To simultaneously improve the critical factors in photocatalytic H_(2)production,the population of active photogenerated electrons,the adsorption and activation of H_(2)O molecules,and the surface dehydrogenation effi...To simultaneously improve the critical factors in photocatalytic H_(2)production,the population of active photogenerated electrons,the adsorption and activation of H_(2)O molecules,and the surface dehydrogenation efficiency,we propose a synergistic strategy for TiO_(2)modification by combining transition metal(TM)doping and N-doped carbon(N-C)coating.The targeted Cr-TiO_(2)@N-C heterojunction exhibits dramatically enhanced H_(2)production under blue light irradiation,contrasting sharply with a negligible production by pristine TiO_(2).Comprehensive structural characterization and theoretical calculations confirm the uniform substitution of Cr into the TiO_(2)lattice,promoting the formation of adjacent oxygen vacancies(VO).The synergistic effect of Cr doping and VO extends the light absorption range into the visible region.The coated N-C layer facilitates the efficient separation of photogenerated charge carriers,boosting the population of active electrons.Critically,the combined action of VO and N-C layer enhances the adsorption and activation of H_(2)O molecules while effectively improving the subsequent surface dehydrogenation efficiency.Significantly,this strategy demonstrates broad universality:Analogous TM-TiO_(2)@N-C heterojunctions(TM=Mn,Co,Ni,Cu,and Zn)synthesized via the same approach all show substantially improved H_(2)production performance over pristine TiO_(2).展开更多
Laser-induced aerosols,predominantly submicron in size,pose significant environmental and health risks during the decommissioning of nuclear reactors.This study experimentally investigated the removal of laser-generat...Laser-induced aerosols,predominantly submicron in size,pose significant environmental and health risks during the decommissioning of nuclear reactors.This study experimentally investigated the removal of laser-generated aerosol particles using a water spray system integrated with an innovative system for pre-injecting electrically charged mist in our facility.To simulate aerosol generation in reactor decommissioning,a high-power laser was used to irradiate various materials(including stainless steel,carbon steel,and concrete),generating aerosol particles that were agglomerated with injected water mist and subsequently scavenged by water spray.Experimental results demonstrate enhanced aerosol removal via aerosol-mist agglomeration,with charged mist significantly improving particle capture by increasing wettability and size.The average improvements for the stainless steel,carbon steel,and concrete were 40%,44%,and 21%,respectively.The results of experiments using charged mist with different polarities(both positive and negative)and different surface coatings reveal that the dominant polarity of aerosols varies with the irradiated materials,influenced by their crystal structure and electron emission properties.Notably,surface coatings such as ZrO_(2)and CeO_(2)were found to possibly alter aerosol charging characteristics,thereby affecting aerosol removal efficiency with charged mist configurations.The innovative aerosol-mist agglomeration approach shows promise in mitigating radiation exposure,ensuring environmental safety,and reducing contaminated water during reactor dismantling.This study contributes critical knowledge for the development of advanced aerosol management strategies for nuclear reactor decommissioning.The understanding obtained in this work is also expected to be useful for various environmental and chemical engineering applications such as gas decontamination,air purification,and pollution control.展开更多
Correction to:Nano-Micro Letters(2026)18:10.https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-01852-8 Following publication of the original article[1],the authors reported that the last author’s name was inadvertently misspelled.Th...Correction to:Nano-Micro Letters(2026)18:10.https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-01852-8 Following publication of the original article[1],the authors reported that the last author’s name was inadvertently misspelled.The published version showed“Hongzhen Chen”,whereas the correct spelling should be“Hongzheng Chen”.The correct author name has been provided in this Correction,and the original article[1]has been corrected.展开更多
Composite polymer electrolytes(CPEs)offer a promising solution for all-solid-state lithium-metal batteries(ASSLMBs).However,conventional nanofillers with Lewis-acid-base surfaces make limited contribution to improving...Composite polymer electrolytes(CPEs)offer a promising solution for all-solid-state lithium-metal batteries(ASSLMBs).However,conventional nanofillers with Lewis-acid-base surfaces make limited contribution to improving the overall performance of CPEs due to their difficulty in achieving robust electrochemical and mechanical interfaces simultaneously.Here,by regulating the surface charge characteristics of halloysite nanotube(HNT),we propose a concept of lithium-ion dynamic interface(Li^(+)-DI)engineering in nano-charged CPE(NCCPE).Results show that the surface charge characteristics of HNTs fundamentally change the Li^(+)-DI,and thereof the mechanical and ion-conduction behaviors of the NCCPEs.Particularly,the HNTs with positively charged surface(HNTs+)lead to a higher Li^(+)transference number(0.86)than that of HNTs-(0.73),but a lower toughness(102.13 MJ m^(-3)for HNTs+and 159.69 MJ m^(-3)for HNTs-).Meanwhile,a strong interface compatibilization effect by Li^(+)is observed for especially the HNTs+-involved Li^(+)-DI,which improves the toughness by 2000%compared with the control.Moreover,HNTs+are more effective to weaken the Li^(+)-solvation strength and facilitate the formation of Li F-rich solid-electrolyte interphase of Li metal compared to HNTs-.The resultant Li|NCCPE|LiFePO4cell delivers a capacity of 144.9 m Ah g^(-1)after 400 cycles at 0.5 C and a capacity retention of 78.6%.This study provides deep insights into understanding the roles of surface charges of nanofillers in regulating the mechanical and electrochemical interfaces in ASSLMBs.展开更多
The development of optoelectronic technologies demands photodetectors with miniaturization,broadband operation,high sensitivity,and low power consumption.Although 2D van der Waals(vd W)heterostructures are promising c...The development of optoelectronic technologies demands photodetectors with miniaturization,broadband operation,high sensitivity,and low power consumption.Although 2D van der Waals(vd W)heterostructures are promising candidates due to their built-in electric fields,ultrafast photocarrier separation,and tunable bandgaps,defect states limit their performance.Therefore,the modulation of the optoelectronic properties in such heterostructures is imperative.Surface charge transfer doping(SCTD)has emerged as a promising strategy for non-destructive modulation of electronic and optoelectronic characteristics in two-dimensional materials.In this work,we demonstrate the construction of high-performance p-i-n vertical heterojunction photodetectors through SCTD of MoTe_(2)/ReS_(2)heterostructure using p-type F_(4)-TCNQ.Systematic characterization reveals that the interfacial doping process effectively amplifies the built-in electric field,enhancing photogenerated carrier separation efficiency.Compared to the pristine heterojunction device,the doped photodetector exhibits remarkable visible to nearinfrared(635-1064 nm)performance.Particularly under 1064 nm illumination at zero bias,the device achieves a responsivity of 2.86 A/W and specific detectivity of 1.41×10^(12)Jones.Notably,the external quantum efficiency reaches an exceptional value of 334%compared to the initial 11.5%,while maintaining ultrafast response characteristics with rise/fall times of 11.6/15.6μs.This work provides new insights into interface engineering through molecular doping for developing high-performance vd W optoelectronic devices.展开更多
Charge density wave,a periodic modulation of electronic charge density often accompanied by a periodic lattice distortion,plays a vital role to induce exotic phenomena in condensed matter physics.In non-magnetic quant...Charge density wave,a periodic modulation of electronic charge density often accompanied by a periodic lattice distortion,plays a vital role to induce exotic phenomena in condensed matter physics.In non-magnetic quantum materials,contrast inversion in scanning tunneling microscopy images,observed between opposite bias polarity,serves as a hallmark of the charge density wave.However,in itinerant ferromagnetic systems,charge density wave formation competes with magnetism:A charge density wave order typically reduces the density of states at the Fermi level,while the Stoner criterion for spontaneous spin polarization requires a high density of states at Fermi level.Therefore,direct real-space observation of such polarity-dependent contrast inversion in ferromagnetic materials remains elusive and experimentally challenging.Here,we demonstrate the observation of a charge density wave in itinerant ferromagnet Fe_(5)GeTe_(2) associated with √3×√3 superlattice,revealed through polarity-dependent scanning tunneling microscopy imaging.Importantly,we observe a gap-like dip at the Fermi level in tunneling spectra,serving additional evidence for the emergence of charge density wave in Fe_(5)GeTe_(2).Interestingly,the strength of charge modulation can be systematically tuned by Fe1 vacancies and impurities,while the spectroscopic intensity shows a high sensitivity to surface degradation.Our finding provides an inspiring insight to charge density wave on the van der Waals ferromagnetic materials.展开更多
Photocatalytic oxygen reduction provides a sustainable method for on-site hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2))synthesis.However,most photocatalysts suffer from moderate kinetics due to sluggish electron transfer and ineffici...Photocatalytic oxygen reduction provides a sustainable method for on-site hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2))synthesis.However,most photocatalysts suffer from moderate kinetics due to sluggish electron transfer and inefficient oxygen adsorption and activation.Herein,sodium(Na)and potassium(K)are co-incorporated into graphitic carbon nitride(g-C_(3)N_(4))via a stepwise co-doping strategy combining sodium chloride-induced and molten salt-assisted polymerization.Experimental results and density functional theory calculations demonstrate that the synergistic interaction between intralayer Na+ions and interlayer K^(+)ions facilitates charge carrier separation and migration both within and between g-C_(3)N_(4)layers.Additionally,multiple heteroatom sites enhance surface charge polarization and introduce cyano groups,which synergistically promote oxygen molecule(O_(2))adsorption and elevate local proton coverage.Simultaneously,the energy barrier for H_(2)O_(2)desorption on the optimal photocatalyst(5Na/3.3K-CN)is lowered,thus improving H_(2)O_(2)production efficiency.Eventually,5Na/3.3K-CN exhibits an impressive H_(2)O_(2)yield of 2541.6μmol·g^(-1)·h^(-1) in an artificial reactor,which is 10.6 times higher than that of pure g-C_(3)N_(4)(240.2μmol·g^(-1)·h^(-1)).Under natural sunlight outdoors,5Na/3.3K-CN still maintains ultrahigh H_(2)O_(2)photosynthesis efficiency,achieving an H_(2)O_(2)photosynthesis rate of 2068.7μmol·g^(-1)·h^(-1).This work introduces a straightforward method to simultaneously optimize charge transfer and O_(2)activation for boosting H_(2)O_(2)photosynthesis,offering valuable insights toward the real-world deployment of g-C_(3)N_(4)-based photocatalysts in environmental protection and energy conversion.展开更多
In this work,a series of experiments are carried out to investigate the effect of charge/discharge rates(1,2,3 and 4 C)and state of charges(SOCs,namely 0%,50%,75%and 100%)on thermal runaway(TR)and fire behavior of lit...In this work,a series of experiments are carried out to investigate the effect of charge/discharge rates(1,2,3 and 4 C)and state of charges(SOCs,namely 0%,50%,75%and 100%)on thermal runaway(TR)and fire behavior of lithium iron phosphate(LFP)batteries.The TR process caused by overheating LFP batteries is usually divided into four stages,with high temperatures and fire risks.High-rate charge and discharge damage the internal morphology and structural stability of materials seriously.The TR behavior of battery is fully aggravated,which is further manifested by the advanced opening of the safety vent,release of gas and occurrence of TR.With the increase of charging rate,the deteriorated TR characteristics can be discerned,such as the lower TR temperature,the shorter TR time,and the more serious TR consequences.Such changes can be assigned to the decline of battery stability.In addition,the battery SOC greatly impacts safety,especially the flame temperature and the severity of consequences.As for the 100%SOC battery cycled at 4 C,there is still a high risk of thermal runaway propagation at the position 1 m far away from the battery.This work helps to realize the TR and fire features of battery in-depth,enlightening the safety protection of battery.展开更多
Shaped charge has been widely used for penetrating concrete.However,due to the obvious difference between the propagation of shock waves and explosion products in water and air,the theory governing the formation of sh...Shaped charge has been widely used for penetrating concrete.However,due to the obvious difference between the propagation of shock waves and explosion products in water and air,the theory governing the formation of shaped charge jets in water as well as the underwater penetration effect of concrete need to be studied.In this paper,we introduced a modified forming theory of an underwater hemispherical shaped charge,and investigated the behavior of jet formation and concrete penetration in both air and water experimentally and numerically.The results show that the modified jet forming theory predicts the jet velocity of the hemispherical liner with an error of less than 10%.The underwater jets exhibit at least 3%faster and 11%longer than those in air.Concrete shows different failure modes after penetration in air and water.The depth of penetration deepens at least 18.75%after underwater penetration,accompanied by deeper crater with 65%smaller radius.Moreover,cracks throughout the entire target are formed,whereas cracks exist only near the penetration hole in air.This comprehensive study provides guidance for optimizing the structure of shaped charge and improves the understanding of the permeability effect of concrete in water.展开更多
Unlike conventional spherical charges,a shaped charge generates not only a strong shock wave and a pulsating bubble,but also a high strain rate metal jet and a ballistic wave during the underwater explosion.They show ...Unlike conventional spherical charges,a shaped charge generates not only a strong shock wave and a pulsating bubble,but also a high strain rate metal jet and a ballistic wave during the underwater explosion.They show significant characteristic differences and couple each other.This paper designs and conducts experiments with shaped charges to analyze the complicated process.The effects of liner angle and weight of shaped charge on the characteristics of metal jets,waves,and bubbles are discussed.It is found that in underwater explosions,the shaped charge generates the metal jet accompanied by the ballistic wave.Then,the shock wave propagates and superimposes with the ballistic wave,and the generated bubble pulsates periodically.It is revealed that the maximum head velocity of the metal jet versus the liner angle a and length-to-diameter ratio k of the shaped charge follows the laws of 1/(α/180°)^(0.55)andλ^(0.16),respectively.The head shape and velocity of the metal jet determine the curvature and propagation speed of the initial ballistic wave,thus impacting the superposition time and region with the shock wave.Our findings also reveal that the metal jet carries away some explosion products,which hinders the bubble development,causing an inward depression of the bubble wall near the metal jet.Therefore,the maximum bubble radius and pulsation period are 5.2%and 3.9%smaller than the spherical charge with the same weight.In addition,the uneven axial energy distribution of the shaped charge leads to an oblique bubble jet formation.展开更多
To explore the design criteria for composite charges and reveal the intrinsic relationship between the detonation wave propagation in composite charges and the overall energy distribution of shock waves,this study ana...To explore the design criteria for composite charges and reveal the intrinsic relationship between the detonation wave propagation in composite charges and the overall energy distribution of shock waves,this study analyzes the propagation and interaction processes of detonation waves in composite charges with different structural dimensions and explosive combinations. It also investigates the spatial distribution characteristics of the resulting shock wave loads. Based on dimensional analysis theory, a theoretical analysis of the shock wave overpressure distribution in free air fields is conducted. Utilizing the derived dimensionless function relationships, the hydrocode AUTODYN is employed to investigate the effects of charge structure parameters and explosive combinations on the internal overdriven detonation phenomena and the distribution of shock wave loads. It is found that the overdriven detonation phenomenon in the inner layer of composite charges increases the strength of the axial detonation wave,thereby enhancing the intensity of the primary end wave formed upon refraction into the air, which affects the distribution characteristics of the shock wave overpressure. Research has shown that increasing the thickness ratio and detonation velocity ratio of composite charges is beneficial for exacerbating the phenomenon of overdriven detonation, improving the primary end wave intensity and axial overpressure. This gain effect gradually weakens with the propagation of shock waves. When overdriven detonation occurs inside the composite charge, the detonation pressure first increases and then decreases. The Mach reflection pressure of the composite charge with a larger aspect ratio is attenuated to a greater extent. In addition, as the aspect ratio of the composite charge increases, the shock wave energy gradually flows from the axial direction to the radial direction. Therefore, as the aspect ratio of the composite charge increases, the primary end wave intensity and axial overpressure gradually decrease.展开更多
The present study introduces a screw-pressing charging method to tackle deficiencies in automation and charge uniformity during the melt-casting of polymer-based energetic materials.To ensure the safety of the experim...The present study introduces a screw-pressing charging method to tackle deficiencies in automation and charge uniformity during the melt-casting of polymer-based energetic materials.To ensure the safety of the experiments,this study used inert materials with similar physical properties to partially substitute for the actual energetic components in the preparation of simulant materials.By thoroughly analyzing slurry physical properties,a simulation framework and an extensive performance evaluation method were developed.Such tools guide the design of the structure and configuration of process parameters.Results demonstrate that employing the Pin element significantly enhances radial mixing within the screw,minimizes temperature variations in the slurry,and improves both efficiency and safety in the mixing process.Further,adjustments such as widening the cone angle of the barrel,modifying the solid content of the slurry,and varying the speed of the screw can optimize the mechanical and thermal coupling in the flow field.These adjustments promote higher-quality slurry and create a safer production environment for the extrusion process.展开更多
Thermally activated delayed fluorescence(TADF)materials driven by a through-space charge transfer(TSCT)mechanism have garnered wide interest.However,access of TSCT-TADF molecules with longwavelength emission remains a...Thermally activated delayed fluorescence(TADF)materials driven by a through-space charge transfer(TSCT)mechanism have garnered wide interest.However,access of TSCT-TADF molecules with longwavelength emission remains a formidable challenge.In this study,we introduce a novel V-type DA-D-A’emitter,Trz-mCzCbCz,by using a carborane scaffold.This design strategically incorporates carbazole(Cz)and 2,4,6-triphenyl-1,3,5-triazine(Trz)as donor and acceptor moieties,respectively.Theoretical calculations alongside experimental validations affirm the typical TSCT-TADF characteristics of this luminogen.Owing to the unique structural and electronic attributes of carboranes,Trz-mCzCbCz exhibits an orange-red emission,markedly diverging from the traditional blue-to-green emissions observed in classical Cz and Trz-based TADF molecules.Moreover,bright emission in aggregates was observed for Trz-mCzCbCz with absolute photoluminescence quantum yield(PLQY)of up to 88.8%.As such,we have successfully fabricated five organic light-emitting diodes(OLEDs)by utilizing Trz-mCzCbCz as the emitting layer.It is important to note that both the reverse intersystem crossing process and the TADF properties are profoundly influenced by host materials.The fabricated OLED devices reached a maximum external quantum efficiency(EQE)of 12.7%,with an emission peak at 592 nm.This represents the highest recorded efficiency for TSCT-TADF OLEDs employing carborane derivatives as emitting layers.展开更多
Efficient utilization of electrostatic charges is paramount for numerous applications,from printing to kinetic energy harvesting.However,existing technologies predominantly focus on the static qualities of these charg...Efficient utilization of electrostatic charges is paramount for numerous applications,from printing to kinetic energy harvesting.However,existing technologies predominantly focus on the static qualities of these charges,neglecting their dynamic capabilities as carriers for energy conversion.Herein,we report a paradigm-shifting strategy that orchestrates the swift transit of surface charges,generated through contact electrification,via a freely moving droplet.This technique ingeniously creates a bespoke charged surface which,in tandem with a droplet acting as a transfer medium to the ground,facilitates targeted charge displacement and amplifies electrical energy collection.The spontaneously generated electric field between the charged surface and needle tip,along with the enhanced water ionization under the electric field,proves pivotal in facilitating controlled charge transfer.By coupling the effects of charge self-transfer,contact electrification,and electrostatic induction,a dual-electrode droplet-driven(DD)triboelectric nanogenerator(TENG)is designed to harvest the water-related energy,exhibiting a two-orderof-magnitude improvement in electrical output compared to traditional single-electrode systems.Our strategy establishes a fundamental groundwork for efficient water drop energy acquisition,offering deep insights and substantial utility for future interdisciplinary research and applications in energy science.展开更多
Photocatalytic hydrogen production technology is an ideal approach to addressing energy and environmental issues,with efficient charge transfer being the key to achieving high-performance hydrogen production.Ultra-thi...Photocatalytic hydrogen production technology is an ideal approach to addressing energy and environmental issues,with efficient charge transfer being the key to achieving high-performance hydrogen production.Ultra-thin CuInS_(2)nanosheets were prepared through a solvothermal method.Subsequently,metallic Ni was surface-modified onto CuInS_(2)through photo-deposition to serve as a co-catalyst.The optimized photocatalyst exhibited a hydrogen production rate of 15.5 mmol·g^(-1)·h^(-1)in water when used an ascorbic acid as hole scavenger,which is 9 times that of the original CuInS_(2).Transient absorption spectra(TAS)analysis demonstrates that the hole transfer from CuInS_(2)nanosheets to ascorbic acid,yielding a long-lived electron with a lifetime of 45.6μs.The electrons in CuInS_(2)are efficiently captured by Ni as active sites for driving hydrogen evolution.In situ TAS further indicates that ascorbic acid and Ni sites synergistically promote the electron transfer dynamics of CuInS_(2),achieving an electron transfer efficiency of 48.4%.This work provides a viable strategy for designing highly efficient photocatalysts with enhanced charge transfer.展开更多
The cavity characteristics in liquid-filled containers caused by high-velocity impacts represent an important area of research in hydrodynamic ram phenomena.The dynamic expansion of the cavity induces liquid pressure ...The cavity characteristics in liquid-filled containers caused by high-velocity impacts represent an important area of research in hydrodynamic ram phenomena.The dynamic expansion of the cavity induces liquid pressure variations,potentially causing catastrophic damage to the container.Current studies mainly focus on non-deforming projectiles,such as fragments,with limited exploration of shaped charge jets.In this paper,a uniquely experimental system was designed to record cavity profiles in behind-armor liquid-filled containers subjected to shaped charge jet impacts.The impact process was then numerically reproduced using the explicit simulation program ANSYS LS-DYNA with the Structured Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian(S-ALE)solver.The formation mechanism,along with the dimensional and shape evolution of the cavity was investigated.Additionally,the influence of the impact kinetic energy of the jet on the cavity characteristics was analyzed.The findings reveal that the cavity profile exhibits a conical shape,primarily driven by direct jet impact and inertial effects.The expansion rates of both cavity length and maximum radius increase with jet impact kinetic energy.When the impact kinetic energy is reduced to 28.2 kJ or below,the length-to-diameter ratio of the cavity ultimately stabilizes at approximately 7.展开更多
To address the problems of low accuracy by the CONWEP model and poor efficiency by the Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian(CEL)method in predicting close-range air blast loads of cylindrical charges,a neural network-based sim...To address the problems of low accuracy by the CONWEP model and poor efficiency by the Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian(CEL)method in predicting close-range air blast loads of cylindrical charges,a neural network-based simulation(NNS)method with higher accuracy and better efficiency was proposed.The NNS method consisted of three main steps.First,the parameters of blast loads,including the peak pressures and impulses of cylindrical charges with different aspect ratios(L/D)at different stand-off distances and incident angles were obtained by two-dimensional numerical simulations.Subsequently,incident shape factors of cylindrical charges with arbitrary aspect ratios were predicted by a neural network.Finally,reflected shape factors were derived and implemented into the subroutine of the ABAQUS code to modify the CONWEP model,including modifications of impulse and overpressure.The reliability of the proposed NNS method was verified by related experimental results.Remarkable accuracy improvement was acquired by the proposed NNS method compared with the unmodified CONWEP model.Moreover,huge efficiency superiority was obtained by the proposed NNS method compared with the CEL method.The proposed NNS method showed good accuracy when the scaled distance was greater than 0.2 m/kg^(1/3).It should be noted that there is no need to generate a new dataset again since the blast loads satisfy the similarity law,and the proposed NNS method can be directly used to simulate the blast loads generated by different cylindrical charges.The proposed NNS method with high efficiency and accuracy can be used as an effective method to analyze the dynamic response of structures under blast loads,and it has significant application prospects in designing protective structures.展开更多
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China(No.24KJA150003)the Xuzhou Key Research and Development Program(Social Development)(No.KC23298)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22271122)Basic Research Program of Jiangsu(No.BK20253049).
文摘To simultaneously improve the critical factors in photocatalytic H_(2)production,the population of active photogenerated electrons,the adsorption and activation of H_(2)O molecules,and the surface dehydrogenation efficiency,we propose a synergistic strategy for TiO_(2)modification by combining transition metal(TM)doping and N-doped carbon(N-C)coating.The targeted Cr-TiO_(2)@N-C heterojunction exhibits dramatically enhanced H_(2)production under blue light irradiation,contrasting sharply with a negligible production by pristine TiO_(2).Comprehensive structural characterization and theoretical calculations confirm the uniform substitution of Cr into the TiO_(2)lattice,promoting the formation of adjacent oxygen vacancies(VO).The synergistic effect of Cr doping and VO extends the light absorption range into the visible region.The coated N-C layer facilitates the efficient separation of photogenerated charge carriers,boosting the population of active electrons.Critically,the combined action of VO and N-C layer enhances the adsorption and activation of H_(2)O molecules while effectively improving the subsequent surface dehydrogenation efficiency.Significantly,this strategy demonstrates broad universality:Analogous TM-TiO_(2)@N-C heterojunctions(TM=Mn,Co,Ni,Cu,and Zn)synthesized via the same approach all show substantially improved H_(2)production performance over pristine TiO_(2).
基金financial support from the Nuclear Energy Science&Technology and Human Resource Development Project of the Japan Atomic Energy Agency/Collaborative Laboratories for Advanced Decommissioning Science(No.R04I034)The author Ruicong Xu appreciates the scholarship(financial support)from the China Scholarship Council(CSC,No.202106380073).
文摘Laser-induced aerosols,predominantly submicron in size,pose significant environmental and health risks during the decommissioning of nuclear reactors.This study experimentally investigated the removal of laser-generated aerosol particles using a water spray system integrated with an innovative system for pre-injecting electrically charged mist in our facility.To simulate aerosol generation in reactor decommissioning,a high-power laser was used to irradiate various materials(including stainless steel,carbon steel,and concrete),generating aerosol particles that were agglomerated with injected water mist and subsequently scavenged by water spray.Experimental results demonstrate enhanced aerosol removal via aerosol-mist agglomeration,with charged mist significantly improving particle capture by increasing wettability and size.The average improvements for the stainless steel,carbon steel,and concrete were 40%,44%,and 21%,respectively.The results of experiments using charged mist with different polarities(both positive and negative)and different surface coatings reveal that the dominant polarity of aerosols varies with the irradiated materials,influenced by their crystal structure and electron emission properties.Notably,surface coatings such as ZrO_(2)and CeO_(2)were found to possibly alter aerosol charging characteristics,thereby affecting aerosol removal efficiency with charged mist configurations.The innovative aerosol-mist agglomeration approach shows promise in mitigating radiation exposure,ensuring environmental safety,and reducing contaminated water during reactor dismantling.This study contributes critical knowledge for the development of advanced aerosol management strategies for nuclear reactor decommissioning.The understanding obtained in this work is also expected to be useful for various environmental and chemical engineering applications such as gas decontamination,air purification,and pollution control.
文摘Correction to:Nano-Micro Letters(2026)18:10.https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-01852-8 Following publication of the original article[1],the authors reported that the last author’s name was inadvertently misspelled.The published version showed“Hongzhen Chen”,whereas the correct spelling should be“Hongzheng Chen”.The correct author name has been provided in this Correction,and the original article[1]has been corrected.
基金the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52203123 and 52473248)State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering(sklpme2024-2-04)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universitiessponsored by the Double First-Class Construction Funds of Sichuan University。
文摘Composite polymer electrolytes(CPEs)offer a promising solution for all-solid-state lithium-metal batteries(ASSLMBs).However,conventional nanofillers with Lewis-acid-base surfaces make limited contribution to improving the overall performance of CPEs due to their difficulty in achieving robust electrochemical and mechanical interfaces simultaneously.Here,by regulating the surface charge characteristics of halloysite nanotube(HNT),we propose a concept of lithium-ion dynamic interface(Li^(+)-DI)engineering in nano-charged CPE(NCCPE).Results show that the surface charge characteristics of HNTs fundamentally change the Li^(+)-DI,and thereof the mechanical and ion-conduction behaviors of the NCCPEs.Particularly,the HNTs with positively charged surface(HNTs+)lead to a higher Li^(+)transference number(0.86)than that of HNTs-(0.73),but a lower toughness(102.13 MJ m^(-3)for HNTs+and 159.69 MJ m^(-3)for HNTs-).Meanwhile,a strong interface compatibilization effect by Li^(+)is observed for especially the HNTs+-involved Li^(+)-DI,which improves the toughness by 2000%compared with the control.Moreover,HNTs+are more effective to weaken the Li^(+)-solvation strength and facilitate the formation of Li F-rich solid-electrolyte interphase of Li metal compared to HNTs-.The resultant Li|NCCPE|LiFePO4cell delivers a capacity of 144.9 m Ah g^(-1)after 400 cycles at 0.5 C and a capacity retention of 78.6%.This study provides deep insights into understanding the roles of surface charges of nanofillers in regulating the mechanical and electrochemical interfaces in ASSLMBs.
基金financial support from 2024 Domestic Visiting Scholar Program for Teachers'Professional Development in Universities(Grant No.FX2024022)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.61904043)。
文摘The development of optoelectronic technologies demands photodetectors with miniaturization,broadband operation,high sensitivity,and low power consumption.Although 2D van der Waals(vd W)heterostructures are promising candidates due to their built-in electric fields,ultrafast photocarrier separation,and tunable bandgaps,defect states limit their performance.Therefore,the modulation of the optoelectronic properties in such heterostructures is imperative.Surface charge transfer doping(SCTD)has emerged as a promising strategy for non-destructive modulation of electronic and optoelectronic characteristics in two-dimensional materials.In this work,we demonstrate the construction of high-performance p-i-n vertical heterojunction photodetectors through SCTD of MoTe_(2)/ReS_(2)heterostructure using p-type F_(4)-TCNQ.Systematic characterization reveals that the interfacial doping process effectively amplifies the built-in electric field,enhancing photogenerated carrier separation efficiency.Compared to the pristine heterojunction device,the doped photodetector exhibits remarkable visible to nearinfrared(635-1064 nm)performance.Particularly under 1064 nm illumination at zero bias,the device achieves a responsivity of 2.86 A/W and specific detectivity of 1.41×10^(12)Jones.Notably,the external quantum efficiency reaches an exceptional value of 334%compared to the initial 11.5%,while maintaining ultrafast response characteristics with rise/fall times of 11.6/15.6μs.This work provides new insights into interface engineering through molecular doping for developing high-performance vd W optoelectronic devices.
基金the support by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2024YFA1408104(H.T.Y.))the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.92365203(H.T.Y.),U24A6002(H.T.Y.),12104238(Y.F.L.),and U21A2085(Z.Y.L.(Zhongyuan Liu))+2 种基金Innovation Program for Quantum Science and Technology(No.2021ZD0302502(H.T.Y.))the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(Nos.BK20253012(H.T.Y.),BK20233001(H.T.Y.),BK20243011(H.T.Y.),and BK20253027(Y.F.L.))the support from the Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials.
文摘Charge density wave,a periodic modulation of electronic charge density often accompanied by a periodic lattice distortion,plays a vital role to induce exotic phenomena in condensed matter physics.In non-magnetic quantum materials,contrast inversion in scanning tunneling microscopy images,observed between opposite bias polarity,serves as a hallmark of the charge density wave.However,in itinerant ferromagnetic systems,charge density wave formation competes with magnetism:A charge density wave order typically reduces the density of states at the Fermi level,while the Stoner criterion for spontaneous spin polarization requires a high density of states at Fermi level.Therefore,direct real-space observation of such polarity-dependent contrast inversion in ferromagnetic materials remains elusive and experimentally challenging.Here,we demonstrate the observation of a charge density wave in itinerant ferromagnet Fe_(5)GeTe_(2) associated with √3×√3 superlattice,revealed through polarity-dependent scanning tunneling microscopy imaging.Importantly,we observe a gap-like dip at the Fermi level in tunneling spectra,serving additional evidence for the emergence of charge density wave in Fe_(5)GeTe_(2).Interestingly,the strength of charge modulation can be systematically tuned by Fe1 vacancies and impurities,while the spectroscopic intensity shows a high sensitivity to surface degradation.Our finding provides an inspiring insight to charge density wave on the van der Waals ferromagnetic materials.
基金supported by the Program for New Century Talents in University(No.NCET-11-0951)from the Ministry of Education of ChinaKey Laboratory Project Fund of CAS(No.2005DP173065-2016-04).
文摘Photocatalytic oxygen reduction provides a sustainable method for on-site hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2))synthesis.However,most photocatalysts suffer from moderate kinetics due to sluggish electron transfer and inefficient oxygen adsorption and activation.Herein,sodium(Na)and potassium(K)are co-incorporated into graphitic carbon nitride(g-C_(3)N_(4))via a stepwise co-doping strategy combining sodium chloride-induced and molten salt-assisted polymerization.Experimental results and density functional theory calculations demonstrate that the synergistic interaction between intralayer Na+ions and interlayer K^(+)ions facilitates charge carrier separation and migration both within and between g-C_(3)N_(4)layers.Additionally,multiple heteroatom sites enhance surface charge polarization and introduce cyano groups,which synergistically promote oxygen molecule(O_(2))adsorption and elevate local proton coverage.Simultaneously,the energy barrier for H_(2)O_(2)desorption on the optimal photocatalyst(5Na/3.3K-CN)is lowered,thus improving H_(2)O_(2)production efficiency.Eventually,5Na/3.3K-CN exhibits an impressive H_(2)O_(2)yield of 2541.6μmol·g^(-1)·h^(-1) in an artificial reactor,which is 10.6 times higher than that of pure g-C_(3)N_(4)(240.2μmol·g^(-1)·h^(-1)).Under natural sunlight outdoors,5Na/3.3K-CN still maintains ultrahigh H_(2)O_(2)photosynthesis efficiency,achieving an H_(2)O_(2)photosynthesis rate of 2068.7μmol·g^(-1)·h^(-1).This work introduces a straightforward method to simultaneously optimize charge transfer and O_(2)activation for boosting H_(2)O_(2)photosynthesis,offering valuable insights toward the real-world deployment of g-C_(3)N_(4)-based photocatalysts in environmental protection and energy conversion.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Plan(2023YFC3009900)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52104197,52272396,52474233)+3 种基金Hongkong Scholar Program(XJ2022022)Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region(City U11214221)Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(21KJB620001)the Open Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Fire Science(SKLFS)Program(HZ2022-KF04)。
文摘In this work,a series of experiments are carried out to investigate the effect of charge/discharge rates(1,2,3 and 4 C)and state of charges(SOCs,namely 0%,50%,75%and 100%)on thermal runaway(TR)and fire behavior of lithium iron phosphate(LFP)batteries.The TR process caused by overheating LFP batteries is usually divided into four stages,with high temperatures and fire risks.High-rate charge and discharge damage the internal morphology and structural stability of materials seriously.The TR behavior of battery is fully aggravated,which is further manifested by the advanced opening of the safety vent,release of gas and occurrence of TR.With the increase of charging rate,the deteriorated TR characteristics can be discerned,such as the lower TR temperature,the shorter TR time,and the more serious TR consequences.Such changes can be assigned to the decline of battery stability.In addition,the battery SOC greatly impacts safety,especially the flame temperature and the severity of consequences.As for the 100%SOC battery cycled at 4 C,there is still a high risk of thermal runaway propagation at the position 1 m far away from the battery.This work helps to realize the TR and fire features of battery in-depth,enlightening the safety protection of battery.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12372361,12102427,12372335 and 12102202)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.30923010908)Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province(Grant No.KYCX23_0520).
文摘Shaped charge has been widely used for penetrating concrete.However,due to the obvious difference between the propagation of shock waves and explosion products in water and air,the theory governing the formation of shaped charge jets in water as well as the underwater penetration effect of concrete need to be studied.In this paper,we introduced a modified forming theory of an underwater hemispherical shaped charge,and investigated the behavior of jet formation and concrete penetration in both air and water experimentally and numerically.The results show that the modified jet forming theory predicts the jet velocity of the hemispherical liner with an error of less than 10%.The underwater jets exhibit at least 3%faster and 11%longer than those in air.Concrete shows different failure modes after penetration in air and water.The depth of penetration deepens at least 18.75%after underwater penetration,accompanied by deeper crater with 65%smaller radius.Moreover,cracks throughout the entire target are formed,whereas cracks exist only near the penetration hole in air.This comprehensive study provides guidance for optimizing the structure of shaped charge and improves the understanding of the permeability effect of concrete in water.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Founda-tion of China(52071109).
文摘Unlike conventional spherical charges,a shaped charge generates not only a strong shock wave and a pulsating bubble,but also a high strain rate metal jet and a ballistic wave during the underwater explosion.They show significant characteristic differences and couple each other.This paper designs and conducts experiments with shaped charges to analyze the complicated process.The effects of liner angle and weight of shaped charge on the characteristics of metal jets,waves,and bubbles are discussed.It is found that in underwater explosions,the shaped charge generates the metal jet accompanied by the ballistic wave.Then,the shock wave propagates and superimposes with the ballistic wave,and the generated bubble pulsates periodically.It is revealed that the maximum head velocity of the metal jet versus the liner angle a and length-to-diameter ratio k of the shaped charge follows the laws of 1/(α/180°)^(0.55)andλ^(0.16),respectively.The head shape and velocity of the metal jet determine the curvature and propagation speed of the initial ballistic wave,thus impacting the superposition time and region with the shock wave.Our findings also reveal that the metal jet carries away some explosion products,which hinders the bubble development,causing an inward depression of the bubble wall near the metal jet.Therefore,the maximum bubble radius and pulsation period are 5.2%and 3.9%smaller than the spherical charge with the same weight.In addition,the uneven axial energy distribution of the shaped charge leads to an oblique bubble jet formation.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No. 12302437)Jiangsu Provincial Natural Science Foundation (Grant No.SBK2023045424)。
文摘To explore the design criteria for composite charges and reveal the intrinsic relationship between the detonation wave propagation in composite charges and the overall energy distribution of shock waves,this study analyzes the propagation and interaction processes of detonation waves in composite charges with different structural dimensions and explosive combinations. It also investigates the spatial distribution characteristics of the resulting shock wave loads. Based on dimensional analysis theory, a theoretical analysis of the shock wave overpressure distribution in free air fields is conducted. Utilizing the derived dimensionless function relationships, the hydrocode AUTODYN is employed to investigate the effects of charge structure parameters and explosive combinations on the internal overdriven detonation phenomena and the distribution of shock wave loads. It is found that the overdriven detonation phenomenon in the inner layer of composite charges increases the strength of the axial detonation wave,thereby enhancing the intensity of the primary end wave formed upon refraction into the air, which affects the distribution characteristics of the shock wave overpressure. Research has shown that increasing the thickness ratio and detonation velocity ratio of composite charges is beneficial for exacerbating the phenomenon of overdriven detonation, improving the primary end wave intensity and axial overpressure. This gain effect gradually weakens with the propagation of shock waves. When overdriven detonation occurs inside the composite charge, the detonation pressure first increases and then decreases. The Mach reflection pressure of the composite charge with a larger aspect ratio is attenuated to a greater extent. In addition, as the aspect ratio of the composite charge increases, the shock wave energy gradually flows from the axial direction to the radial direction. Therefore, as the aspect ratio of the composite charge increases, the primary end wave intensity and axial overpressure gradually decrease.
基金financially supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.30923011018)。
文摘The present study introduces a screw-pressing charging method to tackle deficiencies in automation and charge uniformity during the melt-casting of polymer-based energetic materials.To ensure the safety of the experiments,this study used inert materials with similar physical properties to partially substitute for the actual energetic components in the preparation of simulant materials.By thoroughly analyzing slurry physical properties,a simulation framework and an extensive performance evaluation method were developed.Such tools guide the design of the structure and configuration of process parameters.Results demonstrate that employing the Pin element significantly enhances radial mixing within the screw,minimizes temperature variations in the slurry,and improves both efficiency and safety in the mixing process.Further,adjustments such as widening the cone angle of the barrel,modifying the solid content of the slurry,and varying the speed of the screw can optimize the mechanical and thermal coupling in the flow field.These adjustments promote higher-quality slurry and create a safer production environment for the extrusion process.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BZ2022007)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.92261202)+1 种基金the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China(No.2021YFE0114800)the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation(No.075-15-2021-1027).
文摘Thermally activated delayed fluorescence(TADF)materials driven by a through-space charge transfer(TSCT)mechanism have garnered wide interest.However,access of TSCT-TADF molecules with longwavelength emission remains a formidable challenge.In this study,we introduce a novel V-type DA-D-A’emitter,Trz-mCzCbCz,by using a carborane scaffold.This design strategically incorporates carbazole(Cz)and 2,4,6-triphenyl-1,3,5-triazine(Trz)as donor and acceptor moieties,respectively.Theoretical calculations alongside experimental validations affirm the typical TSCT-TADF characteristics of this luminogen.Owing to the unique structural and electronic attributes of carboranes,Trz-mCzCbCz exhibits an orange-red emission,markedly diverging from the traditional blue-to-green emissions observed in classical Cz and Trz-based TADF molecules.Moreover,bright emission in aggregates was observed for Trz-mCzCbCz with absolute photoluminescence quantum yield(PLQY)of up to 88.8%.As such,we have successfully fabricated five organic light-emitting diodes(OLEDs)by utilizing Trz-mCzCbCz as the emitting layer.It is important to note that both the reverse intersystem crossing process and the TADF properties are profoundly influenced by host materials.The fabricated OLED devices reached a maximum external quantum efficiency(EQE)of 12.7%,with an emission peak at 592 nm.This represents the highest recorded efficiency for TSCT-TADF OLEDs employing carborane derivatives as emitting layers.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(LZ22C130001)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32171887,and 52002028,and 52192610)+1 种基金the National Key Research and Development Project from Minister of Science&Technology(2021YFA0202704)Beijing Municipal Science&Technology Commission(Z171100002017017).
文摘Efficient utilization of electrostatic charges is paramount for numerous applications,from printing to kinetic energy harvesting.However,existing technologies predominantly focus on the static qualities of these charges,neglecting their dynamic capabilities as carriers for energy conversion.Herein,we report a paradigm-shifting strategy that orchestrates the swift transit of surface charges,generated through contact electrification,via a freely moving droplet.This technique ingeniously creates a bespoke charged surface which,in tandem with a droplet acting as a transfer medium to the ground,facilitates targeted charge displacement and amplifies electrical energy collection.The spontaneously generated electric field between the charged surface and needle tip,along with the enhanced water ionization under the electric field,proves pivotal in facilitating controlled charge transfer.By coupling the effects of charge self-transfer,contact electrification,and electrostatic induction,a dual-electrode droplet-driven(DD)triboelectric nanogenerator(TENG)is designed to harvest the water-related energy,exhibiting a two-orderof-magnitude improvement in electrical output compared to traditional single-electrode systems.Our strategy establishes a fundamental groundwork for efficient water drop energy acquisition,offering deep insights and substantial utility for future interdisciplinary research and applications in energy science.
文摘Photocatalytic hydrogen production technology is an ideal approach to addressing energy and environmental issues,with efficient charge transfer being the key to achieving high-performance hydrogen production.Ultra-thin CuInS_(2)nanosheets were prepared through a solvothermal method.Subsequently,metallic Ni was surface-modified onto CuInS_(2)through photo-deposition to serve as a co-catalyst.The optimized photocatalyst exhibited a hydrogen production rate of 15.5 mmol·g^(-1)·h^(-1)in water when used an ascorbic acid as hole scavenger,which is 9 times that of the original CuInS_(2).Transient absorption spectra(TAS)analysis demonstrates that the hole transfer from CuInS_(2)nanosheets to ascorbic acid,yielding a long-lived electron with a lifetime of 45.6μs.The electrons in CuInS_(2)are efficiently captured by Ni as active sites for driving hydrogen evolution.In situ TAS further indicates that ascorbic acid and Ni sites synergistically promote the electron transfer dynamics of CuInS_(2),achieving an electron transfer efficiency of 48.4%.This work provides a viable strategy for designing highly efficient photocatalysts with enhanced charge transfer.
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.11572159).
文摘The cavity characteristics in liquid-filled containers caused by high-velocity impacts represent an important area of research in hydrodynamic ram phenomena.The dynamic expansion of the cavity induces liquid pressure variations,potentially causing catastrophic damage to the container.Current studies mainly focus on non-deforming projectiles,such as fragments,with limited exploration of shaped charge jets.In this paper,a uniquely experimental system was designed to record cavity profiles in behind-armor liquid-filled containers subjected to shaped charge jet impacts.The impact process was then numerically reproduced using the explicit simulation program ANSYS LS-DYNA with the Structured Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian(S-ALE)solver.The formation mechanism,along with the dimensional and shape evolution of the cavity was investigated.Additionally,the influence of the impact kinetic energy of the jet on the cavity characteristics was analyzed.The findings reveal that the cavity profile exhibits a conical shape,primarily driven by direct jet impact and inertial effects.The expansion rates of both cavity length and maximum radius increase with jet impact kinetic energy.When the impact kinetic energy is reduced to 28.2 kJ or below,the length-to-diameter ratio of the cavity ultimately stabilizes at approximately 7.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52271317 and 52071149)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(HUST:2019kfy XJJS007)。
文摘To address the problems of low accuracy by the CONWEP model and poor efficiency by the Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian(CEL)method in predicting close-range air blast loads of cylindrical charges,a neural network-based simulation(NNS)method with higher accuracy and better efficiency was proposed.The NNS method consisted of three main steps.First,the parameters of blast loads,including the peak pressures and impulses of cylindrical charges with different aspect ratios(L/D)at different stand-off distances and incident angles were obtained by two-dimensional numerical simulations.Subsequently,incident shape factors of cylindrical charges with arbitrary aspect ratios were predicted by a neural network.Finally,reflected shape factors were derived and implemented into the subroutine of the ABAQUS code to modify the CONWEP model,including modifications of impulse and overpressure.The reliability of the proposed NNS method was verified by related experimental results.Remarkable accuracy improvement was acquired by the proposed NNS method compared with the unmodified CONWEP model.Moreover,huge efficiency superiority was obtained by the proposed NNS method compared with the CEL method.The proposed NNS method showed good accuracy when the scaled distance was greater than 0.2 m/kg^(1/3).It should be noted that there is no need to generate a new dataset again since the blast loads satisfy the similarity law,and the proposed NNS method can be directly used to simulate the blast loads generated by different cylindrical charges.The proposed NNS method with high efficiency and accuracy can be used as an effective method to analyze the dynamic response of structures under blast loads,and it has significant application prospects in designing protective structures.
