Modeling time headways between vehicles has attracted increasing interest in the traffic flow research field recently, because the corresponding statistics help to reveal the intrinsic interactions governing the vehic...Modeling time headways between vehicles has attracted increasing interest in the traffic flow research field recently, because the corresponding statistics help to reveal the intrinsic interactions governing the vehicle dynamics. However, most previous micro-simulation models cannot yield the observed log-normal distributed headways. This paper designs a new car-following model inspired by the Galton board to reproduce the observed time-headway distributions as well as the complex traffic phenomena. The consistency between the empirical data and the simulation results indicates that this new car-following model provides a reasonable description of the car-following behaviours.展开更多
In this paper, we propose a log-normal linear model whose errors are first-order correlated, and suggest a two-stage method for the efficient estimation of the conditional mean of the response variable at the original...In this paper, we propose a log-normal linear model whose errors are first-order correlated, and suggest a two-stage method for the efficient estimation of the conditional mean of the response variable at the original scale. We obtain two estimators which minimize the asymptotic mean squared error （MM） and the asymptotic bias （MB）, respectively. Both the estimators are very easy to implement, and simulation studies show that they are perform better.展开更多
Medical research data are often skewed and heteroscedastic. It has therefore become practice to log-transform data in regression analysis, in order to stabilize the variance. Regression analysis on log-transformed dat...Medical research data are often skewed and heteroscedastic. It has therefore become practice to log-transform data in regression analysis, in order to stabilize the variance. Regression analysis on log-transformed data estimates the relative effect, whereas it is often the absolute effect of a predictor that is of interest. We propose a maximum likelihood (ML)-based approach to estimate a linear regression model on log-normal, heteroscedastic data. The new method was evaluated with a large simulation study. Log-normal observations were generated according to the simulation models and parameters were estimated using the new ML method, ordinary least-squares regression (LS) and weighed least-squares regression (WLS). All three methods produced unbiased estimates of parameters and expected response, and ML and WLS yielded smaller standard errors than LS. The approximate normality of the Wald statistic, used for tests of the ML estimates, in most situations produced correct type I error risk. Only ML and WLS produced correct confidence intervals for the estimated expected value. ML had the highest power for tests regarding β1.展开更多
We have observed weather clutter containing targets (ships) using an S-band radar with a frequency 3.05 GHz, a beam width 1.8°, and a pulsewidth 0.5 μs. To investigate the weather clutter amplitude statistics, w...We have observed weather clutter containing targets (ships) using an S-band radar with a frequency 3.05 GHz, a beam width 1.8°, and a pulsewidth 0.5 μs. To investigate the weather clutter amplitude statistics, we introduce the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). We have found that the weather clutter amplitudes obey the log-normal, Weibull, and log-Weibull distributions with the shape parameters of 0.308 to 0.470, 4.42 to 4.51, and 15.91 to 16.44, respectively, for small data within the beam width of an antenna. We have proposed the log-normal/CFAR circuit modified a Cell-Averaging (CA) LOG/CFAR circuit. It is found that weather clutter is suppressed with improvement of 51.58 dB by log-normal/CFAR. As a result, we have showed that weather clutter observed by S-band radar does not obey the Rayleigh distribution and our log-normal/CFAR circuit has an effect on suppression of clutter and detection of target, while conventional LOG/CFAR circuit does not. In addition, if our circuit can be realized, we will have an advantage economically.展开更多
This work focuses on a Keller-Segel chemotaxis model, with an emphasis on its conservation laws. Through a new approach combined with the multiplier method, called the mixed method, we obtain conservation vectors that...This work focuses on a Keller-Segel chemotaxis model, with an emphasis on its conservation laws. Through a new approach combined with the multiplier method, called the mixed method, we obtain conservation vectors that are related and unrelated to symmetric information. In addition, some exact solutions with particular forms are obtained according to the method of conservation laws. These particular solutions are different from the group-invariant solutions.展开更多
There is a wide recognition that encompassing an obligation of good faith in every commercial contract is one of the most important advances in contract law in the twentieth century^([1]).Despite the fact that this co...There is a wide recognition that encompassing an obligation of good faith in every commercial contract is one of the most important advances in contract law in the twentieth century^([1]).Despite the fact that this concept has been incorporated in the vast majority of national legal systems,its precise scope and application may vary from one to another,depending on the commercial traditions and customs of each legal system^([2]).The fact that good faith has been treated differently in different national legal systems has also been reflected on the international level through its inclusion in international legal instruments,one of which is the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods(hereafter CISG).In this article,the legislative history of the CISG will be closely examined with the purpose of finding out how a compromise was reached between the common law countries,which expressly objected to the imposition of a duty of good faith,and the civil law countries,which explicitly endorse its incorporation.A logical result flowing from this historical examination,as will be submitted,is that the conceptual ambiguity of good faith is the underlying reasoning behind their fundamentally different attitudes towards the incorporation of this notion in the international commercial context.展开更多
It is shown that time asymmetry is essential for deriving thermodynamic law and arises from the turnover of energy while reducing its information content and driving entropy increase. A dynamically interpreted princip...It is shown that time asymmetry is essential for deriving thermodynamic law and arises from the turnover of energy while reducing its information content and driving entropy increase. A dynamically interpreted principle of least action enables time asymmetry and time flow as a generation of action and redefines useful energy as an information system which implements a form of acting information. This is demonstrated using a basic formula, originally applied for time symmetry/energy conservation considerations, relating time asymmetry (which is conventionally denied but here expressly allowed), to energy behaviour. The results derived then explained that a dynamic energy is driving time asymmetry. It is doing it by decreasing the information content of useful energy, thus generating action and entropy increase, explaining action-time as an information phenomenon. Thermodynamic laws follow directly. The formalism derived readily explains what energy is, why it is conserved (1st law of thermodynamics), why entropy increases (2nd law) and that maximum entropy production within the restraints of the system controls self-organized processes of non-linear irreversible thermodynamics. The general significance of the principle of least action arises from its role of controlling the action generating oriented time of nature. These results contrast with present understanding of time neutrality and clock-time, which are here considered a source of paradoxes, intellectual contradictions and dead-end roads in models explaining nature and the universe.展开更多
In this work,firstly the general definition of law and types of law are presented.Then general definition of justice and types of justice are explained.Constructional and/or complementary theories are defined as gener...In this work,firstly the general definition of law and types of law are presented.Then general definition of justice and types of justice are explained.Constructional and/or complementary theories are defined as general/specific,and interaction theories,relationship theories,and hybrid theories are specifically mentioned.Accordingly,the interactions between the disciplines of law and justice are explained in more detail.Then,the general definition of engineering and philosophy of engineering are explained.The interactions between engineering and law are specifically evaluated,and interactions between engineering and 52 types of law are defined and case studies found in the literature are indicated for each.Then interactions between engineering and justice briefly mentioned.Relationships/interactions between engineering and 25 different types of justice discussed and evaluated with specific examples.Emphasis was placed on the historical development of the subject of philosophy in general,and philosophy of law was defined more specifically.Some of the philosophers of law and their areas of interest are presented in a table format and compared.The new perspective of philosophy was defined and the disciplines of R-Philosophy,R-Science,R-Justice,R-Law,R-Engineering,and R-Religion were expressed with the relevant basic concepts.New Era Philosophy,new and reconstructed Basic Philosophies,and Ideal Philosophical System explained generally.New perspective for the philosophy of justice is defined by considering the related new theories.Philosophy of defense,philosophy of equity,philosophy of equivalence,philosophy of judgment,philosophy of law,philosophy of protection,philosophy of punishment,and philosophy of rights are defined due to new perspective of philosophy.Also,philosophy of engineering law,philosophy of information technology law,philosophy of telecommunication law,and philosophy of security are defined by taking into account hybrid philosophies and general theories related to them.The interaction of engineering,law,justice,and basic philosophies has been generally expressed.展开更多
A shortage of courtrooms has long been a challenge in Malawi,especially since more judges were hired to help to streamline the country’s judicial process.Yet,while the current judiciary is headquartered in the countr...A shortage of courtrooms has long been a challenge in Malawi,especially since more judges were hired to help to streamline the country’s judicial process.Yet,while the current judiciary is headquartered in the country’s second-largest city of Blantyre,due to a lack of work space;some sections of the judiciary are located elsewhere,such as the juvenile,commercial and industrial courts.展开更多
Environmental rights are an important part of General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important discourses on respecting and protecting human rights.Soft law has played a significant role in the integrated development of the ...Environmental rights are an important part of General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important discourses on respecting and protecting human rights.Soft law has played a significant role in the integrated development of the theories of environmental rights and human rights.At the practical level,the soft law cooperation documents of the Belt and Road Initiative(BRI)have established general principles for the protection of environmental rights,policies for addressing climate change,standards for green investment and financing,and obligations for multinational corporations to protect the environment,making a contribution to the development and protection of environmental rights.In the future process of global environmental governance,it is necessary to start with the BRI’s soft law documents to further clarify the specific protection standards for environmental rights and promote the transformation of soft law into binding bilateral or multilateral agreements at the international level.In addition,it is essential to urge governments and enterprises to fulfill their due diligence obligations for environmental protection and strengthen information disclosure by emphasizing public interest responsibilities.Efforts should also be made to improve the environmental compliance systems of“going global”enterprises and enhance government supervision over corporate accountability for environmental rights.A corporate environmental protection accountability mechanism should be established,so as to actively promote global environmental governance in a more just and reasonable direction.展开更多
The Russia-Ukraine conflict remains unresolved,while the armed conflict between Israel and Palestine continues to escalate,causing significant civilian casualties.To better protect the victims of war in armed conflict...The Russia-Ukraine conflict remains unresolved,while the armed conflict between Israel and Palestine continues to escalate,causing significant civilian casualties.To better protect the victims of war in armed conflicts,clarifying the applicability of international human rights law(IHRL)and international humanitarian law(IHL)in such contexts has become an urgent issue.A comparative study on the application of IHRL and IHL needs to address three key questions step by step:First,whether IHRL is applicable during armed conflicts;second,if applicable,how IHRL complements and interacts with IHL;and third,what methods should be adopted to resolve conflicts when IHRL and IHL are applied concurrently.In this context,an analysis of the historical development of IHRL and IHL reveals that the two share a common philosophical foundation,and thus they can be applied concurrently during armed conflicts.From an empirical perspective,IHRL engages with IHL through two approaches:interpreting IHL provisions and directly applying IHRL to armed conflicts,thereby fostering interactive development between the two.In cases where normative conflicts arise between IHRL and IHL,such as in the rules on the use of force and internment procedures,the principles of systemic integration and lex specialis can reconcile these conflicts during the application process.展开更多
Law is all but not known for innovation.This is also true for studies in Roman private law,which have followed a system that is imagined to derive from the 2nd century AD jurist Gaius and late antique Justinianic codi...Law is all but not known for innovation.This is also true for studies in Roman private law,which have followed a system that is imagined to derive from the 2nd century AD jurist Gaius and late antique Justinianic codification.The shaping hands of the ancient codifiers and those of the medieval,early modern and 19th century jurists on Roman private law and the related legal discourses have been identified and studied at length.However,a real shift to discover the ways in which Roman private law became formed and was practiced has not been undertaken in comprehensive manner until the publication of the Handbook of Roman Private Law which is reviewed in the following from the perspective of an ancient historian.展开更多
基金supported partly by the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2006CB705506)the National Hi-Tech Research and Development Program of China (Grant Nos. 2006AA11Z215 and 2007AA11Z222)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 50708055, 60774034 and 10872194)
文摘Modeling time headways between vehicles has attracted increasing interest in the traffic flow research field recently, because the corresponding statistics help to reveal the intrinsic interactions governing the vehicle dynamics. However, most previous micro-simulation models cannot yield the observed log-normal distributed headways. This paper designs a new car-following model inspired by the Galton board to reproduce the observed time-headway distributions as well as the complex traffic phenomena. The consistency between the empirical data and the simulation results indicates that this new car-following model provides a reasonable description of the car-following behaviours.
基金The NSF(11271155) of ChinaResearch Fund(20070183023) for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education
文摘In this paper, we propose a log-normal linear model whose errors are first-order correlated, and suggest a two-stage method for the efficient estimation of the conditional mean of the response variable at the original scale. We obtain two estimators which minimize the asymptotic mean squared error （MM） and the asymptotic bias （MB）, respectively. Both the estimators are very easy to implement, and simulation studies show that they are perform better.
文摘Medical research data are often skewed and heteroscedastic. It has therefore become practice to log-transform data in regression analysis, in order to stabilize the variance. Regression analysis on log-transformed data estimates the relative effect, whereas it is often the absolute effect of a predictor that is of interest. We propose a maximum likelihood (ML)-based approach to estimate a linear regression model on log-normal, heteroscedastic data. The new method was evaluated with a large simulation study. Log-normal observations were generated according to the simulation models and parameters were estimated using the new ML method, ordinary least-squares regression (LS) and weighed least-squares regression (WLS). All three methods produced unbiased estimates of parameters and expected response, and ML and WLS yielded smaller standard errors than LS. The approximate normality of the Wald statistic, used for tests of the ML estimates, in most situations produced correct type I error risk. Only ML and WLS produced correct confidence intervals for the estimated expected value. ML had the highest power for tests regarding β1.
文摘We have observed weather clutter containing targets (ships) using an S-band radar with a frequency 3.05 GHz, a beam width 1.8°, and a pulsewidth 0.5 μs. To investigate the weather clutter amplitude statistics, we introduce the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). We have found that the weather clutter amplitudes obey the log-normal, Weibull, and log-Weibull distributions with the shape parameters of 0.308 to 0.470, 4.42 to 4.51, and 15.91 to 16.44, respectively, for small data within the beam width of an antenna. We have proposed the log-normal/CFAR circuit modified a Cell-Averaging (CA) LOG/CFAR circuit. It is found that weather clutter is suppressed with improvement of 51.58 dB by log-normal/CFAR. As a result, we have showed that weather clutter observed by S-band radar does not obey the Rayleigh distribution and our log-normal/CFAR circuit has an effect on suppression of clutter and detection of target, while conventional LOG/CFAR circuit does not. In addition, if our circuit can be realized, we will have an advantage economically.
文摘This work focuses on a Keller-Segel chemotaxis model, with an emphasis on its conservation laws. Through a new approach combined with the multiplier method, called the mixed method, we obtain conservation vectors that are related and unrelated to symmetric information. In addition, some exact solutions with particular forms are obtained according to the method of conservation laws. These particular solutions are different from the group-invariant solutions.
文摘There is a wide recognition that encompassing an obligation of good faith in every commercial contract is one of the most important advances in contract law in the twentieth century^([1]).Despite the fact that this concept has been incorporated in the vast majority of national legal systems,its precise scope and application may vary from one to another,depending on the commercial traditions and customs of each legal system^([2]).The fact that good faith has been treated differently in different national legal systems has also been reflected on the international level through its inclusion in international legal instruments,one of which is the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods(hereafter CISG).In this article,the legislative history of the CISG will be closely examined with the purpose of finding out how a compromise was reached between the common law countries,which expressly objected to the imposition of a duty of good faith,and the civil law countries,which explicitly endorse its incorporation.A logical result flowing from this historical examination,as will be submitted,is that the conceptual ambiguity of good faith is the underlying reasoning behind their fundamentally different attitudes towards the incorporation of this notion in the international commercial context.
文摘It is shown that time asymmetry is essential for deriving thermodynamic law and arises from the turnover of energy while reducing its information content and driving entropy increase. A dynamically interpreted principle of least action enables time asymmetry and time flow as a generation of action and redefines useful energy as an information system which implements a form of acting information. This is demonstrated using a basic formula, originally applied for time symmetry/energy conservation considerations, relating time asymmetry (which is conventionally denied but here expressly allowed), to energy behaviour. The results derived then explained that a dynamic energy is driving time asymmetry. It is doing it by decreasing the information content of useful energy, thus generating action and entropy increase, explaining action-time as an information phenomenon. Thermodynamic laws follow directly. The formalism derived readily explains what energy is, why it is conserved (1st law of thermodynamics), why entropy increases (2nd law) and that maximum entropy production within the restraints of the system controls self-organized processes of non-linear irreversible thermodynamics. The general significance of the principle of least action arises from its role of controlling the action generating oriented time of nature. These results contrast with present understanding of time neutrality and clock-time, which are here considered a source of paradoxes, intellectual contradictions and dead-end roads in models explaining nature and the universe.
文摘In this work,firstly the general definition of law and types of law are presented.Then general definition of justice and types of justice are explained.Constructional and/or complementary theories are defined as general/specific,and interaction theories,relationship theories,and hybrid theories are specifically mentioned.Accordingly,the interactions between the disciplines of law and justice are explained in more detail.Then,the general definition of engineering and philosophy of engineering are explained.The interactions between engineering and law are specifically evaluated,and interactions between engineering and 52 types of law are defined and case studies found in the literature are indicated for each.Then interactions between engineering and justice briefly mentioned.Relationships/interactions between engineering and 25 different types of justice discussed and evaluated with specific examples.Emphasis was placed on the historical development of the subject of philosophy in general,and philosophy of law was defined more specifically.Some of the philosophers of law and their areas of interest are presented in a table format and compared.The new perspective of philosophy was defined and the disciplines of R-Philosophy,R-Science,R-Justice,R-Law,R-Engineering,and R-Religion were expressed with the relevant basic concepts.New Era Philosophy,new and reconstructed Basic Philosophies,and Ideal Philosophical System explained generally.New perspective for the philosophy of justice is defined by considering the related new theories.Philosophy of defense,philosophy of equity,philosophy of equivalence,philosophy of judgment,philosophy of law,philosophy of protection,philosophy of punishment,and philosophy of rights are defined due to new perspective of philosophy.Also,philosophy of engineering law,philosophy of information technology law,philosophy of telecommunication law,and philosophy of security are defined by taking into account hybrid philosophies and general theories related to them.The interaction of engineering,law,justice,and basic philosophies has been generally expressed.
文摘A shortage of courtrooms has long been a challenge in Malawi,especially since more judges were hired to help to streamline the country’s judicial process.Yet,while the current judiciary is headquartered in the country’s second-largest city of Blantyre,due to a lack of work space;some sections of the judiciary are located elsewhere,such as the juvenile,commercial and industrial courts.
文摘Environmental rights are an important part of General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important discourses on respecting and protecting human rights.Soft law has played a significant role in the integrated development of the theories of environmental rights and human rights.At the practical level,the soft law cooperation documents of the Belt and Road Initiative(BRI)have established general principles for the protection of environmental rights,policies for addressing climate change,standards for green investment and financing,and obligations for multinational corporations to protect the environment,making a contribution to the development and protection of environmental rights.In the future process of global environmental governance,it is necessary to start with the BRI’s soft law documents to further clarify the specific protection standards for environmental rights and promote the transformation of soft law into binding bilateral or multilateral agreements at the international level.In addition,it is essential to urge governments and enterprises to fulfill their due diligence obligations for environmental protection and strengthen information disclosure by emphasizing public interest responsibilities.Efforts should also be made to improve the environmental compliance systems of“going global”enterprises and enhance government supervision over corporate accountability for environmental rights.A corporate environmental protection accountability mechanism should be established,so as to actively promote global environmental governance in a more just and reasonable direction.
文摘The Russia-Ukraine conflict remains unresolved,while the armed conflict between Israel and Palestine continues to escalate,causing significant civilian casualties.To better protect the victims of war in armed conflicts,clarifying the applicability of international human rights law(IHRL)and international humanitarian law(IHL)in such contexts has become an urgent issue.A comparative study on the application of IHRL and IHL needs to address three key questions step by step:First,whether IHRL is applicable during armed conflicts;second,if applicable,how IHRL complements and interacts with IHL;and third,what methods should be adopted to resolve conflicts when IHRL and IHL are applied concurrently.In this context,an analysis of the historical development of IHRL and IHL reveals that the two share a common philosophical foundation,and thus they can be applied concurrently during armed conflicts.From an empirical perspective,IHRL engages with IHL through two approaches:interpreting IHL provisions and directly applying IHRL to armed conflicts,thereby fostering interactive development between the two.In cases where normative conflicts arise between IHRL and IHL,such as in the rules on the use of force and internment procedures,the principles of systemic integration and lex specialis can reconcile these conflicts during the application process.
文摘Law is all but not known for innovation.This is also true for studies in Roman private law,which have followed a system that is imagined to derive from the 2nd century AD jurist Gaius and late antique Justinianic codification.The shaping hands of the ancient codifiers and those of the medieval,early modern and 19th century jurists on Roman private law and the related legal discourses have been identified and studied at length.However,a real shift to discover the ways in which Roman private law became formed and was practiced has not been undertaken in comprehensive manner until the publication of the Handbook of Roman Private Law which is reviewed in the following from the perspective of an ancient historian.
