Background: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is one of the most important neglected tropical diseases. Although VL was controlled in several regions of China during the last century, the mountain-type zoonotic visceral lei...Background: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is one of the most important neglected tropical diseases. Although VL was controlled in several regions of China during the last century, the mountain-type zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (MT-ZVL) has reemerged in the hilly areas of China in recent decades. The purpose of this study was to construct an indicator framework for assessing the risk of the MT-ZVL in China, and to provide guidance for preventing disease.Methods: Based on a literature review and expert interview, a 3-level indicator framework was initially established in November 2021, and 28 experts were selected to perform two rounds of consultation using the Delphi method. The comprehensive weight of the tertiary indicators was determined by the Delphi and the entropy weight methods.Results: Two rounds of Delphi consultation were conducted. Four primary indicators, 11 secondary indicators, and 35 tertiary indicators were identified. The Delphi-entropy weight method was performed to calculate the comprehensive weight of the tertiary indicators. The normalized weights of the primary indicators were 0.268, 0.261, 0.242, and 0.229, respectively, for biological factors, interventions, environmental factors, and social factors. The normalized weights of the top four secondary indicators were 0.122, 0.120, 0.098, and 0.096, respectively, for climatic features, geographical features, sandflies, and dogs. Among the tertiary indicators, the top four normalized comprehensive weights were the population density of sandflies (0.076), topography (0.057), the population density of dogs, including tethering (0.056), and use of bed nets or other protective measures (0.056).Conclusions: An indicator framework of transmission risk assessment for MT-ZVL was established using the Delphientropy weight method. The framework provides a practical tool to evaluate transmission risk in endemic areas.展开更多
To scientifically evaluate the equipment system of systems(SoS)contribution rate,a contribution rate calculation method based on a structural equation model(SEM)is proposed in this paper.The connotation and evaluation...To scientifically evaluate the equipment system of systems(SoS)contribution rate,a contribution rate calculation method based on a structural equation model(SEM)is proposed in this paper.The connotation and evaluation process of the equipment SoS contribution rate were redefined and standardized.To solve the existing problems in the application of the original contribution rate formula,a modified contribution rate calculation formula is proposed.Finally,the contribution rate evaluation index was divided into latent and explicit variables.The measurement and structural equations in the SEM were used to calculate and analyze the latent variables.The simulation results show that the number of defense lines of air defense weapon equipment has a greater impact on the linear configuration than the group configuration.When the number of K-type air defense weapons is sufficient,the two-layer linear configuration should be adopted with 20 air defense weapon systems.When the number of K-type air defense weapons is insufficient,the single-layer group configuration should be adopted with 12 air defense weapon systems.展开更多
Ecological degradation is a global problem, and ecological restoration technologies have played and will continue to play an important role in its mitigation. However, the lack of systematic research and evaluations o...Ecological degradation is a global problem, and ecological restoration technologies have played and will continue to play an important role in its mitigation. However, the lack of systematic research and evaluations of ecological technologies has thus far affected their effective application in vulnerable ecological regions. This study therefore provides an overview of the main technologies for remediating soil and water erosion, desertification, and rock desertification in China and throughout the world. It addresses key issues and recommends approaches for evaluating ecological restoration technologies. Restoration technology emerged as early as 1800. Over the years such technology has changed from single objective applications to multi-purpose, multi-objective applications employing strategies that take into account ecosystem rehabilitation and integrated ecological and socioeconomic development. Along with this technological evolution, different countries have taken pertinent actions as part of their restoration initiatives. However, key issues remain, including the lack of location-specific restoration technologies and a methodological strategy to assess and prioritize existing technologies. This study proposes a four-level analytical hierarchical framework in conjunction with an indicator system that highlights the establishment and adaptation of associative indicators, while also recommending a three-phase evaluation method（The Mert）, targeting The Mert to qualitative（quick and extensive） and quantitative（detailed） evaluations in order to select the most appropriate restoration technologies available. This study can also be used as a basis for understanding the evaluation and prioritization of restoration technologies, while increasing the awareness of decision makers and the public on the role of technology in restoring degraded ecosystems.展开更多
Background Food systems instantiate the complex interdependencies across humans,physical environments,and other organisms.Applying One Health approaches for agri-food system transformation,which adopts integrated and ...Background Food systems instantiate the complex interdependencies across humans,physical environments,and other organisms.Applying One Health approaches for agri-food system transformation,which adopts integrated and unifying approaches to optimize the overall health of humans,animals,plants,and environments,is crucial to enhance the sustainability of food systems.This study develops a potential assessment tool,named the global One Health index-Food Security(GOHI-FS),aiming to evaluate food security performance across countries/territories from One Health perspective and identify relevant gaps that need to be improved for sustainable food systems.Methods We comprehensively reviewed existing frameworks and elements of food security.The indicator framework of GOHI-FS was conceptualized following the structure-process-outcome model and confirmed by expert advisory.Publicly available data in 2020 was collected for each indicator.The weighting strategy was determined by the Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process.The data for each indicator was normalized and aggregated by weighted arithmetic mean.Linear regressions were performed to evaluate the associations of GOHI-FS with health and social-economic indicators.Results The GOHI-FS includes 5 first-level indicators,19 second-level indicators and 45 third-level indicators.There were 146 countries/territories enrolled for evaluation.The highest average score of first-level indicators was Nutrition(69.8)and the lowest was Government Support and Response(31.3).There was regional heterogeneity of GOHI-FS scores.Higher median scores with interquartile range(IQR)were shown in North America(median:76.1,IQR:75.5-76.7),followed by Europe and Central Asia(median:66.9,IQR:60.1-74.3),East Asia and the Pacific(median:60.6,IQR:55.5-68.7),Latin America and the Caribbean(median:60.2,IQR:57.8-65.0),Middle East and North Africa(median:56.6,IQR:52.0-62.8),South Asia(median:51.1,IQR:46.7-53.8),and sub-Saharan Africa(median:41.4,IQR:37.2-46.5).We also found significant associations between GOHI-FS and GDP per capita,socio-demographic index,health expenditure and life expectancy.Conclusions GOHI-FS is a potential assessment tool to understand the gaps in food security across countries/territories under the One Health concept.The pilot findings suggest notable gaps for sub-Saharan Africa in numerous aspects.Broad actions are needed globally to promote government support and response for food security.展开更多
基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Nos.2021YFC2300800,2021YFC2300804)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32161143036).
文摘Background: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is one of the most important neglected tropical diseases. Although VL was controlled in several regions of China during the last century, the mountain-type zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (MT-ZVL) has reemerged in the hilly areas of China in recent decades. The purpose of this study was to construct an indicator framework for assessing the risk of the MT-ZVL in China, and to provide guidance for preventing disease.Methods: Based on a literature review and expert interview, a 3-level indicator framework was initially established in November 2021, and 28 experts were selected to perform two rounds of consultation using the Delphi method. The comprehensive weight of the tertiary indicators was determined by the Delphi and the entropy weight methods.Results: Two rounds of Delphi consultation were conducted. Four primary indicators, 11 secondary indicators, and 35 tertiary indicators were identified. The Delphi-entropy weight method was performed to calculate the comprehensive weight of the tertiary indicators. The normalized weights of the primary indicators were 0.268, 0.261, 0.242, and 0.229, respectively, for biological factors, interventions, environmental factors, and social factors. The normalized weights of the top four secondary indicators were 0.122, 0.120, 0.098, and 0.096, respectively, for climatic features, geographical features, sandflies, and dogs. Among the tertiary indicators, the top four normalized comprehensive weights were the population density of sandflies (0.076), topography (0.057), the population density of dogs, including tethering (0.056), and use of bed nets or other protective measures (0.056).Conclusions: An indicator framework of transmission risk assessment for MT-ZVL was established using the Delphientropy weight method. The framework provides a practical tool to evaluate transmission risk in endemic areas.
基金The National Social Science Foundation Military Science Project(No.16GJ003-068).
文摘To scientifically evaluate the equipment system of systems(SoS)contribution rate,a contribution rate calculation method based on a structural equation model(SEM)is proposed in this paper.The connotation and evaluation process of the equipment SoS contribution rate were redefined and standardized.To solve the existing problems in the application of the original contribution rate formula,a modified contribution rate calculation formula is proposed.Finally,the contribution rate evaluation index was divided into latent and explicit variables.The measurement and structural equations in the SEM were used to calculate and analyze the latent variables.The simulation results show that the number of defense lines of air defense weapon equipment has a greater impact on the linear configuration than the group configuration.When the number of K-type air defense weapons is sufficient,the two-layer linear configuration should be adopted with 20 air defense weapon systems.When the number of K-type air defense weapons is insufficient,the single-layer group configuration should be adopted with 12 air defense weapon systems.
基金National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFC0503700)
文摘Ecological degradation is a global problem, and ecological restoration technologies have played and will continue to play an important role in its mitigation. However, the lack of systematic research and evaluations of ecological technologies has thus far affected their effective application in vulnerable ecological regions. This study therefore provides an overview of the main technologies for remediating soil and water erosion, desertification, and rock desertification in China and throughout the world. It addresses key issues and recommends approaches for evaluating ecological restoration technologies. Restoration technology emerged as early as 1800. Over the years such technology has changed from single objective applications to multi-purpose, multi-objective applications employing strategies that take into account ecosystem rehabilitation and integrated ecological and socioeconomic development. Along with this technological evolution, different countries have taken pertinent actions as part of their restoration initiatives. However, key issues remain, including the lack of location-specific restoration technologies and a methodological strategy to assess and prioritize existing technologies. This study proposes a four-level analytical hierarchical framework in conjunction with an indicator system that highlights the establishment and adaptation of associative indicators, while also recommending a three-phase evaluation method（The Mert）, targeting The Mert to qualitative（quick and extensive） and quantitative（detailed） evaluations in order to select the most appropriate restoration technologies available. This study can also be used as a basis for understanding the evaluation and prioritization of restoration technologies, while increasing the awareness of decision makers and the public on the role of technology in restoring degraded ecosystems.
文摘Background Food systems instantiate the complex interdependencies across humans,physical environments,and other organisms.Applying One Health approaches for agri-food system transformation,which adopts integrated and unifying approaches to optimize the overall health of humans,animals,plants,and environments,is crucial to enhance the sustainability of food systems.This study develops a potential assessment tool,named the global One Health index-Food Security(GOHI-FS),aiming to evaluate food security performance across countries/territories from One Health perspective and identify relevant gaps that need to be improved for sustainable food systems.Methods We comprehensively reviewed existing frameworks and elements of food security.The indicator framework of GOHI-FS was conceptualized following the structure-process-outcome model and confirmed by expert advisory.Publicly available data in 2020 was collected for each indicator.The weighting strategy was determined by the Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process.The data for each indicator was normalized and aggregated by weighted arithmetic mean.Linear regressions were performed to evaluate the associations of GOHI-FS with health and social-economic indicators.Results The GOHI-FS includes 5 first-level indicators,19 second-level indicators and 45 third-level indicators.There were 146 countries/territories enrolled for evaluation.The highest average score of first-level indicators was Nutrition(69.8)and the lowest was Government Support and Response(31.3).There was regional heterogeneity of GOHI-FS scores.Higher median scores with interquartile range(IQR)were shown in North America(median:76.1,IQR:75.5-76.7),followed by Europe and Central Asia(median:66.9,IQR:60.1-74.3),East Asia and the Pacific(median:60.6,IQR:55.5-68.7),Latin America and the Caribbean(median:60.2,IQR:57.8-65.0),Middle East and North Africa(median:56.6,IQR:52.0-62.8),South Asia(median:51.1,IQR:46.7-53.8),and sub-Saharan Africa(median:41.4,IQR:37.2-46.5).We also found significant associations between GOHI-FS and GDP per capita,socio-demographic index,health expenditure and life expectancy.Conclusions GOHI-FS is a potential assessment tool to understand the gaps in food security across countries/territories under the One Health concept.The pilot findings suggest notable gaps for sub-Saharan Africa in numerous aspects.Broad actions are needed globally to promote government support and response for food security.
