Infant mortality rate (IMR) has been viewed as the vital index which can be used to measure the health level of a country or a district, and also can indirectly illustrate the economic development level of the country...Infant mortality rate (IMR) has been viewed as the vital index which can be used to measure the health level of a country or a district, and also can indirectly illustrate the economic development level of the country or district. In this paper, the authors 1) introduce three calculation methods of IMR and compare the differences among them;2) calculate the IMR using one method above, and find the IMRs recorded in China Population Statistic Yearbook (CPSY) from National Statistics Institute and in China Health Statistic Yearbook from Ministry of National Hygiene are both overestimated;3) point out three main reasons for this overestimation: firstly, confusion of methods of calculation and concepts, secondly, inconsistent statistical caliber among different yearbooks, thirdly, flaws within the registration system.展开更多
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder（ADHD） is a pervasive psychiatric disorder that affects both children and adults. Adult male and female patients with ADHD are differentially affected, but few studies have ex...Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder（ADHD） is a pervasive psychiatric disorder that affects both children and adults. Adult male and female patients with ADHD are differentially affected, but few studies have explored the differences. The purpose of this study was to quantify differences between adult male and female patients with ADHD based on neuroimaging and connectivity analysis. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scans were obtained and preprocessed in 82 patients. Group-wise differences between male and female patients were quantified using degree centrality for different brain regions. The medial-, middle-, and inferior-frontal gyrus, superior parietal lobule, precuneus, supramarginal gyrus, superior- and middle-temporal gyrus, middle occipital gyrus, and cuneus were identified as regions with significant group-wise differences. The identified regions were correlated with clinical scores reflecting depression and anxiety and significant correlations were found. Adult ADHD patients exhibit different levels of depression and anxiety depending on sex, and our study provides insight into how changes in brain circuitry might differentially impact male and female ADHD patients.展开更多
As shown in comparisons of the characteristics of inter-annual and inter-decadal variability and periodical changes in the number of tropical cyclones forming over the western North Pacific by three major forecast cen...As shown in comparisons of the characteristics of inter-annual and inter-decadal variability and periodical changes in the number of tropical cyclones forming over the western North Pacific by three major forecast centers, i.e. China Meteorological Administration (CMA), Regional Specialized Meteorological Center of Tokyo (JMA) and Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) of Guam, there are the following important points. (1) Climatology of tropical cyclone (TC) or typhoon (TC on the intensity of TS or stronger) shows some difference in tropical cyclone frequency among the centers, which is more notable with TC than with typhoon. Both of them are more at the database of CMA than at those of the other two centers. (2) The difference is too significant to ignore in the inter-annual variability of tropical cyclone frequency between CMA and JTWC, which mainly results from the obvious difference in the inter-annual variability of the number of generated tropical depression (TD) between the two databases. The difference is small in the inter-annual variability of TS formations among all the three databases, and consistence is good between JMA and CMA or JTWC. (3) Though differences are not significant in the periodical variation of TC formations between CMA and JTWC, they are markedly apart in the inter-decadal variability, which is mainly shown by an anti-phase during the 1990s. (4) Non-homogeneity may exist around the late stage of the 1960s in the data of tropical cyclone frequency.展开更多
Comparing two population proportions using confidence interval could be misleading in many cases, such </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">as</span><span style="font-family:Ve...Comparing two population proportions using confidence interval could be misleading in many cases, such </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">as</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> the sample size </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">being</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> small and the test </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">being</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> based on normal approximation. In this case, the only </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">one</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> option that we have is to collect a large sample. Unfortunately, the large sample might not be possible. One example is a person suffering from a rare disease. The main purpose of this journal is to derive a closed formula for the exact distribution of the difference between two independent sample proportions, and use it to perform related inferences such as a confidence interval, regardless of the sample sizes and compare with the existing Wald, Agresti-Caffo </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">and</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Score. In this journal, we have derived a closed formula for the exact distribution of the difference between two independent sample proportions. This distribution doesn’t need any </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">requirements,</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and can be used to perform inferences such </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">as:</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> a hypothesis test for two population proportions, regardless of the nature of the distribution and the sample sizes. We claim </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">that</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> exact distribution has the </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">least</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> confidence width among Wald, Agresti-Caffo </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">and</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Score, so it is suitable for inferences of the difference between the population proportion regardless of sample size.展开更多
Rail fastener positioning method has high requirements for image quality and positioning accuracy.Therefore,a rail fastener positioning method based on gray mutation is proposed.Firstly,the image is denoised by an imp...Rail fastener positioning method has high requirements for image quality and positioning accuracy.Therefore,a rail fastener positioning method based on gray mutation is proposed.Firstly,the image is denoised by an improved median filter.Then,according to the characteristics of image frequency domain,the image is decomposed by wavelet transfrom to extract low-frequency component,and the low-frequency component is filtered and processed by gamma transformation to reduce the influence of natural environment factors on image quality.After that,according to the change rule of gray-scale values of different regions in the image,the gray-scale mutation in column and line directions of the image is statistically analyzed,and then the rail surface and the sleeper are located.Finally,the fastener area is accurately located by using the position relationship of the rail surface,the sleeper and the fastener in the image.The experimental results show that the positioning accuracy of the proposed method is 93.19%,which can quickly and effectively locate the fastener region,and has strong environmental adaptability,robustness and practicability.展开更多
The management of municipal solid waste （MSW） is currently one of the major environmental concerns in Mexico. Therefore, municipalities must develop local programs for prevention and integrated management of MSW bas...The management of municipal solid waste （MSW） is currently one of the major environmental concerns in Mexico. Therefore, municipalities must develop local programs for prevention and integrated management of MSW based on the data of MSW generation; however, these are scarce and diffuse. It is known that the MSW generation is affected by many factors, including life level. Given the importance of having reliable data, the objective of this study was to determine the per capita MSW generation of a small urban locality in the state of Veracruz and test whether there were significant statistic differences of per capita M SW generation among the life levels. The households were randomly sampled according to the Mexican standard of reference and were classified as popular, middle and residential. The per capita MSW generation determined was 0.355 kg·inhab^-1.day^-1. This value was lower than the value estimated by the national reference, suggesting that it might be overestimated and consequently lead to errors in estimating installations costs for the MSW treatment. The result of the experimental design revealed that there were significant statistic differences in the per capita MSW generation among the three socioeconomic strata. This study will allow the municipality to establish better strategies within the municipal program and differential rate for the provision of public clean service and it also provides a solid basis for future research under similar conditions.展开更多
三七药材质量影响其临床治疗效果。目前三七质量参差不齐,其质量控制主要依赖于皂苷类化合物,无法系统地反映三七药材品质。本研究基于不同产区三七药材的收集,采用微量法、紫外-可见分光光度法、高效液相色谱法定量分析影响三七功效及...三七药材质量影响其临床治疗效果。目前三七质量参差不齐,其质量控制主要依赖于皂苷类化合物,无法系统地反映三七药材品质。本研究基于不同产区三七药材的收集,采用微量法、紫外-可见分光光度法、高效液相色谱法定量分析影响三七功效及剂型的多维度指标。结果表明,三七中大分子物质(淀粉、纤维素、木质素)含量较高的产区为云南曲靖沾益炎方乡,总多糖含量较高的产区为云南文山州麻栗坡麻栗镇,总黄酮含量较高的产地为云南省玉溪华宁青龙镇,三七素含量较高的产地为云南昆明寻甸甸沙乡,总皂苷含量较高的产地为云南文山州麻栗坡麻栗镇。基于层次聚类和正交偏最小二乘法判别分析(orthogonal partial least squares-discrimination analysis,OPLS-DA),确定了三七素、总多糖、支链淀粉、纤维素可以作为区分不同产区三七药材的潜在生物标志物。利用药用植物全球产地生态适宜性区划信息系统获取三七产区的19个生态因子,结合相关性分析确定了生态因子对三七各成分积累的影响。其中,年降水量、等温性、平均月温差、最冷月份最低温度、最暖季度平均温度、最湿季度降水量以及最暖季度降水量是影响三七质量的关键生态因子。综上,本研究全面评价了不同产地三七质量,揭示了影响三七道地性品质的关键生态因子,为后续三七质量控制和合理选址提供了参考依据。展开更多
In this article we define the notion of statistically convergent difference double sequence spaces. We examine the spaces 2l∞（△, q）, 2c（△, q）, 2cB（△, q）, 2cR（△, q）, 2cBR（△,q） etc. being symmetric, soli...In this article we define the notion of statistically convergent difference double sequence spaces. We examine the spaces 2l∞（△, q）, 2c（△, q）, 2cB（△, q）, 2cR（△, q）, 2cBR（△,q） etc. being symmetric, solid, monotone, etc. We prove some inclusion results too.展开更多
文摘Infant mortality rate (IMR) has been viewed as the vital index which can be used to measure the health level of a country or a district, and also can indirectly illustrate the economic development level of the country or district. In this paper, the authors 1) introduce three calculation methods of IMR and compare the differences among them;2) calculate the IMR using one method above, and find the IMRs recorded in China Population Statistic Yearbook (CPSY) from National Statistics Institute and in China Health Statistic Yearbook from Ministry of National Hygiene are both overestimated;3) point out three main reasons for this overestimation: firstly, confusion of methods of calculation and concepts, secondly, inconsistent statistical caliber among different yearbooks, thirdly, flaws within the registration system.
基金supported in part by the Institute for Basic Science(to HP)No.IBS-R015-D1
文摘Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder（ADHD） is a pervasive psychiatric disorder that affects both children and adults. Adult male and female patients with ADHD are differentially affected, but few studies have explored the differences. The purpose of this study was to quantify differences between adult male and female patients with ADHD based on neuroimaging and connectivity analysis. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scans were obtained and preprocessed in 82 patients. Group-wise differences between male and female patients were quantified using degree centrality for different brain regions. The medial-, middle-, and inferior-frontal gyrus, superior parietal lobule, precuneus, supramarginal gyrus, superior- and middle-temporal gyrus, middle occipital gyrus, and cuneus were identified as regions with significant group-wise differences. The identified regions were correlated with clinical scores reflecting depression and anxiety and significant correlations were found. Adult ADHD patients exhibit different levels of depression and anxiety depending on sex, and our study provides insight into how changes in brain circuitry might differentially impact male and female ADHD patients.
基金Natural science foundation of Hainan Province (409005)
文摘As shown in comparisons of the characteristics of inter-annual and inter-decadal variability and periodical changes in the number of tropical cyclones forming over the western North Pacific by three major forecast centers, i.e. China Meteorological Administration (CMA), Regional Specialized Meteorological Center of Tokyo (JMA) and Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) of Guam, there are the following important points. (1) Climatology of tropical cyclone (TC) or typhoon (TC on the intensity of TS or stronger) shows some difference in tropical cyclone frequency among the centers, which is more notable with TC than with typhoon. Both of them are more at the database of CMA than at those of the other two centers. (2) The difference is too significant to ignore in the inter-annual variability of tropical cyclone frequency between CMA and JTWC, which mainly results from the obvious difference in the inter-annual variability of the number of generated tropical depression (TD) between the two databases. The difference is small in the inter-annual variability of TS formations among all the three databases, and consistence is good between JMA and CMA or JTWC. (3) Though differences are not significant in the periodical variation of TC formations between CMA and JTWC, they are markedly apart in the inter-decadal variability, which is mainly shown by an anti-phase during the 1990s. (4) Non-homogeneity may exist around the late stage of the 1960s in the data of tropical cyclone frequency.
文摘Comparing two population proportions using confidence interval could be misleading in many cases, such </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">as</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> the sample size </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">being</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> small and the test </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">being</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> based on normal approximation. In this case, the only </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">one</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> option that we have is to collect a large sample. Unfortunately, the large sample might not be possible. One example is a person suffering from a rare disease. The main purpose of this journal is to derive a closed formula for the exact distribution of the difference between two independent sample proportions, and use it to perform related inferences such as a confidence interval, regardless of the sample sizes and compare with the existing Wald, Agresti-Caffo </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">and</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Score. In this journal, we have derived a closed formula for the exact distribution of the difference between two independent sample proportions. This distribution doesn’t need any </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">requirements,</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and can be used to perform inferences such </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">as:</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> a hypothesis test for two population proportions, regardless of the nature of the distribution and the sample sizes. We claim </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">that</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> exact distribution has the </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">least</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> confidence width among Wald, Agresti-Caffo </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">and</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Score, so it is suitable for inferences of the difference between the population proportion regardless of sample size.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.61616202,61461203)Ministry of Education Innovation Team Development Plan(No.IRT_16R36)Plateau Information Engineering and Control Key Practice Laboratory Open Project Fund of Gansu Province(No.201611105)。
文摘Rail fastener positioning method has high requirements for image quality and positioning accuracy.Therefore,a rail fastener positioning method based on gray mutation is proposed.Firstly,the image is denoised by an improved median filter.Then,according to the characteristics of image frequency domain,the image is decomposed by wavelet transfrom to extract low-frequency component,and the low-frequency component is filtered and processed by gamma transformation to reduce the influence of natural environment factors on image quality.After that,according to the change rule of gray-scale values of different regions in the image,the gray-scale mutation in column and line directions of the image is statistically analyzed,and then the rail surface and the sleeper are located.Finally,the fastener area is accurately located by using the position relationship of the rail surface,the sleeper and the fastener in the image.The experimental results show that the positioning accuracy of the proposed method is 93.19%,which can quickly and effectively locate the fastener region,and has strong environmental adaptability,robustness and practicability.
文摘The management of municipal solid waste （MSW） is currently one of the major environmental concerns in Mexico. Therefore, municipalities must develop local programs for prevention and integrated management of MSW based on the data of MSW generation; however, these are scarce and diffuse. It is known that the MSW generation is affected by many factors, including life level. Given the importance of having reliable data, the objective of this study was to determine the per capita MSW generation of a small urban locality in the state of Veracruz and test whether there were significant statistic differences of per capita M SW generation among the life levels. The households were randomly sampled according to the Mexican standard of reference and were classified as popular, middle and residential. The per capita MSW generation determined was 0.355 kg·inhab^-1.day^-1. This value was lower than the value estimated by the national reference, suggesting that it might be overestimated and consequently lead to errors in estimating installations costs for the MSW treatment. The result of the experimental design revealed that there were significant statistic differences in the per capita MSW generation among the three socioeconomic strata. This study will allow the municipality to establish better strategies within the municipal program and differential rate for the provision of public clean service and it also provides a solid basis for future research under similar conditions.
文摘三七药材质量影响其临床治疗效果。目前三七质量参差不齐,其质量控制主要依赖于皂苷类化合物,无法系统地反映三七药材品质。本研究基于不同产区三七药材的收集,采用微量法、紫外-可见分光光度法、高效液相色谱法定量分析影响三七功效及剂型的多维度指标。结果表明,三七中大分子物质(淀粉、纤维素、木质素)含量较高的产区为云南曲靖沾益炎方乡,总多糖含量较高的产区为云南文山州麻栗坡麻栗镇,总黄酮含量较高的产地为云南省玉溪华宁青龙镇,三七素含量较高的产地为云南昆明寻甸甸沙乡,总皂苷含量较高的产地为云南文山州麻栗坡麻栗镇。基于层次聚类和正交偏最小二乘法判别分析(orthogonal partial least squares-discrimination analysis,OPLS-DA),确定了三七素、总多糖、支链淀粉、纤维素可以作为区分不同产区三七药材的潜在生物标志物。利用药用植物全球产地生态适宜性区划信息系统获取三七产区的19个生态因子,结合相关性分析确定了生态因子对三七各成分积累的影响。其中,年降水量、等温性、平均月温差、最冷月份最低温度、最暖季度平均温度、最湿季度降水量以及最暖季度降水量是影响三七质量的关键生态因子。综上,本研究全面评价了不同产地三七质量,揭示了影响三七道地性品质的关键生态因子,为后续三七质量控制和合理选址提供了参考依据。
文摘In this article we define the notion of statistically convergent difference double sequence spaces. We examine the spaces 2l∞（△, q）, 2c（△, q）, 2cB（△, q）, 2cR（△, q）, 2cBR（△,q） etc. being symmetric, solid, monotone, etc. We prove some inclusion results too.
