To meet the current energy needs of society,the highly efficient and continuous production of clean energy is required.One of the key issues facing the green hydrogen evolution is the construction of efficient,low-cos...To meet the current energy needs of society,the highly efficient and continuous production of clean energy is required.One of the key issues facing the green hydrogen evolution is the construction of efficient,low-cost electrocatalysts.Prussian blue(PB),Prussian blue analogs(PBAs),and their derivatives have tunable metal centers and have attracted significant interest as novel photo-and electrochemical catalysts.In this review,recent research progress into PB/PBA-based hollow structures,substrate-supported nanostructures,and their derivatives for green water splitting is discussed and summarized.First,several remarkable examples of nanostructured PB/PBAs supported on substrates(copper foil,carbon cloth,and nickel foam)and hollow structures(such as single-shelled hollow boxes,open hollow cages,and intricate hollow structures(multi-shell and yolk-shell))are discussed in detail,including their synthesis and formation mechanisms.Subsequently,the applications of PB/PBA derivatives((hydr)oxides,phosphides,chalcogenides,and carbides)for water splitting are discussed.Finally,the limitations in this research area and the most urgent challenges are summarized.We hope that this review will stimulate more researchers to develop technologies based on these intricate PB/PBA structures and their derivatives for highly efficient,green water splitting.展开更多
【背景】布鲁氏菌(Brucella)作为一种兼性胞内寄生菌,可通过分泌效应蛋白修饰宿主细胞多重信号通路帮助其完成胞内增殖。因此,分泌效应蛋白的鉴定对于阐明布鲁氏菌致病机制至关重要。细菌分泌效应蛋白的鉴定方法通常有融合标签法和酶标...【背景】布鲁氏菌(Brucella)作为一种兼性胞内寄生菌,可通过分泌效应蛋白修饰宿主细胞多重信号通路帮助其完成胞内增殖。因此,分泌效应蛋白的鉴定对于阐明布鲁氏菌致病机制至关重要。细菌分泌效应蛋白的鉴定方法通常有融合标签法和酶标记技术,但其操作步骤烦琐、成本昂贵。【目的】基于双分子荧光互补技术开发一种简单便捷的质粒系统,用来鉴定布鲁氏菌的分泌效应蛋白。【方法】基于分裂绿色荧光蛋白(split green fluorescent protein,split-GFP)技术,首先,构建真核表达质粒pMAX-sfGFP_(1-10)-IRES-NLS-tagBFP,该质粒能在转染的细胞中表达sfGFP_(1-10)蛋白片段,同时具有核定位信号的BFP蛋白能指示转染成功的细胞;之后,构建能在布鲁氏菌中融合表达4×GFP_(11)蛋白的pMCRt-mCherry-P31-4×GFP_(11)-Flag质粒。最后,通过布鲁氏菌分泌效应蛋白BspA和BPE123以及阴性蛋白GST验证split-GFP系统的可行性。【结果】荧光显微镜观察转染pMAX-sfGFP_(1-10)-IRES-NLS-tagBFP质粒的HeLa细胞,表明tagBFP和sfGFP_(1-10)蛋白成功表达;蛋白免疫印迹试验证明布鲁氏菌BspA、BPE123及GST成功与4×GFP_(11)-Flag融合表达;细胞感染和荧光显微镜观察结果表明split-GFP能成功指示BspA和BPE123的分泌活性,而阴性分泌蛋白GST无分泌活性。【结论】本研究基于split-GFP技术构建的双质粒系统能成功验证布鲁氏菌效应蛋白的分泌活性,为布鲁氏菌分泌蛋白的鉴定提供了一种新的工具。展开更多
In order to make full use of digital data, such as data extracted from electronic police video systems, and optimize intersection signal parameters, the theoretical distribution of the vehicle's road travel time m...In order to make full use of digital data, such as data extracted from electronic police video systems, and optimize intersection signal parameters, the theoretical distribution of the vehicle's road travel time must first be determined. The intersection signal cycle and the green splits were optimized simultaneously, and the system total travel time was selected as the optimization goal. The distribution of the vehicle's link travel time is the combined results of the flow composition, road marking, the form of control, and the driver's driving habits. The method proposed has 15% lower system total stop delay and fewer total stops than the method of TRRL(Transport and Road Research Laboratory) in England and the method of ARRB(Australian Road Research Board) in Australia. This method can save 0.5% total travel time and will be easier to understand and test, which establishes a causal relationship between optimal results and specific forms of road segment management, such as speed limits.展开更多
文摘To meet the current energy needs of society,the highly efficient and continuous production of clean energy is required.One of the key issues facing the green hydrogen evolution is the construction of efficient,low-cost electrocatalysts.Prussian blue(PB),Prussian blue analogs(PBAs),and their derivatives have tunable metal centers and have attracted significant interest as novel photo-and electrochemical catalysts.In this review,recent research progress into PB/PBA-based hollow structures,substrate-supported nanostructures,and their derivatives for green water splitting is discussed and summarized.First,several remarkable examples of nanostructured PB/PBAs supported on substrates(copper foil,carbon cloth,and nickel foam)and hollow structures(such as single-shelled hollow boxes,open hollow cages,and intricate hollow structures(multi-shell and yolk-shell))are discussed in detail,including their synthesis and formation mechanisms.Subsequently,the applications of PB/PBA derivatives((hydr)oxides,phosphides,chalcogenides,and carbides)for water splitting are discussed.Finally,the limitations in this research area and the most urgent challenges are summarized.We hope that this review will stimulate more researchers to develop technologies based on these intricate PB/PBA structures and their derivatives for highly efficient,green water splitting.
文摘【背景】布鲁氏菌(Brucella)作为一种兼性胞内寄生菌,可通过分泌效应蛋白修饰宿主细胞多重信号通路帮助其完成胞内增殖。因此,分泌效应蛋白的鉴定对于阐明布鲁氏菌致病机制至关重要。细菌分泌效应蛋白的鉴定方法通常有融合标签法和酶标记技术,但其操作步骤烦琐、成本昂贵。【目的】基于双分子荧光互补技术开发一种简单便捷的质粒系统,用来鉴定布鲁氏菌的分泌效应蛋白。【方法】基于分裂绿色荧光蛋白(split green fluorescent protein,split-GFP)技术,首先,构建真核表达质粒pMAX-sfGFP_(1-10)-IRES-NLS-tagBFP,该质粒能在转染的细胞中表达sfGFP_(1-10)蛋白片段,同时具有核定位信号的BFP蛋白能指示转染成功的细胞;之后,构建能在布鲁氏菌中融合表达4×GFP_(11)蛋白的pMCRt-mCherry-P31-4×GFP_(11)-Flag质粒。最后,通过布鲁氏菌分泌效应蛋白BspA和BPE123以及阴性蛋白GST验证split-GFP系统的可行性。【结果】荧光显微镜观察转染pMAX-sfGFP_(1-10)-IRES-NLS-tagBFP质粒的HeLa细胞,表明tagBFP和sfGFP_(1-10)蛋白成功表达;蛋白免疫印迹试验证明布鲁氏菌BspA、BPE123及GST成功与4×GFP_(11)-Flag融合表达;细胞感染和荧光显微镜观察结果表明split-GFP能成功指示BspA和BPE123的分泌活性,而阴性分泌蛋白GST无分泌活性。【结论】本研究基于split-GFP技术构建的双质粒系统能成功验证布鲁氏菌效应蛋白的分泌活性,为布鲁氏菌分泌蛋白的鉴定提供了一种新的工具。
基金Project(14BTJ017)supported by National Social Science Foundation Project of ChinaProject supported by the 2014 Mathematics and Interdisciplinary Science Project of Central South University,China
文摘In order to make full use of digital data, such as data extracted from electronic police video systems, and optimize intersection signal parameters, the theoretical distribution of the vehicle's road travel time must first be determined. The intersection signal cycle and the green splits were optimized simultaneously, and the system total travel time was selected as the optimization goal. The distribution of the vehicle's link travel time is the combined results of the flow composition, road marking, the form of control, and the driver's driving habits. The method proposed has 15% lower system total stop delay and fewer total stops than the method of TRRL(Transport and Road Research Laboratory) in England and the method of ARRB(Australian Road Research Board) in Australia. This method can save 0.5% total travel time and will be easier to understand and test, which establishes a causal relationship between optimal results and specific forms of road segment management, such as speed limits.
