The distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack is one of the dangers in intrusion modes. It's difficult to defense and can cause serious damage to the system. Based on a careful study of the attack principles and...The distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack is one of the dangers in intrusion modes. It's difficult to defense and can cause serious damage to the system. Based on a careful study of the attack principles and characteristics, an object-oriented formalized description is presented, which contains a three-level framework and offers full specifications of all kinds of DDoS modes and their features and the relations between one another. Its greatest merit lies in that it contributes to analyzing, checking and judging DDoS. Now this formalized description has been used in a special IDS and it works very effectively.(展开更多
The goal of this paper is to take a further step towards an ontological approach for representing requirements information. The motivation for ontologies was discussed. The definitions of ontology and requirements ont...The goal of this paper is to take a further step towards an ontological approach for representing requirements information. The motivation for ontologies was discussed. The definitions of ontology and requirements ontology were given. Then, it presented a collection of informal terms, including four subject areas. It also discussed the formalization process of ontology. The underlying meta-ontology was determined, and the formalized requirements ontology was analyzed. This formal ontology is built to serve as a basis for requirements model. Finally, the implementation of software system was given.展开更多
The municipal bond program has been formally launched since the Ministry of Finance has issued two key regulations which formalize the municipal bond program in March,according to Linan Liu,senior strategist for Great...The municipal bond program has been formally launched since the Ministry of Finance has issued two key regulations which formalize the municipal bond program in March,according to Linan Liu,senior strategist for Greater China at Deutsche Bank.On March 12,the展开更多
Based on the linear elasticity theory of quasicrystals,this study addresses two defect problems in two-dimensional piezoelectric quasicrystals:rigid inclusions and holes.Using the Stroh formalism,Green’s function sol...Based on the linear elasticity theory of quasicrystals,this study addresses two defect problems in two-dimensional piezoelectric quasicrystals:rigid inclusions and holes.Using the Stroh formalism,Green’s function solutions are obtained for these defects under concentrated and uniformly distributed forces.Numerical examples are presented to analyze the mechanical behavior when loads are applied at various positions,including the center,outside,on the boundary,and at infinity of the elliptical defect.The study emphasizes the significant impact of the phonon line force on the distribution of key physical quantities.Results show that elliptical defects significantly disrupt multiple physical fields,leading to substantial variations in displacement and potential at the hole boundaries and pronounced stress concentrations.The stress in the phason field near the elliptical defect boundary exhibits complex variations under loading conditions,and the piezoelectric effect becomes more pronounced.These findings provide critical guidance for designing quasicrystal-based smart materials with controlled defect responses.展开更多
This paper investigates the mechanical behavior of two-dimensional(2D)piezoelectric quasicrystals(PQCs)containing polygonal holes under external forces.Based on the linear elastic theory of quasicrystals(QCs),the anal...This paper investigates the mechanical behavior of two-dimensional(2D)piezoelectric quasicrystals(PQCs)containing polygonal holes under external forces.Based on the linear elastic theory of quasicrystals(QCs),the analytical solutions for the stress and displacement fields are derived with the Stroh formalism,Green's function method,and polygonal mapping functions.Numerical simulations are performed to study the effects of hole geometry and corner sharpness on the stress distribution.The results show that the polygonal hole shapes significantly influence the generalized hoop stress,with sharper corners leading to stronger stress concentration and enhanced piezoelectric coupling effects.The stress concentrations at hole corners reach their maximum values at specific sharpness parameters,depending on the polygon type.The results contribute to a deeper understanding of the defect-induced mechanical behavior in 2D PQCs,and provide theoretical guidance for their structural design and optimization.展开更多
Objective expertise evaluation of individuals,as a prerequisite stage for team formation,has been a long-term desideratum in large software development companies.With the rapid advancements in machine learning methods...Objective expertise evaluation of individuals,as a prerequisite stage for team formation,has been a long-term desideratum in large software development companies.With the rapid advancements in machine learning methods,based on reliable existing data stored in project management tools’datasets,automating this evaluation process becomes a natural step forward.In this context,our approach focuses on quantifying software developer expertise by using metadata from the task-tracking systems.For this,we mathematically formalize two categories of expertise:technology-specific expertise,which denotes the skills required for a particular technology,and general expertise,which encapsulates overall knowledge in the software industry.Afterward,we automatically classify the zones of expertise associated with each task a developer has worked on using Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers(BERT)-like transformers to handle the unique characteristics of project tool datasets effectively.Finally,our method evaluates the proficiency of each software specialist across already completed projects from both technology-specific and general perspectives.The method was experimentally validated,yielding promising results.展开更多
We perform the manifestly covariant quantization of f(R)gravity in the de Donder gauge condition(or harmonic gauge condition)for general coordinate invariance.We explicitly calculate various equal-time commutation rel...We perform the manifestly covariant quantization of f(R)gravity in the de Donder gauge condition(or harmonic gauge condition)for general coordinate invariance.We explicitly calculate various equal-time commutation relations(ETCRs),in particular the ETCR between the metric and its time derivative,and show that it has a nonvanishing and nontrivial expression,whose situation should be contrasted to the previous result in higher-derivative or quadratic gravity where the ETCR was found to be identically vanishing.We also clarify global symmetries,the physical content of f(R)gravity,and clearly show that this theory is manifestly unitary and has a massive scalar and massless graviton as physical modes.展开更多
In this study,three specific scenarios of a novel accelerator light source mechanism called steady-state microbunching(SSMB)were studied:longitudinal weak focusing,longitudinal strong focusing,and generalized longitud...In this study,three specific scenarios of a novel accelerator light source mechanism called steady-state microbunching(SSMB)were studied:longitudinal weak focusing,longitudinal strong focusing,and generalized longitudinal strong focusing(GLSF).At present,GLSF is the most promising method for realizing high-power short-wavelength coherent radiation with mild requirements on modulation laser power.Its essence is to exploit the ultrasmall natural vertical emittance of an electron beam in a planar storage ring for efficient microbunching formation,like a partial transverse-longitudinal emittance exchange in the optical laser wavelength range.Based on an in-depth investigation of related beam physics,a solution for a GLSF SSMB storage ring that can deliver 1 kW average-power EUV light is presented.The work in this paper,such as the generalized Courant–Snyder formalism,analysis of theoretical minimum emittances,transverse-longitudinal coupling dynamics,and derivation of the bunching factor and modulation strengths for laser-induced microbunching schemes,is expected to be useful not only for the development of SSMB but also for future accelerator light sources in general that demand increasingly precise electron beam phase space manipulations.展开更多
Following the groundbreaking introduction of the Transformer architecture in 2017,the development of Large Language Models(LLMs)formally commenced.In May 2020,Chat GPT-3,with over one hundred billion parameters,entere...Following the groundbreaking introduction of the Transformer architecture in 2017,the development of Large Language Models(LLMs)formally commenced.In May 2020,Chat GPT-3,with over one hundred billion parameters,entered the public eye,marking a significant milestone in LLM advancement.展开更多
This paper investigates control synthesis for motion planning under conditions of uncertainty,specifically in robot motion and environmental properties,which are modeled using a probabilistic labeled Markov decision p...This paper investigates control synthesis for motion planning under conditions of uncertainty,specifically in robot motion and environmental properties,which are modeled using a probabilistic labeled Markov decision process(PL-MDP).To address this,a model-free reinforcement learning(RL)approach is designed to produce a finite-memory control policy that meets complex tasks specified by linear temporal logic(LTL)formulas.Recognizing the presence of uncertainties and potentially conflicting objectives,this study centers on addressing infeasible LTL specifications.A relaxed LTL constraint enables the agent to adapt its motion plan,allowing for partial satisfaction by accounting for necessary task violations.Additionally,a new automaton structure is introduced to increase the density of accepting rewards,facilitating deterministic policy outcomes.The proposed RL framework is rigorously analyzed and prioritizes two key objectives:(1)satisfying the acceptance condition of the relaxed product MDP,and(2)minimizing long-term violation costs.Simulation and experimental results are presented to demonstrate the framework’s effectiveness and robustness.展开更多
The modifiedλ-differential Lie-Yamaguti algebras are considered,in which a modifiedλ-differential Lie-Yamaguti algebra consisting of a Lie-Yamaguti algebra and a modifiedλ-differential operator.First we introduce t...The modifiedλ-differential Lie-Yamaguti algebras are considered,in which a modifiedλ-differential Lie-Yamaguti algebra consisting of a Lie-Yamaguti algebra and a modifiedλ-differential operator.First we introduce the representation of modifiedλ-differential Lie-Yamaguti algebras.Furthermore,we establish the cohomology of a modifiedλ-differential Lie-Yamaguti algebra with coefficients in a representation.Finally,we investigate the one-parameter formal deformations and Abelian extensions of modifiedλ-differential Lie-Yamaguti algebras using the second cohomology group.展开更多
In this paper,we call a tuple consisting of 3-Lie algebra and a higher derivation on it a 3-LieHDer pair.We introduce a cohomology theory of 3-LieHDer pairs.Next,we interpret the second cohomology group as the space o...In this paper,we call a tuple consisting of 3-Lie algebra and a higher derivation on it a 3-LieHDer pair.We introduce a cohomology theory of 3-LieHDer pairs.Next,we interpret the second cohomology group as the space of all isomorphism classes of abelian extensions.Finally,we consider formal deformations of 3-LieHDer pairs that are governed by the cohomology with self-coefficient.展开更多
Smart learning environments have been considered as vital sources and essential needs in modern digital education systems.With the rapid proliferation of smart and assistive technologies,smart learning processes have ...Smart learning environments have been considered as vital sources and essential needs in modern digital education systems.With the rapid proliferation of smart and assistive technologies,smart learning processes have become quite convenient,comfortable,and financially affordable.This shift has led to the emergence of pervasive computing environments,where user’s intelligent behavior is supported by smart gadgets;however,it is becoming more challenging due to inconsistent behavior of Artificial intelligence(AI)assistive technologies in terms of networking issues,slow user responses to technologies and limited computational resources.This paper presents a context-aware predictive reasoning based formalism for smart learning environments that facilitates students in managing their academic as well as extra-curricular activities autonomously with limited human intervention.This system consists of a three-tier architecture including the acquisition of the contextualized information from the environment autonomously,modeling the system using Web Ontology Rule Language(OWL 2 RL)and Semantic Web Rule Language(SWRL),and perform reasoning to infer the desired goals whenever and wherever needed.For contextual reasoning,we develop a non-monotonic reasoning based formalism to reason with contextual information using rule-based reasoning.The focus is on distributed problem solving,where context-aware agents exchange information using rule-based reasoning and specify constraints to accomplish desired goals.To formally model-check and simulate the system behavior,we model the case study of a smart learning environment in the UPPAAL model checker and verify the desired properties in the model,such as safety,liveness and robust properties to reflect the overall correctness behavior of the system with achieving the minimum analysis time of 0.002 s and 34,712 KB memory utilization.展开更多
This study sought to analyze the occupational habits of immigrant workers in the formal Brazilian labor market from a sociological perspective.It was understood that a study on occupation should observe professional a...This study sought to analyze the occupational habits of immigrant workers in the formal Brazilian labor market from a sociological perspective.It was understood that a study on occupation should observe professional and employment history,which may include an analysis over time of workers in the same profession or in periods of professional mobility.In order to understand occupational trajectories and related aspects,this study used data that were collected through semi-structured interviews and surveys with immigrant workers who were employed in the Brazilian formal labor market.The interviews and surveys revealed a strong polarization among the immigrant workers present in Brazil-while a small part holds highly skilled occupations,the majority participate at the base of the productivity hierarchy.展开更多
Cambodia and China have long enjoyed a close relationship grounded in centuries of historical,cultural,and political ties.From their early connections in the 13th Century to today’s multifaceted partnership,the bond ...Cambodia and China have long enjoyed a close relationship grounded in centuries of historical,cultural,and political ties.From their early connections in the 13th Century to today’s multifaceted partnership,the bond between these two nations has been built on mutual respect and cooperation,fortified by economic collaboration and a profound connection between their peoples.Since the formal establishment of diplomatic ties in 1958,Cambodia and China have fostered an enduring“ironclad”friendship that weathered challenges and adapted to the everchanging global dynamics.展开更多
On 20 April 1994,China made its first o!cial full-function connection to the World Wide Web through a 64-kilobyte international leased line,marking the country’s formal entry into the global digital age.The year 2024...On 20 April 1994,China made its first o!cial full-function connection to the World Wide Web through a 64-kilobyte international leased line,marking the country’s formal entry into the global digital age.The year 2024 marked the 30th anniversary of the country’s entry into the internet era.展开更多
Over the 80 years since the United Nations was founded,international human rights law has undergone a dynamic and increasingly enriched process of evolution from universal declarations to formal treaties,and from proc...Over the 80 years since the United Nations was founded,international human rights law has undergone a dynamic and increasingly enriched process of evolution from universal declarations to formal treaties,and from proclamations of rights to institutionalized safeguards.As an integral part of the human rights system,the affirmation of the rights of persons with disabilities and the promotion of accessibility mark new breakthroughs and developments in international human rights law since the advent of the new century.展开更多
When China and Singapore exchanged formal handshakes in 1990,few could have imagined that 35 years later,a Data Science undergraduate named Hu Yunxin would be happily counting hawker-centre noodles while memorizing re...When China and Singapore exchanged formal handshakes in 1990,few could have imagined that 35 years later,a Data Science undergraduate named Hu Yunxin would be happily counting hawker-centre noodles while memorizing regression formulas along Clementi Road.Yet it is precisely these small,personal stories that breathe life into grand diplomatic milestones.In celebration of the anniversary,I spoke with Yunxin—freshly returned from her first year at the National University of Singapore(NUS)—to discover how the Lion City looks through Chinese eyes.展开更多
Preserving formal style in neural machine translation (NMT) is essential, yet often overlooked as an optimization objective of the training processes. This oversight can lead to translations that, though accurate, lac...Preserving formal style in neural machine translation (NMT) is essential, yet often overlooked as an optimization objective of the training processes. This oversight can lead to translations that, though accurate, lack formality. In this paper, we propose how to improve NMT formality with large language models (LLMs), which combines the style transfer and evaluation capabilities of an LLM and the high-quality translation generation ability of NMT models to improve NMT formality. The proposed method (namely INMTF) encompasses two approaches. The first involves a revision approach using an LLM to revise the NMT-generated translation, ensuring a formal translation style. The second approach employs an LLM as a reward model for scoring translation formality, and then uses reinforcement learning algorithms to fine-tune the NMT model to maximize the reward score, thereby enhancing the formality of the generated translations. Considering the substantial parameter size of LLMs, we also explore methods to reduce the computational cost of INMTF. Experimental results demonstrate that INMTF significantly outperforms baselines in terms of translation formality and translation quality, with an improvement of +9.19 style accuracy points in the German-to-English task and +2.16 COMET score in the Russian-to-English task. Furthermore, our work demonstrates the potential of integrating LLMs within NMT frameworks to bridge the gap between NMT outputs and the formality required in various real-world translation scenarios.展开更多
文摘The distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack is one of the dangers in intrusion modes. It's difficult to defense and can cause serious damage to the system. Based on a careful study of the attack principles and characteristics, an object-oriented formalized description is presented, which contains a three-level framework and offers full specifications of all kinds of DDoS modes and their features and the relations between one another. Its greatest merit lies in that it contributes to analyzing, checking and judging DDoS. Now this formalized description has been used in a special IDS and it works very effectively.(
基金HighTechnologyResearch andDevelopment Program"863" (No.2 0 0 2 AA4114 2 0 )National NaturalScienceFoundation of China (No.60 3 740 71)
文摘The goal of this paper is to take a further step towards an ontological approach for representing requirements information. The motivation for ontologies was discussed. The definitions of ontology and requirements ontology were given. Then, it presented a collection of informal terms, including four subject areas. It also discussed the formalization process of ontology. The underlying meta-ontology was determined, and the formalized requirements ontology was analyzed. This formal ontology is built to serve as a basis for requirements model. Finally, the implementation of software system was given.
文摘The municipal bond program has been formally launched since the Ministry of Finance has issued two key regulations which formalize the municipal bond program in March,according to Linan Liu,senior strategist for Greater China at Deutsche Bank.On March 12,the
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant numbers 12272402,and 12102458]the China Agricultural University Education Foundation[grant numbers 1101-240001].
文摘Based on the linear elasticity theory of quasicrystals,this study addresses two defect problems in two-dimensional piezoelectric quasicrystals:rigid inclusions and holes.Using the Stroh formalism,Green’s function solutions are obtained for these defects under concentrated and uniformly distributed forces.Numerical examples are presented to analyze the mechanical behavior when loads are applied at various positions,including the center,outside,on the boundary,and at infinity of the elliptical defect.The study emphasizes the significant impact of the phonon line force on the distribution of key physical quantities.Results show that elliptical defects significantly disrupt multiple physical fields,leading to substantial variations in displacement and potential at the hole boundaries and pronounced stress concentrations.The stress in the phason field near the elliptical defect boundary exhibits complex variations under loading conditions,and the piezoelectric effect becomes more pronounced.These findings provide critical guidance for designing quasicrystal-based smart materials with controlled defect responses.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12272402 and12102458)the Chinese Universities Scientific Fund(No.2025TC014)the China Agricultural University Education Foundation(No.1101-240001)。
文摘This paper investigates the mechanical behavior of two-dimensional(2D)piezoelectric quasicrystals(PQCs)containing polygonal holes under external forces.Based on the linear elastic theory of quasicrystals(QCs),the analytical solutions for the stress and displacement fields are derived with the Stroh formalism,Green's function method,and polygonal mapping functions.Numerical simulations are performed to study the effects of hole geometry and corner sharpness on the stress distribution.The results show that the polygonal hole shapes significantly influence the generalized hoop stress,with sharper corners leading to stronger stress concentration and enhanced piezoelectric coupling effects.The stress concentrations at hole corners reach their maximum values at specific sharpness parameters,depending on the polygon type.The results contribute to a deeper understanding of the defect-induced mechanical behavior in 2D PQCs,and provide theoretical guidance for their structural design and optimization.
基金supported by the project“Romanian Hub for Artificial Intelligence-HRIA”,Smart Growth,Digitization and Financial Instruments Program,2021–2027,MySMIS No.334906.
文摘Objective expertise evaluation of individuals,as a prerequisite stage for team formation,has been a long-term desideratum in large software development companies.With the rapid advancements in machine learning methods,based on reliable existing data stored in project management tools’datasets,automating this evaluation process becomes a natural step forward.In this context,our approach focuses on quantifying software developer expertise by using metadata from the task-tracking systems.For this,we mathematically formalize two categories of expertise:technology-specific expertise,which denotes the skills required for a particular technology,and general expertise,which encapsulates overall knowledge in the software industry.Afterward,we automatically classify the zones of expertise associated with each task a developer has worked on using Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers(BERT)-like transformers to handle the unique characteristics of project tool datasets effectively.Finally,our method evaluates the proficiency of each software specialist across already completed projects from both technology-specific and general perspectives.The method was experimentally validated,yielding promising results.
文摘We perform the manifestly covariant quantization of f(R)gravity in the de Donder gauge condition(or harmonic gauge condition)for general coordinate invariance.We explicitly calculate various equal-time commutation relations(ETCRs),in particular the ETCR between the metric and its time derivative,and show that it has a nonvanishing and nontrivial expression,whose situation should be contrasted to the previous result in higher-derivative or quadratic gravity where the ETCR was found to be identically vanishing.We also clarify global symmetries,the physical content of f(R)gravity,and clearly show that this theory is manifestly unitary and has a massive scalar and massless graviton as physical modes.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2022YFA1603401)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12035010 and 12342501)+1 种基金Beijing Outstanding Young Scientist Program(No.JWZQ20240101006)the Tsinghua University Dushi Program.
文摘In this study,three specific scenarios of a novel accelerator light source mechanism called steady-state microbunching(SSMB)were studied:longitudinal weak focusing,longitudinal strong focusing,and generalized longitudinal strong focusing(GLSF).At present,GLSF is the most promising method for realizing high-power short-wavelength coherent radiation with mild requirements on modulation laser power.Its essence is to exploit the ultrasmall natural vertical emittance of an electron beam in a planar storage ring for efficient microbunching formation,like a partial transverse-longitudinal emittance exchange in the optical laser wavelength range.Based on an in-depth investigation of related beam physics,a solution for a GLSF SSMB storage ring that can deliver 1 kW average-power EUV light is presented.The work in this paper,such as the generalized Courant–Snyder formalism,analysis of theoretical minimum emittances,transverse-longitudinal coupling dynamics,and derivation of the bunching factor and modulation strengths for laser-induced microbunching schemes,is expected to be useful not only for the development of SSMB but also for future accelerator light sources in general that demand increasingly precise electron beam phase space manipulations.
文摘Following the groundbreaking introduction of the Transformer architecture in 2017,the development of Large Language Models(LLMs)formally commenced.In May 2020,Chat GPT-3,with over one hundred billion parameters,entered the public eye,marking a significant milestone in LLM advancement.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 62173314.
文摘This paper investigates control synthesis for motion planning under conditions of uncertainty,specifically in robot motion and environmental properties,which are modeled using a probabilistic labeled Markov decision process(PL-MDP).To address this,a model-free reinforcement learning(RL)approach is designed to produce a finite-memory control policy that meets complex tasks specified by linear temporal logic(LTL)formulas.Recognizing the presence of uncertainties and potentially conflicting objectives,this study centers on addressing infeasible LTL specifications.A relaxed LTL constraint enables the agent to adapt its motion plan,allowing for partial satisfaction by accounting for necessary task violations.Additionally,a new automaton structure is introduced to increase the density of accepting rewards,facilitating deterministic policy outcomes.The proposed RL framework is rigorously analyzed and prioritizes two key objectives:(1)satisfying the acceptance condition of the relaxed product MDP,and(2)minimizing long-term violation costs.Simulation and experimental results are presented to demonstrate the framework’s effectiveness and robustness.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(12161013)Research Projects of Guizhou University of Commerce in 2024。
文摘The modifiedλ-differential Lie-Yamaguti algebras are considered,in which a modifiedλ-differential Lie-Yamaguti algebra consisting of a Lie-Yamaguti algebra and a modifiedλ-differential operator.First we introduce the representation of modifiedλ-differential Lie-Yamaguti algebras.Furthermore,we establish the cohomology of a modifiedλ-differential Lie-Yamaguti algebra with coefficients in a representation.Finally,we investigate the one-parameter formal deformations and Abelian extensions of modifiedλ-differential Lie-Yamaguti algebras using the second cohomology group.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12161013)the Basic Research Program(Natural Science)of Guizhou Province(Grant No.ZK[2023]025).
文摘In this paper,we call a tuple consisting of 3-Lie algebra and a higher derivation on it a 3-LieHDer pair.We introduce a cohomology theory of 3-LieHDer pairs.Next,we interpret the second cohomology group as the space of all isomorphism classes of abelian extensions.Finally,we consider formal deformations of 3-LieHDer pairs that are governed by the cohomology with self-coefficient.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation(NRF),Republic of Korea,under project BK21 FOUR(4299990213939).
文摘Smart learning environments have been considered as vital sources and essential needs in modern digital education systems.With the rapid proliferation of smart and assistive technologies,smart learning processes have become quite convenient,comfortable,and financially affordable.This shift has led to the emergence of pervasive computing environments,where user’s intelligent behavior is supported by smart gadgets;however,it is becoming more challenging due to inconsistent behavior of Artificial intelligence(AI)assistive technologies in terms of networking issues,slow user responses to technologies and limited computational resources.This paper presents a context-aware predictive reasoning based formalism for smart learning environments that facilitates students in managing their academic as well as extra-curricular activities autonomously with limited human intervention.This system consists of a three-tier architecture including the acquisition of the contextualized information from the environment autonomously,modeling the system using Web Ontology Rule Language(OWL 2 RL)and Semantic Web Rule Language(SWRL),and perform reasoning to infer the desired goals whenever and wherever needed.For contextual reasoning,we develop a non-monotonic reasoning based formalism to reason with contextual information using rule-based reasoning.The focus is on distributed problem solving,where context-aware agents exchange information using rule-based reasoning and specify constraints to accomplish desired goals.To formally model-check and simulate the system behavior,we model the case study of a smart learning environment in the UPPAAL model checker and verify the desired properties in the model,such as safety,liveness and robust properties to reflect the overall correctness behavior of the system with achieving the minimum analysis time of 0.002 s and 34,712 KB memory utilization.
文摘This study sought to analyze the occupational habits of immigrant workers in the formal Brazilian labor market from a sociological perspective.It was understood that a study on occupation should observe professional and employment history,which may include an analysis over time of workers in the same profession or in periods of professional mobility.In order to understand occupational trajectories and related aspects,this study used data that were collected through semi-structured interviews and surveys with immigrant workers who were employed in the Brazilian formal labor market.The interviews and surveys revealed a strong polarization among the immigrant workers present in Brazil-while a small part holds highly skilled occupations,the majority participate at the base of the productivity hierarchy.
文摘Cambodia and China have long enjoyed a close relationship grounded in centuries of historical,cultural,and political ties.From their early connections in the 13th Century to today’s multifaceted partnership,the bond between these two nations has been built on mutual respect and cooperation,fortified by economic collaboration and a profound connection between their peoples.Since the formal establishment of diplomatic ties in 1958,Cambodia and China have fostered an enduring“ironclad”friendship that weathered challenges and adapted to the everchanging global dynamics.
文摘On 20 April 1994,China made its first o!cial full-function connection to the World Wide Web through a 64-kilobyte international leased line,marking the country’s formal entry into the global digital age.The year 2024 marked the 30th anniversary of the country’s entry into the internet era.
文摘Over the 80 years since the United Nations was founded,international human rights law has undergone a dynamic and increasingly enriched process of evolution from universal declarations to formal treaties,and from proclamations of rights to institutionalized safeguards.As an integral part of the human rights system,the affirmation of the rights of persons with disabilities and the promotion of accessibility mark new breakthroughs and developments in international human rights law since the advent of the new century.
文摘When China and Singapore exchanged formal handshakes in 1990,few could have imagined that 35 years later,a Data Science undergraduate named Hu Yunxin would be happily counting hawker-centre noodles while memorizing regression formulas along Clementi Road.Yet it is precisely these small,personal stories that breathe life into grand diplomatic milestones.In celebration of the anniversary,I spoke with Yunxin—freshly returned from her first year at the National University of Singapore(NUS)—to discover how the Lion City looks through Chinese eyes.
文摘Preserving formal style in neural machine translation (NMT) is essential, yet often overlooked as an optimization objective of the training processes. This oversight can lead to translations that, though accurate, lack formality. In this paper, we propose how to improve NMT formality with large language models (LLMs), which combines the style transfer and evaluation capabilities of an LLM and the high-quality translation generation ability of NMT models to improve NMT formality. The proposed method (namely INMTF) encompasses two approaches. The first involves a revision approach using an LLM to revise the NMT-generated translation, ensuring a formal translation style. The second approach employs an LLM as a reward model for scoring translation formality, and then uses reinforcement learning algorithms to fine-tune the NMT model to maximize the reward score, thereby enhancing the formality of the generated translations. Considering the substantial parameter size of LLMs, we also explore methods to reduce the computational cost of INMTF. Experimental results demonstrate that INMTF significantly outperforms baselines in terms of translation formality and translation quality, with an improvement of +9.19 style accuracy points in the German-to-English task and +2.16 COMET score in the Russian-to-English task. Furthermore, our work demonstrates the potential of integrating LLMs within NMT frameworks to bridge the gap between NMT outputs and the formality required in various real-world translation scenarios.
