Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation has been widely adopted for plant genetic engineering and the study of gene function(Krenek et al.,2015).This method is prevalent in the genetic transformation of herb...Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation has been widely adopted for plant genetic engineering and the study of gene function(Krenek et al.,2015).This method is prevalent in the genetic transformation of herbaceous plants,with notable applications in species such as Arabidopsis(Yin et al.,2024),soybean(Zhang et al.,2024),rice(Zhang et al.,2020),and Chinese cabbage(Li et al.,2021).However,its application in fruit trees is limited.This is primarily due to their long growth cycles and lack of rapid,efficient,and stable transgenic systems,which severely hinders foundational research involving plant genetic transformation(Mei et al.,2024).Furthermore,for subtropical fruit trees,the presence of recalcitrant seeds adds an extra layer of difficulty to genetic transformation(Umarani et al.,2015),as most methods rely on seed germination as a basis for transformation.展开更多
Inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)is an incurable disease of the digestive system;however,the therapeutic methods for IBD remain limited.The pathogenesis of IBD was systematically discussed and compared in this paper,pri...Inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)is an incurable disease of the digestive system;however,the therapeutic methods for IBD remain limited.The pathogenesis of IBD was systematically discussed and compared in this paper,primarily comprising Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis.This paper focused on six common aspects:(1)Dysregulated immune responses;(2)Gene function changes;(3)Intestinal microbes disorder and imbalance;(4)Microbial infections;(5)Associations between IBD and other inflammatory diseases;and(6)Other factors.In addition,the pathogenesis differences between these two forms of IBD were unraveled and clearly distinguished.These unique aspects of pathogenesis provide crucial insights for the precise treatment of both Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis.This paper illustrates the root causes and beneficial factors of resistance to IBD,which provides novel insights on early prevention,development of new therapeutic agents,and treatment options of this disease.展开更多
Taking AuCu3-type sublattice system as an example, three discoveries have been presented: First, the third barrier hindering the progress in metal materials science is that researchers have got used to recognizing exp...Taking AuCu3-type sublattice system as an example, three discoveries have been presented: First, the third barrier hindering the progress in metal materials science is that researchers have got used to recognizing experimental phenomena of alloy phase transitions during extremely slow variation in temperature by equilibrium thinking mode and then taking erroneous knowledge of experimental phenomena as selected information for establishing Gibbs energy function and so-called equilibrium phase diagram. Second, the equilibrium holographic network phase diagrams of AuCu3-type sublattice system may be used to describe systematic correlativity of the composition?temperature-dependent alloy gene arranging structures and complete thermodynamic properties, and to be a standard for studying experimental subequilibrium order-disorder transition. Third, the equilibrium transition of each alloy is a homogeneous single-phase rather than a heterogeneous two-phase, and there exists a single-phase boundary curve without two-phase region of the ordered and disordered phases; the composition and temperature of the top point on the phase-boundary curve are far away from the ones of the critical point of the AuCu3 compound.展开更多
Taking Au3Cu-type sublattice system as an example, three discoveries have been presented. First, the fourth barrier to hinder the progress of metal materials science is that today’s researchers do not understand that...Taking Au3Cu-type sublattice system as an example, three discoveries have been presented. First, the fourth barrier to hinder the progress of metal materials science is that today’s researchers do not understand that the Gibbs energy function of an alloy phase should be derived from Gibbs energy partition function constructed of alloy gene sequence and their Gibbs energy sequence. Second, the six rules for establishing alloy gene Gibbs energy partition function have been discovered, and it has been specially proved that the probabilities of structure units occupied at the Gibbs energy levels in the degeneracy factor for calculating configuration entropy should be degenerated as ones of component atoms occupied at the lattice points. Third, the main characteristics unexpected by today’s researchers are as follows. There exists a single-phase boundary curve without two-phase region coexisting by the ordered and disordered phases. The composition and temperature of the top point on the phase-boundary curve are far away from those of the critical point of the Au3Cu compound; At 0 K, the composition of the lowest point on the composition-dependent Gibbs energy curve is notably deviated from that of the Au3Cu compounds. The theoretical limit composition range of long range ordered Au3Cu-type alloys is determined by the first jumping order degree.展开更多
Low temperature is one of the main environmental stress factors influenc- ing plant growth and development and crop yield. Cold tolerance genes and progress of their application in genetic engineering of plant for col...Low temperature is one of the main environmental stress factors influenc- ing plant growth and development and crop yield. Cold tolerance genes and progress of their application in genetic engineering of plant for cold tolerance were reviewed comprehensively and systematically from the aspect of genes that are in- volved in biosynthesis of osmotic substances, genes coding fatty acid desaturation enzymes, antifreeze protein genes, genes coding antioxidant enzymes and so on, aiming at laying the foundation for genetic improvement of cold tolerance and breeding of plants.展开更多
The present paper predicted the function of unknow genes by analyzing the co-expression data of Arabidopsis thaliana from biological pathway based on the shortest-path algorithm. This paper proposed that transitive co...The present paper predicted the function of unknow genes by analyzing the co-expression data of Arabidopsis thaliana from biological pathway based on the shortest-path algorithm. This paper proposed that transitive co-expression among genes can be used as an important attribute to link genes of the same biological pathway. The genes from the same biological pathway with similar functions are strongly correlated in expression. Moreover,the function of unknown genes can be predicted by the known genes where they are strongly correlated in expression lying on the same shortest-path from the biological pathway. Analyzing the Arabidopsis thaliana from the biological pathway,this study showed that this method can reliably reveal function of the unknown Arabidopsis thaliana genes and the approach of predicting gene function by transitiving co-expression in shortest-path is feasible and effective.展开更多
Ion channels are crucial in the generation and modulation of excitability in the nervous system and have been implicated in human epilepsy. Forty-one epilepsyassociated ion channel genes and their mutations are system...Ion channels are crucial in the generation and modulation of excitability in the nervous system and have been implicated in human epilepsy. Forty-one epilepsyassociated ion channel genes and their mutations are systematically reviewed. In this paper, we analyzed the genotypes, functional alterations（funotypes）, and phenotypes of these mutations. Eleven genes featured loss-offunction mutations and six had gain-of-function mutations.Nine genes displayed diversified funotypes, among which a distinct funotype-phenotype correlation was found in SCN1A. These data suggest that the funotype is an essential consideration in evaluating the pathogenicity of mutations and a distinct funotype or funotype-phenotype correlation helps to define the pathogenic potential of a gene.展开更多
Rice is a model plant for genomic study of grass species. Functional identification and definition of rice genes becomes the object of its functional genomics research. WRKY gene superfamily, one of the transcription ...Rice is a model plant for genomic study of grass species. Functional identification and definition of rice genes becomes the object of its functional genomics research. WRKY gene superfamily, one of the transcription factor gene families, was recently suggested to play important roles in plant development and stress response. In rice, the results of analyses of expression pattern and ectopic overexpressor lines also support this viewpoint, and the evidences implicate rice WRKY proteins in transcriptional reprogramming during biotic or abiotic stresses, senescence, sugar metabolites, and morphological architecture. In this paper, we review the advance in study of rice WRKY gene family and also propose unified nomenclature for rice WRKY factors to eliminate confusion.展开更多
Zostera marina, a monocotyledonous angiosperm, is one of the most important seagrass species. To inves- tigate the salt-tolerance mechanism and discover salt-tolerant genes in Z. marina, a cDNA library was con- struct...Zostera marina, a monocotyledonous angiosperm, is one of the most important seagrass species. To inves- tigate the salt-tolerance mechanism and discover salt-tolerant genes in Z. marina, a cDNA library was con- structed. Single-pass sequencing of the 5＇ ends of 4 081 clones yielded 4 002 high quality expressed sequence tags （ESTs）, which were assembled into 241 contigs and 1 673 singletons, representing 1 914 unigenes. The average length of the ESTs was 582 bp, with sizes ranging from 100-1 500 bp. Basic Local Alignment Search Tool （BLASTX） analysis revealed that 1 664 unigenes had significant homology to known genes in the Na- tional Center for Biotechnology Information （NCBI） non-redundant （nr） database （E-value≤5-10）. Among them, the two most abundant genes encoded metallothionein （157 ESTs） and chlorophyll a/b-binding pro- tein （38 ESTs）, accounting for 7.1% and 1.7% of the total ESTs, respectively. Using Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes （KEGG）, 1 462 unigenes were assigned to 1 161 pathways （E-value≤5-10）. A total of 938 unigenes were assigned Gene Ontology （GO） terms based on the GO hierarchy analysis, and InterProScan searches recognized 1 003 InterPro families. Three genes for metallothionein in Z. marina that belonged to Class II was identified. Results of this study will improve understanding of the molecular mechanisms of saline tolerance in Z. marina.展开更多
It is very important in the field of bioinformatics to apply computer to perform the function annotation for new sequenced bio-sequences. Based on GO database and BLAST program, a novel method for the function annotat...It is very important in the field of bioinformatics to apply computer to perform the function annotation for new sequenced bio-sequences. Based on GO database and BLAST program, a novel method for the function annotation of new biological sequences is presented by using the variable-precision rough set theory. The proposed method is applied to the real data in GO database to examine its effectiveness. Numerical results show that the proposed method has better precision, recall-rate and harmonic mean value compared with existing methods.展开更多
Curvularia leaf spot, caused mainly by Curvularia lunata, is a widespread plant disease in China. In the recent years, di- rectional host selection by the pathogen, which likely results in the virulence differentiatio...Curvularia leaf spot, caused mainly by Curvularia lunata, is a widespread plant disease in China. In the recent years, di- rectional host selection by the pathogen, which likely results in the virulence differentiation in pathogens, is widely reported. Among the hallmarks potentially associated to pathogen variation in virulence, superoxide dismutase gene Sod has been found to be closely related to the enhancement of virulence. In the present study, the full-length of Sod was obtained via Blastn alignment against GenBank and the whole genome of C. lunata. In order to understand the role of Sod in the vir- ulence variation in C. lunata, targeted gene disruption was performed to construct Sod mutants. The cell wall degrading enzyme （CWDE） activities and toxin production of ASod were not distinctly different from wild-type strain CX-3 and its complon. However, at an early stage of infection, 3Sod virulence appeared to be lower than CX-3 and the complon, while at a later stage, its virulence gradually returned to the level of CX-3 and the complon. Furthermore, the melanin production of ASod was significantly reduced compared to CX-3 and the complon, suggesting that Sod gene influences the virulence by regulating melanin production at an early stage of infection but is not essential for pathogenicity. However, the disruption of Sod did not significantly affect the transcriptional expression of the melanin biosynthesis-associated genes, bml and scd. Therefore, we infer that Sod in C. lunata are involved, to some extent, with the virulence in maize leaf, but still needs further studies to have a clear understanding of its mechanism.展开更多
Members of the activity of bc1 complex (ABC1) family are protein kinases that are widely found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Previous studies showed that several plant ABC1 genes participated in the abiotic stress re...Members of the activity of bc1 complex (ABC1) family are protein kinases that are widely found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Previous studies showed that several plant ABC1 genes participated in the abiotic stress response. Here, we present the systematic identification of rice and Arabidopsis ABC1 genes and the expression analysis of rice ABC1 genes. A total of 15 and 17 ABC1 genes from the rice and Arabidopsis genomes, respectively, were identified using a bioinformatics approach. Phylogenetic analyses of these proteins suggested that the divergence of this family had occurred and their main characteristics were established before the monocot-dicot split. Indeed, species-specific expansion contributed to the evolution of this family in rice and Arabidopsis after the monocot-dicot split. Intron/exon structure analysis indicated that most of the orthologous genes had similar exon sizes, but diverse intron sizes, and the rice genes contained larger introns, moreover, intron gain was an important event accompanying the recent evolution of the rice ABC1 family. Multiple sequence alignment revealed one conserved amino acid segment and four conserved amino acids in the ABC1 domain. Online subcellular localization predicted that nine rice ABC1 proteins were localized in chloroplasts. Real-time RT-PCR established that the rice ABC1 genes were primarily expressed in leaves and the expression could be modulated by a broad range of abiotic factors such as H2O2, abscisic acid, low temperature, drought, darkness and high salinity. These results reveal that the rice ABC1 gene family plays roles in the environmental stress response and specific biological processes of rice.展开更多
The long-term impact of fulvic acid(FA)on partial nitritation(PN)systemwas initially examined in this study.The obtained results revealed that the FA lower than 50 mg/L had negligible effect on the nitrite accumulatio...The long-term impact of fulvic acid(FA)on partial nitritation(PN)systemwas initially examined in this study.The obtained results revealed that the FA lower than 50 mg/L had negligible effect on the nitrite accumulation rate(NAR nearly 100%)and ammonium removal rate(ARR 56.85%),while FA over 50 mg/L decreased ARR from 56.85%to 0.7%.Sludge characteristics analysis found that appropriate FA(<50 mg/L)exposure promoted the settling performance and granulation of PN sludge by removing Bacteroidetes and accumulating Chloroflexi.The analysis of metagenomics suggested that the presence of limited FA(0-50 mg/L)stimulated the generation of NADH,which favors the denitrification and nitrite reduction.The negative impact of FA on the PN system could be divided into two stages.Initially,limited FA(50-120 mg/L)was decomposed by Anaerolineae to stimulate the growth and propagation of heterotrophic bacteria(Thauera).Increasing heterotrophs competed with AOB(Nitrosomonas)for dissolved oxygen,causing AOB to be eliminated and ARR to declined.Subsequently,when FA dosage was over 120 mg/L,Anaerolineae were inhibited and heterotrophic bacteria reduced,resulting in the abundance of AOB recovered.Nevertheless,the ammonium transformation pathway was suppressed because genes amoABC and hao were obviously reduced,leading to the deterioration of reactor performance.Overall,these results provide theoretical guidance for the practical application of PN for the treatment of FA-containing sewage.展开更多
Lipoxygenase 3 (LOX3) is a major component of the LOX isozymes in mature rice seeds. To investigate the role of LOX3 gene under stresses, a plant expression vector containing antisense cDNA of LOX3 was constructed. Ri...Lipoxygenase 3 (LOX3) is a major component of the LOX isozymes in mature rice seeds. To investigate the role of LOX3 gene under stresses, a plant expression vector containing antisense cDNA of LOX3 was constructed. Rice varieties Wuyunjing 7 and Kasalath were transformed by the Agrobacterium-mediated method and transgenic rice plants were generated. PCR and Southern blot results showed that the antisense LOX3 gene was integrated into the rice genome. Analyses of embryo LOX3 deletion and semi-quantitative RT-PCR confirmed the antisense suppression of LOX3 gene in transgenic plants. The T2 antisense plants of LOX3 were sensitive to drought stress, rice blast and bacterial blight compared with non-transgenic plants. These results suggest that the LOX3 gene might function in response to stresses.展开更多
The nuclear factor Y(NF-Y) gene family is a class of transcription factors that are widely distributed in eukaryotes and are involved in various biological processes. However, the NF-Y gene family members in watermelo...The nuclear factor Y(NF-Y) gene family is a class of transcription factors that are widely distributed in eukaryotes and are involved in various biological processes. However, the NF-Y gene family members in watermelon, a valued and nutritious fruit, remain largely unknown and their functions have not been characterized. In the present study, 22 ClNF-Y genes in watermelon, 29 CsNF-Y genes in cucumber, and 24CmNF-Y genes in melon were identified based on the whole-genome investigation and their protein properties, gene location, gene structure, motif composition, conserved domain, and evolutionary relationship were investigated. ClNF-YB9 from watermelon and its homologs in cucumber and melon were expressed specifically in seeds. Its expression remained low in the early stages of watermelon seed development,increased at 20 days after pollination(DAP), and peaked at 45–50 DAP. Moreover, the knockout mutant Clnf-yb9 exhibited abnormal leafy cotyledon phenotype, implying its critical role during seed formation.Finally, protein interaction assays showed that ClNF-YB9 interacts with all ClNF-YCs and the ClNF-YB9-YC4 heterodimer was able to recruit a ClNF-YA7 subunit to assemble a complete NF-Y complex, which may function in seed development. This study revealed the structure and evolutionary relationships of the NF-Y gene family in Cucurbitaceae and the novel function of ClNF-YB9 in regulating seed development in watermelon.展开更多
Rice is an important food crop grown in more than 100 countries,and is of particular significance for the Asian people.Obtaining rice cultivars characterized by high yield and outstanding quality has always been the d...Rice is an important food crop grown in more than 100 countries,and is of particular significance for the Asian people.Obtaining rice cultivars characterized by high yield and outstanding quality has always been the desire of rice breeders and scientists.Starch is the principal source of human energy from plant foods.The starch in rice consists of mainly amylose,amylopectin and resistant starch(RS).Amylose and amylopectin are forms of starch that are easily digested in the small intestine,and play an important role in defining the quality of rice.RS is a new form of dietary fiber not easily degraded into glucose in the small intestine which effectively reduces postprandial blood glucose concentration,so it has a significant effect on the nutritional quality of rice.This paper discusses the current gene function research of these three starches in rice,analyzes the effects of some abiotic stress on rice starch content and structure,and explores the relationship between them in order to provide a theoretical reference for the cultivation of new high-quality,high-RS content rice varieties.展开更多
Common wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)is the most important crop in the world and a typical allopolyploid with a large and complex genome.Pre-harvest sprouting(PHS)leads to a significant reduction in grain quality worldwi...Common wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)is the most important crop in the world and a typical allopolyploid with a large and complex genome.Pre-harvest sprouting(PHS)leads to a significant reduction in grain quality worldwide.PHS is a complex trait with related QTL located on different chromosomes.However,the study of markers and genes related to PHS resistance is limited especially for whitegrained wheat.Four pairs of near isogenic lines(NILs)from a white-grained wheat cross of CharaDM5637B*8 targeting a major QTL for PHS resistance(Qphs.ccsu-3A.1)on wheat chromosme 3AL were genotyped using the 90K SNP Illumina iSelect array.Ten SNPs were identified,with a 75%-100%consistency between genotype and phenotype in the resistant or susceptible isolines.The 10 SNPs were converted to cost-effective kompetitive allele-specific PCR(KASP)markers.Screening of 48 wheat cultivars with different phenotypes of PHS identified four KASP markers with 81.3%-85.4%conformity between genotype and phenotype.Further investigation revealed that the four SNPs(BS00022245_51,Kukri_c49927_151,BS00022884_51 and BS00110550_51)corresponding to the four validated KASP markers are residing in three independent genes(TraesCS3A03G1072800,TraesCS3A03G1072400,TraesCS3A03G1071800)close to each other with a distance of 4.28-4.48 Mb to the targeted QTL.These three annotated genes have potential functions related to PHS resistance.Our study revealed that combined use of NILs and the 90K SNP chip is a powerful approach for developing KASP markers and mining functional genes in wheat.The KASP markers for PHS resistance on chromosome 3AL are useful for high-throughput evaluation and marker-assisted selection,and the three identified genes could lead to a better understanding of the genetic pathways controlling PHS.展开更多
The large yellow croaker, Larimichthys crocea is an important marine fish in China with a high economic value. In the last decade, the stock conservation and aquaculture industry of this species have been facing sever...The large yellow croaker, Larimichthys crocea is an important marine fish in China with a high economic value. In the last decade, the stock conservation and aquaculture industry of this species have been facing severe challenges because of wild population collapse and degeneration of important economic traits. However, genes contributing to growth and immunity in L. crocea have not been thoroughly analyzed, and available molecular markers are still not sufficient for genetic resource management and molecular selection. In this work, we sequenced the transcriptome in L. eroeea liver tissue with a Roche 454 sequencing platform and assembled the transcriptome into 93 801 transcripts. Of them, 38 856 transcripts were successfully annotated in nt, nr, Swiss-Prot, InterPro, COG, GO and KEGG databases. Based on the annotation information, 3 165 unigenes related to growth and immunity were identified. Additionally, a total of 6 391 simple sequence repeats （SSRs） were identified from the transcriptome, among which 4 498 SSRs had enough flanking regions to design primers for polymerase chain reactions （PCR）. To access the polymorphism of these markers, 30 primer pairs were randomly selected for PCR amplification and validation in 30 individuals, and 12 primer pairs （40.0%） exhibited obvious length polymorphisms. This work applied RNA-Seq to assemble and analyze a live transeriptome in L. crocea. With gene annotation and sequence information, genes related to growth and immunity were identified and massive SSR markers were developed, providing valuable genetic resources for future gene functional analysis and selective breeding ofL. eroeea.展开更多
Field resistances of nine accessions of common wild rice （Oryza rufipogon Griff.） and one rice variety （IR24） were evaluated by using nine strains of bacterial blight pathogen （Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae） fro...Field resistances of nine accessions of common wild rice （Oryza rufipogon Griff.） and one rice variety （IR24） were evaluated by using nine strains of bacterial blight pathogen （Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae） from the Philippines. IR24 was highly susceptible to all the strains, and six common wild rice accessions resisted all the nine strains, with a resistance frequency of 67%. The accessions Yulin and Wanning were only susceptible to PXO280 and PXO71, respectively. The accession Gaozhou was susceptible to the three strains PXO79, PXO99 and PXO339, whereas resistant to the other six strains. It could be concluded that there is at least one resistance gene in each common wild rice accession. The functional markers of the genes xa5, xa13, Xa21 and Xa27 were used to detect the presence of these resistance genes in the nine tested wild rice accessions, and it was found that four wild rice accessions contained heterozygous xa13. Among the nine common wild rice accessions, five were homozygous for Xa27 and three homozygous for xa27, and the accession Laibin contained neither xa27 nor Xa27. In addition, there were no xa5 and Xa21 in all of these accessions.展开更多
Dynamic nitrification and denitrification processes are affected by changes in soil redox conditions,and they play a vital role in regulating soil N_(2)O emissions in rice-based cultivation.It is imperative to underst...Dynamic nitrification and denitrification processes are affected by changes in soil redox conditions,and they play a vital role in regulating soil N_(2)O emissions in rice-based cultivation.It is imperative to understand the influences of different upland crop planting systems on soil N_(2)O emissions.In this study,we focused on two representative rotation systems in Central China:rapeseed–rice(RR)and wheat–rice(WR).We examined the biotic and abiotic processes underlying the impacts of these upland plantings on soil N_(2)O emissions.The results revealed that during the rapeseed-cultivated seasons in the RR rotation system,the average N_(2)O emissions were 1.24±0.20 and 0.81±0.11 kg N ha^(–1)for the first and second seasons,respectively.These values were comparable to the N_(2)O emissions observed during the first and second wheat-cultivated seasons in the WR rotation system(0.98±0.25 and 0.70±0.04 kg N ha^(–1),respectively).This suggests that upland cultivation has minimal impacts on soil N_(2)O emissions in the two rotation systems.Strong positive correlations were found between N_(2)O fluxes and soil ammonium(NH_(4)^(+)),nitrate(NO_(3)^(–)),microbial biomass nitrogen(MBN),and the ratio of soil dissolved organic carbon(DOC)to NO_(3)^(–)in both RR and WR rotation systems.Moreover,the presence of the AOA-amoA and nirK genes were positively associated with soil N_(2)O fluxes in the RR and WR systems,respectively.This implies that these genes may have different potential roles in facilitating microbial N_(2)O production in various upland plantation models.By using a structural equation model,we found that soil moisture,mineral N,MBN,and the AOA-amoA gene accounted for over 50%of the effects on N_(2)O emissions in the RR rotation system.In the WR rotation system,soil moisture,mineral N,MBN,and the AOA-amoA and nirK genes had a combined impact of over 70%on N_(2)O emissions.These findings demonstrate the interactive effects of functional genes and soil factors,including soil physical characteristics,available carbon and nitrogen,and their ratio,on soil N_(2)O emissions during upland cultivation seasons under rice-upland rotations.展开更多
基金funded by the Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province(Grant No.2022B0202070002)the Guangxi Science and Technology Major Program(Grant No.GuikeAA23023007-2)+1 种基金the Guangdong Province Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System Innovation Team Construction Project(2024CXTD19)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(Grant No.2023A1515010303)。
文摘Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation has been widely adopted for plant genetic engineering and the study of gene function(Krenek et al.,2015).This method is prevalent in the genetic transformation of herbaceous plants,with notable applications in species such as Arabidopsis(Yin et al.,2024),soybean(Zhang et al.,2024),rice(Zhang et al.,2020),and Chinese cabbage(Li et al.,2021).However,its application in fruit trees is limited.This is primarily due to their long growth cycles and lack of rapid,efficient,and stable transgenic systems,which severely hinders foundational research involving plant genetic transformation(Mei et al.,2024).Furthermore,for subtropical fruit trees,the presence of recalcitrant seeds adds an extra layer of difficulty to genetic transformation(Umarani et al.,2015),as most methods rely on seed germination as a basis for transformation.
基金Supported by Tianjin Municipal Science and Technology Commission Grant,No.24ZXRKSY00010Program for Innovative Research Team in Peking Union Medical College,CAMS Initiative for Innovative Medicine,No.2023-I2M-2-008.
文摘Inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)is an incurable disease of the digestive system;however,the therapeutic methods for IBD remain limited.The pathogenesis of IBD was systematically discussed and compared in this paper,primarily comprising Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis.This paper focused on six common aspects:(1)Dysregulated immune responses;(2)Gene function changes;(3)Intestinal microbes disorder and imbalance;(4)Microbial infections;(5)Associations between IBD and other inflammatory diseases;and(6)Other factors.In addition,the pathogenesis differences between these two forms of IBD were unraveled and clearly distinguished.These unique aspects of pathogenesis provide crucial insights for the precise treatment of both Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis.This paper illustrates the root causes and beneficial factors of resistance to IBD,which provides novel insights on early prevention,development of new therapeutic agents,and treatment options of this disease.
基金Project(51071181)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2013FJ4043)supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province,China
文摘Taking AuCu3-type sublattice system as an example, three discoveries have been presented: First, the third barrier hindering the progress in metal materials science is that researchers have got used to recognizing experimental phenomena of alloy phase transitions during extremely slow variation in temperature by equilibrium thinking mode and then taking erroneous knowledge of experimental phenomena as selected information for establishing Gibbs energy function and so-called equilibrium phase diagram. Second, the equilibrium holographic network phase diagrams of AuCu3-type sublattice system may be used to describe systematic correlativity of the composition?temperature-dependent alloy gene arranging structures and complete thermodynamic properties, and to be a standard for studying experimental subequilibrium order-disorder transition. Third, the equilibrium transition of each alloy is a homogeneous single-phase rather than a heterogeneous two-phase, and there exists a single-phase boundary curve without two-phase region of the ordered and disordered phases; the composition and temperature of the top point on the phase-boundary curve are far away from the ones of the critical point of the AuCu3 compound.
基金Project(51071181)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2013FJ4043)supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province,China
文摘Taking Au3Cu-type sublattice system as an example, three discoveries have been presented. First, the fourth barrier to hinder the progress of metal materials science is that today’s researchers do not understand that the Gibbs energy function of an alloy phase should be derived from Gibbs energy partition function constructed of alloy gene sequence and their Gibbs energy sequence. Second, the six rules for establishing alloy gene Gibbs energy partition function have been discovered, and it has been specially proved that the probabilities of structure units occupied at the Gibbs energy levels in the degeneracy factor for calculating configuration entropy should be degenerated as ones of component atoms occupied at the lattice points. Third, the main characteristics unexpected by today’s researchers are as follows. There exists a single-phase boundary curve without two-phase region coexisting by the ordered and disordered phases. The composition and temperature of the top point on the phase-boundary curve are far away from those of the critical point of the Au3Cu compound; At 0 K, the composition of the lowest point on the composition-dependent Gibbs energy curve is notably deviated from that of the Au3Cu compounds. The theoretical limit composition range of long range ordered Au3Cu-type alloys is determined by the first jumping order degree.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(30871512,31000701)Startup Foundation for Advanced Talents of Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences(2060503)~~
文摘Low temperature is one of the main environmental stress factors influenc- ing plant growth and development and crop yield. Cold tolerance genes and progress of their application in genetic engineering of plant for cold tolerance were reviewed comprehensively and systematically from the aspect of genes that are in- volved in biosynthesis of osmotic substances, genes coding fatty acid desaturation enzymes, antifreeze protein genes, genes coding antioxidant enzymes and so on, aiming at laying the foundation for genetic improvement of cold tolerance and breeding of plants.
基金Supported by Shanghai Municipal Education Committee Educationand Scientific Research (Grant No. 07ZZ60)~~
文摘The present paper predicted the function of unknow genes by analyzing the co-expression data of Arabidopsis thaliana from biological pathway based on the shortest-path algorithm. This paper proposed that transitive co-expression among genes can be used as an important attribute to link genes of the same biological pathway. The genes from the same biological pathway with similar functions are strongly correlated in expression. Moreover,the function of unknown genes can be predicted by the known genes where they are strongly correlated in expression lying on the same shortest-path from the biological pathway. Analyzing the Arabidopsis thaliana from the biological pathway,this study showed that this method can reliably reveal function of the unknown Arabidopsis thaliana genes and the approach of predicting gene function by transitiving co-expression in shortest-path is feasible and effective.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81571273,81571274,81501124,81271434,and 81301107)Omics-based precision medicine of epilepsy being entrusted by Key Research Project of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2016YFC0904400)+5 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province,China (2014A030313489)Science and Technology Planning Projects of Guangdong Province,China (2012B031800404 and 2013B051000084)the Department of Education of Guangdong Province,China (2013CXZDA022,2013KJCX0156,and 2012KJCX009)the Foundation for High-level Talents in Higher Education of Guangdong Province,China (2013-167)Yangcheng Scholar Research Projects of Guangzhou Municipal College (12A016S and 12A017G)Science and Technology Projects of Guangzhou,Guangdong Province,China (2014J4100069,201508020011,201604020161,and 201607010002)
文摘Ion channels are crucial in the generation and modulation of excitability in the nervous system and have been implicated in human epilepsy. Forty-one epilepsyassociated ion channel genes and their mutations are systematically reviewed. In this paper, we analyzed the genotypes, functional alterations（funotypes）, and phenotypes of these mutations. Eleven genes featured loss-offunction mutations and six had gain-of-function mutations.Nine genes displayed diversified funotypes, among which a distinct funotype-phenotype correlation was found in SCN1A. These data suggest that the funotype is an essential consideration in evaluating the pathogenicity of mutations and a distinct funotype or funotype-phenotype correlation helps to define the pathogenic potential of a gene.
基金supported by the Science Foundation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No.KSCX2-YW-N-007)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.30370803)+1 种基金the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (Grant No.2005DKA21006)‘Hundred Talents’ Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
文摘Rice is a model plant for genomic study of grass species. Functional identification and definition of rice genes becomes the object of its functional genomics research. WRKY gene superfamily, one of the transcription factor gene families, was recently suggested to play important roles in plant development and stress response. In rice, the results of analyses of expression pattern and ectopic overexpressor lines also support this viewpoint, and the evidences implicate rice WRKY proteins in transcriptional reprogramming during biotic or abiotic stresses, senescence, sugar metabolites, and morphological architecture. In this paper, we review the advance in study of rice WRKY gene family and also propose unified nomenclature for rice WRKY factors to eliminate confusion.
基金The Key Science and Technology Program of Shandong Province under contract No. 2012GHY11527Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province under contract No. Q2007E02+1 种基金Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education (New Teachers) under contract No. 20070423027the Public Science and Technology Research Funds Projects of Ocean, State Oceanic Administration of the People’s Republic of China under contract No. 201105021-8
文摘Zostera marina, a monocotyledonous angiosperm, is one of the most important seagrass species. To inves- tigate the salt-tolerance mechanism and discover salt-tolerant genes in Z. marina, a cDNA library was con- structed. Single-pass sequencing of the 5＇ ends of 4 081 clones yielded 4 002 high quality expressed sequence tags （ESTs）, which were assembled into 241 contigs and 1 673 singletons, representing 1 914 unigenes. The average length of the ESTs was 582 bp, with sizes ranging from 100-1 500 bp. Basic Local Alignment Search Tool （BLASTX） analysis revealed that 1 664 unigenes had significant homology to known genes in the Na- tional Center for Biotechnology Information （NCBI） non-redundant （nr） database （E-value≤5-10）. Among them, the two most abundant genes encoded metallothionein （157 ESTs） and chlorophyll a/b-binding pro- tein （38 ESTs）, accounting for 7.1% and 1.7% of the total ESTs, respectively. Using Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes （KEGG）, 1 462 unigenes were assigned to 1 161 pathways （E-value≤5-10）. A total of 938 unigenes were assigned Gene Ontology （GO） terms based on the GO hierarchy analysis, and InterProScan searches recognized 1 003 InterPro families. Three genes for metallothionein in Z. marina that belonged to Class II was identified. Results of this study will improve understanding of the molecular mechanisms of saline tolerance in Z. marina.
基金the support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.60673023,60433020,10501017,3040016the European Commission for TH/Asia Link/010 under Grant No.111084.
文摘It is very important in the field of bioinformatics to apply computer to perform the function annotation for new sequenced bio-sequences. Based on GO database and BLAST program, a novel method for the function annotation of new biological sequences is presented by using the variable-precision rough set theory. The proposed method is applied to the real data in GO database to examine its effectiveness. Numerical results show that the proposed method has better precision, recall-rate and harmonic mean value compared with existing methods.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(31171798 and 31471734)the China Agriculture Research System,China(CARS-02)
文摘Curvularia leaf spot, caused mainly by Curvularia lunata, is a widespread plant disease in China. In the recent years, di- rectional host selection by the pathogen, which likely results in the virulence differentiation in pathogens, is widely reported. Among the hallmarks potentially associated to pathogen variation in virulence, superoxide dismutase gene Sod has been found to be closely related to the enhancement of virulence. In the present study, the full-length of Sod was obtained via Blastn alignment against GenBank and the whole genome of C. lunata. In order to understand the role of Sod in the vir- ulence variation in C. lunata, targeted gene disruption was performed to construct Sod mutants. The cell wall degrading enzyme （CWDE） activities and toxin production of ASod were not distinctly different from wild-type strain CX-3 and its complon. However, at an early stage of infection, 3Sod virulence appeared to be lower than CX-3 and the complon, while at a later stage, its virulence gradually returned to the level of CX-3 and the complon. Furthermore, the melanin production of ASod was significantly reduced compared to CX-3 and the complon, suggesting that Sod gene influences the virulence by regulating melanin production at an early stage of infection but is not essential for pathogenicity. However, the disruption of Sod did not significantly affect the transcriptional expression of the melanin biosynthesis-associated genes, bml and scd. Therefore, we infer that Sod in C. lunata are involved, to some extent, with the virulence in maize leaf, but still needs further studies to have a clear understanding of its mechanism.
基金supported by grants from the National Program on the Development of Basic Research of China (Grant No. 2006CB101700)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 30971846)the Vital Project of Natural Science in Universities of Jiangsu Province, China (Grant No. 09KJA210002)
文摘Members of the activity of bc1 complex (ABC1) family are protein kinases that are widely found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Previous studies showed that several plant ABC1 genes participated in the abiotic stress response. Here, we present the systematic identification of rice and Arabidopsis ABC1 genes and the expression analysis of rice ABC1 genes. A total of 15 and 17 ABC1 genes from the rice and Arabidopsis genomes, respectively, were identified using a bioinformatics approach. Phylogenetic analyses of these proteins suggested that the divergence of this family had occurred and their main characteristics were established before the monocot-dicot split. Indeed, species-specific expansion contributed to the evolution of this family in rice and Arabidopsis after the monocot-dicot split. Intron/exon structure analysis indicated that most of the orthologous genes had similar exon sizes, but diverse intron sizes, and the rice genes contained larger introns, moreover, intron gain was an important event accompanying the recent evolution of the rice ABC1 family. Multiple sequence alignment revealed one conserved amino acid segment and four conserved amino acids in the ABC1 domain. Online subcellular localization predicted that nine rice ABC1 proteins were localized in chloroplasts. Real-time RT-PCR established that the rice ABC1 genes were primarily expressed in leaves and the expression could be modulated by a broad range of abiotic factors such as H2O2, abscisic acid, low temperature, drought, darkness and high salinity. These results reveal that the rice ABC1 gene family plays roles in the environmental stress response and specific biological processes of rice.
基金supported by the Key Research&Developmental Program of Shandong Province(Nos.2021CXGC011202,2020CXGC011404)the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(No.8192004)the Beijing Major Science and Technology Projects(No.Z181100005318001)
文摘The long-term impact of fulvic acid(FA)on partial nitritation(PN)systemwas initially examined in this study.The obtained results revealed that the FA lower than 50 mg/L had negligible effect on the nitrite accumulation rate(NAR nearly 100%)and ammonium removal rate(ARR 56.85%),while FA over 50 mg/L decreased ARR from 56.85%to 0.7%.Sludge characteristics analysis found that appropriate FA(<50 mg/L)exposure promoted the settling performance and granulation of PN sludge by removing Bacteroidetes and accumulating Chloroflexi.The analysis of metagenomics suggested that the presence of limited FA(0-50 mg/L)stimulated the generation of NADH,which favors the denitrification and nitrite reduction.The negative impact of FA on the PN system could be divided into two stages.Initially,limited FA(50-120 mg/L)was decomposed by Anaerolineae to stimulate the growth and propagation of heterotrophic bacteria(Thauera).Increasing heterotrophs competed with AOB(Nitrosomonas)for dissolved oxygen,causing AOB to be eliminated and ARR to declined.Subsequently,when FA dosage was over 120 mg/L,Anaerolineae were inhibited and heterotrophic bacteria reduced,resulting in the abundance of AOB recovered.Nevertheless,the ammonium transformation pathway was suppressed because genes amoABC and hao were obviously reduced,leading to the deterioration of reactor performance.Overall,these results provide theoretical guidance for the practical application of PN for the treatment of FA-containing sewage.
基金supported by the grants from the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2004CB117204 and No. 2006CB100200).
文摘Lipoxygenase 3 (LOX3) is a major component of the LOX isozymes in mature rice seeds. To investigate the role of LOX3 gene under stresses, a plant expression vector containing antisense cDNA of LOX3 was constructed. Rice varieties Wuyunjing 7 and Kasalath were transformed by the Agrobacterium-mediated method and transgenic rice plants were generated. PCR and Southern blot results showed that the antisense LOX3 gene was integrated into the rice genome. Analyses of embryo LOX3 deletion and semi-quantitative RT-PCR confirmed the antisense suppression of LOX3 gene in transgenic plants. The T2 antisense plants of LOX3 were sensitive to drought stress, rice blast and bacterial blight compared with non-transgenic plants. These results suggest that the LOX3 gene might function in response to stresses.
基金supported by the National Youth Talent Program (A279021801)Key-Area R&D Program of Guangdong province (2022B0202060001)+4 种基金Key R&D Program of Shaanxi Province (2023-YBNY-008)the Science and Technology Innovation Team of Shaanxi (2021TD-32)the Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province (2021JM-089, 2022JM-112 and 2022JQ-162)the Key R&D Project from Yangling Seed Industry Innovation Center (K3031322016)the Fundamental Research Fund from Northwest A&F University (2452022111)。
文摘The nuclear factor Y(NF-Y) gene family is a class of transcription factors that are widely distributed in eukaryotes and are involved in various biological processes. However, the NF-Y gene family members in watermelon, a valued and nutritious fruit, remain largely unknown and their functions have not been characterized. In the present study, 22 ClNF-Y genes in watermelon, 29 CsNF-Y genes in cucumber, and 24CmNF-Y genes in melon were identified based on the whole-genome investigation and their protein properties, gene location, gene structure, motif composition, conserved domain, and evolutionary relationship were investigated. ClNF-YB9 from watermelon and its homologs in cucumber and melon were expressed specifically in seeds. Its expression remained low in the early stages of watermelon seed development,increased at 20 days after pollination(DAP), and peaked at 45–50 DAP. Moreover, the knockout mutant Clnf-yb9 exhibited abnormal leafy cotyledon phenotype, implying its critical role during seed formation.Finally, protein interaction assays showed that ClNF-YB9 interacts with all ClNF-YCs and the ClNF-YB9-YC4 heterodimer was able to recruit a ClNF-YA7 subunit to assemble a complete NF-Y complex, which may function in seed development. This study revealed the structure and evolutionary relationships of the NF-Y gene family in Cucurbitaceae and the novel function of ClNF-YB9 in regulating seed development in watermelon.
基金the Key R&D Plan Project of Ningxia(Talent Project)(2019BEB04014)the Agricultural Breeding Project of Ningxia(2018NYYZ0302)the Scientific Research Funding Project of Ningxia University(ZR18010)。
文摘Rice is an important food crop grown in more than 100 countries,and is of particular significance for the Asian people.Obtaining rice cultivars characterized by high yield and outstanding quality has always been the desire of rice breeders and scientists.Starch is the principal source of human energy from plant foods.The starch in rice consists of mainly amylose,amylopectin and resistant starch(RS).Amylose and amylopectin are forms of starch that are easily digested in the small intestine,and play an important role in defining the quality of rice.RS is a new form of dietary fiber not easily degraded into glucose in the small intestine which effectively reduces postprandial blood glucose concentration,so it has a significant effect on the nutritional quality of rice.This paper discusses the current gene function research of these three starches in rice,analyzes the effects of some abiotic stress on rice starch content and structure,and explores the relationship between them in order to provide a theoretical reference for the cultivation of new high-quality,high-RS content rice varieties.
基金funded by Global Innovation Linkage program (GIL53853) from Australian Department of Industry, Science, Energy and ResourcesAustralian Government RTP Scholarship (International)University Postgraduate Awards (UPA)
文摘Common wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)is the most important crop in the world and a typical allopolyploid with a large and complex genome.Pre-harvest sprouting(PHS)leads to a significant reduction in grain quality worldwide.PHS is a complex trait with related QTL located on different chromosomes.However,the study of markers and genes related to PHS resistance is limited especially for whitegrained wheat.Four pairs of near isogenic lines(NILs)from a white-grained wheat cross of CharaDM5637B*8 targeting a major QTL for PHS resistance(Qphs.ccsu-3A.1)on wheat chromosme 3AL were genotyped using the 90K SNP Illumina iSelect array.Ten SNPs were identified,with a 75%-100%consistency between genotype and phenotype in the resistant or susceptible isolines.The 10 SNPs were converted to cost-effective kompetitive allele-specific PCR(KASP)markers.Screening of 48 wheat cultivars with different phenotypes of PHS identified four KASP markers with 81.3%-85.4%conformity between genotype and phenotype.Further investigation revealed that the four SNPs(BS00022245_51,Kukri_c49927_151,BS00022884_51 and BS00110550_51)corresponding to the four validated KASP markers are residing in three independent genes(TraesCS3A03G1072800,TraesCS3A03G1072400,TraesCS3A03G1071800)close to each other with a distance of 4.28-4.48 Mb to the targeted QTL.These three annotated genes have potential functions related to PHS resistance.Our study revealed that combined use of NILs and the 90K SNP chip is a powerful approach for developing KASP markers and mining functional genes in wheat.The KASP markers for PHS resistance on chromosome 3AL are useful for high-throughput evaluation and marker-assisted selection,and the three identified genes could lead to a better understanding of the genetic pathways controlling PHS.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U1205122,31172397)the Key Project of Agricultural Science and Technology of Fujian Province(No.2011N5010)the Foundation for Innovation Research Team of Jimei University(No.2010A02)
文摘The large yellow croaker, Larimichthys crocea is an important marine fish in China with a high economic value. In the last decade, the stock conservation and aquaculture industry of this species have been facing severe challenges because of wild population collapse and degeneration of important economic traits. However, genes contributing to growth and immunity in L. crocea have not been thoroughly analyzed, and available molecular markers are still not sufficient for genetic resource management and molecular selection. In this work, we sequenced the transcriptome in L. eroeea liver tissue with a Roche 454 sequencing platform and assembled the transcriptome into 93 801 transcripts. Of them, 38 856 transcripts were successfully annotated in nt, nr, Swiss-Prot, InterPro, COG, GO and KEGG databases. Based on the annotation information, 3 165 unigenes related to growth and immunity were identified. Additionally, a total of 6 391 simple sequence repeats （SSRs） were identified from the transcriptome, among which 4 498 SSRs had enough flanking regions to design primers for polymerase chain reactions （PCR）. To access the polymorphism of these markers, 30 primer pairs were randomly selected for PCR amplification and validation in 30 individuals, and 12 primer pairs （40.0%） exhibited obvious length polymorphisms. This work applied RNA-Seq to assemble and analyze a live transeriptome in L. crocea. With gene annotation and sequence information, genes related to growth and immunity were identified and massive SSR markers were developed, providing valuable genetic resources for future gene functional analysis and selective breeding ofL. eroeea.
基金supported by the Project of the National Ministry of Science and Technology,China (Grant No.2006AA10Z1C8)the Knowledge Innovative Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant Nos.KSCX-YW-N-009-02 and KSCX1-YW-03)+1 种基金the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No.2009CB126004)the Natural Science Foundation of Hainan Province,China (Grant No.309019)
文摘Field resistances of nine accessions of common wild rice （Oryza rufipogon Griff.） and one rice variety （IR24） were evaluated by using nine strains of bacterial blight pathogen （Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae） from the Philippines. IR24 was highly susceptible to all the strains, and six common wild rice accessions resisted all the nine strains, with a resistance frequency of 67%. The accessions Yulin and Wanning were only susceptible to PXO280 and PXO71, respectively. The accession Gaozhou was susceptible to the three strains PXO79, PXO99 and PXO339, whereas resistant to the other six strains. It could be concluded that there is at least one resistance gene in each common wild rice accession. The functional markers of the genes xa5, xa13, Xa21 and Xa27 were used to detect the presence of these resistance genes in the nine tested wild rice accessions, and it was found that four wild rice accessions contained heterozygous xa13. Among the nine common wild rice accessions, five were homozygous for Xa27 and three homozygous for xa27, and the accession Laibin contained neither xa27 nor Xa27. In addition, there were no xa5 and Xa21 in all of these accessions.
基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFD0800102)the Hubei Provincial Key Research and Development Program,China(2021BCA156)。
文摘Dynamic nitrification and denitrification processes are affected by changes in soil redox conditions,and they play a vital role in regulating soil N_(2)O emissions in rice-based cultivation.It is imperative to understand the influences of different upland crop planting systems on soil N_(2)O emissions.In this study,we focused on two representative rotation systems in Central China:rapeseed–rice(RR)and wheat–rice(WR).We examined the biotic and abiotic processes underlying the impacts of these upland plantings on soil N_(2)O emissions.The results revealed that during the rapeseed-cultivated seasons in the RR rotation system,the average N_(2)O emissions were 1.24±0.20 and 0.81±0.11 kg N ha^(–1)for the first and second seasons,respectively.These values were comparable to the N_(2)O emissions observed during the first and second wheat-cultivated seasons in the WR rotation system(0.98±0.25 and 0.70±0.04 kg N ha^(–1),respectively).This suggests that upland cultivation has minimal impacts on soil N_(2)O emissions in the two rotation systems.Strong positive correlations were found between N_(2)O fluxes and soil ammonium(NH_(4)^(+)),nitrate(NO_(3)^(–)),microbial biomass nitrogen(MBN),and the ratio of soil dissolved organic carbon(DOC)to NO_(3)^(–)in both RR and WR rotation systems.Moreover,the presence of the AOA-amoA and nirK genes were positively associated with soil N_(2)O fluxes in the RR and WR systems,respectively.This implies that these genes may have different potential roles in facilitating microbial N_(2)O production in various upland plantation models.By using a structural equation model,we found that soil moisture,mineral N,MBN,and the AOA-amoA gene accounted for over 50%of the effects on N_(2)O emissions in the RR rotation system.In the WR rotation system,soil moisture,mineral N,MBN,and the AOA-amoA and nirK genes had a combined impact of over 70%on N_(2)O emissions.These findings demonstrate the interactive effects of functional genes and soil factors,including soil physical characteristics,available carbon and nitrogen,and their ratio,on soil N_(2)O emissions during upland cultivation seasons under rice-upland rotations.
