nos.X20200301015,201907010008,202007020008and 201807010030)the Chinese Central Universities Funds(No.2018ZD30)supported by Guangdong province Science and Technology Plan Projects(No.2019A1515011841)GDAS Projects(Nos.2020GDASYL-20200402005,2019GDASYL-0501009,2019GDASYL-0502006,2018GDASCX-0111,2018GDASCX-0402 and 2019GDASYL-0402004)。
文摘Additive manufacturing enables processing of functionally graded materials(FGMs)with flexible spatial design and high bonding strength.A steel-copper FGM with high interfacial strength was developed using laser powder bed fusion(LPBF).The effect of laser process parameters on interfacial defects was evaluated by X-ray tomography,which indicates a low porosity level of 0.042%therein.Gradient/fine dendritic grains in the interface are incited by high cooling rates,which facilitates interface strengthening.Multiple mechanical tests evaluate the bonding reliability of interface;and the fatigue tests further substantiate the ultrahigh bonding strength in FGMs,which is superior to traditional manufacturing methods.Mechanisms of the high interfacial bond strength were also discussed.
