Leaves of terrestrial and aquatic plants are home to a wide diversity of bacterial species. However, the diversity and variability of epiphytic bacteria on their submerged plant hosts remains poorly understood. We inv...Leaves of terrestrial and aquatic plants are home to a wide diversity of bacterial species. However, the diversity and variability of epiphytic bacteria on their submerged plant hosts remains poorly understood. We investigated the diversity and composition of epiphytic bacteria from two common submerged macrophytes: Vallisneria natans and Hydrilla verticillata in Taihu Lake, Jiangsu, China, using methods of terminal restriction fragment length polymorphisms (T-RFLP) and clone library analyses targeted at bacterial 16S rRNA genes. The results show that: (1) the libraries of the two waterweeds contain wide phylogenetic distribution of bacteria, and that the sequences of the two libraries can be separated into 93 OTUs (at 97% similar value); (2) Betaproteobacteria, including Burkholderiales, was the most abundant bacterial group on both plants. Cyanobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria were the second largest groups on V. natans and H. verticillata, respectively. Both clone libraries included some sequences related to those of methanotrophs and nitrogen-fixing bacteria; (3) Cluster analysis of the T-RFLP profiles showed two distinct clusters corresponding to the two plant populations. Both ANOSIM of the T-RFLP data and Libshuff analysis of the two clone libraries indicated a significant difference in epiphytic bacterial communities between the two plants. Therefore, the epiphytic bacterial communities on submerged macrophytes appear to be diverse and host-specific, which may aid in understanding the ecological functions of submerged macrophytes in general.展开更多
The mass mortality of pond-reared scattered mirror carp, Cyprinus carpio, caused by Thelohanellus kitauei, occurred at fish farms in Sichuan Province, southwest China. Morphological and molecular analyses were supplem...The mass mortality of pond-reared scattered mirror carp, Cyprinus carpio, caused by Thelohanellus kitauei, occurred at fish farms in Sichuan Province, southwest China. Morphological and molecular analyses were supplemented with histological evaluation of infected tissues to better understand the route of infection and the pathological effects of 1＂. kitauei on the fish host. The intestine of the diseased host was full of large cysts of the myxosporean. The cysts range from 2 cm to 3.6 cm in diameter. Histopathology indicated that T. kitauei first invaded the submucosa of the host intestine and then moved into the mucosa layers with the development of their spores, finally entering into the enteric cavity of the hosts after the disruption of mucosa layers. The pyriform spores of T. kitauei were surrounded by the transparent spore sheath, measuring 25.98/μm±0.95 μm in body length, 8.72 μm±0.51μm body width, and 7.86 μm±0.26 μm in body thickness. The single polar capsule was pyriform, measuring 14.73 μm±0.92μm in length and 6.82 μm±0.45μm in width, with eight to 10 turns of filament coils winding inside. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 18S small-subunit ribosomal DNA sequences indicated that minimal genetic differences were present between T. kitauei samples from South Korea and from China. Close affinity was found between the genus Thelohanellus and Myxobolus. Additionally, two polar capsule nuclei were found at the anterior end of the single polar capsule in spores of T. kitauei stained with hematoxylin and eosin, which suggested the separation of the genus Thelohanellus from Myxobolus.展开更多
Pathogenesis-related(PR)proteins are one of the major and preliminary proteins accumulated as a defense against biotic stress.This defense response can be induced by using beneficial rhizobacteria,which has been studi...Pathogenesis-related(PR)proteins are one of the major and preliminary proteins accumulated as a defense against biotic stress.This defense response can be induced by using beneficial rhizobacteria,which has been studied in various host-pathogen interactions.In the present study,eleven Pseudomonas isolates were assessed for their potential to ferment sorbitol,reduce nitrate,and produce mycolytic enzymes,1-aminocyclopropane-l-carboxylic acid(ACC)deaminase,phenazine antibiotics,and N-acyl homoserine lactones(AHLs).All isolates were tested against the host-specific pathogen Fusarium oxysporum MTCC1755 in tomato under greenhouse conditions,and shortlisted isolates were tested for their rhizosphere competence.In-vitro test results showed that the isolates were able to produce mycolytic enzymes,including protease,lipase,chitinase,cellulase,and amylase,and the antibiotic phenazine and were negative for pyoluteorin.All the isolates except two were positive for ACC deaminase production.Greenhouse results showed that the isolates M80,M96,and T109 significantly reduced symptoms of Fusarium wilt.Extended greenhouse tests under autoclaved and unautoclaved soil conditions showed that M80,M96,and T109 were excellent rhizosphere competitors and were identified as Pseudomonas putida.In brief,the defense-specific biochemical variations in the host could describe the improved defense against Fusarium wilt occurring in the primed plants.These three Pseudomonas strains could be used as potential biocontrol agents,along with their rhizosphere competence.展开更多
Fungi are an essential component of any ecosystem and have diverse ecological roles,ranging from endophytes to epiphytes and pathogens to saprobes.The current estimate of fungal endophytes is around 1 million species,...Fungi are an essential component of any ecosystem and have diverse ecological roles,ranging from endophytes to epiphytes and pathogens to saprobes.The current estimate of fungal endophytes is around 1 million species,however,we estimate that there is likely over 3 million species and only about 150,000 fungal species have been named and classified to date.Endophytes inhabit internal plant tissues without causing apparent harm to the hosts.Endophytes occur in almost every plant from the coldest climates to the tropics.They are thought to provide several benefits to host plants and improve the hosts’ability to tolerate several abiotic and biotic stresses.Endophytes produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological,industrial and pharmaceutical application.Some endophytes appear to be host-specific,while some are associated with a wide range of hosts.We discuss the importance of endophytes.The ability to switch lifestyles from endophytes to pathogens or saprobes is discussed.Interactions between endophytes and hosts based on fossil data is also highlighted.Factors that influence the specificity in endophytes are discussed.We argue that the endophytic lifestyle is a common strategy in most fungi and that all fungi have endophytic ancestors.We critically evaluate the influence of co-evolution based on fossil data.We hypothesise the influence of specificity on the estimated number of endophytes and overall species numbers,and present examples of metabolites that they produce.We argue that studying endophytes for novel compounds has limitations as the genera recovered are limited.However,if saprobes were chosen instead,this would result in a much higher species diversity and undoubtedly chemical diversity.展开更多
The recent realistic estimate of fungal numbers which used various algorithms was between 2.2 and 3.8 million.There are nearly 100,000 accepted species of Fungi and fungus-like taxa,which is between 2.6 and 4.5%of the...The recent realistic estimate of fungal numbers which used various algorithms was between 2.2 and 3.8 million.There are nearly 100,000 accepted species of Fungi and fungus-like taxa,which is between 2.6 and 4.5%of the estimated species.Several forums such as Botanica Marina series,Fungal Diversity notes,Fungal Biodiversity Profiles,Fungal Systematics and Evolution-New and Interesting Fungi,Mycosphere notes and Fungal Planet have enhanced the introduction of new taxa and nearly 2000 species have been introduced in these publications in the last decade.The need to define a fungal species more accurately has been recognized,but there is much research needed before this can be better clarified.We address the evidence that is needed to estimate the numbers of fungi and address the various advances that have been made towards its understanding.Some genera are barely known,whereas some plant pathogens comprise numerous species complexes and numbers are steadily increasing.In this paper,we examine ten genera as case studies to establish trends in fungal description and introduce new species in each genus.The genera are the ascomycetes Colletotrichum and Pestalotiopsis(with many species or complexes),Atrocalyx,Dothiora,Lignosphaeria,Okeanomyces,Rhamphoriopsis,Thozetella,Thyrostroma(rela-tively poorly studied genera)and the basidiomycete genus Lepiota.We provide examples where knowledge is incomplete or lacking and suggest areas needing further research.These include(1)the need to establish what is a species,(2)the need to establish how host-specific fungi are,not in highly disturbed urban areas,but in pristine or relatively undisturbed forests,and(3)the need to establish if species in different continents,islands,countries or regions are different,or if the same fungi occur worldwide?Finally,we conclude whether we are anywhere near to flattening the curve in new species description.展开更多
The global diversity of fungi has been estimated using several different approaches.There is somewhere between 2–11 million estimated species,but the number of formally described taxa is around 150,000,a tiny fractio...The global diversity of fungi has been estimated using several different approaches.There is somewhere between 2–11 million estimated species,but the number of formally described taxa is around 150,000,a tiny fraction of the total.In this paper,we examine 12 ascomycete genera as case studies to establish trends in fungal species descriptions,and introduce new species in each genus.To highlight the importance of traditional morpho-molecular methods in publishing new species,we introduce novel taxa in 12 genera that are considered to have low species discovery.We discuss whether the species are likely to be rare or due to a lack of extensive sampling and classification.The genera are Apiospora,Bambusicola,Beltrania,Capronia,Distoseptispora,Endocalyx,Neocatenulostroma,Neodeightonia,Paraconiothyrium,Peroneutypa,Phaeoacremonium and Vanakripa.We discuss host-specificity in selected genera and compare the number of species epithets in each genus with the number of ITS(barcode)sequences deposited in GenBank and UNITE.We furthermore discuss the relationship between the divergence times of these genera with those of their hosts.We hypothesize whether there might be more species in these genera and discuss hosts and habitats that should be investigated for novel species discovery.展开更多
Fungi play vital roles in ecosystems as endophytes,pathogens and saprobes.The current estimate of fungal diversity is highly uncertain,ranging from 1.5 to 12 million,but only around 150,000 species have been named and...Fungi play vital roles in ecosystems as endophytes,pathogens and saprobes.The current estimate of fungal diversity is highly uncertain,ranging from 1.5 to 12 million,but only around 150,000 species have been named and classified to date.Since the introduction of DNA based methods for species identification,the number of newly described taxa has increased from approximately 1000 to around 2000 yearly.This demonstrates the importance of DNA based methods to identify and distin-guish species,especially cryptic species.Many novel species from recent studies have been found in historically understudied regions and habitats,but these still represent only a small percentage of the estimated species.In this paper,we examine 16 genera from the top 40 most speciose genera as listed in Species Fungorum as case studies to examine the diversity of taxa in each genus.The genera treated herein are Cercospora,Diaporthe,Meliola,Passalora,Phyllachora,Phyllosticta,Pseudocer-cospora,Ramularia(ascomycetes)and Cortinarius,Entoloma,Inocybe,Marasmius,Psathyrella,Puccinia,Russula,Uromyces(basidiomycetes).We critically evaluate the number of species in these genera and correlate these numbers with the number of entries in GenBank.We introduce 18 new species Apiospora multiloculata,Candolleomyces thailandensis,Cortinarius acutoproximus,Cortinarius melleoalbus,Cortinarius pacificus,Cortinarius parvoacetosus,Diaporthe guizhouensis,Entoloma pseudosubcorvinum,Inocybe meirensongia,Marasmius albulus,Marasmius obscuroaurantiacus,Meliola camporesii,Phyl-lachora siamensis,Phyllosticta doitungensis,Picipes yuxiensis,Pseudocercospora vignae,Puccinia maureanui and Russula inornata.We also introduce a new record of Candolleomyces cladii-marisci and Inocybe iringolkavensis.We discuss the genera Colletotrichum and Pleurotus that are speciose,but do not occur in the top 40.We hypothesize whether there might be more species in these genera and discuss why these genera have some of the largest number of species.展开更多
Fungicolous fungi are a very large,diverse,ecological and trophic group of organisms that are associated with other fungi.This association occurs with species of different lineages across the fungal kingdom.They are r...Fungicolous fungi are a very large,diverse,ecological and trophic group of organisms that are associated with other fungi.This association occurs with species of different lineages across the fungal kingdom.They are recognized as symbionts,mycoparasites,saprotrophs,and even neutrals.Wherever fungi have been found,fungicolous taxa have also been found.Homogeneous environments favour the development of highly adapted and coevolved fungicolous species,which could have led to host-specificity aspects.As a primary consumer,fungicolous fungi decrease the turnaround time of certain nutrients in food webs,due to their special often-rapid life cycles.They may also significantly affect population dynamics and population sizes of their hosts in aquatic or terrestrial ecosystems.As mycoparasites of pathogenic fungi,some fungicolous fungi have been explored as biocontrol agents.They may also cause serious diseases of cultivated edible and medicinal mushrooms,decreasing both yield and quality.Fungicolous fungi could be used as model organisms that may help determine better understanding of species interactions,fungal evolution and divergence,and fungicolous mechanisms.This review summarizes our current understanding of fungicolous fungi,with a particular focus on the terminology,diversity,global distribution,and interaction with their hosts.We also provide a checklist including 1552 fungicolous fungal taxa so far recorded following the updated classification schemes.There is a need for further investigations on this ecologically important group of fungi to better understand their biology,ecological aspects,origin and divergence,hostspecificity and application in biocontrol.Accurate identification of these fungi as pathogens and their significance in quarantine purposes on the mushroom industry need further evaluations so that efficient control measures can be developed for better disease management purposes.展开更多
Scientific names are crucial for communicating knowledge concerning fungi and fungus-like organisms.In plant pathology,they link information regarding biology,host range,distribution and potential risk to agriculture ...Scientific names are crucial for communicating knowledge concerning fungi and fungus-like organisms.In plant pathology,they link information regarding biology,host range,distribution and potential risk to agriculture and food security.In the past,delimitation among pathogenic taxa was primarily based on morphological characteristics.Due to distinct species sharing overlapping characteristics,the morphological identification of species is often neither straightforward nor reliable.Hence,the phylogenetic species concept based on molecular phylogenetic reconstructions gained importance.The present opinion discusses what a fungal species is and how identification of species in plant pathology has changed over the past decades.In this context,host-specialization and species complexes are discussed.Furthermore,species concepts in plant pathology are examined using case studies from Bipolaris,Colletotrichum,Curvularia,Diaporthe,Diplodia,Meliola,Plasmopara,rust fungi and Trichoderma.Each entry contains a brief introduction to the genus,concepts used in species identification so far and the problems in describing a species followed by recommendations.The importance of correctly naming and identifying a species is addressed in the context of recent introductions,and we also discuss whether the introduction of new species in pathogenic genera has been overestimated.We also provide guidelines to be considered when introducing a new species in a plant pathogenic genus.展开更多
Rhytisma Fr.is the type genus of Rhytismataceae(Rhytismatales,Leotiomycetes,Ascomycota).Rhytisma-like species include members of Cryptomyces,Rhytisma and Vladracula.They are parasites on leaves of broadleaf trees and ...Rhytisma Fr.is the type genus of Rhytismataceae(Rhytismatales,Leotiomycetes,Ascomycota).Rhytisma-like species include members of Cryptomyces,Rhytisma and Vladracula.They are parasites on leaves of broadleaf trees and cause tar spot diseases.In this study,a phylogeny based on the large subunit of the ribosomal rRNA gene(nrLSU)and the mitochondrial small subunit(mtSSU)is presented,including sequences of 39 newly collected specimens from East Asia,Europe,and temperate as well as tropical America.Based on analyses of morphology,phylogeny as well as host-specificity and diversification time estimates,the family Rhytismataceae sensu stricto is proposed,and eight genera are accepted in this narrow family,including four novel genera(Densorhytisma,Fanglania,Johnstoniella and Shiqia),the type genus Rhytisma,and the reinstated genera Lophodermina,Placuntium and Xyloma.Lophodermina clusters within the main Rhytisma clade in our analyses,but is divergent in morphological terms,not having large compound stromata.Thirty species are recognized,including seven novel species(Fanglania hubeiensis,F.parasitica,Johnstoniella yunnanensis,Rhytisma japonicum,Rh.taiwanense,Xyloma globosum,and X.shennongjiaense),fifteen new combinations(Densorhytisma anhuiense,D.huangshanense,F.concova,F.himalensis,F.ilicis-integrae,F.ilicis-latifoliae,F.ilicis-pedunculosae,J.lonicerae,Rh.annuliforme,Shiqia menziesii,S.yuexiensis,X.filamentosum,X.maximum,X.muelleri,and X.polare),one new name(J.xylostei),seven known species(Lophodermina melaleuca,Placuntium andromedae,Rhytisma acerinum,Rh.americanum,Rh.punctatum,X.salicinum,and X.umbonatum).In addition,seven immature specimens were studied but not assigned to existing species,herein referred to as Fanglania sp.1,Johnstoniella sp.1,Johnstoniella sp.2,Placuntium sp.1,Placuntium sp.2,Rhytisma sp.1,and Xyloma sp.1.The systematic positions of Cryptomyces maximus,Cr.muelleri and Vladracula annuliformis are re-assigned based on phylogenetic analysis.One Rhytisma-like species from tropical America was segregated from Rhytismataceae s.str.,thus a novel genus Neorhytisma was established to accommodate this species,with the one new combinations Neorhytisma panamense.The results of the molecular phylogenetic analysis indicate that Rhytisma-like species are host-specific at genus level.Apparently,Rhytisma-like species coevolved with their hosts,and Rhytisma-like species on Ericaceae seem to be in the process of host jumping.Morphological characteristics of ascomata are important for the delimitation of species and genera of Rhytisma-like species.This study provides a key to genera and species of recognized Rhytisma-like species worldwide.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.40730528)the National Basic Research Program of China(973Program)(No.2008CB418104)+2 种基金the Knowledge Innovation Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.KZCX2-YW-JC302)the Jiangsu Provincial Science Foundation(No.BK2009024)the Frontier Foundation of Nanjing Institute of Geography & Limnology,Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.09SL021001)
文摘Leaves of terrestrial and aquatic plants are home to a wide diversity of bacterial species. However, the diversity and variability of epiphytic bacteria on their submerged plant hosts remains poorly understood. We investigated the diversity and composition of epiphytic bacteria from two common submerged macrophytes: Vallisneria natans and Hydrilla verticillata in Taihu Lake, Jiangsu, China, using methods of terminal restriction fragment length polymorphisms (T-RFLP) and clone library analyses targeted at bacterial 16S rRNA genes. The results show that: (1) the libraries of the two waterweeds contain wide phylogenetic distribution of bacteria, and that the sequences of the two libraries can be separated into 93 OTUs (at 97% similar value); (2) Betaproteobacteria, including Burkholderiales, was the most abundant bacterial group on both plants. Cyanobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria were the second largest groups on V. natans and H. verticillata, respectively. Both clone libraries included some sequences related to those of methanotrophs and nitrogen-fixing bacteria; (3) Cluster analysis of the T-RFLP profiles showed two distinct clusters corresponding to the two plant populations. Both ANOSIM of the T-RFLP data and Libshuff analysis of the two clone libraries indicated a significant difference in epiphytic bacterial communities between the two plants. Therefore, the epiphytic bacterial communities on submerged macrophytes appear to be diverse and host-specific, which may aid in understanding the ecological functions of submerged macrophytes in general.
基金Supported by the earmarked fund for China Agriculture Research System(No.CARS-46-08)the National Science Foundation for Young Scientists of China(No.31301863)the Major Scientific and Technological Innovation Project of Hubei Province(No.2015ABA045)
文摘The mass mortality of pond-reared scattered mirror carp, Cyprinus carpio, caused by Thelohanellus kitauei, occurred at fish farms in Sichuan Province, southwest China. Morphological and molecular analyses were supplemented with histological evaluation of infected tissues to better understand the route of infection and the pathological effects of 1＂. kitauei on the fish host. The intestine of the diseased host was full of large cysts of the myxosporean. The cysts range from 2 cm to 3.6 cm in diameter. Histopathology indicated that T. kitauei first invaded the submucosa of the host intestine and then moved into the mucosa layers with the development of their spores, finally entering into the enteric cavity of the hosts after the disruption of mucosa layers. The pyriform spores of T. kitauei were surrounded by the transparent spore sheath, measuring 25.98/μm±0.95 μm in body length, 8.72 μm±0.51μm body width, and 7.86 μm±0.26 μm in body thickness. The single polar capsule was pyriform, measuring 14.73 μm±0.92μm in length and 6.82 μm±0.45μm in width, with eight to 10 turns of filament coils winding inside. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 18S small-subunit ribosomal DNA sequences indicated that minimal genetic differences were present between T. kitauei samples from South Korea and from China. Close affinity was found between the genus Thelohanellus and Myxobolus. Additionally, two polar capsule nuclei were found at the anterior end of the single polar capsule in spores of T. kitauei stained with hematoxylin and eosin, which suggested the separation of the genus Thelohanellus from Myxobolus.
基金The authors are thankful to JAIN(Deemed-to-be University),India and Department of Science and Technology-Science and Engineering Research Board(DST-SERB),India(No.YSS/2015/001905)for the financial and infrastructural supports.
文摘Pathogenesis-related(PR)proteins are one of the major and preliminary proteins accumulated as a defense against biotic stress.This defense response can be induced by using beneficial rhizobacteria,which has been studied in various host-pathogen interactions.In the present study,eleven Pseudomonas isolates were assessed for their potential to ferment sorbitol,reduce nitrate,and produce mycolytic enzymes,1-aminocyclopropane-l-carboxylic acid(ACC)deaminase,phenazine antibiotics,and N-acyl homoserine lactones(AHLs).All isolates were tested against the host-specific pathogen Fusarium oxysporum MTCC1755 in tomato under greenhouse conditions,and shortlisted isolates were tested for their rhizosphere competence.In-vitro test results showed that the isolates were able to produce mycolytic enzymes,including protease,lipase,chitinase,cellulase,and amylase,and the antibiotic phenazine and were negative for pyoluteorin.All the isolates except two were positive for ACC deaminase production.Greenhouse results showed that the isolates M80,M96,and T109 significantly reduced symptoms of Fusarium wilt.Extended greenhouse tests under autoclaved and unautoclaved soil conditions showed that M80,M96,and T109 were excellent rhizosphere competitors and were identified as Pseudomonas putida.In brief,the defense-specific biochemical variations in the host could describe the improved defense against Fusarium wilt occurring in the primed plants.These three Pseudomonas strains could be used as potential biocontrol agents,along with their rhizosphere competence.
基金funded by the Thailand Research Fund,grant RDG6130001,titled“Impact of climate change on fungal diversity and biogeography in the Greater Mekong Subregion”Kevin D.Hyde would like to thank the National Research Council of Thailand(NRCT)grant“Total fungal diversity in a given forest area with implications towards species numbers,chemical diversity and biotechnology”(grant no.N42A650547)+1 种基金Chayanard Phukhamsakda would like to thank the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)for granting a Youth Science Fund Project(number 32100007)Qirui Li is thankful to the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31960005 and 32000009).
文摘Fungi are an essential component of any ecosystem and have diverse ecological roles,ranging from endophytes to epiphytes and pathogens to saprobes.The current estimate of fungal endophytes is around 1 million species,however,we estimate that there is likely over 3 million species and only about 150,000 fungal species have been named and classified to date.Endophytes inhabit internal plant tissues without causing apparent harm to the hosts.Endophytes occur in almost every plant from the coldest climates to the tropics.They are thought to provide several benefits to host plants and improve the hosts’ability to tolerate several abiotic and biotic stresses.Endophytes produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological,industrial and pharmaceutical application.Some endophytes appear to be host-specific,while some are associated with a wide range of hosts.We discuss the importance of endophytes.The ability to switch lifestyles from endophytes to pathogens or saprobes is discussed.Interactions between endophytes and hosts based on fossil data is also highlighted.Factors that influence the specificity in endophytes are discussed.We argue that the endophytic lifestyle is a common strategy in most fungi and that all fungi have endophytic ancestors.We critically evaluate the influence of co-evolution based on fossil data.We hypothesise the influence of specificity on the estimated number of endophytes and overall species numbers,and present examples of metabolites that they produce.We argue that studying endophytes for novel compounds has limitations as the genera recovered are limited.However,if saprobes were chosen instead,this would result in a much higher species diversity and undoubtedly chemical diversity.
基金the Thailand Research Fund for the grant RDG6130001MS Impact of climate change on fungal diversity and biogeography in the Greater Mekong SubregionCalabon is grateful to the Mushroom Research Foundation,Department of Science and Technology-Science Education Institute,and Plant Genetic Conservation Project under the Royal Initiation of Her Royal Highness Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn-Mae Fah Luang University+11 种基金the Royal Golden Jubilee PhD Program under Thailand Research Fund(RGJ)no.PHD/0002/2560.Chayanard Phukhamsakda would like to thank the Royal Golden Jubilee PhD Program under Thailand Research Fund(RGJ)for a personal grant to C.Phukhamsakda(The scholarship no.PHD/0020/2557 to study towards a PhD)Saowaluck Tibpromma would like to thank the International Postdoctoral Exchange Fellowship Program(number Y9180822S1),CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative(PIFI)(number 2020PC0009),China Postdoctoral Science Foundation and the Yunnan Human Resources,and Social Security Department Foundation for funding her postdoctoral researchMingkwan Doilom would like to thank the 5th batch of Postdoctoral Orientation Training Personnel in Yunnan Province(grant no.:Y934283261)the 64th batch of China Post-doctoral Science Foundation(grant no.:Y913082271)Yusufjon Gafforov thanks the Ministry of Innovative Development of the Republic of Uzbekistan(Projects,no.P3-2014-0830174425P3-20170921183),CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative(PIFI)for Visiting Scientist(Grant No.:2018VBB0021)The research is also supported by the project of National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.31560489,31972222)Program of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities of China(111 Program,D20023)National Key Technology Research and Development Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2014BAD23B03/03)Talent project of Guizhou Science and Technology Cooperation Platform([2017]5788-5)Guizhou Science,Technology Department International Cooperation Basic Project([2018]5806).E.B.Gareth Jones is supported under the Distinguished Scientist Fellowship Program(DSFP),King Saud University,Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.R.Phookamsak thanks CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative(PIFI)for young staff(grant no.Y9215811Q1),the National Science Foundation of China(NSFC)project code 31850410489(grant no.Y81I982211)and Chiang Mai University for their financial support.N.Thongklang would like to thank the Thailand research fund grants“Study of saprobic Agaricales in Thailand to find new industrial mushroom products”(Grant No.DBG6180015)K.D.Hyde and N.Thongklang thank to Thailand Science Research and Innovation(TSRI)grant,Macrofungi diversity research from the Lancang-Mekong Watershed and surrounding areas(Grant No.DBG6280009).
文摘The recent realistic estimate of fungal numbers which used various algorithms was between 2.2 and 3.8 million.There are nearly 100,000 accepted species of Fungi and fungus-like taxa,which is between 2.6 and 4.5%of the estimated species.Several forums such as Botanica Marina series,Fungal Diversity notes,Fungal Biodiversity Profiles,Fungal Systematics and Evolution-New and Interesting Fungi,Mycosphere notes and Fungal Planet have enhanced the introduction of new taxa and nearly 2000 species have been introduced in these publications in the last decade.The need to define a fungal species more accurately has been recognized,but there is much research needed before this can be better clarified.We address the evidence that is needed to estimate the numbers of fungi and address the various advances that have been made towards its understanding.Some genera are barely known,whereas some plant pathogens comprise numerous species complexes and numbers are steadily increasing.In this paper,we examine ten genera as case studies to establish trends in fungal description and introduce new species in each genus.The genera are the ascomycetes Colletotrichum and Pestalotiopsis(with many species or complexes),Atrocalyx,Dothiora,Lignosphaeria,Okeanomyces,Rhamphoriopsis,Thozetella,Thyrostroma(rela-tively poorly studied genera)and the basidiomycete genus Lepiota.We provide examples where knowledge is incomplete or lacking and suggest areas needing further research.These include(1)the need to establish what is a species,(2)the need to establish how host-specific fungi are,not in highly disturbed urban areas,but in pristine or relatively undisturbed forests,and(3)the need to establish if species in different continents,islands,countries or regions are different,or if the same fungi occur worldwide?Finally,we conclude whether we are anywhere near to flattening the curve in new species description.
基金Chayanard Phukhamsakda(Postdoctoral number 271007)would like to thank Jilin Agricultural University,National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)for granting a Youth Science Fund Project(number 32100007)the National Science and Technology Fundamental Resources Investigation Program of China(number 2021FY100900)+5 种基金the Program of Creation and Utilization of Germplasm of Mushroom Crop of“111”Project(No.D17014)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Project ID:31970021,32060005)Yunnan Fundamental Research Project(grant NO.202101AU070137)for the financial and laboratory supportInternational Postdoctoral Exchange Fellowship Program(number Y9180822S1)CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative(PIFI)(number 2020PC0009)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation and the Yunnan Human Resources,and Social Security Department Foundation for funding her postdoctoral research.This research was partially supported by Chiang Mai University.Mubashar Raza thanks CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative(PIFI)for funding his postdoctoral research(Grant No.2020PB0115)and the National Science Foundation of China(NSFC,project code 32050410295).Samantha C.Karunarathna thanks CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative(PIFI)young staff under the grant number:2020FYC0002 for funding his postdoctoral research and the NationalScience Foundation of China(NSFC)for funding this research work under project code 31750110478.
文摘The global diversity of fungi has been estimated using several different approaches.There is somewhere between 2–11 million estimated species,but the number of formally described taxa is around 150,000,a tiny fraction of the total.In this paper,we examine 12 ascomycete genera as case studies to establish trends in fungal species descriptions,and introduce new species in each genus.To highlight the importance of traditional morpho-molecular methods in publishing new species,we introduce novel taxa in 12 genera that are considered to have low species discovery.We discuss whether the species are likely to be rare or due to a lack of extensive sampling and classification.The genera are Apiospora,Bambusicola,Beltrania,Capronia,Distoseptispora,Endocalyx,Neocatenulostroma,Neodeightonia,Paraconiothyrium,Peroneutypa,Phaeoacremonium and Vanakripa.We discuss host-specificity in selected genera and compare the number of species epithets in each genus with the number of ITS(barcode)sequences deposited in GenBank and UNITE.We furthermore discuss the relationship between the divergence times of these genera with those of their hosts.We hypothesize whether there might be more species in these genera and discuss hosts and habitats that should be investigated for novel species discovery.
基金funded by the Thailand Research Fund,grant RDG6130001,titled“Impact of climate change on fungal diversity and biogeography in the Greater Mekong Subregion”.
文摘Fungi play vital roles in ecosystems as endophytes,pathogens and saprobes.The current estimate of fungal diversity is highly uncertain,ranging from 1.5 to 12 million,but only around 150,000 species have been named and classified to date.Since the introduction of DNA based methods for species identification,the number of newly described taxa has increased from approximately 1000 to around 2000 yearly.This demonstrates the importance of DNA based methods to identify and distin-guish species,especially cryptic species.Many novel species from recent studies have been found in historically understudied regions and habitats,but these still represent only a small percentage of the estimated species.In this paper,we examine 16 genera from the top 40 most speciose genera as listed in Species Fungorum as case studies to examine the diversity of taxa in each genus.The genera treated herein are Cercospora,Diaporthe,Meliola,Passalora,Phyllachora,Phyllosticta,Pseudocer-cospora,Ramularia(ascomycetes)and Cortinarius,Entoloma,Inocybe,Marasmius,Psathyrella,Puccinia,Russula,Uromyces(basidiomycetes).We critically evaluate the number of species in these genera and correlate these numbers with the number of entries in GenBank.We introduce 18 new species Apiospora multiloculata,Candolleomyces thailandensis,Cortinarius acutoproximus,Cortinarius melleoalbus,Cortinarius pacificus,Cortinarius parvoacetosus,Diaporthe guizhouensis,Entoloma pseudosubcorvinum,Inocybe meirensongia,Marasmius albulus,Marasmius obscuroaurantiacus,Meliola camporesii,Phyl-lachora siamensis,Phyllosticta doitungensis,Picipes yuxiensis,Pseudocercospora vignae,Puccinia maureanui and Russula inornata.We also introduce a new record of Candolleomyces cladii-marisci and Inocybe iringolkavensis.We discuss the genera Colletotrichum and Pleurotus that are speciose,but do not occur in the top 40.We hypothesize whether there might be more species in these genera and discuss why these genera have some of the largest number of species.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(no.31600024).
文摘Fungicolous fungi are a very large,diverse,ecological and trophic group of organisms that are associated with other fungi.This association occurs with species of different lineages across the fungal kingdom.They are recognized as symbionts,mycoparasites,saprotrophs,and even neutrals.Wherever fungi have been found,fungicolous taxa have also been found.Homogeneous environments favour the development of highly adapted and coevolved fungicolous species,which could have led to host-specificity aspects.As a primary consumer,fungicolous fungi decrease the turnaround time of certain nutrients in food webs,due to their special often-rapid life cycles.They may also significantly affect population dynamics and population sizes of their hosts in aquatic or terrestrial ecosystems.As mycoparasites of pathogenic fungi,some fungicolous fungi have been explored as biocontrol agents.They may also cause serious diseases of cultivated edible and medicinal mushrooms,decreasing both yield and quality.Fungicolous fungi could be used as model organisms that may help determine better understanding of species interactions,fungal evolution and divergence,and fungicolous mechanisms.This review summarizes our current understanding of fungicolous fungi,with a particular focus on the terminology,diversity,global distribution,and interaction with their hosts.We also provide a checklist including 1552 fungicolous fungal taxa so far recorded following the updated classification schemes.There is a need for further investigations on this ecologically important group of fungi to better understand their biology,ecological aspects,origin and divergence,hostspecificity and application in biocontrol.Accurate identification of these fungi as pathogens and their significance in quarantine purposes on the mushroom industry need further evaluations so that efficient control measures can be developed for better disease management purposes.
基金This project is funded by National Research Council of Thailand(NRCT).Ruvishika S.Jayawardena would like to thank the National Research Council of Thailand,Grant for new researcher NRCT5-TRG630010-01entitled“Biodiversity,taxonomy,phylogeny and evolution of Colletotrichum in northern Thailand”.We would like to thank the Thailand Research Fund,Grant RDG6130001 entitled“Impact of climate change on fungal diversity and biogeography in the Greater Mekong Subregion”.Kevin D Hyde thanks Chiang Mai University for the award of a Visiting Professor.Authors would like to thank Mushroom Research Foundation and Mae Fah Luang University.
文摘Scientific names are crucial for communicating knowledge concerning fungi and fungus-like organisms.In plant pathology,they link information regarding biology,host range,distribution and potential risk to agriculture and food security.In the past,delimitation among pathogenic taxa was primarily based on morphological characteristics.Due to distinct species sharing overlapping characteristics,the morphological identification of species is often neither straightforward nor reliable.Hence,the phylogenetic species concept based on molecular phylogenetic reconstructions gained importance.The present opinion discusses what a fungal species is and how identification of species in plant pathology has changed over the past decades.In this context,host-specialization and species complexes are discussed.Furthermore,species concepts in plant pathology are examined using case studies from Bipolaris,Colletotrichum,Curvularia,Diaporthe,Diplodia,Meliola,Plasmopara,rust fungi and Trichoderma.Each entry contains a brief introduction to the genus,concepts used in species identification so far and the problems in describing a species followed by recommendations.The importance of correctly naming and identifying a species is addressed in the context of recent introductions,and we also discuss whether the introduction of new species in pathogenic genera has been overestimated.We also provide guidelines to be considered when introducing a new species in a plant pathogenic genus.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.31870629 and 32270012)。
文摘Rhytisma Fr.is the type genus of Rhytismataceae(Rhytismatales,Leotiomycetes,Ascomycota).Rhytisma-like species include members of Cryptomyces,Rhytisma and Vladracula.They are parasites on leaves of broadleaf trees and cause tar spot diseases.In this study,a phylogeny based on the large subunit of the ribosomal rRNA gene(nrLSU)and the mitochondrial small subunit(mtSSU)is presented,including sequences of 39 newly collected specimens from East Asia,Europe,and temperate as well as tropical America.Based on analyses of morphology,phylogeny as well as host-specificity and diversification time estimates,the family Rhytismataceae sensu stricto is proposed,and eight genera are accepted in this narrow family,including four novel genera(Densorhytisma,Fanglania,Johnstoniella and Shiqia),the type genus Rhytisma,and the reinstated genera Lophodermina,Placuntium and Xyloma.Lophodermina clusters within the main Rhytisma clade in our analyses,but is divergent in morphological terms,not having large compound stromata.Thirty species are recognized,including seven novel species(Fanglania hubeiensis,F.parasitica,Johnstoniella yunnanensis,Rhytisma japonicum,Rh.taiwanense,Xyloma globosum,and X.shennongjiaense),fifteen new combinations(Densorhytisma anhuiense,D.huangshanense,F.concova,F.himalensis,F.ilicis-integrae,F.ilicis-latifoliae,F.ilicis-pedunculosae,J.lonicerae,Rh.annuliforme,Shiqia menziesii,S.yuexiensis,X.filamentosum,X.maximum,X.muelleri,and X.polare),one new name(J.xylostei),seven known species(Lophodermina melaleuca,Placuntium andromedae,Rhytisma acerinum,Rh.americanum,Rh.punctatum,X.salicinum,and X.umbonatum).In addition,seven immature specimens were studied but not assigned to existing species,herein referred to as Fanglania sp.1,Johnstoniella sp.1,Johnstoniella sp.2,Placuntium sp.1,Placuntium sp.2,Rhytisma sp.1,and Xyloma sp.1.The systematic positions of Cryptomyces maximus,Cr.muelleri and Vladracula annuliformis are re-assigned based on phylogenetic analysis.One Rhytisma-like species from tropical America was segregated from Rhytismataceae s.str.,thus a novel genus Neorhytisma was established to accommodate this species,with the one new combinations Neorhytisma panamense.The results of the molecular phylogenetic analysis indicate that Rhytisma-like species are host-specific at genus level.Apparently,Rhytisma-like species coevolved with their hosts,and Rhytisma-like species on Ericaceae seem to be in the process of host jumping.Morphological characteristics of ascomata are important for the delimitation of species and genera of Rhytisma-like species.This study provides a key to genera and species of recognized Rhytisma-like species worldwide.
