The highly selective catalytic hydrogenation of halogenated nitroaromatics was achieved by employing Pd‑based catalysts that were co‑modified with organic and inorganic ligands.It was demonstrated that the catalysts c...The highly selective catalytic hydrogenation of halogenated nitroaromatics was achieved by employing Pd‑based catalysts that were co‑modified with organic and inorganic ligands.It was demonstrated that the catalysts contained Pd species in mixed valence states,with high valence Pd at the metal‑support interface and zero valence Pd at the metal surface.While the strong coordination of triphenylphosphine(PPh3)to Pd0 on the Pd surface prevents the adsorption of halogenated nitroaromatics and thus dehalogenation,the coordination of sodium metavanadate(NaVO3)to high‑valence Pd sites at the interface helps to activate H2 in a heterolytic pathway for the selective hydrogenation of nitro‑groups.The excellent catalytic performance of the interfacial active sites enables the selective hydrogenation of a wide range of halogenated nitroaromatics.展开更多
The occurrence of suspended particles and the organic chemicals biodegradation are the universal phenomenan in aquatic environment, therefore research of interfacial effects of suspended particles on biodegradation of...The occurrence of suspended particles and the organic chemicals biodegradation are the universal phenomenan in aquatic environment, therefore research of interfacial effects of suspended particles on biodegradation of organic compounds has became very important aspect of organic pollutants fate studies in multimedia environment. The biodegradation of N (2,4 dimethyl phenyl) N' methylformamidine hydrochloride and dibutyl phthalate, and the interfacial effects of suspended particles on biodegradation rate were studied. The interfacial effect factor was introduced to express the effect of suspended solids on biodegradation rate. The results of simulation experiment of two compounds and theoretical analysis of process show that biodegradation rate of pollutants increases linearly with interfacial effect factor.展开更多
For static magnetic properties of the Co/Ni bilayers,macroscopic hysteresis loops and microscopic magnetic moment distributions have been determined by the object oriented micromagnetic framework(OOMMF).It is found th...For static magnetic properties of the Co/Ni bilayers,macroscopic hysteresis loops and microscopic magnetic moment distributions have been determined by the object oriented micromagnetic framework(OOMMF).It is found that when the bilayer systems are fully decoupled,the magnetizations of the two phases reverse separately.The coercivity of the bilayers decreases to a valley value sharply with increasing interfacial exchange coupling and then rises slowly to a platform.On the other hand,we have carried out an atomistic simulation for the laser-induced ultrafast demagnetization of the Co/Ni bilayer.A larger damping constant leads to a faster demagnetization as well as a larger degree of demagnetization,which is consistent with the first-principle theoretical results.For the magnetization recovery process,the damping constant has different influences on the recovery time with various peak electron temperatures,which is ignored in previous atomistic simulations as well as the Landau–Liftshit–Bloch(LLB)micromagnetic calculations.Furthermore,as the interfacial exchange coupling increases,the ultrafast demagnetization curves for Co and Ni become coincident,which is a demonstration for the transition from two-phase phenomenon to single-phase phenomenon.展开更多
Bubbly oil lubrication is a type of lubrication method.However,the lubrication model of the bubbly oil has not been thoroughly considered.This paper aims to investigate the modelling for bubbly oil lubrication conside...Bubbly oil lubrication is a type of lubrication method.However,the lubrication model of the bubbly oil has not been thoroughly considered.This paper aims to investigate the modelling for bubbly oil lubrication considering the interfacial effect and thermal effect,and a theoretical model is established based on the theory of multiphase mixtures.The interfacial and thermal effects on the static characteristics of a thrust bearing are analyzed.A test rig for the thrust bearing is developed to measure the static characteristics of the bearing under bubbly oil lubrication.The results show that the bearing static characteristics,i.e.bearing temperature rise,film thickness,friction torque,and volume flow,increase with consideration of three interfacial effects;the bearing temperature rise increases but the film thickness,friction torque,and volume flow rate decrease with consideration of the three thermal effects;the thermal effect on the bearing static characteristics is greater than the interfacial effect.展开更多
Rechargeable sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)are considered as the next-generation secondary batteries.The performance of SIB is determined by the behavior of its electrode surface and the electrode–electrolyte interface d...Rechargeable sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)are considered as the next-generation secondary batteries.The performance of SIB is determined by the behavior of its electrode surface and the electrode–electrolyte interface during charging and discharging.Thus,the characteristics of these surfaces and interfaces should be analyzed to realize large-scale energy storage systems with high energy density and long-cycle stability.Although various studies have investigated the properties of electrode materials,few studies have focused on the construction of stable and efficient SIB interfaces,and even fewer have explored the mechanisms of interfacial effects;however,the strategies of regulating interfacial effects are yet to be completely developed.Moreover,the results obtained thus far are insufficient to draw systematic conclusions.The present study reviews the literature on the mechanism of interfacial effects in Na+storage devices.The interfaces in a sodium-ion storage device include a heterogeneous interface between electrode materials,a solid electrolyte interphase,and a cathode electrolyte interphase.The interfacial effects during the intercalation,transformation,and alloy reactions and the resulting overall battery performance were theoretically analyzed.In this review,we aim to provide a theoretical basis for optimizing the structures of electrode surface and electrode–electrolyte interface to optimize the performance of SIBs.In addition,the challenges of investigating interfacial effects and several possible helpful methods and opportunities for studying the mechanisms of interfacial effects in SIBs will be presented.展开更多
The rail transit in sulfate-rich areas faces the combined effects of stray current and salt corrosion;however,the sulfate ion transport and concrete degradation mechanisms under such conditions are still unclear.To ad...The rail transit in sulfate-rich areas faces the combined effects of stray current and salt corrosion;however,the sulfate ion transport and concrete degradation mechanisms under such conditions are still unclear.To address this issue,novel sulfate transport and mesoscale splitting tests were designed,with a focus on considering the differences between the interfacial transition zone(ITZ)and cement matrix.Under the influence of stray current,the ITZ played a pivotal role in regulating the transport and mechanical failure processes of sulfate attack,while the tortuous and blocking effects of aggregates almost disappeared.This phenomenon was termed the“stray current-induced ITZ effect.”The experimental data revealed that the difference in sulfate ion transport attributed to the ITZ ranged from 1.90 to 2.31 times,while the difference in splitting strength ranged from 1.56 to 1.64 times.Through the real-time synchronization of splitting experiments and microsecond-responsive particle image velocimetry(PIV)technology,the mechanical properties were exposed to the consequences of the stray currentinduced ITZ effect.The number of splitting cracks in the concrete increased,rather than along the central axis,which was significantly different from the conditions without stray current and the ideal Brazilian disk test.Furthermore,a sulfate ion mass transfer model that incorporates reactivity and electrodiffusion was meticulously constructed.The embedded finite element calculation exhibited excellent agreement with the experimental results,indicating its reliability and accuracy.Additionally,the stress field was determined utilizing analytical methods,and the mechanism underlying crack propagation was successfully obtained.Compared to the cement matrix,a stray current led to more sulfates,more microstructure degradation,and greater increases in thickness and porosity in the ITZ,which was considered to be the essence of the stray current-induced ITZ effect.展开更多
A series of In_(x)Sb_(2-x)S_(3) nanosheets modified g-C_(3)N_(4)(In_(x)Sb_(2-x)S_(3)-TCN)heterojunctions with different g-C_(3)N_(4) contents were fabricated by an in situ deposition method.All the In_(x)Sb_(2-x)S_(3)...A series of In_(x)Sb_(2-x)S_(3) nanosheets modified g-C_(3)N_(4)(In_(x)Sb_(2-x)S_(3)-TCN)heterojunctions with different g-C_(3)N_(4) contents were fabricated by an in situ deposition method.All the In_(x)Sb_(2-x)S_(3)-TCN composites were applied as photocatalysts in Cr(Ⅵ)polluted water treatment and the results displayed that In_(x)Sb_(2-x)S_(3)-TCN could effectively remove Cr(Ⅵ)under visible light through synergistic effects of adsorption and photocatalytic reduction.Especially,In_(x)Sb_(2-x)S_(3)-TCN-70(70 mg g-C_(3)N_(4)) exhibited the most excellent adsorption and photocatalytic reduction performance among all composites,which possessed a high equilibrium adsorption capacity of 12.45 mg/g in a 30.0 mg/L Cr(Ⅵ)aqueous solution,and reduced Cr(Ⅵ)to Cr(Ⅲ)within 10 min under visible light irradiation.DRS and PL results indicated that the interfacial coupling effect between g-C_(3)N_(4)and In_(x)Sb_(2-x)S_(3) enhanced the utilization efficiency of visible light and suppressed photoinduced carrier recombination,which improved the photocatalytic activity of composites.Moreover,the photocatalyst exhibited satisfactory reduction activity and good stability after 5 cycles of Cr(Ⅵ)adsorptionphotoreduction.展开更多
Solder size effect on early stage interfacial intermetallic compound(IMC) evolution in wetting reaction between Sne3.0Age0.5Cu solder balls and electroless nickel electroless palladium immersion gold(ENEPIG) pads at 2...Solder size effect on early stage interfacial intermetallic compound(IMC) evolution in wetting reaction between Sne3.0Age0.5Cu solder balls and electroless nickel electroless palladium immersion gold(ENEPIG) pads at 250 C was investigated. The interfacial IMCs transformed from initial needle- and rodtype(Cu,Ni)6Sn5to dodecahedron-type(Cu,Ni)6Sn5and then to needle-type(Ni,Cu)3Sn4at the early interfacial reaction stage. Moreover, these IMC transformations occurred earlier in the smaller solder joints, where the decreasing rate of Cu concentration was faster due to the Cu consumption by the formation of interfacial(Cu,Ni)6Sn5. On thermodynamics, the decrease of Cu concentration in liquid solder changed the phase equilibrium at the interface and thus resulted in the evolution of interfacial IMCs; on kinetics, larger solder joints had sufficient Cu flux toward the interface to feed the(Cu,Ni)6Sn5growth in contrast to smaller solder joints, thus resulted in the delayed IMC transformation and the formation of larger dodecahedron-type(Cu,Ni)6Sn5grains. In smaller solders, no spalling but the consumption of(Cu,Ni)6Sn5grains by the formation of(Ni,Cu)3Sn4grains occurred where smaller discrete(Cu,Ni)6Sn5grains formed at the interface.展开更多
The main Iimitation to the toughening of the α-Al2O3/Ni composite is the poor bonding atthe interface. which causes the nickel particles to be pulled-out during crack propagation with-out obvious plastic deformation....The main Iimitation to the toughening of the α-Al2O3/Ni composite is the poor bonding atthe interface. which causes the nickel particles to be pulled-out during crack propagation with-out obvious plastic deformation. A proper control of oxygen content at the Al2O3-Ni interfacecan promote wetting at the intedece, and produce a mechanically interlocked and chemically strengthened intedece, causing most of the nickel particles to be stretched to failure and to expe-rience severe plastic deformation during crack propagation in the composite. Fracture toughnesstesting using a modified double cantilever beam method with in situ observation of crack prop-agation in a scanning electron microscope shows that the composite with the strengthenedinterface has a more desirable R-curve behaviour and a higher fracture toughness value than thenormal composite.展开更多
Nitrogen oxides(NO_(x))from diesel engine exhaust,is one of the major sources of environmental pollution.Currently,selective catalytic reduction with ammonia(NH_(3)-SCR)is considered to be the most effective protocol ...Nitrogen oxides(NO_(x))from diesel engine exhaust,is one of the major sources of environmental pollution.Currently,selective catalytic reduction with ammonia(NH_(3)-SCR)is considered to be the most effective protocol for reducing NO_(x)emissions.Nowadays,zeolitebased NH_(3)-SCR catalysts have been industrialized and widespread used in this field.Nevertheless,with the increasingly stringent environmental regulations and implementation of the requirement of“zero emission”of diesel engine exhaust,it is extremely urgent to prepare catalysts with superior NH_(3)-SCR activity and exceptional resistance to poisons(SO2,alkali metals,hydrocarbons,etc.).Core-shell structure zeolite-based catalysts(CSCs)have shown great promise in NH_(3)-SCR of NO_(x)in recent years by virtue of its relatively higher low-temperature activity,broader operation temperature window and outstanding resistance to poisons.This review mainly focuses on the recent progress of CSCs for NH_(3)-SCR of NO_(x)with three extensively investigated SSZ-13,ZSM-5,Beta zeolites as cores.The reaction mechanisms of resistance to sulfur poisoning,alkali metal poisoning,hydrocarbon poisoning,and hydrothermal aging are summarized.Moreover,the important role of interfacial effect between core and shell in the reaction of NH_(3)-SCR was clarified.Finally,the future development and application outlook of CSCs are prospected.展开更多
Interface engineering is a prospective method for improving electrochemical performance,while efficient interfacial tuning is still difficult.Here,a series of WO_(3)-Ir catalysts with tuned interfaces were obtained fr...Interface engineering is a prospective method for improving electrochemical performance,while efficient interfacial tuning is still difficult.Here,a series of WO_(3)-Ir catalysts with tuned interfaces were obtained from WO_(3)support with different surface states.The prepared WO_(3)-O-Ir catalyst with higher interfacial oxygen content shows excellent hydrogen oxidation reaction activity with a mass activity of 54.04 A gIr^(-1)for hydrogen oxidation reaction,which is superior to WO_(3)-W-Ir with higher tungsten content and even commercial Pt/C catalysts.Theoretical calculation and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy valence band spectrum analyses verify that the position of the d-band center is directly proportional to the interfacial oxygen content.This modulates the electronic structure of the active phase,increasing the binding energy for OH species and enhancing their adsorption capacity,which boost the performance for hydrogen oxidation reaction.展开更多
The reduction of global carbon emissions and the achievement of carbon neutrality have become the focus of addressing climate change and global warming.Electrochemical CO_(2) reduction(CO_(2)RR),as a technology that c...The reduction of global carbon emissions and the achievement of carbon neutrality have become the focus of addressing climate change and global warming.Electrochemical CO_(2) reduction(CO_(2)RR),as a technology that can efficiently convert CO_(2) into value-added products,is receiving widespread attention.This article reviews the current research status of Cu/metal oxide heterostructures in the field of electrochemical reduction of CO_(2).The review first introduces the importance of electrochemical reduction of CO_(2) and the application potential of Cu/metal oxide heterostructures in this field.Subsequently,a comprehensive discussion is presented on the exploration of various Cu/metal oxide heterostructures and their corresponding structure-performance relationship,with particular emphasis on the catalysts'activity,selectivity,stability and the nature of active sites.Lastly,the review provides an overview of the current research challenges and future development trends in this field.展开更多
Almost all solid surfaces are rough.The randomness and complexity of roughness make the behavior of contact deformation,electrical conductivity,and heat transfer between solids elusive.If the solids are subjected to f...Almost all solid surfaces are rough.The randomness and complexity of roughness make the behavior of contact deformation,electrical conductivity,and heat transfer between solids elusive.If the solids are subjected to further tensile,bending,or torsional deformation,will more complex or new contact phenomena occur?Clarifying this issue is of great significance to developing and designing some major equipment serving in extreme environments.展开更多
The interaction between the metal and the support of supported metal catalysts, which are widely used in industry, is the primary focus of the study of such catalysts. With the developing understanding of the metal–s...The interaction between the metal and the support of supported metal catalysts, which are widely used in industry, is the primary focus of the study of such catalysts. With the developing understanding of the metal–support interaction, the intrinsic factor that influences the catalytic performance has been determined to be the structure of interfacial sites. Layered double hydroxides(LDHs, a class of two-dimensional layered anion clay) possess several unique characteristics, such as the following:(1) tunable elemental component, homogeneous distribution of metal cations.(2) anchoring eff ect.(3) multiple layered structure for exfoliation or intercalation and special memory eff ect;and(4) internal/external confinement eff ects during topological transformation. Taking LDHs and their derivatives as precursors or supports shows superior advantages in designing interfacial active catalysts with tunable properties. Therefore, this review is mainly focused on constructing interfacial active catalysts by LDHs and revealing the interfacial eff ects(including electronic, geometric, and bifunctional eff ects) on the catalytic performance that will provide new perspectives and approaches for the development of heterogeneous catalysis.展开更多
Nickel-based single-crystal superalloys are the key materials for the manufacturing and development of advanced aeroengines. Rhenium is a crucial alloying element in the advanced nickel-based single-crystal superalloy...Nickel-based single-crystal superalloys are the key materials for the manufacturing and development of advanced aeroengines. Rhenium is a crucial alloying element in the advanced nickel-based single-crystal superalloys for its special strengthening effects. The addition of Re could effectively enhance the creep properties of the single-crystal superalloys; thus, the content of Re is considered as one of the characteristics in different-generation single-crystal superalloys. Owing to the fundamental importance of rhenium to nickel-based single-crystal superalloys, much progress has been made on understanding of the effect of rhenium in the single-crystal superalloys. While the effect of Re doping on the nickelbased superalloys is well documented, the origins of the socalled rhenium effect are still under debate. In this paper,the effect of Re doping on the single-crystal superalloys and progress in understanding the rhenium effect are reviewed. The characteristics of the d-states occupancy in the electronic structure of Re make it the slowest diffusion elements in the single-crystal superalloys, which is undoubtedly responsible for the rhenium effect, while the postulates of Re cluster and the enrichment of Re at the c/c0 interface are still under debate, and the synergistic action of Re with other alloying elements should be further studied.Additionally, the interaction of Re with interfacial dislocations seems to be a promising explanation for the rhenium effect. Finally, the addition of Ru could help suppress topologically close-packed（TCP） phase formation and strengthen the Re doping single-crystal superalloys.Understanding the mechanism of rhenium effect will be beneficial for the effective utilization of Re and the design of low-cost single-crystal superalloys.展开更多
We study inserting Co layer thickness-dependent spin transport and spin-orbit torques(SOTs)in the Pt/Co/Py trilayers by spin-torque ferromagnetic resonance.The interfacial perpendicular magnetic anisotropy(IPMA)energy...We study inserting Co layer thickness-dependent spin transport and spin-orbit torques(SOTs)in the Pt/Co/Py trilayers by spin-torque ferromagnetic resonance.The interfacial perpendicular magnetic anisotropy(IPMA)energy density(Ks=2.7 erg/cm^(2),1 erg=10^(-7) J),which is dominated by interfacial spin-orbit coupling(ISOC)in the Pt/Co interface,total effective spin-mixing conductance(G↑↓eff,tot=0.42×10^(15) Ω^(-1)·m^(-2))and two-magnon scattering(βTMS=0.46 nm2)are first characterized,and the damping-like torque(ξDL=0.103)and field-like torque(ξFL=-0.017)efficiencies are also calculated quantitatively by varying the thickness of the inserting Co layer.The significant enhancement of ξDL and ξFL in Pt/Co/Py than Pt/Py bilayer system originates from the interfacial Rashba-Edelstein effect due to the strong ISOC between Co-3d and Pt-5d orbitals at the Pt/Co interface.Additionally,we find a considerable out-of-plane spin polarization SOT,which is ascribed to the spin anomalous Hall effect and possible spin precession effect due to IPMA-induced perpendicular magnetization at the Pt/Co interface.Our results demonstrate that the ISOC of the Pt/Co interface plays a vital role in spin transport and SOTs-generation.Our finds offer an alternative approach to improve the conventional SOTs efficiencies and generate unconventional SOTs with out-of-plane spin polarization to develop low power Pt-based spintronic via tailoring the Pt/FM interface.展开更多
Micromechanics investigations of composites with fiber-shaped reinforcement are extensively applied in the engineering design and theoretical analysis of thermal composites in the aerospace engineering and high-tech i...Micromechanics investigations of composites with fiber-shaped reinforcement are extensively applied in the engineering design and theoretical analysis of thermal composites in the aerospace engineering and high-tech industry.In this paper,a critical review of various classical micromechanics approaches is provided based on the classification framework and the development of micromechanics tools.Several numerical micromechanics tools have been developed to overcome limitations through exactly/approximately solving the internal governing equations of microstructures.The connections and limitations of those models are also investigated and discussed,based on which three recently developed numerical or semi-analytical models are explained,including finite-element micromechanics,finite-volume direct averaging micromechanics,and locally exact homogenization theory,as well as machine learning tools.Since it is almost inevitable to mention the interfacial effects on thermal behavior of fibrous composites,we review the new mathematical relations that interrupt the original continuity conditions due to the existence of interphase/interface within unit cells.Generally speaking,the interphase/interface is demonstrated to play a significant role in influencing the effective coefficients and localized thermal fields.The present work also briefly reviews the application of micromechanics tools in emerging engineered woven composites,natural fibrous composites,and ablative thermal protection composites.It is demonstrated that sophisticated micromechanics tools are always demanded for investigating the effective and localized responses of thermal fibrous composites.展开更多
Silver-copper electrocatalysts have demonstrated effectively catalytic performance in electroreduction CO_(2) toward CH_(4),yet a revealing insight into the reaction pathway and mechanism has remained elusive.Herein,w...Silver-copper electrocatalysts have demonstrated effectively catalytic performance in electroreduction CO_(2) toward CH_(4),yet a revealing insight into the reaction pathway and mechanism has remained elusive.Herein,we construct chemically bonded Ag-Cu_(2)O boundaries,in which the complete reduction of Cu_(2)O to Cu has been strongly impeded owing to the presence of surface Ag shell.The interfacial confinement effect helps to maintain Cu^(+)sites at the Ag-Cu_(2)O boundaries.Using in situ/operando spectroscopy and theoretical simulations,it is revealed that CO_(2) is enriched at the Ag-Cu_(2)O boundaries due to the enhanced physisorption and chemisorption to CO_(2),activating CO_(2) to form the stable intermediate^(*)CO.The boundaries between Ag shell and the Cu_(2)O mediate local^(*)CO coverage and promote^(*)CHO intermediate formation,consequently facilitating CO_(2)-to-CH_(4) conversion.This work not only reveals the structure-activity relationships but also offers insights into the reaction mechanism on Ag-Cu catalysts for efficient electrocatalytic CO_(2) reduction.展开更多
The impact of interfacial charge on catalytic performance of supported-metal-cluster(SMC)heterostructures remains unclear,hindering efforts to develop high-performance SMC catalysts.Herein we systematically investigat...The impact of interfacial charge on catalytic performance of supported-metal-cluster(SMC)heterostructures remains unclear,hindering efforts to develop high-performance SMC catalysts.Herein we systematically investigated interfacial charge effects of SMCs using a model system of graphene-supported gold-nanoclusters(AuNCs/rGO)for azo hydrogenation.Three types of SMCs with different interfacial charges were synthesized by anchoring electropositive 2-aminoethanethiol(CSH),amphoteric cysteine(Cys),and electronegative 3-mercaptopropionic-acid(MPA)onto AuNCs/rGO,respectively.All three SMCs exhibited high and selective catalytic activity to azo-hydrogenation in four representative azo dyes.The catalytic activity of Cys@AuNCs/rGO was lower than that of CSH@AuNCs/rGO but higher than that of MPA@AuNCs/rGO.However,the cyclic stability of Cys@AuNCs/rGO was inferior to that of both CSH@AuNCs/rGO and MPA@AuNCs/rGO.Further mechanistic studies revealed that amino ligands modified CSH@AuNCs and Cys@AuNCs agglomerated into large-size gold nanoparticles on rGO surface during catalytic reaction under NaBH_(4) action,leading to reduced efficiency and cyclic stability.Conversely,non-amino ligand modified MPA@AuNCs only partially detached from rGO surface without agglomeration,resulting in better cyclic stability.Protection of amino groups in ligands such as modifying-NH_(3)^(+)group in Cys into imine to form N-isobutyryl-L-cysteine(NIBC)substantially improved the cyclic stability while maintaining the high activity in the NIBC@AuNCs/rGO catalyst system.Our work provides an approach for developing a highly-active and stable SMC heterostructure catalyst via manipulating interfacial charges in SMC.展开更多
文摘The highly selective catalytic hydrogenation of halogenated nitroaromatics was achieved by employing Pd‑based catalysts that were co‑modified with organic and inorganic ligands.It was demonstrated that the catalysts contained Pd species in mixed valence states,with high valence Pd at the metal‑support interface and zero valence Pd at the metal surface.While the strong coordination of triphenylphosphine(PPh3)to Pd0 on the Pd surface prevents the adsorption of halogenated nitroaromatics and thus dehalogenation,the coordination of sodium metavanadate(NaVO3)to high‑valence Pd sites at the interface helps to activate H2 in a heterolytic pathway for the selective hydrogenation of nitro‑groups.The excellent catalytic performance of the interfacial active sites enables the selective hydrogenation of a wide range of halogenated nitroaromatics.
文摘The occurrence of suspended particles and the organic chemicals biodegradation are the universal phenomenan in aquatic environment, therefore research of interfacial effects of suspended particles on biodegradation of organic compounds has became very important aspect of organic pollutants fate studies in multimedia environment. The biodegradation of N (2,4 dimethyl phenyl) N' methylformamidine hydrochloride and dibutyl phthalate, and the interfacial effects of suspended particles on biodegradation rate were studied. The interfacial effect factor was introduced to express the effect of suspended solids on biodegradation rate. The results of simulation experiment of two compounds and theoretical analysis of process show that biodegradation rate of pollutants increases linearly with interfacial effect factor.
基金Project supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(Grant Nos.2015CB921403 and 2016YFA0300701)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.91622126,51427801,and 51671212)the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province,China(Grant No.A2015203021)
文摘For static magnetic properties of the Co/Ni bilayers,macroscopic hysteresis loops and microscopic magnetic moment distributions have been determined by the object oriented micromagnetic framework(OOMMF).It is found that when the bilayer systems are fully decoupled,the magnetizations of the two phases reverse separately.The coercivity of the bilayers decreases to a valley value sharply with increasing interfacial exchange coupling and then rises slowly to a platform.On the other hand,we have carried out an atomistic simulation for the laser-induced ultrafast demagnetization of the Co/Ni bilayer.A larger damping constant leads to a faster demagnetization as well as a larger degree of demagnetization,which is consistent with the first-principle theoretical results.For the magnetization recovery process,the damping constant has different influences on the recovery time with various peak electron temperatures,which is ignored in previous atomistic simulations as well as the Landau–Liftshit–Bloch(LLB)micromagnetic calculations.Furthermore,as the interfacial exchange coupling increases,the ultrafast demagnetization curves for Co and Ni become coincident,which is a demonstration for the transition from two-phase phenomenon to single-phase phenomenon.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12172088 and 51635004).
文摘Bubbly oil lubrication is a type of lubrication method.However,the lubrication model of the bubbly oil has not been thoroughly considered.This paper aims to investigate the modelling for bubbly oil lubrication considering the interfacial effect and thermal effect,and a theoretical model is established based on the theory of multiphase mixtures.The interfacial and thermal effects on the static characteristics of a thrust bearing are analyzed.A test rig for the thrust bearing is developed to measure the static characteristics of the bearing under bubbly oil lubrication.The results show that the bearing static characteristics,i.e.bearing temperature rise,film thickness,friction torque,and volume flow,increase with consideration of three interfacial effects;the bearing temperature rise increases but the film thickness,friction torque,and volume flow rate decrease with consideration of the three thermal effects;the thermal effect on the bearing static characteristics is greater than the interfacial effect.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U22A20107 and 22162026)the Science and Technology R&D Program Joint Fund Project of Henan Provincial(No.222301420001)+2 种基金the Distinguished Young Scholars Innovation Team of Zhengzhou University(No.32320275)Qiushi Scientific Research Initiation Plan of Zhengzhou University(No.32213243)Postgraduate Education Reform Project of Henan Province(No.2021SJGLX093Y).
文摘Rechargeable sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)are considered as the next-generation secondary batteries.The performance of SIB is determined by the behavior of its electrode surface and the electrode–electrolyte interface during charging and discharging.Thus,the characteristics of these surfaces and interfaces should be analyzed to realize large-scale energy storage systems with high energy density and long-cycle stability.Although various studies have investigated the properties of electrode materials,few studies have focused on the construction of stable and efficient SIB interfaces,and even fewer have explored the mechanisms of interfacial effects;however,the strategies of regulating interfacial effects are yet to be completely developed.Moreover,the results obtained thus far are insufficient to draw systematic conclusions.The present study reviews the literature on the mechanism of interfacial effects in Na+storage devices.The interfaces in a sodium-ion storage device include a heterogeneous interface between electrode materials,a solid electrolyte interphase,and a cathode electrolyte interphase.The interfacial effects during the intercalation,transformation,and alloy reactions and the resulting overall battery performance were theoretically analyzed.In this review,we aim to provide a theoretical basis for optimizing the structures of electrode surface and electrode–electrolyte interface to optimize the performance of SIBs.In addition,the challenges of investigating interfacial effects and several possible helpful methods and opportunities for studying the mechanisms of interfacial effects in SIBs will be presented.
基金supported by the State Major Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(52090082)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFB2602200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52178423 and 52378398).
文摘The rail transit in sulfate-rich areas faces the combined effects of stray current and salt corrosion;however,the sulfate ion transport and concrete degradation mechanisms under such conditions are still unclear.To address this issue,novel sulfate transport and mesoscale splitting tests were designed,with a focus on considering the differences between the interfacial transition zone(ITZ)and cement matrix.Under the influence of stray current,the ITZ played a pivotal role in regulating the transport and mechanical failure processes of sulfate attack,while the tortuous and blocking effects of aggregates almost disappeared.This phenomenon was termed the“stray current-induced ITZ effect.”The experimental data revealed that the difference in sulfate ion transport attributed to the ITZ ranged from 1.90 to 2.31 times,while the difference in splitting strength ranged from 1.56 to 1.64 times.Through the real-time synchronization of splitting experiments and microsecond-responsive particle image velocimetry(PIV)technology,the mechanical properties were exposed to the consequences of the stray currentinduced ITZ effect.The number of splitting cracks in the concrete increased,rather than along the central axis,which was significantly different from the conditions without stray current and the ideal Brazilian disk test.Furthermore,a sulfate ion mass transfer model that incorporates reactivity and electrodiffusion was meticulously constructed.The embedded finite element calculation exhibited excellent agreement with the experimental results,indicating its reliability and accuracy.Additionally,the stress field was determined utilizing analytical methods,and the mechanism underlying crack propagation was successfully obtained.Compared to the cement matrix,a stray current led to more sulfates,more microstructure degradation,and greater increases in thickness and porosity in the ITZ,which was considered to be the essence of the stray current-induced ITZ effect.
基金Projects(41977129,21607176,42007138) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(kq1802011) supported by the Changsha Outstanding Innovative Youth Training Program,ChinaProject(2017JJ3516)supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province,China。
文摘A series of In_(x)Sb_(2-x)S_(3) nanosheets modified g-C_(3)N_(4)(In_(x)Sb_(2-x)S_(3)-TCN)heterojunctions with different g-C_(3)N_(4) contents were fabricated by an in situ deposition method.All the In_(x)Sb_(2-x)S_(3)-TCN composites were applied as photocatalysts in Cr(Ⅵ)polluted water treatment and the results displayed that In_(x)Sb_(2-x)S_(3)-TCN could effectively remove Cr(Ⅵ)under visible light through synergistic effects of adsorption and photocatalytic reduction.Especially,In_(x)Sb_(2-x)S_(3)-TCN-70(70 mg g-C_(3)N_(4)) exhibited the most excellent adsorption and photocatalytic reduction performance among all composites,which possessed a high equilibrium adsorption capacity of 12.45 mg/g in a 30.0 mg/L Cr(Ⅵ)aqueous solution,and reduced Cr(Ⅵ)to Cr(Ⅲ)within 10 min under visible light irradiation.DRS and PL results indicated that the interfacial coupling effect between g-C_(3)N_(4)and In_(x)Sb_(2-x)S_(3) enhanced the utilization efficiency of visible light and suppressed photoinduced carrier recombination,which improved the photocatalytic activity of composites.Moreover,the photocatalyst exhibited satisfactory reduction activity and good stability after 5 cycles of Cr(Ⅵ)adsorptionphotoreduction.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos. 51475072 and 51171036
文摘Solder size effect on early stage interfacial intermetallic compound(IMC) evolution in wetting reaction between Sne3.0Age0.5Cu solder balls and electroless nickel electroless palladium immersion gold(ENEPIG) pads at 250 C was investigated. The interfacial IMCs transformed from initial needle- and rodtype(Cu,Ni)6Sn5to dodecahedron-type(Cu,Ni)6Sn5and then to needle-type(Ni,Cu)3Sn4at the early interfacial reaction stage. Moreover, these IMC transformations occurred earlier in the smaller solder joints, where the decreasing rate of Cu concentration was faster due to the Cu consumption by the formation of interfacial(Cu,Ni)6Sn5. On thermodynamics, the decrease of Cu concentration in liquid solder changed the phase equilibrium at the interface and thus resulted in the evolution of interfacial IMCs; on kinetics, larger solder joints had sufficient Cu flux toward the interface to feed the(Cu,Ni)6Sn5growth in contrast to smaller solder joints, thus resulted in the delayed IMC transformation and the formation of larger dodecahedron-type(Cu,Ni)6Sn5grains. In smaller solders, no spalling but the consumption of(Cu,Ni)6Sn5grains by the formation of(Ni,Cu)3Sn4grains occurred where smaller discrete(Cu,Ni)6Sn5grains formed at the interface.
文摘The main Iimitation to the toughening of the α-Al2O3/Ni composite is the poor bonding atthe interface. which causes the nickel particles to be pulled-out during crack propagation with-out obvious plastic deformation. A proper control of oxygen content at the Al2O3-Ni interfacecan promote wetting at the intedece, and produce a mechanically interlocked and chemically strengthened intedece, causing most of the nickel particles to be stretched to failure and to expe-rience severe plastic deformation during crack propagation in the composite. Fracture toughnesstesting using a modified double cantilever beam method with in situ observation of crack prop-agation in a scanning electron microscope shows that the composite with the strengthenedinterface has a more desirable R-curve behaviour and a higher fracture toughness value than thenormal composite.
基金supported by the Key Technologies Research and Development Program(No.2022YFB3504102)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22035009,22002050,and 22202087)+2 种基金the National Engineering Laboratory for Mobile Source Emission Control Technology(No.NELMS2020B01)Fuyang Normal University Open Fund(No.FSKFKT006D)the Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China(Nos.2022T150765 and 2020M683154).
文摘Nitrogen oxides(NO_(x))from diesel engine exhaust,is one of the major sources of environmental pollution.Currently,selective catalytic reduction with ammonia(NH_(3)-SCR)is considered to be the most effective protocol for reducing NO_(x)emissions.Nowadays,zeolitebased NH_(3)-SCR catalysts have been industrialized and widespread used in this field.Nevertheless,with the increasingly stringent environmental regulations and implementation of the requirement of“zero emission”of diesel engine exhaust,it is extremely urgent to prepare catalysts with superior NH_(3)-SCR activity and exceptional resistance to poisons(SO2,alkali metals,hydrocarbons,etc.).Core-shell structure zeolite-based catalysts(CSCs)have shown great promise in NH_(3)-SCR of NO_(x)in recent years by virtue of its relatively higher low-temperature activity,broader operation temperature window and outstanding resistance to poisons.This review mainly focuses on the recent progress of CSCs for NH_(3)-SCR of NO_(x)with three extensively investigated SSZ-13,ZSM-5,Beta zeolites as cores.The reaction mechanisms of resistance to sulfur poisoning,alkali metal poisoning,hydrocarbon poisoning,and hydrothermal aging are summarized.Moreover,the important role of interfacial effect between core and shell in the reaction of NH_(3)-SCR was clarified.Finally,the future development and application outlook of CSCs are prospected.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21776115 and 51902140)the project from Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing(Wuhan University of Technology,No.2024-KF-24)the open project from Key Laboratory of Advanced Electrode Materials for Novel Solar Cells for Petroleum and Chemical Industry of China(School of Chemistry and Life Science,Suzhou University of Science and Technology)
文摘Interface engineering is a prospective method for improving electrochemical performance,while efficient interfacial tuning is still difficult.Here,a series of WO_(3)-Ir catalysts with tuned interfaces were obtained from WO_(3)support with different surface states.The prepared WO_(3)-O-Ir catalyst with higher interfacial oxygen content shows excellent hydrogen oxidation reaction activity with a mass activity of 54.04 A gIr^(-1)for hydrogen oxidation reaction,which is superior to WO_(3)-W-Ir with higher tungsten content and even commercial Pt/C catalysts.Theoretical calculation and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy valence band spectrum analyses verify that the position of the d-band center is directly proportional to the interfacial oxygen content.This modulates the electronic structure of the active phase,increasing the binding energy for OH species and enhancing their adsorption capacity,which boost the performance for hydrogen oxidation reaction.
基金supported by the Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province(No.SJCX23_0120)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22275088 and 52101260)+3 种基金the Project of Shuangchuang Scholar of Jiangsu Province(No.JSSCBS20210212)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.30921011203)the Start-Up Grant(No.AE89991/340)from Nanjing University of Science and Technology,the Foundation of Jiangsu Educational Committee(No.22KJB310008)the Senior Talent Program of Jiangsu University(No.20JDG073).
文摘The reduction of global carbon emissions and the achievement of carbon neutrality have become the focus of addressing climate change and global warming.Electrochemical CO_(2) reduction(CO_(2)RR),as a technology that can efficiently convert CO_(2) into value-added products,is receiving widespread attention.This article reviews the current research status of Cu/metal oxide heterostructures in the field of electrochemical reduction of CO_(2).The review first introduces the importance of electrochemical reduction of CO_(2) and the application potential of Cu/metal oxide heterostructures in this field.Subsequently,a comprehensive discussion is presented on the exploration of various Cu/metal oxide heterostructures and their corresponding structure-performance relationship,with particular emphasis on the catalysts'activity,selectivity,stability and the nature of active sites.Lastly,the review provides an overview of the current research challenges and future development trends in this field.
文摘Almost all solid surfaces are rough.The randomness and complexity of roughness make the behavior of contact deformation,electrical conductivity,and heat transfer between solids elusive.If the solids are subjected to further tensile,bending,or torsional deformation,will more complex or new contact phenomena occur?Clarifying this issue is of great significance to developing and designing some major equipment serving in extreme environments.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation(Nos.22022801,21878016)National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2016YFB0301601)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Nos.BHYC1701B,JD2004)。
文摘The interaction between the metal and the support of supported metal catalysts, which are widely used in industry, is the primary focus of the study of such catalysts. With the developing understanding of the metal–support interaction, the intrinsic factor that influences the catalytic performance has been determined to be the structure of interfacial sites. Layered double hydroxides(LDHs, a class of two-dimensional layered anion clay) possess several unique characteristics, such as the following:(1) tunable elemental component, homogeneous distribution of metal cations.(2) anchoring eff ect.(3) multiple layered structure for exfoliation or intercalation and special memory eff ect;and(4) internal/external confinement eff ects during topological transformation. Taking LDHs and their derivatives as precursors or supports shows superior advantages in designing interfacial active catalysts with tunable properties. Therefore, this review is mainly focused on constructing interfacial active catalysts by LDHs and revealing the interfacial eff ects(including electronic, geometric, and bifunctional eff ects) on the catalytic performance that will provide new perspectives and approaches for the development of heterogeneous catalysis.
基金financially supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(No.2009CB623701)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.11374174,50971075 and 51390471)
文摘Nickel-based single-crystal superalloys are the key materials for the manufacturing and development of advanced aeroengines. Rhenium is a crucial alloying element in the advanced nickel-based single-crystal superalloys for its special strengthening effects. The addition of Re could effectively enhance the creep properties of the single-crystal superalloys; thus, the content of Re is considered as one of the characteristics in different-generation single-crystal superalloys. Owing to the fundamental importance of rhenium to nickel-based single-crystal superalloys, much progress has been made on understanding of the effect of rhenium in the single-crystal superalloys. While the effect of Re doping on the nickelbased superalloys is well documented, the origins of the socalled rhenium effect are still under debate. In this paper,the effect of Re doping on the single-crystal superalloys and progress in understanding the rhenium effect are reviewed. The characteristics of the d-states occupancy in the electronic structure of Re make it the slowest diffusion elements in the single-crystal superalloys, which is undoubtedly responsible for the rhenium effect, while the postulates of Re cluster and the enrichment of Re at the c/c0 interface are still under debate, and the synergistic action of Re with other alloying elements should be further studied.Additionally, the interaction of Re with interfacial dislocations seems to be a promising explanation for the rhenium effect. Finally, the addition of Ru could help suppress topologically close-packed（TCP） phase formation and strengthen the Re doping single-crystal superalloys.Understanding the mechanism of rhenium effect will be beneficial for the effective utilization of Re and the design of low-cost single-crystal superalloys.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11774150,12074178,11874135,and 12004171)the Applied Basic Research Programs of the Science and Technology Commission Foundation of Jiangsu Province,China(Grant No.BK20200309)+1 种基金the Open Research Fund of Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology,Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province,China(Grant No.2021C01039)the Scientific Foundation of Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications(Grant No.NY220164).
文摘We study inserting Co layer thickness-dependent spin transport and spin-orbit torques(SOTs)in the Pt/Co/Py trilayers by spin-torque ferromagnetic resonance.The interfacial perpendicular magnetic anisotropy(IPMA)energy density(Ks=2.7 erg/cm^(2),1 erg=10^(-7) J),which is dominated by interfacial spin-orbit coupling(ISOC)in the Pt/Co interface,total effective spin-mixing conductance(G↑↓eff,tot=0.42×10^(15) Ω^(-1)·m^(-2))and two-magnon scattering(βTMS=0.46 nm2)are first characterized,and the damping-like torque(ξDL=0.103)and field-like torque(ξFL=-0.017)efficiencies are also calculated quantitatively by varying the thickness of the inserting Co layer.The significant enhancement of ξDL and ξFL in Pt/Co/Py than Pt/Py bilayer system originates from the interfacial Rashba-Edelstein effect due to the strong ISOC between Co-3d and Pt-5d orbitals at the Pt/Co interface.Additionally,we find a considerable out-of-plane spin polarization SOT,which is ascribed to the spin anomalous Hall effect and possible spin precession effect due to IPMA-induced perpendicular magnetization at the Pt/Co interface.Our results demonstrate that the ISOC of the Pt/Co interface plays a vital role in spin transport and SOTs-generation.Our finds offer an alternative approach to improve the conventional SOTs efficiencies and generate unconventional SOTs with out-of-plane spin polarization to develop low power Pt-based spintronic via tailoring the Pt/FM interface.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2020YFA0711700)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.12322206,U22A200531,and 12002303).
文摘Micromechanics investigations of composites with fiber-shaped reinforcement are extensively applied in the engineering design and theoretical analysis of thermal composites in the aerospace engineering and high-tech industry.In this paper,a critical review of various classical micromechanics approaches is provided based on the classification framework and the development of micromechanics tools.Several numerical micromechanics tools have been developed to overcome limitations through exactly/approximately solving the internal governing equations of microstructures.The connections and limitations of those models are also investigated and discussed,based on which three recently developed numerical or semi-analytical models are explained,including finite-element micromechanics,finite-volume direct averaging micromechanics,and locally exact homogenization theory,as well as machine learning tools.Since it is almost inevitable to mention the interfacial effects on thermal behavior of fibrous composites,we review the new mathematical relations that interrupt the original continuity conditions due to the existence of interphase/interface within unit cells.Generally speaking,the interphase/interface is demonstrated to play a significant role in influencing the effective coefficients and localized thermal fields.The present work also briefly reviews the application of micromechanics tools in emerging engineered woven composites,natural fibrous composites,and ablative thermal protection composites.It is demonstrated that sophisticated micromechanics tools are always demanded for investigating the effective and localized responses of thermal fibrous composites.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21968020)the Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia (2022MS02011 and 2023MS02014)+1 种基金the Science and Technology Projects of China Northern Rare Earth (BFXT-2022-D-0023)the Open Research Subject of Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Environmental Pollution Control (2021Z01)。
文摘Silver-copper electrocatalysts have demonstrated effectively catalytic performance in electroreduction CO_(2) toward CH_(4),yet a revealing insight into the reaction pathway and mechanism has remained elusive.Herein,we construct chemically bonded Ag-Cu_(2)O boundaries,in which the complete reduction of Cu_(2)O to Cu has been strongly impeded owing to the presence of surface Ag shell.The interfacial confinement effect helps to maintain Cu^(+)sites at the Ag-Cu_(2)O boundaries.Using in situ/operando spectroscopy and theoretical simulations,it is revealed that CO_(2) is enriched at the Ag-Cu_(2)O boundaries due to the enhanced physisorption and chemisorption to CO_(2),activating CO_(2) to form the stable intermediate^(*)CO.The boundaries between Ag shell and the Cu_(2)O mediate local^(*)CO coverage and promote^(*)CHO intermediate formation,consequently facilitating CO_(2)-to-CH_(4) conversion.This work not only reveals the structure-activity relationships but also offers insights into the reaction mechanism on Ag-Cu catalysts for efficient electrocatalytic CO_(2) reduction.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52273110,21975191,52372271,22173070)the Knowledge Innovation Program of Wuhan Shuguang Project,and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(WUT:2023Ⅲ013GX).
文摘The impact of interfacial charge on catalytic performance of supported-metal-cluster(SMC)heterostructures remains unclear,hindering efforts to develop high-performance SMC catalysts.Herein we systematically investigated interfacial charge effects of SMCs using a model system of graphene-supported gold-nanoclusters(AuNCs/rGO)for azo hydrogenation.Three types of SMCs with different interfacial charges were synthesized by anchoring electropositive 2-aminoethanethiol(CSH),amphoteric cysteine(Cys),and electronegative 3-mercaptopropionic-acid(MPA)onto AuNCs/rGO,respectively.All three SMCs exhibited high and selective catalytic activity to azo-hydrogenation in four representative azo dyes.The catalytic activity of Cys@AuNCs/rGO was lower than that of CSH@AuNCs/rGO but higher than that of MPA@AuNCs/rGO.However,the cyclic stability of Cys@AuNCs/rGO was inferior to that of both CSH@AuNCs/rGO and MPA@AuNCs/rGO.Further mechanistic studies revealed that amino ligands modified CSH@AuNCs and Cys@AuNCs agglomerated into large-size gold nanoparticles on rGO surface during catalytic reaction under NaBH_(4) action,leading to reduced efficiency and cyclic stability.Conversely,non-amino ligand modified MPA@AuNCs only partially detached from rGO surface without agglomeration,resulting in better cyclic stability.Protection of amino groups in ligands such as modifying-NH_(3)^(+)group in Cys into imine to form N-isobutyryl-L-cysteine(NIBC)substantially improved the cyclic stability while maintaining the high activity in the NIBC@AuNCs/rGO catalyst system.Our work provides an approach for developing a highly-active and stable SMC heterostructure catalyst via manipulating interfacial charges in SMC.
