Four modern hybrid and four japonica rice varieties differing in biomass,yield,and daily biomass production rate during the grain-filling period(DBPGF),were used to reveal the eco-physiological photosynthetic characte...Four modern hybrid and four japonica rice varieties differing in biomass,yield,and daily biomass production rate during the grain-filling period(DBPGF),were used to reveal the eco-physiological photosynthetic characteristics of high-yield and high-efficiency rice.Varietal differences were analyzed in leaf and canopy photosynthetic parameters,associated leaf morphological and anatomical traits(e.g.,stomatal density,vein density,mesophyll cell arrangement),as well as differences in canopy light interception and leaf area index,and their effects on yield and biomass accumulation.Hybrid rice with yield higher than 11.0 t/hm^(2) and DBPGF higher than 200 kg/(hm^(2)·d),and japonica rice with yield higher than 9.0 t/hm^(2) and DBPGF higher than 200 kg/(hm^(2)·d),were classified as high-yield and high-efficiency varieties;other varieties were considered general types.Based on this criterion,two hybrid(Yongyou 2640 and Shanyou 63)and two japonica varieties(Huaidao 5 and Nangeng 5718)were categorized as high-yield and high-efficiency types,while the remaining two hybrid(Liangyoupeijiu and C Liangyou 513)and two japonica varieties(Suxiu 867 and Yangnongdao 1)were classified as general types.Results indicated that high-yield and high-efficiency varieties generally have higher leaf and canopy photosynthesis,superior leaf stomatal,vascular,and mesophyll structures that facilitate CO_(2)diffusion and hydraulic transport,higher canopy light transmittance,and slower leaf area attenuation.Rice yield and biomass were positively correlated with photosynthetic parameters and closely linked to associated photosynthetic traits.Efficient rice production was attributed to coordinated improvements in leaf structure,canopy architecture,and delayed leaf area attenuation.This study provides important theoretical guidance for breeding high-efficiency rice varieties.展开更多
Coordinating light and nitrogen(N)distribution within a canopy is essential for improving rice yield and resource use efficiency.However,limited research has examined light and N distribution in response to planting d...Coordinating light and nitrogen(N)distribution within a canopy is essential for improving rice yield and resource use efficiency.However,limited research has examined light and N distribution in response to planting density and N rate,and their relationships with grain yield,radiation use efficiency(RUE),and N use efficiency for grain production(NUEg)in rice.A two-year field experiment was conducted with two hybrid varieties under three N levels,0 kg ha^(-1)(N1),90 kg ha^(-1)(N2)and 180 kg ha^(-1)(N3),and two planting densities,22.2 hills m-2(D1)and 33.3 hills m^(-2)(D2).Results showed 3.4%higher yield and 4.4%higher NUEg under N2D2 compared with N3D1.The extinction coefficient for N(K_(N))and light(K_(L))and their ratio(K_(N)/K_(L))at heading stage were significantly influenced by N rate,planting density,and their interaction.K_(N)decreased with the increase of N input or planting density.Compared to N1,K_(N)decreased by 43.5 and 58.8%under N2 and N3,respectively,while K_(N)under D2 decreased by 16.0%compared to D1.Higher K_(L)and K_(N)/K_(L)values occurred under low N rates,with opposite trends under high N rates.Increased planting density led to decreased K_(L)and K_(N)/K_(L)values.N2D2 demonstrated higher K_(L)and K_(N),and thus comparable K_(N)/K_(L),compared to N3D1.Correlation analysis revealed K_(L)negatively correlated with RUE,while K_(N)and K_(N)/K_(L)positively correlated with NUEg.These findings indicate that increasing planting density under reduced N input could maintain rice yield while enhancing resource use efficiency through regulation of canopy light and N distribution.展开更多
As an important grain and oil crop,soybean occupies an important position in China s agricultural production.High quality and stable yield of spring soybean is of great significance for ensuring food security and incr...As an important grain and oil crop,soybean occupies an important position in China s agricultural production.High quality and stable yield of spring soybean is of great significance for ensuring food security and increasing farmers income.Based on the planting experience and scientific research achievements in many regions,this paper systematically expounded a series of cultivation techniques of spring soybean with high quality and high yield from variety selection,preparation before sowing,sowing techniques,field management to disease and pest control and harvest and storage,aiming to provide scientific and comprehensive guidance for soybean growers and promote the development of soybean industry.展开更多
The delayed nitrogen application technology is a crucial method for achieving high yield and efficiency in wheat cultivation.Specifically,more nitrogen is supplied to the middle and late growth stages of wheat by adju...The delayed nitrogen application technology is a crucial method for achieving high yield and efficiency in wheat cultivation.Specifically,more nitrogen is supplied to the middle and late growth stages of wheat by adjusting the application time and proportion of nitrogen fertilizer.This approach helps improve the tiller-bearing percentage and increase the number of grains per ear and the thousand-grain weight,while also reducing nitrogen loss and enhancing fertilizer use efficiency.This paper systematically elaborated on the high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation technology system with delayed nitrogen application for wheat,covering variety selection,soil management,sowing technology,the principle and implementation methods of delayed nitrogen application,integrated water and fertilizer management,field management,and comprehensive pest and disease control.Considering the ecological characteristics of major wheat-growing regions in China,tailored technical solutions were proposed,and operational key points of critical technological steps were introduced in detail.Through scientific variety distribution,precise nitrogen management,and integrated pest control,wheat yield and quality can be enhanced while achieving cost saving,improved efficiency,and ecological environmental protection.This paper provides systematic theoretical guidance and practical references for promoting thedelayed nitrogen application technology in wheat,thereby supporting the sustainable development of China s wheat industry.展开更多
In order to enhance the guidance for Yuluxiang pear cultivation in hilly and mountainous regions, this study provides a comprehensive introduction to various aspects, including the establishment of high-standard orcha...In order to enhance the guidance for Yuluxiang pear cultivation in hilly and mountainous regions, this study provides a comprehensive introduction to various aspects, including the establishment of high-standard orchards and the reinforcement of integrated management techniques, in order to offer a valuable reference for fruit farmers engaged in scientific planting practices.展开更多
Soybeans are rich in protein,fats,vitamins,and minerals,serving as an important source of plant-based protein for humans.Summer soybean is widely cultivated in China,and improving its yield and quality is of great sig...Soybeans are rich in protein,fats,vitamins,and minerals,serving as an important source of plant-based protein for humans.Summer soybean is widely cultivated in China,and improving its yield and quality is of great significance for ensuring food security and promoting agricultural economic development.This paper elaborated on the high-quality and high-yield cultivation techniques for summer soybean,including variety selection,seed treatment,field selection and land preparation,sowing techniques,field management,pest and disease control,and harvesting,aiming to provide scientific cultivation guidance for summer soybean growers to achieve both superior quality and high yield.展开更多
White light illumination is essential in daily life,however,the substantial amount of blue light it contains can damage human eyes.Therefore,it is important to block this high-energy blue light to protect visual healt...White light illumination is essential in daily life,however,the substantial amount of blue light it contains can damage human eyes.Therefore,it is important to block this high-energy blue light to protect visual health.In this study,yellow-emitting carbon dots(CDs)with a quantum yield exceeding 94%were synthesized using citric acid and urea.These CDs effectively absorb blue light.By incorporating them into polystyrene,multiple films termed CDs-based blue light blocking films(CBFs)were developed,each offering different levels of blue light absorption.These CBFs exhibited excellent transparency and efficient blue light filtering capabilities.This study highlights the potential of high quantum yield CDs,which specifically absorb blue light,as foundational materials for developing light-blocking solutions against highenergy short-wavelength light.展开更多
[Objective] The aim was to explore effects of application postponing of N fertilizer and the mechanism of yield increase in order to provide references for N fertilizer application in a rational way. [Method] In a sup...[Objective] The aim was to explore effects of application postponing of N fertilizer and the mechanism of yield increase in order to provide references for N fertilizer application in a rational way. [Method] In a super-high yielded region of summer maize, field experiment was conducted to research effects of N fertilizer postponing on key enzymes of N metabolism, yield of maize and N fertilizer use. [Result] After application of N fertilizer was postponed, NR, SPS and GS activities of ear-leaf of summer maize increased by 11.99%-34.87%, 8.25%-10.64% and 10.00%- 16.81% on the 28^th d of silking; content of soluble sugar in leaves enhanced signifi- cantly and accumulated nitrogen increased by 5.00%-9.74% in mature stage. The postponing fertilization of ＂30% of fertilizer in seedling stage＋30% of fertilizer in flare- opening stage＋40% of fertilizer in silking stage meets N demands of summer maize in late growth period. Compared with conventional fertilization, the maize yield, agro- nomic efficiency and use of N fertilizer all improved by 5.05%, 1.75 kg/kg and 6.87%, respectively, after application postponed. [Conclusion] Application postponing of N fertilizer maintains activity of NR, GS and SPS higher and coordinates metabolism of C and N in late growth period, to further improve yield of maize.展开更多
To understand the high yield and efficiency technique in hybrid rice Zhongzheyou No. 1, we conducted the correlation analysis, regression analysis and path analysis of hybrid rice Zhongzheyou No. 1 based on the data o...To understand the high yield and efficiency technique in hybrid rice Zhongzheyou No. 1, we conducted the correlation analysis, regression analysis and path analysis of hybrid rice Zhongzheyou No. 1 based on the data of its ear, grain and weight at different yield levels. From this study, we put forward the high yield and efficiency technique in Zhongzheyou No. 1 .. on the basis of certain effective ear number, filled grains per ear should be mainly targeted with a consideration to 1 000-grain weight.展开更多
Sumian 29, a genetically modified cotton variety, was approved by Autho- rized Committee of Crop Varieties of Jiangsu Province in 2013. Yield performance, cultivation characteristics of Sumian 29, and its selection an...Sumian 29, a genetically modified cotton variety, was approved by Autho- rized Committee of Crop Varieties of Jiangsu Province in 2013. Yield performance, cultivation characteristics of Sumian 29, and its selection and breeding process were introduced in the paper. Regional tests from 2010 to 2011 in Jiangsu Province showed that seed cotton yield and lint yield averaged 4 185 and 1 737 kg/hm2, and increased by 10.6% and 8.5% respectively, when compared with control （Siza 3）. In production test, seed cotton yield and lint yield of Sumian 29 averaged 4 176 and 1 744.5 kg/hm2, respectively. Sumian 29 had high resistance to cotton bollworm, and also resistance to Fusarium wilt and Verticillium wilt of cotton. All of its fiber qualities achieved National Standard III and above. Sumian 29 has good application prospects.展开更多
In order to construct a good population structure, improve the light energy utilization ratio, and give a full play to the high-yielding potential of spring maize, the effects of maize variety, planting density and fe...In order to construct a good population structure, improve the light energy utilization ratio, and give a full play to the high-yielding potential of spring maize, the effects of maize variety, planting density and fertilizer management on matter production and population photosynthetic physiological indices of spring maize were investigated under three different modes （traditional mode, optimized mode and high- yielding mode）. The results showed that compared with those under the traditional mode, the yield of spring maize under the optimized mode and high-yielding mode was increased by 10.79% and 27.62%, respectively, and the barren tip length was reduced significantly. Among the three modes, the leaf area index （LA/）, leaf area duration （LAD）, dry matter accumulation （DMA） and crop growth rate （CGR） all ranked as high-yielding rnode＇s〉optimized mode＇s〉traditional mode＇s. In conclusion, optimized variety, appropriately increased planting density and strengthened fertilizer management are the key measures to obtain high yield of spring maize.展开更多
The cultivation techniques for high-yield corn in a karst area of southwest Guizhou were elaborated in this research from the respects of choosing farmland, preparing farmland, picking good seeds, timely sowing, ratio...The cultivation techniques for high-yield corn in a karst area of southwest Guizhou were elaborated in this research from the respects of choosing farmland, preparing farmland, picking good seeds, timely sowing, rational close planting, im-proving the quality of planting, mulching, scientific fertilization, field management, timely harvest, etc. we hoped to provide a reference for the realization of high-effi-ciency corn planting in mountain areas.展开更多
Inorganic materials can solve transportable and on-site hydrolytic hydrogen generation issues.CaH_(2)/(Al/Si)composites are preferable due to their notable chemical properties.However,these composites require pretreat...Inorganic materials can solve transportable and on-site hydrolytic hydrogen generation issues.CaH_(2)/(Al/Si)composites are preferable due to their notable chemical properties.However,these composites require pretreatments,an inert environment,and long hours of physical ball milling for high homogeneity and synergistic effects.CaH_(2)also inhibits the hydrolysis reaction by forming its products on the Al/Si surface,which hinders the direct utilization of composites.This work represents the first investigation of NaH-CaH_(2)(Al/Si)fuel composites,which greatly overcome these limitations and can be directly used for on-site hydrogen generation and proton exchange membrane(PEM)fuel cells.The NaH-CaH_(2)(Al/Si)fuel composites were prepared by using a straightforward mixing method with variable composition ratios,showing high H_(2)yield and fuel cell(FC)performance.NaH addition provides the bridge effect,which opens up a new way to enable efficient hydrolysis and greatly enhances the hydrolysis activity of CaH_(2)/(Al/Si)composites.The novel fuel composites(NaH-CaH_(2)/Al)have extraordinary FC performance and a 0.42 W/cm2 peak power density greater than commercial hydrogen generators.It provides high H_(2)yield 84.4%for NaH-CaH_(2)/Al and 82%for NaH-CaH_(2)/Si compared to NaOH-CaH_(2)(Al/Si),NaCl-CaH_(2)(Al/Si),and KCl-CaH_(2)(Al/Si)composites.The NaH bridge effect hinders the direct water contact and stops the formation of Ca(OH)2 around Al/Si,which provides adequate pathways for the CaH_(2)(Al/Si)hydrolysis.The impressive capabilities of novel fuel composites are anticipated to offer practical uses in fuel cells,automobile applications,and portable/on-board H_(2)generation.展开更多
Achieving both high yield and high nitrogen use efficiency （NUE） simultaneously has become a major challenge with increased global demand for food, depletion of natural resources, and deterioration of environment. A...Achieving both high yield and high nitrogen use efficiency （NUE） simultaneously has become a major challenge with increased global demand for food, depletion of natural resources, and deterioration of environment. As the greatest consumers of N fertilizer in the world, Chinese farmers have overused N, and there has been poor synchrony between crop N demand and N supply because of limited understanding of the N uptake-yield relationship. To address this problem, this study evaluated the total and dynamic N requirement for different yield ranges of two major crops （maize and wheat）, and suggested improvements to N management strategies. Whole-plant N aboveground uptake requirement per grain yield （Nreq） initially deceased with grain yield improvement and then stagnated, and yet most farmers still believed that more fertilizer and higher grain yield were synonymous. When maize yield increased from 〈 7.5 to 〉 12.0 Mg ha-I, Nreq decreased from 19.8 to 17.0 kg Mg-1 grain. For wheat, it decreased from 27.1 kg Mg-1 grain for grain yield 〈 4.5 Mg ha-1 to 22.7 kg Mg-1 grain for yield 〉 9.0 Mg ha-1. Meanwhile, the percentage of dry matter and N accumulation in the middle-late growing season increased significantly with grain yield, which indicated that N fertilization should be concentrated in the middle-late stage to match crop demand while farmers often applied the majority of N fertilizer either before sowing or during early growth stages. We accordingly developed an integrated soil-crop system management strategy that simultaneously increases both grain yield and NUE.展开更多
Increasing plant density is an effective way to enhance maize yield, but often increases lodging rate and severity, significantly elevating the risk and cost of maize production. Therefore, lodging is a major factor r...Increasing plant density is an effective way to enhance maize yield, but often increases lodging rate and severity, significantly elevating the risk and cost of maize production. Therefore, lodging is a major factor restricting future increases in maize yield through high-density planting. This paper reviewed previous research on the relationships between maize lodging rate and plant morphology, mechanical strength of stalks, anatomical and biochemical characteristics of stalks, root characteristics, damage from pests and diseases, environmental factors, and genomic characteristics. The effects of planting density on these factors and explored possible ways to improve lodging resistance were also analyzed in this paper. The results provide a basis for future research on increasing maize lodging resistance under high-density planting conditions and can be used to develop maize cultivation practices and lodging-resistant maize cultivars.展开更多
The mechanism of high yield of winter wheat in the field at late growth period was investigated by measuring the photosynthetic characteristics of photosystem Ⅱ （PSⅡ） and xanthophylls cycle, which could provide ph...The mechanism of high yield of winter wheat in the field at late growth period was investigated by measuring the photosynthetic characteristics of photosystem Ⅱ （PSⅡ） and xanthophylls cycle, which could provide physiological reference for breeding. Weimai 8 （W8）, a super high yield cultivar, and Lumai 14 （L14）, a control cultivar were object. The photosynthetic rate （Pn）, parameters of chlorophyll fluorescence and chlorophyll content were measured. The Pn, maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII （Fv/Fm）, quantum yield of PSII electron transport （ΦPSⅡ）, efficiency of excitation energy capture by open PSII reaction centers （Fv＇/Fm＇）, and photochemical quenching coefficient （qP） were higher in Weimai 8 compared to that in Lumai 14, a commercial high yield cultivar. Furthermore, Weirnai 8 showed a lower non- photochemical quenching coefficient and a lower de-epoxidized ratio of the xanthophyll cycle pigments than of Lumai 14 at late growth period. At mature stage, chlorophyll content of different leaves decreased both in Weimai 8 and Lumai 14. Chlorophyll content in flag, second and third leaf from the top of plant decreased more in Lumai 14 than in Weimai 8. These results suggested that Weimai 8 had more antenna pigments to absorb light energy, and had higher photosynthetic capability and photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ. The yield of Weimai 8 was also higher than that of Lumai 14.展开更多
Worldwide, scarce water resources and substantial food demands require efficient water use and high yield.This study investigated whether irrigation frequency can be used to adjust soil moisture to increase grain yiel...Worldwide, scarce water resources and substantial food demands require efficient water use and high yield.This study investigated whether irrigation frequency can be used to adjust soil moisture to increase grain yield and water use efficiency(WUE) of high-yield maize under conditions of mulching and drip irrigation.A field experiment was conducted using three irrigation intervals in 2016: 6, 9, and 12 days(labeled D6, D9, and D12) and five irrigation intervals in 2017: 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 days(D3, D6, D9, D12, and D15).In Xinjiang, an optimal irrigation quota is 540 mm for high-yield maize.The D3, D6, D9, D12, and D15 irrigation intervals gave grain yields of 19.7, 19.1–21.0, 18.8–20.0, 18.2–19.2, and 17.2 Mg ha^-1 and a WUE of 2.48, 2.53–2.80, 2.47–2.63, 2.34–2.45, and 2.08 kg m-3, respectively.Treatment D6 led to the highest soil water storage, but evapotranspiration and soil-water evaporation were lower than other treatments.These results show that irrigation interval D6 can help maintain a favorable soil-moisture environment in the upper-60-cm soil layer, reduce soilwater evaporation and evapotranspiration, and produce the highest yield and WUE.In this arid region and in other regions with similar soil and climate conditions, a similar irrigation interval would thus be beneficial for adjusting soil moisture to increase maize yield and WUE under conditions of mulching and drip irrigation.展开更多
The field experiments were carried out to investigate the dynamics and models of N, P and K absorption for the cotton plants with a lint of 3 000 kg ha-1 in Xinjiang. The main results were as follows: The contents of ...The field experiments were carried out to investigate the dynamics and models of N, P and K absorption for the cotton plants with a lint of 3 000 kg ha-1 in Xinjiang. The main results were as follows: The contents of N, P2O5, K2O in cotton leaves, stems, squares and bolls decreased obviously with the time over the whole growth duration and the falling extent was greater in high-yield cotton than in CK. Contents of N in leaves, squares and bolls, in particular in the leaves of fruit-bearing shoot was higher in high-yield cotton than in CK. Contents of P2O5 in squares and bolls and that of K2O in stems were higher in high-yield cotton than in CK during the whole growing period. The accumulations of N, P2O5 and K2O in the cotton plants could be described with a logistic curve equation. There was the fastest nutrient uptake at about 90 d for N, 92 d for P2O5 and 85 d for K2O after emergence, respectively. Total nutrient accumulation of N, P2O5 and K2O was 385.8, 244. 7 and 340.3 kg ha-1, respectively. Approximately 12. 5 kg N, 8. 0 kg P2O5 and 11.1 kg K2O were needed for producing 100 kg lint with the leaves and stems under the super high yield condition of 3 000 kg ha-1 in Xinjiang.展开更多
A good method of synthesizing Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)(MXene)is critical for ensuring its success in practical applications,e.g.,electromagnetic interference shielding,electrochemical energy storage,catalysis,sensors,and biom...A good method of synthesizing Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)(MXene)is critical for ensuring its success in practical applications,e.g.,electromagnetic interference shielding,electrochemical energy storage,catalysis,sensors,and biomedicine.The main concerns focus on the moderation of the approach,yield,and product quality.Herein,a modified approach,organic solvent-assisted intercalation and collection,was developed to prepare Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x) flakes.The new approach simultaneously solves all the concerns,featuring a low requirement for facility(centrifugation speed<4000 rpm in whole process),gram-level preparation with remarkable yield(46.3%),a good electrical conductivity(8672 S cm^(−1)),an outstanding capacitive performance(352 F g^(−1)),and easy control over the dimension of Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x) flakes(0.47–4.60μm^(2)).This approach not only gives a superb example for the synthesis of other MXene materials in laboratory,but sheds new light for the future mass production of Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x) MXene.展开更多
A systematic approach was adopted to investigate the nutrient limiting factors in gray-brown purple soils and yellow soils derived from limestone in Chongqing, China, to study balanced fertilization for corn, sweet po...A systematic approach was adopted to investigate the nutrient limiting factors in gray-brown purple soils and yellow soils derived from limestone in Chongqing, China, to study balanced fertilization for corn, sweet potato and wheat in rotation. The results showed that N, P and K were deficient in both soils, Cu, Mn, S andZn in the gray-brown purple soils and Ca, Mg, Mo and Zn for the yellow soils. Balanced fertilizer application increased yields of corn, sweet potato and wheat by 28.4%, 28.7% and 4.4%, respectively, as compared to the local farmers' practice. The systematic approach can be considered as one of the most efficient and reliable methods in fertility study.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.32201890 and 32272197)the Special Funds for Scientific and Technological Innovation of Jiangsu province,China(Grant Nos.BE2022425 and BK20220017)+1 种基金the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2022YFD2301401)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions,China.
文摘Four modern hybrid and four japonica rice varieties differing in biomass,yield,and daily biomass production rate during the grain-filling period(DBPGF),were used to reveal the eco-physiological photosynthetic characteristics of high-yield and high-efficiency rice.Varietal differences were analyzed in leaf and canopy photosynthetic parameters,associated leaf morphological and anatomical traits(e.g.,stomatal density,vein density,mesophyll cell arrangement),as well as differences in canopy light interception and leaf area index,and their effects on yield and biomass accumulation.Hybrid rice with yield higher than 11.0 t/hm^(2) and DBPGF higher than 200 kg/(hm^(2)·d),and japonica rice with yield higher than 9.0 t/hm^(2) and DBPGF higher than 200 kg/(hm^(2)·d),were classified as high-yield and high-efficiency varieties;other varieties were considered general types.Based on this criterion,two hybrid(Yongyou 2640 and Shanyou 63)and two japonica varieties(Huaidao 5 and Nangeng 5718)were categorized as high-yield and high-efficiency types,while the remaining two hybrid(Liangyoupeijiu and C Liangyou 513)and two japonica varieties(Suxiu 867 and Yangnongdao 1)were classified as general types.Results indicated that high-yield and high-efficiency varieties generally have higher leaf and canopy photosynthesis,superior leaf stomatal,vascular,and mesophyll structures that facilitate CO_(2)diffusion and hydraulic transport,higher canopy light transmittance,and slower leaf area attenuation.Rice yield and biomass were positively correlated with photosynthetic parameters and closely linked to associated photosynthetic traits.Efficient rice production was attributed to coordinated improvements in leaf structure,canopy architecture,and delayed leaf area attenuation.This study provides important theoretical guidance for breeding high-efficiency rice varieties.
基金supported by the Hubei Provincial Science and Technology Project,China(2025CSA039)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32001467)。
文摘Coordinating light and nitrogen(N)distribution within a canopy is essential for improving rice yield and resource use efficiency.However,limited research has examined light and N distribution in response to planting density and N rate,and their relationships with grain yield,radiation use efficiency(RUE),and N use efficiency for grain production(NUEg)in rice.A two-year field experiment was conducted with two hybrid varieties under three N levels,0 kg ha^(-1)(N1),90 kg ha^(-1)(N2)and 180 kg ha^(-1)(N3),and two planting densities,22.2 hills m-2(D1)and 33.3 hills m^(-2)(D2).Results showed 3.4%higher yield and 4.4%higher NUEg under N2D2 compared with N3D1.The extinction coefficient for N(K_(N))and light(K_(L))and their ratio(K_(N)/K_(L))at heading stage were significantly influenced by N rate,planting density,and their interaction.K_(N)decreased with the increase of N input or planting density.Compared to N1,K_(N)decreased by 43.5 and 58.8%under N2 and N3,respectively,while K_(N)under D2 decreased by 16.0%compared to D1.Higher K_(L)and K_(N)/K_(L)values occurred under low N rates,with opposite trends under high N rates.Increased planting density led to decreased K_(L)and K_(N)/K_(L)values.N2D2 demonstrated higher K_(L)and K_(N),and thus comparable K_(N)/K_(L),compared to N3D1.Correlation analysis revealed K_(L)negatively correlated with RUE,while K_(N)and K_(N)/K_(L)positively correlated with NUEg.These findings indicate that increasing planting density under reduced N input could maintain rice yield while enhancing resource use efficiency through regulation of canopy light and N distribution.
基金Supported by Special Project for the Construction of the National Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System(CARS-04-CES16).
文摘As an important grain and oil crop,soybean occupies an important position in China s agricultural production.High quality and stable yield of spring soybean is of great significance for ensuring food security and increasing farmers income.Based on the planting experience and scientific research achievements in many regions,this paper systematically expounded a series of cultivation techniques of spring soybean with high quality and high yield from variety selection,preparation before sowing,sowing techniques,field management to disease and pest control and harvest and storage,aiming to provide scientific and comprehensive guidance for soybean growers and promote the development of soybean industry.
基金Supported by The Key Science and Technology Project of Shangqiu City(2024056).
文摘The delayed nitrogen application technology is a crucial method for achieving high yield and efficiency in wheat cultivation.Specifically,more nitrogen is supplied to the middle and late growth stages of wheat by adjusting the application time and proportion of nitrogen fertilizer.This approach helps improve the tiller-bearing percentage and increase the number of grains per ear and the thousand-grain weight,while also reducing nitrogen loss and enhancing fertilizer use efficiency.This paper systematically elaborated on the high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation technology system with delayed nitrogen application for wheat,covering variety selection,soil management,sowing technology,the principle and implementation methods of delayed nitrogen application,integrated water and fertilizer management,field management,and comprehensive pest and disease control.Considering the ecological characteristics of major wheat-growing regions in China,tailored technical solutions were proposed,and operational key points of critical technological steps were introduced in detail.Through scientific variety distribution,precise nitrogen management,and integrated pest control,wheat yield and quality can be enhanced while achieving cost saving,improved efficiency,and ecological environmental protection.This paper provides systematic theoretical guidance and practical references for promoting thedelayed nitrogen application technology in wheat,thereby supporting the sustainable development of China s wheat industry.
文摘In order to enhance the guidance for Yuluxiang pear cultivation in hilly and mountainous regions, this study provides a comprehensive introduction to various aspects, including the establishment of high-standard orchards and the reinforcement of integrated management techniques, in order to offer a valuable reference for fruit farmers engaged in scientific planting practices.
基金Supported by Special Project for the Construction of the National Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System(CARS-04-CES16).
文摘Soybeans are rich in protein,fats,vitamins,and minerals,serving as an important source of plant-based protein for humans.Summer soybean is widely cultivated in China,and improving its yield and quality is of great significance for ensuring food security and promoting agricultural economic development.This paper elaborated on the high-quality and high-yield cultivation techniques for summer soybean,including variety selection,seed treatment,field selection and land preparation,sowing techniques,field management,pest and disease control,and harvesting,aiming to provide scientific cultivation guidance for summer soybean growers to achieve both superior quality and high yield.
基金supported by Medical Science and Technology Research Project of Henan Province(Joint Construction Project)(No.LHGJ20200433)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52122308)。
文摘White light illumination is essential in daily life,however,the substantial amount of blue light it contains can damage human eyes.Therefore,it is important to block this high-energy blue light to protect visual health.In this study,yellow-emitting carbon dots(CDs)with a quantum yield exceeding 94%were synthesized using citric acid and urea.These CDs effectively absorb blue light.By incorporating them into polystyrene,multiple films termed CDs-based blue light blocking films(CBFs)were developed,each offering different levels of blue light absorption.These CBFs exhibited excellent transparency and efficient blue light filtering capabilities.This study highlights the potential of high quantum yield CDs,which specifically absorb blue light,as foundational materials for developing light-blocking solutions against highenergy short-wavelength light.
基金Crop Harvest Technology and Engineering in the Twelfth Five-year Plan (2011BAD16B15-2)Special Foundation of National Modern Maize Industrial Technology System(nycytx-02-17)Cooperation Project of China-International Plant Nutrition Research Institute (NMBF-HenanAU-2009)~~
文摘[Objective] The aim was to explore effects of application postponing of N fertilizer and the mechanism of yield increase in order to provide references for N fertilizer application in a rational way. [Method] In a super-high yielded region of summer maize, field experiment was conducted to research effects of N fertilizer postponing on key enzymes of N metabolism, yield of maize and N fertilizer use. [Result] After application of N fertilizer was postponed, NR, SPS and GS activities of ear-leaf of summer maize increased by 11.99%-34.87%, 8.25%-10.64% and 10.00%- 16.81% on the 28^th d of silking; content of soluble sugar in leaves enhanced signifi- cantly and accumulated nitrogen increased by 5.00%-9.74% in mature stage. The postponing fertilization of ＂30% of fertilizer in seedling stage＋30% of fertilizer in flare- opening stage＋40% of fertilizer in silking stage meets N demands of summer maize in late growth period. Compared with conventional fertilization, the maize yield, agro- nomic efficiency and use of N fertilizer all improved by 5.05%, 1.75 kg/kg and 6.87%, respectively, after application postponed. [Conclusion] Application postponing of N fertilizer maintains activity of NR, GS and SPS higher and coordinates metabolism of C and N in late growth period, to further improve yield of maize.
文摘To understand the high yield and efficiency technique in hybrid rice Zhongzheyou No. 1, we conducted the correlation analysis, regression analysis and path analysis of hybrid rice Zhongzheyou No. 1 based on the data of its ear, grain and weight at different yield levels. From this study, we put forward the high yield and efficiency technique in Zhongzheyou No. 1 .. on the basis of certain effective ear number, filled grains per ear should be mainly targeted with a consideration to 1 000-grain weight.
基金Supported by the S&T Support Program of Jiangsu Province(BE2013380)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province(CX(12)3068)the Key Program for Genetically Modified Organism Breeding(2012ZX-08013009-003)~~
文摘Sumian 29, a genetically modified cotton variety, was approved by Autho- rized Committee of Crop Varieties of Jiangsu Province in 2013. Yield performance, cultivation characteristics of Sumian 29, and its selection and breeding process were introduced in the paper. Regional tests from 2010 to 2011 in Jiangsu Province showed that seed cotton yield and lint yield averaged 4 185 and 1 737 kg/hm2, and increased by 10.6% and 8.5% respectively, when compared with control （Siza 3）. In production test, seed cotton yield and lint yield of Sumian 29 averaged 4 176 and 1 744.5 kg/hm2, respectively. Sumian 29 had high resistance to cotton bollworm, and also resistance to Fusarium wilt and Verticillium wilt of cotton. All of its fiber qualities achieved National Standard III and above. Sumian 29 has good application prospects.
基金Supported by China’s International Science and Technology Cooperation Fund(2015DFA90990)Key Science and Technology Program of Shanxi Province,China(20140311002-3)~~
文摘In order to construct a good population structure, improve the light energy utilization ratio, and give a full play to the high-yielding potential of spring maize, the effects of maize variety, planting density and fertilizer management on matter production and population photosynthetic physiological indices of spring maize were investigated under three different modes （traditional mode, optimized mode and high- yielding mode）. The results showed that compared with those under the traditional mode, the yield of spring maize under the optimized mode and high-yielding mode was increased by 10.79% and 27.62%, respectively, and the barren tip length was reduced significantly. Among the three modes, the leaf area index （LA/）, leaf area duration （LAD）, dry matter accumulation （DMA） and crop growth rate （CGR） all ranked as high-yielding rnode＇s〉optimized mode＇s〉traditional mode＇s. In conclusion, optimized variety, appropriately increased planting density and strengthened fertilizer management are the key measures to obtain high yield of spring maize.
文摘The cultivation techniques for high-yield corn in a karst area of southwest Guizhou were elaborated in this research from the respects of choosing farmland, preparing farmland, picking good seeds, timely sowing, rational close planting, im-proving the quality of planting, mulching, scientific fertilization, field management, timely harvest, etc. we hoped to provide a reference for the realization of high-effi-ciency corn planting in mountain areas.
基金financial support granted by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 22402225)the Gusu Innovation and Entrepreneurship Leading Talent Plan(No. ZXL2023193)+2 种基金the Sinano Talents Plan (No. 2022000175)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (No.2023A1515111133)the ANSO Scholarship for Young Talents
文摘Inorganic materials can solve transportable and on-site hydrolytic hydrogen generation issues.CaH_(2)/(Al/Si)composites are preferable due to their notable chemical properties.However,these composites require pretreatments,an inert environment,and long hours of physical ball milling for high homogeneity and synergistic effects.CaH_(2)also inhibits the hydrolysis reaction by forming its products on the Al/Si surface,which hinders the direct utilization of composites.This work represents the first investigation of NaH-CaH_(2)(Al/Si)fuel composites,which greatly overcome these limitations and can be directly used for on-site hydrogen generation and proton exchange membrane(PEM)fuel cells.The NaH-CaH_(2)(Al/Si)fuel composites were prepared by using a straightforward mixing method with variable composition ratios,showing high H_(2)yield and fuel cell(FC)performance.NaH addition provides the bridge effect,which opens up a new way to enable efficient hydrolysis and greatly enhances the hydrolysis activity of CaH_(2)/(Al/Si)composites.The novel fuel composites(NaH-CaH_(2)/Al)have extraordinary FC performance and a 0.42 W/cm2 peak power density greater than commercial hydrogen generators.It provides high H_(2)yield 84.4%for NaH-CaH_(2)/Al and 82%for NaH-CaH_(2)/Si compared to NaOH-CaH_(2)(Al/Si),NaCl-CaH_(2)(Al/Si),and KCl-CaH_(2)(Al/Si)composites.The NaH bridge effect hinders the direct water contact and stops the formation of Ca(OH)2 around Al/Si,which provides adequate pathways for the CaH_(2)(Al/Si)hydrolysis.The impressive capabilities of novel fuel composites are anticipated to offer practical uses in fuel cells,automobile applications,and portable/on-board H_(2)generation.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program(973 Program) of China(No.2015CB150402)the National Maize Production System in China(No.CARS-02-24)+1 种基金the Special Fund for Agroscientific Research in the Public Interest of China (No.201103003)the Innovative Group Grant of the NSFC,China(No.31421092)
文摘Achieving both high yield and high nitrogen use efficiency （NUE） simultaneously has become a major challenge with increased global demand for food, depletion of natural resources, and deterioration of environment. As the greatest consumers of N fertilizer in the world, Chinese farmers have overused N, and there has been poor synchrony between crop N demand and N supply because of limited understanding of the N uptake-yield relationship. To address this problem, this study evaluated the total and dynamic N requirement for different yield ranges of two major crops （maize and wheat）, and suggested improvements to N management strategies. Whole-plant N aboveground uptake requirement per grain yield （Nreq） initially deceased with grain yield improvement and then stagnated, and yet most farmers still believed that more fertilizer and higher grain yield were synonymous. When maize yield increased from 〈 7.5 to 〉 12.0 Mg ha-I, Nreq decreased from 19.8 to 17.0 kg Mg-1 grain. For wheat, it decreased from 27.1 kg Mg-1 grain for grain yield 〈 4.5 Mg ha-1 to 22.7 kg Mg-1 grain for yield 〉 9.0 Mg ha-1. Meanwhile, the percentage of dry matter and N accumulation in the middle-late growing season increased significantly with grain yield, which indicated that N fertilization should be concentrated in the middle-late stage to match crop demand while farmers often applied the majority of N fertilizer either before sowing or during early growth stages. We accordingly developed an integrated soil-crop system management strategy that simultaneously increases both grain yield and NUE.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program, 2015CB150401)the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFD0300101)the National Maize Industrial Technology System, China
文摘Increasing plant density is an effective way to enhance maize yield, but often increases lodging rate and severity, significantly elevating the risk and cost of maize production. Therefore, lodging is a major factor restricting future increases in maize yield through high-density planting. This paper reviewed previous research on the relationships between maize lodging rate and plant morphology, mechanical strength of stalks, anatomical and biochemical characteristics of stalks, root characteristics, damage from pests and diseases, environmental factors, and genomic characteristics. The effects of planting density on these factors and explored possible ways to improve lodging resistance were also analyzed in this paper. The results provide a basis for future research on increasing maize lodging resistance under high-density planting conditions and can be used to develop maize cultivation practices and lodging-resistant maize cultivars.
基金supported by the Key Project of Shandong Agriculture: Breeding Technology Research of Super Wheat for High Yield and High Qulity, China([2006]6), the Opening Foundation of the State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, China (2008KF03)the Postdoctor Innovative Foundation of Shandong Province, China (200802009)+2 种基金the National Basic Re-search of China (973 Program, 2009CB118500)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(30871458)the Program for Changjiang Scholarsand Innovative Research Team in University, China(IRT0635)
文摘The mechanism of high yield of winter wheat in the field at late growth period was investigated by measuring the photosynthetic characteristics of photosystem Ⅱ （PSⅡ） and xanthophylls cycle, which could provide physiological reference for breeding. Weimai 8 （W8）, a super high yield cultivar, and Lumai 14 （L14）, a control cultivar were object. The photosynthetic rate （Pn）, parameters of chlorophyll fluorescence and chlorophyll content were measured. The Pn, maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII （Fv/Fm）, quantum yield of PSII electron transport （ΦPSⅡ）, efficiency of excitation energy capture by open PSII reaction centers （Fv＇/Fm＇）, and photochemical quenching coefficient （qP） were higher in Weimai 8 compared to that in Lumai 14, a commercial high yield cultivar. Furthermore, Weirnai 8 showed a lower non- photochemical quenching coefficient and a lower de-epoxidized ratio of the xanthophyll cycle pigments than of Lumai 14 at late growth period. At mature stage, chlorophyll content of different leaves decreased both in Weimai 8 and Lumai 14. Chlorophyll content in flag, second and third leaf from the top of plant decreased more in Lumai 14 than in Weimai 8. These results suggested that Weimai 8 had more antenna pigments to absorb light energy, and had higher photosynthetic capability and photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ. The yield of Weimai 8 was also higher than that of Lumai 14.
基金research support from the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFD0300110, 2016YFD0300101)the National Basic Research Program of China (2015CB150401)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31360302)the Science and Technology Program of the Sixth Division of Xinjiang Construction Corps in China (1703)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program for financial support.
文摘Worldwide, scarce water resources and substantial food demands require efficient water use and high yield.This study investigated whether irrigation frequency can be used to adjust soil moisture to increase grain yield and water use efficiency(WUE) of high-yield maize under conditions of mulching and drip irrigation.A field experiment was conducted using three irrigation intervals in 2016: 6, 9, and 12 days(labeled D6, D9, and D12) and five irrigation intervals in 2017: 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 days(D3, D6, D9, D12, and D15).In Xinjiang, an optimal irrigation quota is 540 mm for high-yield maize.The D3, D6, D9, D12, and D15 irrigation intervals gave grain yields of 19.7, 19.1–21.0, 18.8–20.0, 18.2–19.2, and 17.2 Mg ha^-1 and a WUE of 2.48, 2.53–2.80, 2.47–2.63, 2.34–2.45, and 2.08 kg m-3, respectively.Treatment D6 led to the highest soil water storage, but evapotranspiration and soil-water evaporation were lower than other treatments.These results show that irrigation interval D6 can help maintain a favorable soil-moisture environment in the upper-60-cm soil layer, reduce soilwater evaporation and evapotranspiration, and produce the highest yield and WUE.In this arid region and in other regions with similar soil and climate conditions, a similar irrigation interval would thus be beneficial for adjusting soil moisture to increase maize yield and WUE under conditions of mulching and drip irrigation.
基金supported by the National Key Technologies R&D Program in 10th Five-year Plan of China(2001BA507A)the National Natural Sicence Foundation of China(39760040).
文摘The field experiments were carried out to investigate the dynamics and models of N, P and K absorption for the cotton plants with a lint of 3 000 kg ha-1 in Xinjiang. The main results were as follows: The contents of N, P2O5, K2O in cotton leaves, stems, squares and bolls decreased obviously with the time over the whole growth duration and the falling extent was greater in high-yield cotton than in CK. Contents of N in leaves, squares and bolls, in particular in the leaves of fruit-bearing shoot was higher in high-yield cotton than in CK. Contents of P2O5 in squares and bolls and that of K2O in stems were higher in high-yield cotton than in CK during the whole growing period. The accumulations of N, P2O5 and K2O in the cotton plants could be described with a logistic curve equation. There was the fastest nutrient uptake at about 90 d for N, 92 d for P2O5 and 85 d for K2O after emergence, respectively. Total nutrient accumulation of N, P2O5 and K2O was 385.8, 244. 7 and 340.3 kg ha-1, respectively. Approximately 12. 5 kg N, 8. 0 kg P2O5 and 11.1 kg K2O were needed for producing 100 kg lint with the leaves and stems under the super high yield condition of 3 000 kg ha-1 in Xinjiang.
基金This work was financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51903197)Wuhu and Xidian University special fund for industry-universityresearch cooperation(No.XWYCXY-012020012)+3 种基金Open Fund of Zhijiang Lab(2021MC0AB02)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2019TQ02422019M660061XB)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(JC2110,JB211305).
文摘A good method of synthesizing Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)(MXene)is critical for ensuring its success in practical applications,e.g.,electromagnetic interference shielding,electrochemical energy storage,catalysis,sensors,and biomedicine.The main concerns focus on the moderation of the approach,yield,and product quality.Herein,a modified approach,organic solvent-assisted intercalation and collection,was developed to prepare Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x) flakes.The new approach simultaneously solves all the concerns,featuring a low requirement for facility(centrifugation speed<4000 rpm in whole process),gram-level preparation with remarkable yield(46.3%),a good electrical conductivity(8672 S cm^(−1)),an outstanding capacitive performance(352 F g^(−1)),and easy control over the dimension of Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x) flakes(0.47–4.60μm^(2)).This approach not only gives a superb example for the synthesis of other MXene materials in laboratory,but sheds new light for the future mass production of Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x) MXene.
文摘A systematic approach was adopted to investigate the nutrient limiting factors in gray-brown purple soils and yellow soils derived from limestone in Chongqing, China, to study balanced fertilization for corn, sweet potato and wheat in rotation. The results showed that N, P and K were deficient in both soils, Cu, Mn, S andZn in the gray-brown purple soils and Ca, Mg, Mo and Zn for the yellow soils. Balanced fertilizer application increased yields of corn, sweet potato and wheat by 28.4%, 28.7% and 4.4%, respectively, as compared to the local farmers' practice. The systematic approach can be considered as one of the most efficient and reliable methods in fertility study.
