In this paper,we establish some strong laws of large numbers,which are for nonindependent random variables under the framework of sublinear expectations.One of our main results is for blockwise m-dependent random vari...In this paper,we establish some strong laws of large numbers,which are for nonindependent random variables under the framework of sublinear expectations.One of our main results is for blockwise m-dependent random variables,and another is for sub-orthogonal random variables.Both extend the strong law of large numbers for independent random variables under sublinear expectations to the non-independent case.展开更多
The Private Sector Promotion Law is formulated in the background of an increasingly mature market mechanism and a gradually optimized business environment,thus bearing a strong hallmark of the times.The rule of law va...The Private Sector Promotion Law is formulated in the background of an increasingly mature market mechanism and a gradually optimized business environment,thus bearing a strong hallmark of the times.The rule of law values embedded in it also exhibit a distinct perspective aligned with the current era.In the context of Chinese modernization,the Private Sector Promotion Law takes reform and opening-up as its core theme and aims for full and balanced economic development.It focuses on the development of new quality productive forces and the empowerment of big data,with a key emphasis on highlighting Chinese characteristics in economic development.Meanwhile,the Private Sector Promotion Law demonstrates the rule of law values that balance public and private law dimensions.On the one hand,it encourages market participants to engage in fair competition,pursue independent development,operate with integrity,and assume the corresponding social responsibilities.On the other hand,it requires public authority entities to treat every market participant equally.They should provide the necessary support and guidance through means such as administrative payment and administrative guidance and adopt a restrained attitude in the application of administrative penalties,thereby safeguarding the legitimate rights and interests of market participants.展开更多
International investment constitutes a key dimension of high-quality cooperation under the Belt and Road Initiative.However,affected by unilateralism,protectionist measures,and growing regulatory uncertainty,it faces ...International investment constitutes a key dimension of high-quality cooperation under the Belt and Road Initiative.However,affected by unilateralism,protectionist measures,and growing regulatory uncertainty,it faces increasingly complex and diverse risks.Deepening the rule of law cooperation based on an international order governed by international law is not only a fundamental way to mitigate investment risks associated with the Belt and Road Initiative but also an essential requirement for building a more just and reasonable system of global economic governance.At present,investment rule of law cooperation under the Belt and Road Initiative faces three main challenges:limited legal cooperation capacity among some participating countries at the subject level,insufficient coordination between hard law and soft law at the normative level,and relatively weak regional enforcement and dispute-prevention mechanisms at the implementation level.To advance regional investment rule of law cooperation and promote the high-quality development of the Belt and Road Initiative,China should foster consultative governance on investment rule of law cooperation among partner countries,comprehensively upgrade hard law and soft law instruments regulating investment,and strengthen enforcement and dispute settlement capacity,thereby contributing a more just,reasonable,and inclusive model of investment governance to the world.展开更多
As a crucial aspect of international governance,international standardization requires legitimacy grounded in the principles and frameworks established by international law.Building upon an understanding of the common...As a crucial aspect of international governance,international standardization requires legitimacy grounded in the principles and frameworks established by international law.Building upon an understanding of the commonalities between international law and international standardization,this paper explores the mechanism through which international law centered on treaties empowers international standardization.展开更多
The capture zones of the continuous and pulsed guidance laws in the pursuit-evasion game are analytically discussed in this paper to provide deep insights into the capturability distinction between the continuous guid...The capture zones of the continuous and pulsed guidance laws in the pursuit-evasion game are analytically discussed in this paper to provide deep insights into the capturability distinction between the continuous guidance law and the pulsed guidance law.Specifically,first,in the pursuit-evasion game,various capture cases are defined regarding the Zero-Effort Miss distance(ZEM)to facilitate the capturability analysis.Then,for both the evader and the pursuer,the Linear-Quadratic Differential Game(LQDG)guidance laws concerning the continuous acceleration and the pulsed acceleration are converted into a unified form.In each capture case,the optimal solution existence conditions are derived,and the corresponding capture zones are formulated.The discussion on the capture zones shows that if the optimal solution exists,the distinction between the pulsed guidance law and the continuous guidance law can be neglected under small guidance effort weight.However,the capture zone of the continuous guidance law is larger than that of the pulsed guidance law with large pursuer guidance effort weight,but smaller with large evader guidance effort weight.Finally,various simulations are conducted to illustrate the distinction of the continuous and pulsed guidance laws,as well as the impact of the acceleration ratio and the time constant ratio on the capturability.展开更多
The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea(ITLOS)is requested to provide an advisory opinion on the specific obligations of states parties regarding climate change under the United Nations Convention on the Law...The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea(ITLOS)is requested to provide an advisory opinion on the specific obligations of states parties regarding climate change under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea(UNCLOS).This opinion recognizes that greenhouse gas emissions constitute pollution of the marine environment and emphasizes the necessity for states to take measures to mitigate such pollution.Legally,this opinion clarifies the necessity of collective action in addressing climate change,thereby advancing the concept of climate justice.However,the advisory opinions serve merely as'primary rules',failing to elaborate on how to demonstrate the causal link between mitigation actions and the harm suffered by other states,as well as the manner in which state responsibility for climate-induced loss and damage should be borne.Divergent views among states regarding the classification of greenhouse gases as pollutants highlight the complexities and uncertainties of climate policy.To promote compatibility between climate law and maritime law,this article argues that ITLOS should prioritize the establishment of an'assistance-based'loss and damage compensation mechanism.This mechanism aims to support developing states severely affected by climate change through collective international efforts rather than solely through compensation.Furthermore,the advisory opinion is expected to play a crucial role in protecting marine environments and addressing climate change,to further clarify the duty of care that states must exercise in climate governance.展开更多
Modeling time headways between vehicles has attracted increasing interest in the traffic flow research field recently, because the corresponding statistics help to reveal the intrinsic interactions governing the vehic...Modeling time headways between vehicles has attracted increasing interest in the traffic flow research field recently, because the corresponding statistics help to reveal the intrinsic interactions governing the vehicle dynamics. However, most previous micro-simulation models cannot yield the observed log-normal distributed headways. This paper designs a new car-following model inspired by the Galton board to reproduce the observed time-headway distributions as well as the complex traffic phenomena. The consistency between the empirical data and the simulation results indicates that this new car-following model provides a reasonable description of the car-following behaviours.展开更多
In this paper, we propose a log-normal linear model whose errors are first-order correlated, and suggest a two-stage method for the efficient estimation of the conditional mean of the response variable at the original...In this paper, we propose a log-normal linear model whose errors are first-order correlated, and suggest a two-stage method for the efficient estimation of the conditional mean of the response variable at the original scale. We obtain two estimators which minimize the asymptotic mean squared error （MM） and the asymptotic bias （MB）, respectively. Both the estimators are very easy to implement, and simulation studies show that they are perform better.展开更多
Medical research data are often skewed and heteroscedastic. It has therefore become practice to log-transform data in regression analysis, in order to stabilize the variance. Regression analysis on log-transformed dat...Medical research data are often skewed and heteroscedastic. It has therefore become practice to log-transform data in regression analysis, in order to stabilize the variance. Regression analysis on log-transformed data estimates the relative effect, whereas it is often the absolute effect of a predictor that is of interest. We propose a maximum likelihood (ML)-based approach to estimate a linear regression model on log-normal, heteroscedastic data. The new method was evaluated with a large simulation study. Log-normal observations were generated according to the simulation models and parameters were estimated using the new ML method, ordinary least-squares regression (LS) and weighed least-squares regression (WLS). All three methods produced unbiased estimates of parameters and expected response, and ML and WLS yielded smaller standard errors than LS. The approximate normality of the Wald statistic, used for tests of the ML estimates, in most situations produced correct type I error risk. Only ML and WLS produced correct confidence intervals for the estimated expected value. ML had the highest power for tests regarding β1.展开更多
We have observed weather clutter containing targets (ships) using an S-band radar with a frequency 3.05 GHz, a beam width 1.8°, and a pulsewidth 0.5 μs. To investigate the weather clutter amplitude statistics, w...We have observed weather clutter containing targets (ships) using an S-band radar with a frequency 3.05 GHz, a beam width 1.8°, and a pulsewidth 0.5 μs. To investigate the weather clutter amplitude statistics, we introduce the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). We have found that the weather clutter amplitudes obey the log-normal, Weibull, and log-Weibull distributions with the shape parameters of 0.308 to 0.470, 4.42 to 4.51, and 15.91 to 16.44, respectively, for small data within the beam width of an antenna. We have proposed the log-normal/CFAR circuit modified a Cell-Averaging (CA) LOG/CFAR circuit. It is found that weather clutter is suppressed with improvement of 51.58 dB by log-normal/CFAR. As a result, we have showed that weather clutter observed by S-band radar does not obey the Rayleigh distribution and our log-normal/CFAR circuit has an effect on suppression of clutter and detection of target, while conventional LOG/CFAR circuit does not. In addition, if our circuit can be realized, we will have an advantage economically.展开更多
The method of integrating factors is used to study the conservation laws of the Herglotz type Birkhoffian systems in this paper.Firstly,the definition of the integrating factors of the Herglotz type Birkhoffian system...The method of integrating factors is used to study the conservation laws of the Herglotz type Birkhoffian systems in this paper.Firstly,the definition of the integrating factors of the Herglotz type Birkhoffian systems is given.Secondly,the relationship between the integrating factors and conservation laws is studied,and the conservation theorems of Herglotz type Birkhoff's equations and their inverse theorems are established.Thirdly,two types of generalized Killing equations for calculating integrating factors are given.Finally,as an example,a linear damped oscillator is taken.This example can be transformed into a Herglotz type Birkhoffian system.The resulting conservation theorems are used to find the conserved quantities for this example.展开更多
This work focuses on a Keller-Segel chemotaxis model, with an emphasis on its conservation laws. Through a new approach combined with the multiplier method, called the mixed method, we obtain conservation vectors that...This work focuses on a Keller-Segel chemotaxis model, with an emphasis on its conservation laws. Through a new approach combined with the multiplier method, called the mixed method, we obtain conservation vectors that are related and unrelated to symmetric information. In addition, some exact solutions with particular forms are obtained according to the method of conservation laws. These particular solutions are different from the group-invariant solutions.展开更多
There is a wide recognition that encompassing an obligation of good faith in every commercial contract is one of the most important advances in contract law in the twentieth century^([1]).Despite the fact that this co...There is a wide recognition that encompassing an obligation of good faith in every commercial contract is one of the most important advances in contract law in the twentieth century^([1]).Despite the fact that this concept has been incorporated in the vast majority of national legal systems,its precise scope and application may vary from one to another,depending on the commercial traditions and customs of each legal system^([2]).The fact that good faith has been treated differently in different national legal systems has also been reflected on the international level through its inclusion in international legal instruments,one of which is the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods(hereafter CISG).In this article,the legislative history of the CISG will be closely examined with the purpose of finding out how a compromise was reached between the common law countries,which expressly objected to the imposition of a duty of good faith,and the civil law countries,which explicitly endorse its incorporation.A logical result flowing from this historical examination,as will be submitted,is that the conceptual ambiguity of good faith is the underlying reasoning behind their fundamentally different attitudes towards the incorporation of this notion in the international commercial context.展开更多
文摘In this paper,we establish some strong laws of large numbers,which are for nonindependent random variables under the framework of sublinear expectations.One of our main results is for blockwise m-dependent random variables,and another is for sub-orthogonal random variables.Both extend the strong law of large numbers for independent random variables under sublinear expectations to the non-independent case.
文摘The Private Sector Promotion Law is formulated in the background of an increasingly mature market mechanism and a gradually optimized business environment,thus bearing a strong hallmark of the times.The rule of law values embedded in it also exhibit a distinct perspective aligned with the current era.In the context of Chinese modernization,the Private Sector Promotion Law takes reform and opening-up as its core theme and aims for full and balanced economic development.It focuses on the development of new quality productive forces and the empowerment of big data,with a key emphasis on highlighting Chinese characteristics in economic development.Meanwhile,the Private Sector Promotion Law demonstrates the rule of law values that balance public and private law dimensions.On the one hand,it encourages market participants to engage in fair competition,pursue independent development,operate with integrity,and assume the corresponding social responsibilities.On the other hand,it requires public authority entities to treat every market participant equally.They should provide the necessary support and guidance through means such as administrative payment and administrative guidance and adopt a restrained attitude in the application of administrative penalties,thereby safeguarding the legitimate rights and interests of market participants.
基金funded by the National Social Science Fund of China(Grant No.20CFX083)。
文摘International investment constitutes a key dimension of high-quality cooperation under the Belt and Road Initiative.However,affected by unilateralism,protectionist measures,and growing regulatory uncertainty,it faces increasingly complex and diverse risks.Deepening the rule of law cooperation based on an international order governed by international law is not only a fundamental way to mitigate investment risks associated with the Belt and Road Initiative but also an essential requirement for building a more just and reasonable system of global economic governance.At present,investment rule of law cooperation under the Belt and Road Initiative faces three main challenges:limited legal cooperation capacity among some participating countries at the subject level,insufficient coordination between hard law and soft law at the normative level,and relatively weak regional enforcement and dispute-prevention mechanisms at the implementation level.To advance regional investment rule of law cooperation and promote the high-quality development of the Belt and Road Initiative,China should foster consultative governance on investment rule of law cooperation among partner countries,comprehensively upgrade hard law and soft law instruments regulating investment,and strengthen enforcement and dispute settlement capacity,thereby contributing a more just,reasonable,and inclusive model of investment governance to the world.
文摘As a crucial aspect of international governance,international standardization requires legitimacy grounded in the principles and frameworks established by international law.Building upon an understanding of the commonalities between international law and international standardization,this paper explores the mechanism through which international law centered on treaties empowers international standardization.
基金co-supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U24B20157,62203031)the Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality,China(No.4242041)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province,China(No.LY24F030002)the Aeronautical ScienceFoundation of China(No.2024Z066051001)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China。
文摘The capture zones of the continuous and pulsed guidance laws in the pursuit-evasion game are analytically discussed in this paper to provide deep insights into the capturability distinction between the continuous guidance law and the pulsed guidance law.Specifically,first,in the pursuit-evasion game,various capture cases are defined regarding the Zero-Effort Miss distance(ZEM)to facilitate the capturability analysis.Then,for both the evader and the pursuer,the Linear-Quadratic Differential Game(LQDG)guidance laws concerning the continuous acceleration and the pulsed acceleration are converted into a unified form.In each capture case,the optimal solution existence conditions are derived,and the corresponding capture zones are formulated.The discussion on the capture zones shows that if the optimal solution exists,the distinction between the pulsed guidance law and the continuous guidance law can be neglected under small guidance effort weight.However,the capture zone of the continuous guidance law is larger than that of the pulsed guidance law with large pursuer guidance effort weight,but smaller with large evader guidance effort weight.Finally,various simulations are conducted to illustrate the distinction of the continuous and pulsed guidance laws,as well as the impact of the acceleration ratio and the time constant ratio on the capturability.
基金the National Social Science Fund Youth Project,entitled Research on the Integration of Global Carbon Market Rules Under the Glasgow Climate Agreement and China's Solutions(Grant Number:22CFX088).
文摘The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea(ITLOS)is requested to provide an advisory opinion on the specific obligations of states parties regarding climate change under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea(UNCLOS).This opinion recognizes that greenhouse gas emissions constitute pollution of the marine environment and emphasizes the necessity for states to take measures to mitigate such pollution.Legally,this opinion clarifies the necessity of collective action in addressing climate change,thereby advancing the concept of climate justice.However,the advisory opinions serve merely as'primary rules',failing to elaborate on how to demonstrate the causal link between mitigation actions and the harm suffered by other states,as well as the manner in which state responsibility for climate-induced loss and damage should be borne.Divergent views among states regarding the classification of greenhouse gases as pollutants highlight the complexities and uncertainties of climate policy.To promote compatibility between climate law and maritime law,this article argues that ITLOS should prioritize the establishment of an'assistance-based'loss and damage compensation mechanism.This mechanism aims to support developing states severely affected by climate change through collective international efforts rather than solely through compensation.Furthermore,the advisory opinion is expected to play a crucial role in protecting marine environments and addressing climate change,to further clarify the duty of care that states must exercise in climate governance.
基金supported partly by the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2006CB705506)the National Hi-Tech Research and Development Program of China (Grant Nos. 2006AA11Z215 and 2007AA11Z222)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 50708055, 60774034 and 10872194)
文摘Modeling time headways between vehicles has attracted increasing interest in the traffic flow research field recently, because the corresponding statistics help to reveal the intrinsic interactions governing the vehicle dynamics. However, most previous micro-simulation models cannot yield the observed log-normal distributed headways. This paper designs a new car-following model inspired by the Galton board to reproduce the observed time-headway distributions as well as the complex traffic phenomena. The consistency between the empirical data and the simulation results indicates that this new car-following model provides a reasonable description of the car-following behaviours.
基金The NSF(11271155) of ChinaResearch Fund(20070183023) for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education
文摘In this paper, we propose a log-normal linear model whose errors are first-order correlated, and suggest a two-stage method for the efficient estimation of the conditional mean of the response variable at the original scale. We obtain two estimators which minimize the asymptotic mean squared error （MM） and the asymptotic bias （MB）, respectively. Both the estimators are very easy to implement, and simulation studies show that they are perform better.
文摘Medical research data are often skewed and heteroscedastic. It has therefore become practice to log-transform data in regression analysis, in order to stabilize the variance. Regression analysis on log-transformed data estimates the relative effect, whereas it is often the absolute effect of a predictor that is of interest. We propose a maximum likelihood (ML)-based approach to estimate a linear regression model on log-normal, heteroscedastic data. The new method was evaluated with a large simulation study. Log-normal observations were generated according to the simulation models and parameters were estimated using the new ML method, ordinary least-squares regression (LS) and weighed least-squares regression (WLS). All three methods produced unbiased estimates of parameters and expected response, and ML and WLS yielded smaller standard errors than LS. The approximate normality of the Wald statistic, used for tests of the ML estimates, in most situations produced correct type I error risk. Only ML and WLS produced correct confidence intervals for the estimated expected value. ML had the highest power for tests regarding β1.
文摘We have observed weather clutter containing targets (ships) using an S-band radar with a frequency 3.05 GHz, a beam width 1.8°, and a pulsewidth 0.5 μs. To investigate the weather clutter amplitude statistics, we introduce the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). We have found that the weather clutter amplitudes obey the log-normal, Weibull, and log-Weibull distributions with the shape parameters of 0.308 to 0.470, 4.42 to 4.51, and 15.91 to 16.44, respectively, for small data within the beam width of an antenna. We have proposed the log-normal/CFAR circuit modified a Cell-Averaging (CA) LOG/CFAR circuit. It is found that weather clutter is suppressed with improvement of 51.58 dB by log-normal/CFAR. As a result, we have showed that weather clutter observed by S-band radar does not obey the Rayleigh distribution and our log-normal/CFAR circuit has an effect on suppression of clutter and detection of target, while conventional LOG/CFAR circuit does not. In addition, if our circuit can be realized, we will have an advantage economically.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(12272248)。
文摘The method of integrating factors is used to study the conservation laws of the Herglotz type Birkhoffian systems in this paper.Firstly,the definition of the integrating factors of the Herglotz type Birkhoffian systems is given.Secondly,the relationship between the integrating factors and conservation laws is studied,and the conservation theorems of Herglotz type Birkhoff's equations and their inverse theorems are established.Thirdly,two types of generalized Killing equations for calculating integrating factors are given.Finally,as an example,a linear damped oscillator is taken.This example can be transformed into a Herglotz type Birkhoffian system.The resulting conservation theorems are used to find the conserved quantities for this example.
文摘This work focuses on a Keller-Segel chemotaxis model, with an emphasis on its conservation laws. Through a new approach combined with the multiplier method, called the mixed method, we obtain conservation vectors that are related and unrelated to symmetric information. In addition, some exact solutions with particular forms are obtained according to the method of conservation laws. These particular solutions are different from the group-invariant solutions.
文摘There is a wide recognition that encompassing an obligation of good faith in every commercial contract is one of the most important advances in contract law in the twentieth century^([1]).Despite the fact that this concept has been incorporated in the vast majority of national legal systems,its precise scope and application may vary from one to another,depending on the commercial traditions and customs of each legal system^([2]).The fact that good faith has been treated differently in different national legal systems has also been reflected on the international level through its inclusion in international legal instruments,one of which is the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods(hereafter CISG).In this article,the legislative history of the CISG will be closely examined with the purpose of finding out how a compromise was reached between the common law countries,which expressly objected to the imposition of a duty of good faith,and the civil law countries,which explicitly endorse its incorporation.A logical result flowing from this historical examination,as will be submitted,is that the conceptual ambiguity of good faith is the underlying reasoning behind their fundamentally different attitudes towards the incorporation of this notion in the international commercial context.
