Objective:To explore the mechanism of action of"Weilingxian-Guizhi"two drugs in the treatment of gout.Method:First obtain the 15 chemical components contained in the"Weilingxian-Guizhi"drug,predict...Objective:To explore the mechanism of action of"Weilingxian-Guizhi"two drugs in the treatment of gout.Method:First obtain the 15 chemical components contained in the"Weilingxian-Guizhi"drug,predict its target points through the database,and then construct the gout-related protein-protein interaction network(PPI),and then construct the"Weiling,"the"Xian,Guizhi"drug pair"active ingredient-predicted target"network,the construction of the gout-related"Weilingxian-Guizhi"drug pair"active ingredient-potential target"network,based on the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)biological pathway enrichment analysis and gene ontology(GO)functional enrichment analysis,to study the mechanism of action of the two drugs"Weilingxian-Guizhi"in the treatment of gout.Results:The goutrelated"Weilingxian-Guizhi"drug pair"active ingredient-potential target"network contains 14 targets.KEGG pathway enrichment analysis yields 32 pathways,and GO functional enrichment analysis yields 517 GO entries.Among them,there are 468 items related to biological processes,21 items related to molecular functions,and 28 items related to cell composition.Conclusion:The results of this study initially verified and predicted the mechanism of the"Weilingxian-Cinnamon Stick"medicine on the treatment of gout,and laid a good foundation for further revealing its mechanism of action.展开更多
Modern lifestyle and diet have increased the incidence rate of uric acid(UA)metabolism-related diseases like hyperuricemia(HUA)and gout,posing heavy economic burden to individual patients and their families and the so...Modern lifestyle and diet have increased the incidence rate of uric acid(UA)metabolism-related diseases like hyperuricemia(HUA)and gout,posing heavy economic burden to individual patients and their families and the society.UA metabolism is a complex physiological process involving the kidney,intestine,and other organs.A number of factors together regulate UA metabolism,including genetics,diet,hormones,and the gut microbiota.This review summaries the gut microbiota features in subjects with HUA and gout,and the therapeutic effects of implementing microecological therapies(probiotics,prebiotics,or fecal microbiota transplant)that target modulate the gut microbiota and its downstream metabolism on the disease.Current evidence shows that these strategies are safe and promising in alleviate inflammation,reduce UA,and restoring a healthy gut microbiota in subjects with UA metabolism-related diseases.However,most clinical data are generated by animal studies.Therefore,we propose that vigorous human intervention trials should be conducted in the future to evaluate the therapeutic effects of microecological therapies in managing HUA and gout.展开更多
Hyperuricemia(HUA)and gout became typical metabolic disorders characterized by multiple pathogenic factors.Their incidence increased annually,affecting younger populations.Given that uric acid(UA)and inflammation were...Hyperuricemia(HUA)and gout became typical metabolic disorders characterized by multiple pathogenic factors.Their incidence increased annually,affecting younger populations.Given that uric acid(UA)and inflammation were the primary disease mechanisms,the search for effective and low-side-effect UA-lowering and anti-inflammatory drugs became a pressing scientific priority.Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)encompassed a rich array of theoretical and practical experience,along with a diverse range of chemical substances,making herbs or their components potential sources for therapeutic drugs.Despite the significant role that modern herbal medicines played in treating HUA and gout,the existing research literature remained fragmented,lacking comprehensive and systematic reviews.In this review,we focused on the regulation of UA and summarized the discovery of UA-lowering pharmacodynamic components or ingredients derived from herbs and formulas,as well as their multi-targeted mechanisms of action.Emphasizing this focus,we proposed that,compared to acute inflammation,low-grade inflammation may play a relatively“unnoticed”role in the disease process.In contrast to Western medicine,we discussed the risks and benefits of herbal medicines and their ingredients for treatment,drawing from theoretical insights and clinical practice.This review offered comprehensive perspectives on the research into anti-HUA and gout treatments using herbal medicines and their natural products.Additionally,it provided a forward-looking view on natural product discovery,the exploration of therapeutic strategies,and new drug research in this field.展开更多
To elucidate the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of the herbal medicine pair Smilax Glabra and Semen Coicis in treating gout and hyperuricemia,a comprehensive analysis was conducted using network pharmac...To elucidate the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of the herbal medicine pair Smilax Glabra and Semen Coicis in treating gout and hyperuricemia,a comprehensive analysis was conducted using network pharmacology and molecular docking methods.Disease-associated targets for gout and hyperuricemia were identified from the GeneCards,OMIM,Disgenet,and TTD databases,while the key active components and their corresponding targets for Smilax Glabra and Semen Coicis were obtained from the TCSMP database.The intersection of these targets enabled the construction of a protein-protein interaction(PPI)network,which was subsequently visualized and analyzed.Core targets were further subjected to Gene Ontology(GO)and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)enrichment analyses to elucidate the biological processes and pathways involved.Molecular docking was then employed to validate the reliability of the interactions between the active components and the identified targets.The analysis revealed that Smilax Glabra and Semen Coicis contained 15 bioactive components that interacted with 393 potential targets,while gout and hyperuricemia were associated with 660 targets in total.The primary active compounds implicated in treating these conditions included diosgenin,quercetin,and naringenin,which were found to interact with crucial hub targets such as BCL2,CASP3,and MAPK3.These interactions suggested that the herbal medicine pair modulated several biological processes,including gland development and the regulation of body fluid levels,through pathways involving membrane rafts,membrane microdomains,and nuclear receptor activities.Enrichment analyses highlighted their involvement in multiple signaling pathways,such as EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance,phospholipase D signaling,and platelet activation.Molecular docking confirmed the strong binding affinities between the hub genes and the major active components,supporting their potential role in therapeutic efficacy.This study demonstrated that Smilax Glabra and Semen Coicis might offer a promising therapeutic strategy for gout and hyperuricemia by targeting multiple molecular components,biological functions,and pathways.The findings underscored the unique potential of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)in managing complex diseases by leveraging synergistic effects across diverse biological mechanisms.展开更多
Curcumin,a bioactive compound extracted from Curcuma longa.L.,demonstrates significant therapeutic potential in inflammatory diseases.This study aims to explore the effects of curcumin on hyperuricemia with acute gout...Curcumin,a bioactive compound extracted from Curcuma longa.L.,demonstrates significant therapeutic potential in inflammatory diseases.This study aims to explore the effects of curcumin on hyperuricemia with acute gout and associated renal dysfunction in a mouse model.The results show that curcumin treatment alleviates ankle joint swelling,reduces inflammatory cytokines IL-1βand TNF-α,and lowers serum uric acid concentrations.High-dose curcumin notably inhibits xanthine oxidase(XOD)activity,a key enzyme in uric acid production,while it enhances the renal expression of the urate transporter ABCG2,thereby promoting uric acid excretion.Furthermore,curcumin effectively mitigates renal injury as evidenced by reduced serum creatinineand blood urea nitrogen levels and suppresses renal inflammation.At the molecular level,curcumin exerts potent antioxidant effects by lowering reactive oxygen species(ROS)levels in both cultured HK-2 human renal tubular epithelial cells and RAW264.7 mouse macrophages.The curcumin-mediated effects are associated with the disruption of NEK7-NLRP3 complex formation,leading to the suppression of the ROS/NEK7-NLRP3 inflammasome pathway.This,in turn,inhibits pyroptosis and the subsequent release of mature IL-1β.These findings suggest that curcumin not only reduces uric acid production but also modulates inflammation through ROSscavenging properties and its ability to inhibit the NLRP3 inflammasome.展开更多
Hyperuricemia(HUA)is characterized by elevated levels of uric acid(UA)in the bloodstream,resulting from either excessive production or insufficient excretion of UA within the body.If left untreated,progressive or pers...Hyperuricemia(HUA)is characterized by elevated levels of uric acid(UA)in the bloodstream,resulting from either excessive production or insufficient excretion of UA within the body.If left untreated,progressive or persistent HUA can lead to gout,causing significant harm to human health.Lactic acid bacteria(LAB),generally recognized as safe(GRAS)probiotics,have been shown to alleviate symptoms associated with gastrointestinal disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease while supporting overall bodily functions and health.Recently,LAB has emerged as a potentially safe,cost-effective and efficient treatment for HUA.This comprehensive review aims to explore the current literature on the mechanisms through which LAB controls HUA.These mechanisms include suppressing purine metabolism,absorbing purine compounds,modulating microbiota to maintain host global purine homeostasis,reducing intestinal permeability,producing metabolites that alleviate HUA symptoms,promoting the expression of urate excretory proteins and inhibiting the expression of urate reabsorption proteins.The findings presented in this review provide a framework for further investigation into how probiotic LAB can alleviate HUA by influencing UA metabolism and elucidating their underlying action mechanisms.展开更多
The study by Lin et al delves into the clinical impact of dapagliflozin,a repre-sentative sodium-glucose cotransporter 2(SGLT2)inhibitor,on chronic heart failure complicated by hyperuricemia.This investigation highlig...The study by Lin et al delves into the clinical impact of dapagliflozin,a repre-sentative sodium-glucose cotransporter 2(SGLT2)inhibitor,on chronic heart failure complicated by hyperuricemia.This investigation highlights dapagliflo-zin’s efficacy in lowering serum uric acid levels,enhancing cardiac function,and reducing cardiovascular events.This work not only provides a comprehensive analysis of dapagliflozin’s sustained benefits in these patients but also introduces novel insights for managing chronic heart failure exacerbated by elevated uric acid.Furthermore,this review examines the potential role of SGLT2 inhibitor in the context of gout,evaluating its mechanisms and clinical application prospects in the management of hyperuricemia,thereby further enriching the medical community’s understanding of SGLT2 inhibitor.展开更多
In order to implement the requirements of the document Opinions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council on Promoting the Inheritance and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicin...In order to implement the requirements of the document Opinions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council on Promoting the Inheritance and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine,accelerate the promotion of the construction of a healthy China,adhere to the equal importance of Chinese and Western medicines,promote the mutual complementarity of traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine and coordinated development,strengthen the academic exchanges and cooperation of Chinese and Western medicine in the field of preventing and controlling gout,and cultivate the high-caliber young clinical talents,the China Association of Chinese Medicine(CACM)organized the 48th Salon on Clinical Advantageous Diseases in Beijing on 21 March 2025,focusing on the combined Chinese and Western medicine diagnosis and treatment strategy of gout,bringing together experts in Chinese and Western medicine and interdisciplinary fields,and reaching specific recommendations and consensus on the combined Chinese and Western medicine diagnosis and treatment of gout through in-depth discussion.On this basis,under the leadership of the CACM,gout diagnosis and treatment problems were analyzed from the perspective of gout occurrence and development law,focusing on the advantages and characteristics of Chinese medicine and combined Chinese and Western medicine in gout diagnosis and treatment,and proposing scientific research and technological layout of gout in the following aspects:(1)Improvement of gout staging and identification system,(2)optimization of Chinese medicine to prevent and treat gout and drug research and development,(3)improvement of indicators for post-treatment assessment of gout,(4)research on early warning system of Chinese and Western medicine,(5)construction of gout co-morbidities spectrum and Chinese medicine theoretical system,(6)research on co-morbidities mechanism of gout,(7)chronic disease grassroots health management,and at the same time,it also puts forward the proposed layout and direction of the research,the expected goal and value and the priority of the proposed funding.Therefore,this article is based on the gout Chinese medicine advantageous disease series salon,proposed gout scientific and technological research paradigm,in order to help the high-quality development of traditional Chinese medicine.展开更多
Objective To evaluate the inhibitory effect of Gnaphalium affine extracts on xanthine oxidase(XO) activity in vitro and to analyze the mechanism of this effect. Methods In this in vitro study, Kinetic measurements wer...Objective To evaluate the inhibitory effect of Gnaphalium affine extracts on xanthine oxidase(XO) activity in vitro and to analyze the mechanism of this effect. Methods In this in vitro study, Kinetic measurements were performed in 4 different inhibitor concentrations and 5 different xanthine concentrations(60, 100, 200, 300, 400 μmol/L). Dixon and Lineweaver-Burk plot analysis were used to determine Ki values and the inhibition mode for the compounds isolated from Gnaphalium affine extract. Results Four potent xanthine oxidase inhibitors were found in 95% ethanolic(v/v) Gnaphalium affine extract. Among them, the f lavone Eupatilin exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect on XO with a inhibition constant(Ki) of 0.37 μmol/L, lower than the Ki of allopurinol(4.56 mol/L), a known synthetic XO inhibitor. Apigenin(Ki of 0.56 μmol/L, a proportion of 0.0053‰ in Gnaphalium affine), luteolin(Ki of 2.63 μmol/L, 0.0032‰ in Gnaphalium affine) and 5-hydroxy-6,7,3',4'-tetramethoxyflavone(Ki of 3.15 μmol/L, 0.0043‰ in Gnaphalium affine) also contributed to the inhibitory effect of Gnaphalium affine extract on XO activity. Conclusions These results suggest that the use of Gnaphalium affine in the treatment of gout could be attributed to its inhibitory effect on XO. This study provides a rational basis for the traditional use of Gnaphalium affine against gout.展开更多
Gut dysbiosis is suggested to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of gout.The aim of our study was to identify the characteristic dysbiosis of the gut microbiota in gout patients and the impact of a commonly used...Gut dysbiosis is suggested to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of gout.The aim of our study was to identify the characteristic dysbiosis of the gut microbiota in gout patients and the impact of a commonly used uric acid-lowering treatment,febuxostat on gut microbiota in gout.16S ribosomal RNA sequencing and metagenomic shotgun sequencing was performed on fecal DNA isolated from 38 untreated gout patients,38 gout patients treated with febuxostat,and 26 healthy controls.A restriction of gut microbiota biodiversity was detected in the untreated gout patients,and the alteration was partly restored by febuxostat.Biochemical metabolic indexes involved in liver and kidney metabolism were significantly associated with the gut microbiota composition in gout patients.Functional analysis revealed that the gut microbiome of gout patients had an enriched function on carbohydrate metabolism but a lower potential for purine metabolism,which was comparatively enhanced in the febuxostat treated gout patients.A classification microbial model obtained a high mean area under the curve up to 0.973.Therefore,gut dysbiosis characterizings gout could potentially serve as a noninvasive diagnostic tool for gout and may be a promising target of future preventive interventions.展开更多
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of the Tibetan medicine Ru Peng15 powder(RPP15) on uric acid levels, and explore its possible mechanisms of action in hyperuricemic animal models.METHODS: Hyperuricemic mice were g...OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of the Tibetan medicine Ru Peng15 powder(RPP15) on uric acid levels, and explore its possible mechanisms of action in hyperuricemic animal models.METHODS: Hyperuricemic mice were generated by orally administering yeast extract paste twice daily(30 g/kg) for 8 days, to mimic human hyperuricemia induced by high-protein diets. Hyperuricemic rats were generated by intraperitoneal injection of 250 mg/kg potassium oxonate to each animal 1 h before the last oral administration of test compounds, which raised the serum uric acid level by inhibiting the decomposition of uric acid. Levels of uric acid and creatinine in serum and urine were detected by the phosphotungstic acid and picric acid methods respectively, and the activity of xanthine oxidase(XOD) was assayed using a commercial test kit.RESULTS: RPP15(0.4, 0.8, 1.2 g/kg) significantly decreased the level of serum uric acid in healthy rats(P < 0.05). Furthermore, hyperuricemic rats treated with RPP15(0.4, 0.8, 1.2 g/kg) had lower serum uric acid levels(P < 0.05), accompanied by lower urine uric acid(P < 0.05). For the hyperuricemic mice, the levels of uric acid in the serum decreased significantly(P < 0.05) and the activity of XOD in the liver was restored to normal levels after treatment with RPP15(P < 0.05).CONCLUSION: RPP15(0.4, 0.8, 1.2 g/kg) demonstrated an anti-hyperuricemic effect on both healthy and hyperuricemic animals, and the mechanism is most likely associated with inhibiting the activity of XOD.展开更多
Korean oriental medicine prescription is widely used for the treatment of gouty diseases. In the present study, we investigated anti-inflammatory effects of modified Korean herbal formulation, mixed extract of medicin...Korean oriental medicine prescription is widely used for the treatment of gouty diseases. In the present study, we investigated anti-inflammatory effects of modified Korean herbal formulation, mixed extract of medicinal herbs(MEMH), and its modulatory effects on inflammatory mediators associated with gouty arthritis. Both in vitro and in vivo studies were carried out to assess the anti-inflammatory efficacy of MEMH on monosodium urate(MSU) crystals-induced gouty inflammation. MSU crystals stimulated human chondrosarcoma cell line, SW1353, and human primary chondrocytes were treated with MEMH in vitro. The expression levels of pro-inflammatory mediators and metalloproteases were analyzed. The effect of MEMH on NFκB signaling pathway in SW1353 cells was examined. Effect of MEMH on the mR NA expression level of pro-inflammatory mediators and chemotactic factor from human monocytic cell line, THP-1, was also analyzed. The probable role of MEMH in the differentiation process of osteoblast like cells, SaO S-2, after MSU treatment was also observed. To investigate the effects of MEMH in vivo, MSU crystals-induced ankle arthritic model was established. Histopathological changes in affected joints and plasma levels of pro-inflammatory mediators(IL-1β and TNFα) were recorded. MEMH inhibited NFκB signaling pathway and COX-2 protein expression in chondrocytes. MSU-induced mR NA expressions of pro-inflammatory mediators and chemotactic cytokines were suppressed by MEMH. In MSU crystals-induced ankle arthritic mouse model, administration of MEMH relieved inflammatory symptoms and decreased the plasma levels of IL-1β and TNFα. The results indicated that MEMH can effectively inhibit the expression of inflammatory mediators in gouty arthritis, demonstrating its potential for treating gouty arthritis.展开更多
OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the curative effect of integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on gout,and to investigate the therapy timing and exact treatment options of integrated medicine.METHODS:Totally 860 pat...OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the curative effect of integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on gout,and to investigate the therapy timing and exact treatment options of integrated medicine.METHODS:Totally 860 patients were enrolled,including 460 patients with intermittent gout,200 patients with active Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)syndrome(TCM syndrome score≥6)and200 patients with stable TCM syndrome(score<6).They were randomly divided into intervention and control groups.The control group was treated according to Western Medicine guidelines.The intervention group was treated with integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine.The efficacy of TCM syndrome,joint pain score,joint swelling score,ESR,C-reactive protein,serum uric acid,liver and kidney function,and the duration of remission of TCM syndrome were compared between the two groups before and after treatments.RESULTS:For the patients with stable TCM syndrome,there was no significant difference in the effective rate and inefficiency between the intervention group and the control group.For the active type,the effective rate of the intervention group is better than the control group significantly.For the stable type,there was no significant difference between the intervention group and the control group in improving the scores of joint pain and swelling,reducing the level of ESR,C-reactive protein,serum uric acid and improving liver and kidney function.For the active type,the differences between the two groups were significant.The stable stage of gout in the intervention group was longer than the control group.CONCLUSION:For the gout patients with stable TCM syndrome in the acute stage of gout,we can use TCM treatment or Western Medicine alternatively;for the patients with active TCM syndrome,the scheme of combination of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine can be applied,with the better curative effect than any medicine alone.展开更多
Hyperuricemia(HUA)is a condition associated with a high concentration of uric acid(UA)in the bloodstream and can cause gout and chronic kidney disease.The gut microbiota of patients with gout and HUA is significantly ...Hyperuricemia(HUA)is a condition associated with a high concentration of uric acid(UA)in the bloodstream and can cause gout and chronic kidney disease.The gut microbiota of patients with gout and HUA is significantly altered compared to that of healthy people.This article focused on the complex interconnection between alterations in the gut microbiota and the development of this disorder.Some studies have suggested that changes in the composition,diversity,and activity of microbes play a key role in establishing and progressing HUA and gout pathogenesis.Therefore,we discussed how the gut microbiota contributes to HUA through purine metabolism,UA excretion,and intestinal inflammatory responses.We examined specific changes in the composition of the gut microbiota associated with gout and HUA,highlighting key bacterial taxa and the metabolic pathways involved.Additionally,we discussed the effect of conventional gout treatments on the gut microbiota composition,along with emerging therapeutic approaches that target the gut microbiome,such as the use of probiotics and prebiotics.We also provided insights into a study regarding the gut microbiota as a possible novel therapeutic intervention for gout treatment and dysbiosis-related diagnosis.展开更多
OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of Rebixiao(RBX)Chinese herbal tablets(CHT)and Chinese formula granules(CFG)in the treatment of acute gout arthritis(AGA).METHODS:This randomized,multicenter,doub...OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of Rebixiao(RBX)Chinese herbal tablets(CHT)and Chinese formula granules(CFG)in the treatment of acute gout arthritis(AGA).METHODS:This randomized,multicenter,double-blind,controlled trial included 165 AGA patients with the damp-heat symptom pattern who were randomly divided into an RBX CHT group and an RBX CFG group and treated for 7 d at three centers.The total effective rates of the joint symptom score,Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)symptoms score,erythrocyte sedimentation rate(ESR),and C-reactive protein(CRP)were used to evaluate the clinical efficacy.Safety assessments were also performed.RESULTS:Of the 165 enrolled patients,147 completed the clinical observation.There was no difference in baseline between the two groups.The total effective rates of the joint symptom score were 94.36%and 97.36%,and the total effective rates of the TCM symptoms score were 95.77%and 97.36%in the CFG group and CHT group,respectively.No statistical difference was found between the two groups(P>0.05).Additionally,ESR and CRP were similar in both groups(P>0.05).Furthermore,treatment efficacy regarding TCM and joint symptoms,the ESR,and CRP were consistent within each center and among the different centers(P>0.05).In addition,the incidence of adverse events was 4.22%and 2.63%in the CFG group and CHT group,respectively,and no difference was observed between the two groups(P>0.05).CONCLUSION:RBX CFG and CHT have significant and similar efficacy in the treatment of AGA,and CFG did not increase adverse side effects.展开更多
Carpal tunnel syndrome(CTS) is well recognized as the most common type of peripheral neuropathy. A rare cause of CTS is tophaceous gout. Tophi deposits can accumulate in various structures including the flexor tendons...Carpal tunnel syndrome(CTS) is well recognized as the most common type of peripheral neuropathy. A rare cause of CTS is tophaceous gout. Tophi deposits can accumulate in various structures including the flexor tendons, tendon sheaths, the carpal tunnel floor, transverse carpal ligament, and even the median nerve, causing various symptoms such as pain, numbness, and weakness. Tophi forming in the carpal canal can compress the median nerve, leading to CTS. Here, we describe a 25-year-old male with a family history of tophaceous gout who presented with typical CTS symptoms. Although he had chronic numbness in his right hand, he failed to present with any obvious pal-pable masses on his forearm or hand. However, his family history, laboratory, clinical, and magnetic re-sonance imaging findings were consistent with tophi deposits. CTS symptoms were eased through surgical removal of tophi and decompression of the median nerve. No recurrences of gout and CTS symptoms were reported at a one-year follow-up. This case shows that CTS symptoms could be the initial manifestation of tophaceous gout. In patients with a family history of gout and with CTS symptoms, imaging examinations are critical for early diagnosis and selecting appropriate treatment. Surgical removal of "covert" tophi and decompression of the median nerve is an effective option for eliminating symptoms.展开更多
·AIM: To characterize the clinical features of ocular surface in gout patients in coastal area of Shandong Province in China. ·METHODS: A total of 380 consecutive gout patients were examined from January 201...·AIM: To characterize the clinical features of ocular surface in gout patients in coastal area of Shandong Province in China. ·METHODS: A total of 380 consecutive gout patients were examined from January 2011 to May 2011. According to the course of gout, patients were divided into group A (【5 years), B (5 -10 years) and C (】10 years). Group D (control group) was consist of 50 healthy subjects. Eyelids, lateral canthus, medial canthus, palpebral conjunctiva, sclera and cornea, anterior chamber, lens, anterior vitreous were examined by slit lamp to find whether there were deposition of uric acid crystals, ocular vascular tortuosity, redness and subconjunctival hemorrhage. The ophthalmic exams of visual acuity, intraocular pressure, fundus were used to assess any gout-related eye disease. ·RESULTS: Uric acid crystals were found in 3 patients and the positions of the deposite were in corneal stroma, corneal epithelium and superficial stroma, and sclera respectively. The incidence was 0.79% . Dilatated and tortuous blood vessels in conjunctiva and sclera surface were found in 38 (23.8% ), 40 (44.0% ), 58 (45.0% ), 9 (18.0% ) patients in groups A, B, C and D, respectively. The differences between group B and D, group C and D were statistically significant( 【0.01, 【0.01).Transparent vesicles with metal -like reflected light in subconjunctiva were seen in 26 (16.2%), 29 (31.9%), 41 (31.8%), 2 (4.00%) patients in groups A, B, C and D, respectively. The differences between A and D, B and D, C and D were statistically significant ( 【0.05, 【0.01, 【0.01). Subconjunctival hemorrhage was found in all groups, the difference among the four groups showed no statistically significance. · CONCLUSION: Gout can cause ocular surface abnormalities, such as tophi deposition, subconjunctival transparent vesicles and hemorrhage, and vascular changes. These features have important clinical significance in early detection of the gout and prevention of eye injury. ·展开更多
文摘Objective:To explore the mechanism of action of"Weilingxian-Guizhi"two drugs in the treatment of gout.Method:First obtain the 15 chemical components contained in the"Weilingxian-Guizhi"drug,predict its target points through the database,and then construct the gout-related protein-protein interaction network(PPI),and then construct the"Weiling,"the"Xian,Guizhi"drug pair"active ingredient-predicted target"network,the construction of the gout-related"Weilingxian-Guizhi"drug pair"active ingredient-potential target"network,based on the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)biological pathway enrichment analysis and gene ontology(GO)functional enrichment analysis,to study the mechanism of action of the two drugs"Weilingxian-Guizhi"in the treatment of gout.Results:The goutrelated"Weilingxian-Guizhi"drug pair"active ingredient-potential target"network contains 14 targets.KEGG pathway enrichment analysis yields 32 pathways,and GO functional enrichment analysis yields 517 GO entries.Among them,there are 468 items related to biological processes,21 items related to molecular functions,and 28 items related to cell composition.Conclusion:The results of this study initially verified and predicted the mechanism of the"Weilingxian-Cinnamon Stick"medicine on the treatment of gout,and laid a good foundation for further revealing its mechanism of action.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32325040)the Research Fund for the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFD2100700).
文摘Modern lifestyle and diet have increased the incidence rate of uric acid(UA)metabolism-related diseases like hyperuricemia(HUA)and gout,posing heavy economic burden to individual patients and their families and the society.UA metabolism is a complex physiological process involving the kidney,intestine,and other organs.A number of factors together regulate UA metabolism,including genetics,diet,hormones,and the gut microbiota.This review summaries the gut microbiota features in subjects with HUA and gout,and the therapeutic effects of implementing microecological therapies(probiotics,prebiotics,or fecal microbiota transplant)that target modulate the gut microbiota and its downstream metabolism on the disease.Current evidence shows that these strategies are safe and promising in alleviate inflammation,reduce UA,and restoring a healthy gut microbiota in subjects with UA metabolism-related diseases.However,most clinical data are generated by animal studies.Therefore,we propose that vigorous human intervention trials should be conducted in the future to evaluate the therapeutic effects of microecological therapies in managing HUA and gout.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No:U20A20406).
文摘Hyperuricemia(HUA)and gout became typical metabolic disorders characterized by multiple pathogenic factors.Their incidence increased annually,affecting younger populations.Given that uric acid(UA)and inflammation were the primary disease mechanisms,the search for effective and low-side-effect UA-lowering and anti-inflammatory drugs became a pressing scientific priority.Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)encompassed a rich array of theoretical and practical experience,along with a diverse range of chemical substances,making herbs or their components potential sources for therapeutic drugs.Despite the significant role that modern herbal medicines played in treating HUA and gout,the existing research literature remained fragmented,lacking comprehensive and systematic reviews.In this review,we focused on the regulation of UA and summarized the discovery of UA-lowering pharmacodynamic components or ingredients derived from herbs and formulas,as well as their multi-targeted mechanisms of action.Emphasizing this focus,we proposed that,compared to acute inflammation,low-grade inflammation may play a relatively“unnoticed”role in the disease process.In contrast to Western medicine,we discussed the risks and benefits of herbal medicines and their ingredients for treatment,drawing from theoretical insights and clinical practice.This review offered comprehensive perspectives on the research into anti-HUA and gout treatments using herbal medicines and their natural products.Additionally,it provided a forward-looking view on natural product discovery,the exploration of therapeutic strategies,and new drug research in this field.
文摘To elucidate the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of the herbal medicine pair Smilax Glabra and Semen Coicis in treating gout and hyperuricemia,a comprehensive analysis was conducted using network pharmacology and molecular docking methods.Disease-associated targets for gout and hyperuricemia were identified from the GeneCards,OMIM,Disgenet,and TTD databases,while the key active components and their corresponding targets for Smilax Glabra and Semen Coicis were obtained from the TCSMP database.The intersection of these targets enabled the construction of a protein-protein interaction(PPI)network,which was subsequently visualized and analyzed.Core targets were further subjected to Gene Ontology(GO)and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)enrichment analyses to elucidate the biological processes and pathways involved.Molecular docking was then employed to validate the reliability of the interactions between the active components and the identified targets.The analysis revealed that Smilax Glabra and Semen Coicis contained 15 bioactive components that interacted with 393 potential targets,while gout and hyperuricemia were associated with 660 targets in total.The primary active compounds implicated in treating these conditions included diosgenin,quercetin,and naringenin,which were found to interact with crucial hub targets such as BCL2,CASP3,and MAPK3.These interactions suggested that the herbal medicine pair modulated several biological processes,including gland development and the regulation of body fluid levels,through pathways involving membrane rafts,membrane microdomains,and nuclear receptor activities.Enrichment analyses highlighted their involvement in multiple signaling pathways,such as EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance,phospholipase D signaling,and platelet activation.Molecular docking confirmed the strong binding affinities between the hub genes and the major active components,supporting their potential role in therapeutic efficacy.This study demonstrated that Smilax Glabra and Semen Coicis might offer a promising therapeutic strategy for gout and hyperuricemia by targeting multiple molecular components,biological functions,and pathways.The findings underscored the unique potential of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)in managing complex diseases by leveraging synergistic effects across diverse biological mechanisms.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(DUT24YG142).
文摘Curcumin,a bioactive compound extracted from Curcuma longa.L.,demonstrates significant therapeutic potential in inflammatory diseases.This study aims to explore the effects of curcumin on hyperuricemia with acute gout and associated renal dysfunction in a mouse model.The results show that curcumin treatment alleviates ankle joint swelling,reduces inflammatory cytokines IL-1βand TNF-α,and lowers serum uric acid concentrations.High-dose curcumin notably inhibits xanthine oxidase(XOD)activity,a key enzyme in uric acid production,while it enhances the renal expression of the urate transporter ABCG2,thereby promoting uric acid excretion.Furthermore,curcumin effectively mitigates renal injury as evidenced by reduced serum creatinineand blood urea nitrogen levels and suppresses renal inflammation.At the molecular level,curcumin exerts potent antioxidant effects by lowering reactive oxygen species(ROS)levels in both cultured HK-2 human renal tubular epithelial cells and RAW264.7 mouse macrophages.The curcumin-mediated effects are associated with the disruption of NEK7-NLRP3 complex formation,leading to the suppression of the ROS/NEK7-NLRP3 inflammasome pathway.This,in turn,inhibits pyroptosis and the subsequent release of mature IL-1β.These findings suggest that curcumin not only reduces uric acid production but also modulates inflammation through ROSscavenging properties and its ability to inhibit the NLRP3 inflammasome.
基金funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China(32360564)the Natural Science and Technology Innovation Development Multiplication Plan of Guangxi University(2022BZRC010)。
文摘Hyperuricemia(HUA)is characterized by elevated levels of uric acid(UA)in the bloodstream,resulting from either excessive production or insufficient excretion of UA within the body.If left untreated,progressive or persistent HUA can lead to gout,causing significant harm to human health.Lactic acid bacteria(LAB),generally recognized as safe(GRAS)probiotics,have been shown to alleviate symptoms associated with gastrointestinal disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease while supporting overall bodily functions and health.Recently,LAB has emerged as a potentially safe,cost-effective and efficient treatment for HUA.This comprehensive review aims to explore the current literature on the mechanisms through which LAB controls HUA.These mechanisms include suppressing purine metabolism,absorbing purine compounds,modulating microbiota to maintain host global purine homeostasis,reducing intestinal permeability,producing metabolites that alleviate HUA symptoms,promoting the expression of urate excretory proteins and inhibiting the expression of urate reabsorption proteins.The findings presented in this review provide a framework for further investigation into how probiotic LAB can alleviate HUA by influencing UA metabolism and elucidating their underlying action mechanisms.
文摘The study by Lin et al delves into the clinical impact of dapagliflozin,a repre-sentative sodium-glucose cotransporter 2(SGLT2)inhibitor,on chronic heart failure complicated by hyperuricemia.This investigation highlights dapagliflo-zin’s efficacy in lowering serum uric acid levels,enhancing cardiac function,and reducing cardiovascular events.This work not only provides a comprehensive analysis of dapagliflozin’s sustained benefits in these patients but also introduces novel insights for managing chronic heart failure exacerbated by elevated uric acid.Furthermore,this review examines the potential role of SGLT2 inhibitor in the context of gout,evaluating its mechanisms and clinical application prospects in the management of hyperuricemia,thereby further enriching the medical community’s understanding of SGLT2 inhibitor.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Nos.2022YFC3501200 and 2022YFC3501203)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.8217152586).
文摘In order to implement the requirements of the document Opinions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council on Promoting the Inheritance and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine,accelerate the promotion of the construction of a healthy China,adhere to the equal importance of Chinese and Western medicines,promote the mutual complementarity of traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine and coordinated development,strengthen the academic exchanges and cooperation of Chinese and Western medicine in the field of preventing and controlling gout,and cultivate the high-caliber young clinical talents,the China Association of Chinese Medicine(CACM)organized the 48th Salon on Clinical Advantageous Diseases in Beijing on 21 March 2025,focusing on the combined Chinese and Western medicine diagnosis and treatment strategy of gout,bringing together experts in Chinese and Western medicine and interdisciplinary fields,and reaching specific recommendations and consensus on the combined Chinese and Western medicine diagnosis and treatment of gout through in-depth discussion.On this basis,under the leadership of the CACM,gout diagnosis and treatment problems were analyzed from the perspective of gout occurrence and development law,focusing on the advantages and characteristics of Chinese medicine and combined Chinese and Western medicine in gout diagnosis and treatment,and proposing scientific research and technological layout of gout in the following aspects:(1)Improvement of gout staging and identification system,(2)optimization of Chinese medicine to prevent and treat gout and drug research and development,(3)improvement of indicators for post-treatment assessment of gout,(4)research on early warning system of Chinese and Western medicine,(5)construction of gout co-morbidities spectrum and Chinese medicine theoretical system,(6)research on co-morbidities mechanism of gout,(7)chronic disease grassroots health management,and at the same time,it also puts forward the proposed layout and direction of the research,the expected goal and value and the priority of the proposed funding.Therefore,this article is based on the gout Chinese medicine advantageous disease series salon,proposed gout scientific and technological research paradigm,in order to help the high-quality development of traditional Chinese medicine.
文摘Objective To evaluate the inhibitory effect of Gnaphalium affine extracts on xanthine oxidase(XO) activity in vitro and to analyze the mechanism of this effect. Methods In this in vitro study, Kinetic measurements were performed in 4 different inhibitor concentrations and 5 different xanthine concentrations(60, 100, 200, 300, 400 μmol/L). Dixon and Lineweaver-Burk plot analysis were used to determine Ki values and the inhibition mode for the compounds isolated from Gnaphalium affine extract. Results Four potent xanthine oxidase inhibitors were found in 95% ethanolic(v/v) Gnaphalium affine extract. Among them, the f lavone Eupatilin exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect on XO with a inhibition constant(Ki) of 0.37 μmol/L, lower than the Ki of allopurinol(4.56 mol/L), a known synthetic XO inhibitor. Apigenin(Ki of 0.56 μmol/L, a proportion of 0.0053‰ in Gnaphalium affine), luteolin(Ki of 2.63 μmol/L, 0.0032‰ in Gnaphalium affine) and 5-hydroxy-6,7,3',4'-tetramethoxyflavone(Ki of 3.15 μmol/L, 0.0043‰ in Gnaphalium affine) also contributed to the inhibitory effect of Gnaphalium affine extract on XO activity. Conclusions These results suggest that the use of Gnaphalium affine in the treatment of gout could be attributed to its inhibitory effect on XO. This study provides a rational basis for the traditional use of Gnaphalium affine against gout.
基金the Project of Zhejiang Provincial Department of Education,China(Y202045471)the Project of Wenzhou Science and Technology,China(NO.Y2020205)。
文摘Gut dysbiosis is suggested to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of gout.The aim of our study was to identify the characteristic dysbiosis of the gut microbiota in gout patients and the impact of a commonly used uric acid-lowering treatment,febuxostat on gut microbiota in gout.16S ribosomal RNA sequencing and metagenomic shotgun sequencing was performed on fecal DNA isolated from 38 untreated gout patients,38 gout patients treated with febuxostat,and 26 healthy controls.A restriction of gut microbiota biodiversity was detected in the untreated gout patients,and the alteration was partly restored by febuxostat.Biochemical metabolic indexes involved in liver and kidney metabolism were significantly associated with the gut microbiota composition in gout patients.Functional analysis revealed that the gut microbiome of gout patients had an enriched function on carbohydrate metabolism but a lower potential for purine metabolism,which was comparatively enhanced in the febuxostat treated gout patients.A classification microbial model obtained a high mean area under the curve up to 0.973.Therefore,gut dysbiosis characterizings gout could potentially serve as a noninvasive diagnostic tool for gout and may be a promising target of future preventive interventions.
基金Supported by the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China(A Study on the Anti-gout Effects and Related Mechanisms of Tibetan Medicine Rupeng15 Powder,No.81160410)
文摘OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of the Tibetan medicine Ru Peng15 powder(RPP15) on uric acid levels, and explore its possible mechanisms of action in hyperuricemic animal models.METHODS: Hyperuricemic mice were generated by orally administering yeast extract paste twice daily(30 g/kg) for 8 days, to mimic human hyperuricemia induced by high-protein diets. Hyperuricemic rats were generated by intraperitoneal injection of 250 mg/kg potassium oxonate to each animal 1 h before the last oral administration of test compounds, which raised the serum uric acid level by inhibiting the decomposition of uric acid. Levels of uric acid and creatinine in serum and urine were detected by the phosphotungstic acid and picric acid methods respectively, and the activity of xanthine oxidase(XOD) was assayed using a commercial test kit.RESULTS: RPP15(0.4, 0.8, 1.2 g/kg) significantly decreased the level of serum uric acid in healthy rats(P < 0.05). Furthermore, hyperuricemic rats treated with RPP15(0.4, 0.8, 1.2 g/kg) had lower serum uric acid levels(P < 0.05), accompanied by lower urine uric acid(P < 0.05). For the hyperuricemic mice, the levels of uric acid in the serum decreased significantly(P < 0.05) and the activity of XOD in the liver was restored to normal levels after treatment with RPP15(P < 0.05).CONCLUSION: RPP15(0.4, 0.8, 1.2 g/kg) demonstrated an anti-hyperuricemic effect on both healthy and hyperuricemic animals, and the mechanism is most likely associated with inhibiting the activity of XOD.
基金supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Education(Nos.2014R1A1A4A03009388&2014R1A1A2055560)a grant of the Korea Health Technology R&D Project through the Korea Health Industry Development Institute(KHIDI)+2 种基金funded by the Ministry of Health&Welfare,Republic of Korea(No.HI12C1265)Hallym University Research Fund
文摘Korean oriental medicine prescription is widely used for the treatment of gouty diseases. In the present study, we investigated anti-inflammatory effects of modified Korean herbal formulation, mixed extract of medicinal herbs(MEMH), and its modulatory effects on inflammatory mediators associated with gouty arthritis. Both in vitro and in vivo studies were carried out to assess the anti-inflammatory efficacy of MEMH on monosodium urate(MSU) crystals-induced gouty inflammation. MSU crystals stimulated human chondrosarcoma cell line, SW1353, and human primary chondrocytes were treated with MEMH in vitro. The expression levels of pro-inflammatory mediators and metalloproteases were analyzed. The effect of MEMH on NFκB signaling pathway in SW1353 cells was examined. Effect of MEMH on the mR NA expression level of pro-inflammatory mediators and chemotactic factor from human monocytic cell line, THP-1, was also analyzed. The probable role of MEMH in the differentiation process of osteoblast like cells, SaO S-2, after MSU treatment was also observed. To investigate the effects of MEMH in vivo, MSU crystals-induced ankle arthritic model was established. Histopathological changes in affected joints and plasma levels of pro-inflammatory mediators(IL-1β and TNFα) were recorded. MEMH inhibited NFκB signaling pathway and COX-2 protein expression in chondrocytes. MSU-induced mR NA expressions of pro-inflammatory mediators and chemotactic cytokines were suppressed by MEMH. In MSU crystals-induced ankle arthritic mouse model, administration of MEMH relieved inflammatory symptoms and decreased the plasma levels of IL-1β and TNFα. The results indicated that MEMH can effectively inhibit the expression of inflammatory mediators in gouty arthritis, demonstrating its potential for treating gouty arthritis.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Chinese Herbal for Heat-clearing,Detoxifying,Dampness-removing and Turbidity-dissolving in Interfering with Macrophage Autophagy Loop in Treating Gout Acute Inflammation,No.82074377the Role of Macrophage Pyroptosis in the Pathomechanism of Gout and the Intervening Mechanism of Heat-clearing,Detoxifying,Dampness-removing and Turbidity-dissolving,No.81673927)。
文摘OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the curative effect of integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on gout,and to investigate the therapy timing and exact treatment options of integrated medicine.METHODS:Totally 860 patients were enrolled,including 460 patients with intermittent gout,200 patients with active Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)syndrome(TCM syndrome score≥6)and200 patients with stable TCM syndrome(score<6).They were randomly divided into intervention and control groups.The control group was treated according to Western Medicine guidelines.The intervention group was treated with integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine.The efficacy of TCM syndrome,joint pain score,joint swelling score,ESR,C-reactive protein,serum uric acid,liver and kidney function,and the duration of remission of TCM syndrome were compared between the two groups before and after treatments.RESULTS:For the patients with stable TCM syndrome,there was no significant difference in the effective rate and inefficiency between the intervention group and the control group.For the active type,the effective rate of the intervention group is better than the control group significantly.For the stable type,there was no significant difference between the intervention group and the control group in improving the scores of joint pain and swelling,reducing the level of ESR,C-reactive protein,serum uric acid and improving liver and kidney function.For the active type,the differences between the two groups were significant.The stable stage of gout in the intervention group was longer than the control group.CONCLUSION:For the gout patients with stable TCM syndrome in the acute stage of gout,we can use TCM treatment or Western Medicine alternatively;for the patients with active TCM syndrome,the scheme of combination of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine can be applied,with the better curative effect than any medicine alone.
文摘Hyperuricemia(HUA)is a condition associated with a high concentration of uric acid(UA)in the bloodstream and can cause gout and chronic kidney disease.The gut microbiota of patients with gout and HUA is significantly altered compared to that of healthy people.This article focused on the complex interconnection between alterations in the gut microbiota and the development of this disorder.Some studies have suggested that changes in the composition,diversity,and activity of microbes play a key role in establishing and progressing HUA and gout pathogenesis.Therefore,we discussed how the gut microbiota contributes to HUA through purine metabolism,UA excretion,and intestinal inflammatory responses.We examined specific changes in the composition of the gut microbiota associated with gout and HUA,highlighting key bacterial taxa and the metabolic pathways involved.Additionally,we discussed the effect of conventional gout treatments on the gut microbiota composition,along with emerging therapeutic approaches that target the gut microbiome,such as the use of probiotics and prebiotics.We also provided insights into a study regarding the gut microbiota as a possible novel therapeutic intervention for gout treatment and dysbiosis-related diagnosis.
基金grants from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Department of Chongqing Municipal Health and Family Planning commission(No.2012-1-16)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant no.81673724)+1 种基金Chongqing Science and Technology Commission(cstc2018jxj1130084 and cstc2017jxjl130033)Chongqing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Advantageous Diseases Special Fund(No.cqszyyysbz2018004)。
文摘OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of Rebixiao(RBX)Chinese herbal tablets(CHT)and Chinese formula granules(CFG)in the treatment of acute gout arthritis(AGA).METHODS:This randomized,multicenter,double-blind,controlled trial included 165 AGA patients with the damp-heat symptom pattern who were randomly divided into an RBX CHT group and an RBX CFG group and treated for 7 d at three centers.The total effective rates of the joint symptom score,Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)symptoms score,erythrocyte sedimentation rate(ESR),and C-reactive protein(CRP)were used to evaluate the clinical efficacy.Safety assessments were also performed.RESULTS:Of the 165 enrolled patients,147 completed the clinical observation.There was no difference in baseline between the two groups.The total effective rates of the joint symptom score were 94.36%and 97.36%,and the total effective rates of the TCM symptoms score were 95.77%and 97.36%in the CFG group and CHT group,respectively.No statistical difference was found between the two groups(P>0.05).Additionally,ESR and CRP were similar in both groups(P>0.05).Furthermore,treatment efficacy regarding TCM and joint symptoms,the ESR,and CRP were consistent within each center and among the different centers(P>0.05).In addition,the incidence of adverse events was 4.22%and 2.63%in the CFG group and CHT group,respectively,and no difference was observed between the two groups(P>0.05).CONCLUSION:RBX CFG and CHT have significant and similar efficacy in the treatment of AGA,and CFG did not increase adverse side effects.
文摘Carpal tunnel syndrome(CTS) is well recognized as the most common type of peripheral neuropathy. A rare cause of CTS is tophaceous gout. Tophi deposits can accumulate in various structures including the flexor tendons, tendon sheaths, the carpal tunnel floor, transverse carpal ligament, and even the median nerve, causing various symptoms such as pain, numbness, and weakness. Tophi forming in the carpal canal can compress the median nerve, leading to CTS. Here, we describe a 25-year-old male with a family history of tophaceous gout who presented with typical CTS symptoms. Although he had chronic numbness in his right hand, he failed to present with any obvious pal-pable masses on his forearm or hand. However, his family history, laboratory, clinical, and magnetic re-sonance imaging findings were consistent with tophi deposits. CTS symptoms were eased through surgical removal of tophi and decompression of the median nerve. No recurrences of gout and CTS symptoms were reported at a one-year follow-up. This case shows that CTS symptoms could be the initial manifestation of tophaceous gout. In patients with a family history of gout and with CTS symptoms, imaging examinations are critical for early diagnosis and selecting appropriate treatment. Surgical removal of "covert" tophi and decompression of the median nerve is an effective option for eliminating symptoms.
文摘·AIM: To characterize the clinical features of ocular surface in gout patients in coastal area of Shandong Province in China. ·METHODS: A total of 380 consecutive gout patients were examined from January 2011 to May 2011. According to the course of gout, patients were divided into group A (【5 years), B (5 -10 years) and C (】10 years). Group D (control group) was consist of 50 healthy subjects. Eyelids, lateral canthus, medial canthus, palpebral conjunctiva, sclera and cornea, anterior chamber, lens, anterior vitreous were examined by slit lamp to find whether there were deposition of uric acid crystals, ocular vascular tortuosity, redness and subconjunctival hemorrhage. The ophthalmic exams of visual acuity, intraocular pressure, fundus were used to assess any gout-related eye disease. ·RESULTS: Uric acid crystals were found in 3 patients and the positions of the deposite were in corneal stroma, corneal epithelium and superficial stroma, and sclera respectively. The incidence was 0.79% . Dilatated and tortuous blood vessels in conjunctiva and sclera surface were found in 38 (23.8% ), 40 (44.0% ), 58 (45.0% ), 9 (18.0% ) patients in groups A, B, C and D, respectively. The differences between group B and D, group C and D were statistically significant( 【0.01, 【0.01).Transparent vesicles with metal -like reflected light in subconjunctiva were seen in 26 (16.2%), 29 (31.9%), 41 (31.8%), 2 (4.00%) patients in groups A, B, C and D, respectively. The differences between A and D, B and D, C and D were statistically significant ( 【0.05, 【0.01, 【0.01). Subconjunctival hemorrhage was found in all groups, the difference among the four groups showed no statistically significance. · CONCLUSION: Gout can cause ocular surface abnormalities, such as tophi deposition, subconjunctival transparent vesicles and hemorrhage, and vascular changes. These features have important clinical significance in early detection of the gout and prevention of eye injury. ·
