This study utilized a neuronal compartment model and NEURON software to study the effects of external light stimulation on retinal photoreceptors and spike patterns of neurons in a retinal network Following light stim...This study utilized a neuronal compartment model and NEURON software to study the effects of external light stimulation on retinal photoreceptors and spike patterns of neurons in a retinal network Following light stimulation of different shapes and sizes, changes in the spike features of ganglion cells indicated that different shapes of light stimulation elicited different retinal responses. By manipulating the shape of light stimulation, we investigated the effects of the large number of electrical synapses existing between retinal neurons. Model simulation and analysis suggested that interplexiform cells play an important role in visual signal information processing in the retina, and the findings indicated that our constructed retinal network model was reliable and feasible. In addition, the simulation results demonstrated that ganglion cells exhibited a variety of spike patterns under different light stimulation sizes and different stimulation shapes, which reflect the functions of the retina in signal transmission and processing.展开更多
It has been proved that when the retarded effect(or multiple moment effect)of radiation fields is taken into account,the high order stimulated radiation and stimulated absorption probabilities of light are not the sam...It has been proved that when the retarded effect(or multiple moment effect)of radiation fields is taken into account,the high order stimulated radiation and stimulated absorption probabilities of light are not the same so that time reversal symmetry would be violated,though the Hamiltonian of electromagnetic interaction is still unchanged under time reversal.The reason to cause time reversal symmetry violation is that certain filial or partial transition processes of bound atoms are forbidden or cannot be achieved due to the law of energy conservation and the special states of atoms themselves.These restrictions would cause the symmetry violation of time reversal of other filial or partial transition processes which can be actualized really.The symmetry violation is also relative to the asymmetry of initial states of bound atoms before and after time reversal.For the electromagnetic interaction between non-bound atoms and radiation field,there is no such kind of symmetry violation of time reversal.In this way,the current formula on the parameters of stimulated radiation and absorption of light with time reversal sym-metry should be revised.A more reliable foundation can be established for the theories of laser and nonlinear optics in which non-equilibrium processes are in-volved.展开更多
The one-dimensional titanium oxide(TiO_2) nanotubes(TONT) can be rationally fabricated in the fluoridecontaining electrolyte by electrochemical anodization. The high-speed growth of TONT for elongated nanotubes is hig...The one-dimensional titanium oxide(TiO_2) nanotubes(TONT) can be rationally fabricated in the fluoridecontaining electrolyte by electrochemical anodization. The high-speed growth of TONT for elongated nanotubes is highly desirable because the undesirable chemical etching will induce ‘‘nanograss" on the top of nanotubes and restrain the continued elongation of nanotubes. Herein, the external fields were employed to accelerate the growth of TONTs and obtain the elongated TONT arrays. A growth rate up to 18 lm/h was achieved under the presence of reduced pressure(0.07 MPa) and UV light(365 nm) stimulation. The generation of longer nanotube arrays could be attributed to the applied fields, which facilitate timely gas pumping out and induce chemical equilibrium shift forward. The TONT films obtained under different parameters were subsequently employed as anodes for photoelectrochemical(PEC) water splitting. The photocurrent(at 0 V vs Ag/Ag Cl) of TONT electrode obtained under external fields represented a 50% enhancement compared with the photoanode produced by the conventional method.展开更多
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China, No. 10872069
文摘This study utilized a neuronal compartment model and NEURON software to study the effects of external light stimulation on retinal photoreceptors and spike patterns of neurons in a retinal network Following light stimulation of different shapes and sizes, changes in the spike features of ganglion cells indicated that different shapes of light stimulation elicited different retinal responses. By manipulating the shape of light stimulation, we investigated the effects of the large number of electrical synapses existing between retinal neurons. Model simulation and analysis suggested that interplexiform cells play an important role in visual signal information processing in the retina, and the findings indicated that our constructed retinal network model was reliable and feasible. In addition, the simulation results demonstrated that ganglion cells exhibited a variety of spike patterns under different light stimulation sizes and different stimulation shapes, which reflect the functions of the retina in signal transmission and processing.
文摘It has been proved that when the retarded effect(or multiple moment effect)of radiation fields is taken into account,the high order stimulated radiation and stimulated absorption probabilities of light are not the same so that time reversal symmetry would be violated,though the Hamiltonian of electromagnetic interaction is still unchanged under time reversal.The reason to cause time reversal symmetry violation is that certain filial or partial transition processes of bound atoms are forbidden or cannot be achieved due to the law of energy conservation and the special states of atoms themselves.These restrictions would cause the symmetry violation of time reversal of other filial or partial transition processes which can be actualized really.The symmetry violation is also relative to the asymmetry of initial states of bound atoms before and after time reversal.For the electromagnetic interaction between non-bound atoms and radiation field,there is no such kind of symmetry violation of time reversal.In this way,the current formula on the parameters of stimulated radiation and absorption of light with time reversal sym-metry should be revised.A more reliable foundation can be established for the theories of laser and nonlinear optics in which non-equilibrium processes are in-volved.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61622407,61474128,21503261 and 61504155)Science&Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(14JC1492900)+3 种基金the Youth Innovation Promotion Association,Chinese Academy of Sciences(2013302)the CAS President’s International Fellowship for Visiting Scientists(2016TW1GA0001)the Youth Innovation Fund for Interdisciplinary Research of SARI(Y526453233)Development Fund for Information communication and integrated circuit technology public service platform(No.2016-14)supported by Zhangjiang Administrative Committee
文摘The one-dimensional titanium oxide(TiO_2) nanotubes(TONT) can be rationally fabricated in the fluoridecontaining electrolyte by electrochemical anodization. The high-speed growth of TONT for elongated nanotubes is highly desirable because the undesirable chemical etching will induce ‘‘nanograss" on the top of nanotubes and restrain the continued elongation of nanotubes. Herein, the external fields were employed to accelerate the growth of TONTs and obtain the elongated TONT arrays. A growth rate up to 18 lm/h was achieved under the presence of reduced pressure(0.07 MPa) and UV light(365 nm) stimulation. The generation of longer nanotube arrays could be attributed to the applied fields, which facilitate timely gas pumping out and induce chemical equilibrium shift forward. The TONT films obtained under different parameters were subsequently employed as anodes for photoelectrochemical(PEC) water splitting. The photocurrent(at 0 V vs Ag/Ag Cl) of TONT electrode obtained under external fields represented a 50% enhancement compared with the photoanode produced by the conventional method.
