Animation has been a popular form of feature length movie.In addition to the mean of entertainment,some animated works move audiences deeply and even arouse their reflection.In order to achieve this,the setup of story...Animation has been a popular form of feature length movie.In addition to the mean of entertainment,some animated works move audiences deeply and even arouse their reflection.In order to achieve this,the setup of story structure is critical,and the arrangement of the time and setting of foreshadowing in plots influence significantly on audiences’understanding and feeling towards films.Your Name,directed by Japanese animation director,Makoto Shinkai,was an animated feature film released in 2016,soon received high praise by audiences and film review critics,and ended with the highest gross in box office of the director’s works ever.The story of this animation is special for its non-linear structure,which is seldom seen in feature length animated works.The question on how this non-linear structure presents a compelling story and touch audiences so deeply is worth to explore in depth.There is very few analytical study that dedicates on the examination of the foreshadowing based on timeline from an empirical point of view in the area of narrative studies.Hence,this study investigates the spatial-time arrangement,and foreshadowing of plots in Your Name with the basis of timeline in the film.The textual analysis is undertaken with timeline by deconstructing events and elements in the story to look into the arrangement of foreshadowing.The result indicates that the spatial-time structure is complicated by keeps jumping between the year 2013 and 2016 from the two main characters’point of views in different locations,and ends in the year 2021.There are six elements of foreshadowing in this story,and each of them corresponds to important turning points of the story.They appear in the first and the second act of the story to progress the storyline and make the story reasonable through the functions of advanced notice and advanced mention,and gradually echo and accumulate to build up the climax of the narrative to cross over to the third act.In spite of the three settings of the story,the crash of meteorite,the exchanging of body and soul,and the time traveling are rather ordinary,elements of foreshadowing originated form Japanese folk culture interweave plots of the story to create its specialty.展开更多
Plant species diversity is one of the most widely used indicators in ecosystem management.The relation of species diversity with the size of the sample plot has not been fully determined for Oriental beech forests(Fag...Plant species diversity is one of the most widely used indicators in ecosystem management.The relation of species diversity with the size of the sample plot has not been fully determined for Oriental beech forests(Fagus orientalis Lipsky),a widespread species in the Hyrcanian region.Assessing the impacts of plot size on species diversity is fundamental for an ecosystem-based approach to forest management.This study determined the relation of species diversity and plot size by investigating species richness and abundance of both canopy and forest floor.Two hundred and fifty-six sample plots of 625 m^(2) each were layout in a grid pattern across 16 ha.Base plots(25 m×25 m)were integrated in different scales to investigate the effect of plot size on species diversity.The total included nine plots of 0.063,0.125,0.188,0.250,0.375,0.500,0.563,0.750 and 1 ha.Ten biodiversity indices were calculated.The results show that species richness in the different plot sizes was less than the actual value.The estimated value of the Simpson species diversity index was not significantly different from actual values for both canopy and forest floor diversity.The coefficient of variation of this index for the 1-ha sample plot showed the lowest amount across different plot sizes.Inverse Hill species diversity was insignificant difference across different plot sizes with an area greater than 0.500 ha.The modified Hill evenness index for the 1-ha sample size was a correct estimation of the 16-ha for both canopy and forest floor;however,the precision estimation was higher for the canopy layer.All plots greater than 0.250-ha provided an accurate estimation of the Camargo evenness index for forest floor species,but was inaccurate across different plot sizes for the canopy layer.The results indicate that the same plot size did not have the same effect across species diversity measurements.Our results show that correct estimation of species diversity measurements is related to the selection of appropriate indicators and plot size to increase the accuracy of the estimate so that the cost and time of biodiversity management may be reduced.展开更多
Understanding local variation in forest biomass allows for a better evaluation of broad-scale patterns and interpretation of forest ecosystems’role in carbon dynamics.This study focuses on patterns of aboveground tre...Understanding local variation in forest biomass allows for a better evaluation of broad-scale patterns and interpretation of forest ecosystems’role in carbon dynamics.This study focuses on patterns of aboveground tree biomass within a fully censused 20 ha forest plot in a temperate forest of northern Alabama,USA.We evaluated the relationship between biomass and topography using ridge and valley landforms along with digitally derived moisture and solar radiation indices.Every live woody stem over 1 cm diameter at breast height within this plot was mapped,measured,and identified to species in 2019-2022,and diameter data were used along with speciesspecific wood density to map the aboveground biomass at the scale of 20 m×20 m quadrats.The aboveground tree biomass was 211 Mg·ha^(-1).Other than small stream areas that experienced recent natural disturbances,the total stand biomass was not associated with landform or topographic indices.Dominant species,in contrast,had strong associations with topography.American beech(Fagus grandifolia)and yellow-poplar(Liriodendron tulipfera)dominated the valley landform,with 37% and 54% greater biomass in the valley than their plot average,respectively.Three other dominant species,white oak(Quercus alba),southern shagbark hickory(Carya carolinaeseptentrionalis),and white ash(Fraxinus americana),were more abundant on slopes and benches,thus partitioning the site.Of the six dominant species,only sugar maple(Acer saccharum)was not associated with landform.Moreover,both topographic wetness and potential radiation indices were significant predictors of dominant species biomass within each of the landforms.The study highlights the need to consider species when examining forest productivity in a range of site conditions.展开更多
Five years＇ （2000-2004） continuous study has been carried out on small mammals such as rodents in seven different sample plots, at three different altitudes and in six different ecological environment types in the ...Five years＇ （2000-2004） continuous study has been carried out on small mammals such as rodents in seven different sample plots, at three different altitudes and in six different ecological environment types in the eastern part of the Wuling Mountains, south bank of the Three Gorges of Yangtze River in Hubei. A total of 29 297 rat clamps/times were placed and 2271 small mammals such as rodents were captured, and 26 small mammals were captured by other means. All the small mammals captured belonged to 8 families 19 genera and 24 species, of which rodentia accounted for 70.83% and insectivora 29.17%. Through analysis of the data, the results showed that： 1 ） although the species richness had a trend of increasing along different sample plots as altitude increased from south to north, quite a few species showed a wide habitat range in a vertical distribution （ 15 species were dispersed over three zones and two species over two zones） , indicating a strong adaptability of small mammals such as rOdents at lower altitudes in most areas and comparatively less vertical span of entire mountains; 2） whether in seven different sample plots or six different ecological types, Apodemus agrarius and Rattus norvegicus were dominant species below 1200m, and Anourosorex squamipes, Niviventer confucianus and Apodemus draco were dominant above altitudes of 1300m, however, in quantity they were short of identical regularity, meaning they did not increase as the altitude did, or decrease as the ecological areas changed; 3）the density in winter was obviously greater than that in spring, and the distribution showed an increasing trend along with altitude, but the density in different sample plots was short of identical regularity, showing changes in different seasons and altitude grades had an important impact on small mammals such as rodents; 4） in species diversity and evenness index, there were obvious changes between the seven different sample plots, probably caused by frequent human interference in this area. Comparatively speaking, there was less human interference at high altitudes where vegetation was rich and had a high diversity and evenness index, and the boundary effect and community stability were obvious. Most ecological types have been seriously interfered with due to excessive assart at low altitudes with singular vegetation and low diversity and evenness index and poor community stability, showing an ecosystem with poor anti-reversion. If human interference can be reduced in those communities at high altitudes with low diversity and evenness index, the biological diversity in the communities will gradually recover to similar levels of other ecological areas.展开更多
[Objective] The aim was to study on impacts of excessive soaking N, P, and K insubstrate plots of and seedling growth. [Method] Substrate was designed to add additional 1/2 water after saturation and expansion. Dispos...[Objective] The aim was to study on impacts of excessive soaking N, P, and K insubstrate plots of and seedling growth. [Method] Substrate was designed to add additional 1/2 water after saturation and expansion. Disposable excessive soak- ing and regression relation of nutrition infusion of substrate plots were studied by design of 13 time gradient. Plant nutrition absorption and growth effects after sub- strate plots immersed by water were investigated by growing tomato. [Result] Con- centration and time of the three nutrition immersed in water had the regression equation of each, as follows： N=-2E-05t2＋0.016 lt＋2.0553, P=0.002 2t＋2.248 5 and K=0.004 7t＋0.875 8. With nutrition loss of the three, however, loss amount was al- most same with variance analysis of regression equation, which may result from its volatilization. Regression equations of P and K were： P=0.125 7t-0.117, and K=0.022 5t.1514, which led to adverse impact on plant absorption of N and K above ground, whose equations were N=20.64e-4E-0.4t, and K=E-06t2-0.011 3t＋29.055. Meanwhile, un- der the condition, sound seedling index was not impacted a lot by excessive immer- sion. [Conclusion] This study has provided theoretical reference for guidance of sub- strate plot soaking method, cultivation and regulation, and breeding, as well as agri- cultural production.展开更多
Based on a practical research test, the statistic analysis method for the experimental data in the split-split plot design was introduced in detail, especially in- troduced the significant test method of three-factor ...Based on a practical research test, the statistic analysis method for the experimental data in the split-split plot design was introduced in detail, especially in- troduced the significant test method of three-factor interaction and the calculation of test value, which solved the problem of how to make statistical analysis on the data in split-split plot design.展开更多
This paper investigates the normality of some real data set obtained from waist measurements of a group of 49 young adults. The quantile - quantile （Q-Q） plot and the analysis of correlation coefficients for the Q-Q...This paper investigates the normality of some real data set obtained from waist measurements of a group of 49 young adults. The quantile - quantile （Q-Q） plot and the analysis of correlation coefficients for the Q-Q plot is used to determine the normality or otherwise of the data set. In this regards, the probabilities of the quantiles were computed, modified and plotted. Thereafter the correlation coefficients for the quantile - quantile plots were obtained. Results indicate that at 0.1 level of significance, the data for young adult males of the sample were not normally distributed, and had a mean value that is within the range of low risk, healthwise, whereas the distribution of the data for young female adults showed reasonable normality, but also with a mean value that is within the range of low risk in terms of health condition.展开更多
The Mesoproterozoic Wumishan Formation ((1310 ± 20 ) Ma - (l 207 ± 10) Ma) in Jixian, Tianjin represents a succession of 3 300 meter thick carbonate strata where are the best developed stromatolite biostrom...The Mesoproterozoic Wumishan Formation ((1310 ± 20 ) Ma - (l 207 ± 10) Ma) in Jixian, Tianjin represents a succession of 3 300 meter thick carbonate strata where are the best developed stromatolite biostromes and thrombolite bioherms. These biostromes and bioherms, together with tidal-flat dolomites and muddy dolostones, form Wumishan cyclothems with approximately symmetrical faciessuccession fabrics, which belong to carbonate meter-scale cyclic sequences of peritidal type. These cyclothems are overlain by lagoon dolomitic mudstones and shales and by frequently developed paleosol layers, indicating that the boundary of Wumishan cyclothems is marked by an instantaneously-exposed punctuated surface. Viewed form the regularly vertical stacking patterns of Wumishan cyclothems in long-term sequences, 26 third-order sequences may be discerned in Wumishan Formation. These thirdorder sequences may also be incorporated into six second-order sequences. In order to study the variation range of third-order sea-level changes and the formation period of third-order sequence, 626 cyclothems are discerned in the middle and upper parts of Wumishan Formation where the outcrops are well developed. In terms of the total thickness and the formation period of Mesoproterozoic Wumishan Formation, the crust subsidence rate in the sedimentary period of Wumishan Formation is supposed to be 3 meters at each interval of 100 thousands years. Based on this assumption, Fischer plot might be designed to simulate the third-order sea-level changing pattern.展开更多
Lorenz-RR scatter plot has an obvious shortcoming in that it does not indicate the time when the scatter point happens.On the Lorenz RR scatter plot,one cannot know the time during which the cardiac rhythms take place...Lorenz-RR scatter plot has an obvious shortcoming in that it does not indicate the time when the scatter point happens.On the Lorenz RR scatter plot,one cannot know the time during which the cardiac rhythms take place.Since occurrence of cardiac rhythms is time-related,time should be introduced to such plots.In this study,time was used as abscissa and RR interval(the time interval between the previous RR wave and the R wave)as the ordinate and time was compressed into a visually observable length,and thereby a timed RR-interval scatter plot,or t-RR scatter plot,for short,was developed.On t-RR scatter plot,the patterns were band-shaped or were of linear type.On the t-RR plot,the sinus rhythm presented bands of various widths,with the spiculate or burred upper and lower boundaries,having diurnal variation.Premature beats showed separate layers(“stratification”),the layer number corresponding the number of RR-intervals.With simple premature beats,the layers were clearly separated.With parasystole rhythm,the upper and lower bands or layers might become thicker.With arial premature beats,the space or distance between layers varied.Ventricular premature beats presented equal space or distance between layers.With tachycardia,the lower layer became a“solid”layer.With atrial fibration,the“stratification”disappeared,presenting thicker or widened layers or bands,with neat lower boundary.With atrial flutter,the layers went parallel,with the layers being evenly separated or some distances being exact multiples of others.The second degree atrioventricular block displayed two layers,the lower and upper bands being equally away from the X-axis,presenting a straight line(pacing at a fixed rate)or a thicker or wider bands,with a neat upper boundary(the lowest pacing rate).When the scatter plot presented uncharacteristic patterns or had some scattered points,which rendered diagnosis difficult,a reverse technology could be used.Briefly,upon selection of scattered points,they were subjected to computerization,by regression,to reveal the piece of electrocardiogram(ECG)containing an R wave(QRS complex).Then ECG was analyzed to diagnose the cardiac rhythms.In conclusion,t-RR is a novel methodology which helps us understand heart rhythms from a new perspective.展开更多
The three most widely used methods for reconstructing the underlying time series via the recurrence plots （RPs） of a dynamical system are compared with each other in this paper. We aim to reconstruct a toy series, a...The three most widely used methods for reconstructing the underlying time series via the recurrence plots （RPs） of a dynamical system are compared with each other in this paper. We aim to reconstruct a toy series, a periodical series, a random series, and a chaotic series to compare the effectiveness of the most widely used typical methods in terms of signal correlation analysis. The application of the most effective algorithm to the typical chaotic Lorenz system verifies the correctness of such an effective algorithm. It is verified that, based on the unthresholded RPs, one can reconstruct the original attractor by choosing different RP thresholds based on the Hirata algorithm. It is shown that, in real applications, it is possible to reconstruct the underlying dynamics by using quite little information from observations of real dynamical systems. Moreover, rules of the threshold chosen in the algorithm are also suggested.展开更多
The log-Weibull distribution is a variant of the three-parameter Weibull distribution. The probability plot of a distribution model is desired since it can help to decide on whether the model is appropriate for fittin...The log-Weibull distribution is a variant of the three-parameter Weibull distribution. The probability plot of a distribution model is desired since it can help to decide on whether the model is appropriate for fitting a given dataset and can provide the initial estimate of the model parameters. The decision on the appropriateness of a distribution is somehow subjective. This paper presents a probability plot of the log-Weibull distribution(LWPP). The distribution of the probability plot correlation coefficient is studied. From this distribution, a lower confidence limit is determined for determining whether the probability plot correlation coefficient derived from a given data set is large enough. The appropriateness and usefulness of this study are illustrated by two real-world examples.展开更多
Swidden agriculture is by far the dominant land use system in the uplands of Southeast Asia （SEA）, as well as other tropical regions, which plays an important role in the implementation of Reducing Emissions from De...Swidden agriculture is by far the dominant land use system in the uplands of Southeast Asia （SEA）, as well as other tropical regions, which plays an important role in the implementation of Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation （REDD） of United Nations. To our knowledge, the long-term inter-annual area of newly burned plots （NBP） of swidden agriculture in mainland Southeast Asia is still not available, let alone in the whole tropics. With the strengthening regional geo-economic cooperation in SEA, swidden agriculture has experienced and/or is still experiencing extensive and drastic transformations into other diverse market-oriented land use types since the 1990s. In this study, high-level surface reflectance products of Landsat 4151718 family sensors including Thematic Mapper （TM）, Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus （ETM＋） and Operational Land Imager （OLI） acquired in March, April and May of each year between 1988 and 2016 were firstly utilized to detect and monitor the extent and area of NBP of swidden agriculture with multiple thresholds of four commonly-used vegetation indices, namely the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index （NDVI）, Normalized Difference Moisture Index （NDMI）, Normalized Burn Ratio （NBR） and Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index （SAVI）, in combination with local phenological features of swid- dening and topographical data. The results showed that： （1） an annual average of 6.08×104 km2 of NBP of swidden agriculture, or 3.15% of the total land area of MSEA, were estimated in the past nearly three decades. （2） Annual NBP were primarily distributed in four major geomorphic units including the Central Range of Hills, Northern Mountainous Region, West- ern Myanmar Hills, and Annamite Chain. （3） A decadal average analysis indicated that the NBP of swidden agriculture opened year by year declined as a whole, especially after 2010, merely with an average of 5.23×104 km2. （4） The top ten provincial administrative units in Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam, which consistently accounted for over 90% of the newly opened swiddens of each country, showed distinct fluctuations in usingslash-and-burn practices in the last decades. The Landsat-based （30 m） reconstructed 29-year longitudinal updated maps （including extent and area） of the NBP of swidden agri- culture may contribute to REDD and local livelihood related studies in Continental Southeast Asia. Our study further demonstrated that the multiple vegetative indices thresholds approach holds great potential in detecting swidden agriculture in tropical mountainous regions.展开更多
High entropy alloys(HEAs)have been the star materials in electrocatalysis research in recent years.One of their key features is the greatly increased multiplicity of active sites compared to conventional catalytic mat...High entropy alloys(HEAs)have been the star materials in electrocatalysis research in recent years.One of their key features is the greatly increased multiplicity of active sites compared to conventional catalytic materials.This increased multiplicity stimulates a cocktail effect and a scaling-relation breaking effect,and results in improved activity.However,the multiplicity of active sites in HEAs also poses new problems for mechanistic studies.One apparent problem is the inapplicability to HEA catalysts of the currently most popular mechanistic study method,which uses the electrocatalytic theoretical framework(ETF)based on the computational hydrogen electrode(CHE).The ETF uses a single adsorption energy to represent the catalyst,i.e.,a catalyst is represented by a'point'in the volcanic relationship.It naturally does not involve the multiplicity of active sites of a catalyst,and hence loses brevity in expressing the cocktail effect and scaling-relation breaking effect in HEA catalysis.This paper attempts to solve this inapplicability.Based on the fact that the adsorption energy distribution of HEAs is close to a normal distribution,the mean and variance of the adsorption energy distribution are introduced as descriptors of the ETF,replacing the original single adsorption energy.A quantitative relationship between the variance and the cocktail and scaling-relation braking effects is established.We believe the method described in this work will make the ETF more effective in mechanistic studies of HEA electrocatalysis.展开更多
Lipopeptides are currently re-emerging as an interesting subgroup in the peptide research field, having historical applications as antibacterial and antifungal agents and new potential applications as antiviral, antit...Lipopeptides are currently re-emerging as an interesting subgroup in the peptide research field, having historical applications as antibacterial and antifungal agents and new potential applications as antiviral, antitumor, immune-modulating and cell-penetrating compounds. However, due to their specific structure, chromatographic analysis often requires special buffer systems or the use of trifluoroacetic acid, limiting mass spectrometry detection. Therefore, we used a traditional aqueous/acetonitrile based gradient system, containing 0.1% （m/v） formic acid, to separate four pharmaceutically relevant lipopeptides （polymyxin B1, caspofungin, daptomycin and gramicidin A1）, which were selected based upon hierarchical cluster analysis （HCA） and principal component analysis （PCA）.In total, the performance of four different C18 columns, including one UPLC column, were evaluated using two parallel approaches. First, a Derringer desirability function was used, whereby six single and multiple chromatographic response values were rescaled into one overall D-value per column. Using this approach, the YMC Pack Pro C18 column was ranked as the best column for general MS-compatible lipopeptide separation. Secondly, the kinetic plot approach was used to compare the different columns at different flow rate ranges. As the optimal kinetic column performance is obtained at its maximal pressure, the length elongation factor λ（Pmax/Pexp） was used to transform the obtained experimental data （retention times and peak capacities） and construct kinetic performance limit （KPL） curves, allowing a direct visual and unbiased comparison of the selected columns, whereby the YMC Triart C18 UPLC and ACE C18 columns performed as best. Finally, differences in column performance and the （dis）advantages of both approaches are discussed.展开更多
The structural equation model (SEM) concept is generally influenced by the presence of outliers and controlling variables. To a very large extent, this could have consequential effects on the parameters and the model ...The structural equation model (SEM) concept is generally influenced by the presence of outliers and controlling variables. To a very large extent, this could have consequential effects on the parameters and the model fitness. Though previous researches have studied outliers and controlling observations from various perspectives including the use of box plots, normal probability plots, among others, the use of uniform horizontal QQ plot is yet to be explored. This study is, therefore, aimed at applying uniform QQ plots to identifying outliers and possible controlling observations in SEM. The results showed that all the three methods of estimators manifest the ability to identify outliers and possible controlling observations in SEM. It was noted that the Anderson-Rubin estimator of QQ plot showed a more efficient or visual display of spotting outliers and possible controlling observations as compared to the other methods of estimators. Therefore, this paper provides an efficient way identifying outliers as it fragments the data set.展开更多
Local culture resources were excavated and expressed in environmental landscape section of ‘Miaojiang ·Yujinyuan’ residential plot in Taijiang County of Guizhou Province, with lusheng, Bronze drum and national ...Local culture resources were excavated and expressed in environmental landscape section of ‘Miaojiang ·Yujinyuan’ residential plot in Taijiang County of Guizhou Province, with lusheng, Bronze drum and national architecture as design elements. Making environmental landscape of residential plot, where the minority nationality lived in, possess culture agreement and emotion arrangement.展开更多
The crystallization and melting behavior of polymers is of theoretical importance.In this work,poly(butylene succinate)(PBS)was selected as an example to study such behavior at low supercooling via introduction of the...The crystallization and melting behavior of polymers is of theoretical importance.In this work,poly(butylene succinate)(PBS)was selected as an example to study such behavior at low supercooling via introduction of the extended-chain crystal(ECC)of the same polymer as nucleating agent.The crystallization of PBS with its ECC as nucleating agent in a wide temperature range(90–127°C)and the following melting behavior were studied.It is revealed that the melting point(Tm',for Tc≥113°C)and the annealing peak temperature(Ta',for Tc=90–100°C)show similar asymptotic behavior.Both Tm and Ta approach to a value of ca.3.3°C higher than the corresponding Tc when the crystallization time tc approaches the starting point.That is to say,the Hoffman-Weeks plot is parallel to Tm=Tc line.The crystallization line became parallel to the melting line when PBS was crystallized at Tc higher than 102°C.Based on these results,we propose that the parallel relationship and the intrinsic similarity between the Ta and the Tm observed at the two ends of the Tc range could be attributed to the metastable crystals formed at the beginning of crystallization.展开更多
文摘Animation has been a popular form of feature length movie.In addition to the mean of entertainment,some animated works move audiences deeply and even arouse their reflection.In order to achieve this,the setup of story structure is critical,and the arrangement of the time and setting of foreshadowing in plots influence significantly on audiences’understanding and feeling towards films.Your Name,directed by Japanese animation director,Makoto Shinkai,was an animated feature film released in 2016,soon received high praise by audiences and film review critics,and ended with the highest gross in box office of the director’s works ever.The story of this animation is special for its non-linear structure,which is seldom seen in feature length animated works.The question on how this non-linear structure presents a compelling story and touch audiences so deeply is worth to explore in depth.There is very few analytical study that dedicates on the examination of the foreshadowing based on timeline from an empirical point of view in the area of narrative studies.Hence,this study investigates the spatial-time arrangement,and foreshadowing of plots in Your Name with the basis of timeline in the film.The textual analysis is undertaken with timeline by deconstructing events and elements in the story to look into the arrangement of foreshadowing.The result indicates that the spatial-time structure is complicated by keeps jumping between the year 2013 and 2016 from the two main characters’point of views in different locations,and ends in the year 2021.There are six elements of foreshadowing in this story,and each of them corresponds to important turning points of the story.They appear in the first and the second act of the story to progress the storyline and make the story reasonable through the functions of advanced notice and advanced mention,and gradually echo and accumulate to build up the climax of the narrative to cross over to the third act.In spite of the three settings of the story,the crash of meteorite,the exchanging of body and soul,and the time traveling are rather ordinary,elements of foreshadowing originated form Japanese folk culture interweave plots of the story to create its specialty.
基金funded by Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources(grant number 9318124503).
文摘Plant species diversity is one of the most widely used indicators in ecosystem management.The relation of species diversity with the size of the sample plot has not been fully determined for Oriental beech forests(Fagus orientalis Lipsky),a widespread species in the Hyrcanian region.Assessing the impacts of plot size on species diversity is fundamental for an ecosystem-based approach to forest management.This study determined the relation of species diversity and plot size by investigating species richness and abundance of both canopy and forest floor.Two hundred and fifty-six sample plots of 625 m^(2) each were layout in a grid pattern across 16 ha.Base plots(25 m×25 m)were integrated in different scales to investigate the effect of plot size on species diversity.The total included nine plots of 0.063,0.125,0.188,0.250,0.375,0.500,0.563,0.750 and 1 ha.Ten biodiversity indices were calculated.The results show that species richness in the different plot sizes was less than the actual value.The estimated value of the Simpson species diversity index was not significantly different from actual values for both canopy and forest floor diversity.The coefficient of variation of this index for the 1-ha sample plot showed the lowest amount across different plot sizes.Inverse Hill species diversity was insignificant difference across different plot sizes with an area greater than 0.500 ha.The modified Hill evenness index for the 1-ha sample size was a correct estimation of the 16-ha for both canopy and forest floor;however,the precision estimation was higher for the canopy layer.All plots greater than 0.250-ha provided an accurate estimation of the Camargo evenness index for forest floor species,but was inaccurate across different plot sizes for the canopy layer.The results indicate that the same plot size did not have the same effect across species diversity measurements.Our results show that correct estimation of species diversity measurements is related to the selection of appropriate indicators and plot size to increase the accuracy of the estimate so that the cost and time of biodiversity management may be reduced.
基金supported in part by the intramural research program of the US Department of Agriculture,National Institute of Food and Agriculture,Evans-Allen#1024525,and Capacity Building Grant#006531supported in part by the US National Science Foundation RII Track 2 FEC:Leveraging Intelligent Informatics and Smart Data for Improved Understanding of Northern Forest Ecosystem Resiliency(INSPIRES)#1920908by The Lyndhurst Foundation.
文摘Understanding local variation in forest biomass allows for a better evaluation of broad-scale patterns and interpretation of forest ecosystems’role in carbon dynamics.This study focuses on patterns of aboveground tree biomass within a fully censused 20 ha forest plot in a temperate forest of northern Alabama,USA.We evaluated the relationship between biomass and topography using ridge and valley landforms along with digitally derived moisture and solar radiation indices.Every live woody stem over 1 cm diameter at breast height within this plot was mapped,measured,and identified to species in 2019-2022,and diameter data were used along with speciesspecific wood density to map the aboveground biomass at the scale of 20 m×20 m quadrats.The aboveground tree biomass was 211 Mg·ha^(-1).Other than small stream areas that experienced recent natural disturbances,the total stand biomass was not associated with landform or topographic indices.Dominant species,in contrast,had strong associations with topography.American beech(Fagus grandifolia)and yellow-poplar(Liriodendron tulipfera)dominated the valley landform,with 37% and 54% greater biomass in the valley than their plot average,respectively.Three other dominant species,white oak(Quercus alba),southern shagbark hickory(Carya carolinaeseptentrionalis),and white ash(Fraxinus americana),were more abundant on slopes and benches,thus partitioning the site.Of the six dominant species,only sugar maple(Acer saccharum)was not associated with landform.Moreover,both topographic wetness and potential radiation indices were significant predictors of dominant species biomass within each of the landforms.The study highlights the need to consider species when examining forest productivity in a range of site conditions.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(30070679)the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(2004ABA138)+1 种基金the Key Technology R&D Programme Foundation of Hubei Province(2002AA301C43)the Hubei Health Bureau Research Programme Foundation(NX200427)
文摘Five years＇ （2000-2004） continuous study has been carried out on small mammals such as rodents in seven different sample plots, at three different altitudes and in six different ecological environment types in the eastern part of the Wuling Mountains, south bank of the Three Gorges of Yangtze River in Hubei. A total of 29 297 rat clamps/times were placed and 2271 small mammals such as rodents were captured, and 26 small mammals were captured by other means. All the small mammals captured belonged to 8 families 19 genera and 24 species, of which rodentia accounted for 70.83% and insectivora 29.17%. Through analysis of the data, the results showed that： 1 ） although the species richness had a trend of increasing along different sample plots as altitude increased from south to north, quite a few species showed a wide habitat range in a vertical distribution （ 15 species were dispersed over three zones and two species over two zones） , indicating a strong adaptability of small mammals such as rOdents at lower altitudes in most areas and comparatively less vertical span of entire mountains; 2） whether in seven different sample plots or six different ecological types, Apodemus agrarius and Rattus norvegicus were dominant species below 1200m, and Anourosorex squamipes, Niviventer confucianus and Apodemus draco were dominant above altitudes of 1300m, however, in quantity they were short of identical regularity, meaning they did not increase as the altitude did, or decrease as the ecological areas changed; 3）the density in winter was obviously greater than that in spring, and the distribution showed an increasing trend along with altitude, but the density in different sample plots was short of identical regularity, showing changes in different seasons and altitude grades had an important impact on small mammals such as rodents; 4） in species diversity and evenness index, there were obvious changes between the seven different sample plots, probably caused by frequent human interference in this area. Comparatively speaking, there was less human interference at high altitudes where vegetation was rich and had a high diversity and evenness index, and the boundary effect and community stability were obvious. Most ecological types have been seriously interfered with due to excessive assart at low altitudes with singular vegetation and low diversity and evenness index and poor community stability, showing an ecosystem with poor anti-reversion. If human interference can be reduced in those communities at high altitudes with low diversity and evenness index, the biological diversity in the communities will gradually recover to similar levels of other ecological areas.
基金Supported by Action Programs of Service Business of Scientists and Engineers in MOST(2009GJA00026)Science and Technology Project of Beijing Municipal Bureau of Agriculture(2010020101)+1 种基金Science and Technology project of Beijing Municipal Bureau of Agriculture(011050465100002)Science and Technology Project of Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences(2010A016)~~
文摘[Objective] The aim was to study on impacts of excessive soaking N, P, and K insubstrate plots of and seedling growth. [Method] Substrate was designed to add additional 1/2 water after saturation and expansion. Disposable excessive soak- ing and regression relation of nutrition infusion of substrate plots were studied by design of 13 time gradient. Plant nutrition absorption and growth effects after sub- strate plots immersed by water were investigated by growing tomato. [Result] Con- centration and time of the three nutrition immersed in water had the regression equation of each, as follows： N=-2E-05t2＋0.016 lt＋2.0553, P=0.002 2t＋2.248 5 and K=0.004 7t＋0.875 8. With nutrition loss of the three, however, loss amount was al- most same with variance analysis of regression equation, which may result from its volatilization. Regression equations of P and K were： P=0.125 7t-0.117, and K=0.022 5t.1514, which led to adverse impact on plant absorption of N and K above ground, whose equations were N=20.64e-4E-0.4t, and K=E-06t2-0.011 3t＋29.055. Meanwhile, un- der the condition, sound seedling index was not impacted a lot by excessive immer- sion. [Conclusion] This study has provided theoretical reference for guidance of sub- strate plot soaking method, cultivation and regulation, and breeding, as well as agri- cultural production.
文摘Based on a practical research test, the statistic analysis method for the experimental data in the split-split plot design was introduced in detail, especially in- troduced the significant test method of three-factor interaction and the calculation of test value, which solved the problem of how to make statistical analysis on the data in split-split plot design.
文摘This paper investigates the normality of some real data set obtained from waist measurements of a group of 49 young adults. The quantile - quantile （Q-Q） plot and the analysis of correlation coefficients for the Q-Q plot is used to determine the normality or otherwise of the data set. In this regards, the probabilities of the quantiles were computed, modified and plotted. Thereafter the correlation coefficients for the quantile - quantile plots were obtained. Results indicate that at 0.1 level of significance, the data for young adult males of the sample were not normally distributed, and had a mean value that is within the range of low risk, healthwise, whereas the distribution of the data for young female adults showed reasonable normality, but also with a mean value that is within the range of low risk in terms of health condition.
基金the National Natural ScienceFoundation of China (No. 49802012) and also by the Ministry of Science and Technology (SSER).
文摘The Mesoproterozoic Wumishan Formation ((1310 ± 20 ) Ma - (l 207 ± 10) Ma) in Jixian, Tianjin represents a succession of 3 300 meter thick carbonate strata where are the best developed stromatolite biostromes and thrombolite bioherms. These biostromes and bioherms, together with tidal-flat dolomites and muddy dolostones, form Wumishan cyclothems with approximately symmetrical faciessuccession fabrics, which belong to carbonate meter-scale cyclic sequences of peritidal type. These cyclothems are overlain by lagoon dolomitic mudstones and shales and by frequently developed paleosol layers, indicating that the boundary of Wumishan cyclothems is marked by an instantaneously-exposed punctuated surface. Viewed form the regularly vertical stacking patterns of Wumishan cyclothems in long-term sequences, 26 third-order sequences may be discerned in Wumishan Formation. These thirdorder sequences may also be incorporated into six second-order sequences. In order to study the variation range of third-order sea-level changes and the formation period of third-order sequence, 626 cyclothems are discerned in the middle and upper parts of Wumishan Formation where the outcrops are well developed. In terms of the total thickness and the formation period of Mesoproterozoic Wumishan Formation, the crust subsidence rate in the sedimentary period of Wumishan Formation is supposed to be 3 meters at each interval of 100 thousands years. Based on this assumption, Fischer plot might be designed to simulate the third-order sea-level changing pattern.
文摘Lorenz-RR scatter plot has an obvious shortcoming in that it does not indicate the time when the scatter point happens.On the Lorenz RR scatter plot,one cannot know the time during which the cardiac rhythms take place.Since occurrence of cardiac rhythms is time-related,time should be introduced to such plots.In this study,time was used as abscissa and RR interval(the time interval between the previous RR wave and the R wave)as the ordinate and time was compressed into a visually observable length,and thereby a timed RR-interval scatter plot,or t-RR scatter plot,for short,was developed.On t-RR scatter plot,the patterns were band-shaped or were of linear type.On the t-RR plot,the sinus rhythm presented bands of various widths,with the spiculate or burred upper and lower boundaries,having diurnal variation.Premature beats showed separate layers(“stratification”),the layer number corresponding the number of RR-intervals.With simple premature beats,the layers were clearly separated.With parasystole rhythm,the upper and lower bands or layers might become thicker.With arial premature beats,the space or distance between layers varied.Ventricular premature beats presented equal space or distance between layers.With tachycardia,the lower layer became a“solid”layer.With atrial fibration,the“stratification”disappeared,presenting thicker or widened layers or bands,with neat lower boundary.With atrial flutter,the layers went parallel,with the layers being evenly separated or some distances being exact multiples of others.The second degree atrioventricular block displayed two layers,the lower and upper bands being equally away from the X-axis,presenting a straight line(pacing at a fixed rate)or a thicker or wider bands,with a neat upper boundary(the lowest pacing rate).When the scatter plot presented uncharacteristic patterns or had some scattered points,which rendered diagnosis difficult,a reverse technology could be used.Briefly,upon selection of scattered points,they were subjected to computerization,by regression,to reveal the piece of electrocardiogram(ECG)containing an R wave(QRS complex).Then ECG was analyzed to diagnose the cardiac rhythms.In conclusion,t-RR is a novel methodology which helps us understand heart rhythms from a new perspective.
基金Project supported by the Key Project of Ministry of Education of China (Grant No. 2010141)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 61203159)
文摘The three most widely used methods for reconstructing the underlying time series via the recurrence plots （RPs） of a dynamical system are compared with each other in this paper. We aim to reconstruct a toy series, a periodical series, a random series, and a chaotic series to compare the effectiveness of the most widely used typical methods in terms of signal correlation analysis. The application of the most effective algorithm to the typical chaotic Lorenz system verifies the correctness of such an effective algorithm. It is verified that, based on the unthresholded RPs, one can reconstruct the original attractor by choosing different RP thresholds based on the Hirata algorithm. It is shown that, in real applications, it is possible to reconstruct the underlying dynamics by using quite little information from observations of real dynamical systems. Moreover, rules of the threshold chosen in the algorithm are also suggested.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.71371035)
文摘The log-Weibull distribution is a variant of the three-parameter Weibull distribution. The probability plot of a distribution model is desired since it can help to decide on whether the model is appropriate for fitting a given dataset and can provide the initial estimate of the model parameters. The decision on the appropriateness of a distribution is somehow subjective. This paper presents a probability plot of the log-Weibull distribution(LWPP). The distribution of the probability plot correlation coefficient is studied. From this distribution, a lower confidence limit is determined for determining whether the probability plot correlation coefficient derived from a given data set is large enough. The appropriateness and usefulness of this study are illustrated by two real-world examples.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.41301090
文摘Swidden agriculture is by far the dominant land use system in the uplands of Southeast Asia （SEA）, as well as other tropical regions, which plays an important role in the implementation of Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation （REDD） of United Nations. To our knowledge, the long-term inter-annual area of newly burned plots （NBP） of swidden agriculture in mainland Southeast Asia is still not available, let alone in the whole tropics. With the strengthening regional geo-economic cooperation in SEA, swidden agriculture has experienced and/or is still experiencing extensive and drastic transformations into other diverse market-oriented land use types since the 1990s. In this study, high-level surface reflectance products of Landsat 4151718 family sensors including Thematic Mapper （TM）, Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus （ETM＋） and Operational Land Imager （OLI） acquired in March, April and May of each year between 1988 and 2016 were firstly utilized to detect and monitor the extent and area of NBP of swidden agriculture with multiple thresholds of four commonly-used vegetation indices, namely the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index （NDVI）, Normalized Difference Moisture Index （NDMI）, Normalized Burn Ratio （NBR） and Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index （SAVI）, in combination with local phenological features of swid- dening and topographical data. The results showed that： （1） an annual average of 6.08×104 km2 of NBP of swidden agriculture, or 3.15% of the total land area of MSEA, were estimated in the past nearly three decades. （2） Annual NBP were primarily distributed in four major geomorphic units including the Central Range of Hills, Northern Mountainous Region, West- ern Myanmar Hills, and Annamite Chain. （3） A decadal average analysis indicated that the NBP of swidden agriculture opened year by year declined as a whole, especially after 2010, merely with an average of 5.23×104 km2. （4） The top ten provincial administrative units in Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam, which consistently accounted for over 90% of the newly opened swiddens of each country, showed distinct fluctuations in usingslash-and-burn practices in the last decades. The Landsat-based （30 m） reconstructed 29-year longitudinal updated maps （including extent and area） of the NBP of swidden agri- culture may contribute to REDD and local livelihood related studies in Continental Southeast Asia. Our study further demonstrated that the multiple vegetative indices thresholds approach holds great potential in detecting swidden agriculture in tropical mountainous regions.
文摘High entropy alloys(HEAs)have been the star materials in electrocatalysis research in recent years.One of their key features is the greatly increased multiplicity of active sites compared to conventional catalytic materials.This increased multiplicity stimulates a cocktail effect and a scaling-relation breaking effect,and results in improved activity.However,the multiplicity of active sites in HEAs also poses new problems for mechanistic studies.One apparent problem is the inapplicability to HEA catalysts of the currently most popular mechanistic study method,which uses the electrocatalytic theoretical framework(ETF)based on the computational hydrogen electrode(CHE).The ETF uses a single adsorption energy to represent the catalyst,i.e.,a catalyst is represented by a'point'in the volcanic relationship.It naturally does not involve the multiplicity of active sites of a catalyst,and hence loses brevity in expressing the cocktail effect and scaling-relation breaking effect in HEA catalysis.This paper attempts to solve this inapplicability.Based on the fact that the adsorption energy distribution of HEAs is close to a normal distribution,the mean and variance of the adsorption energy distribution are introduced as descriptors of the ETF,replacing the original single adsorption energy.A quantitative relationship between the variance and the cocktail and scaling-relation braking effects is established.We believe the method described in this work will make the ETF more effective in mechanistic studies of HEA electrocatalysis.
基金funded by PhD grants of ‘Institute for the Promotion of Innovation through Science and Technology in Flanders (IWT-Vlaanderen)’ (Nos. 101529 (MD) and 121512 (BG))The Special Research Fund (BOF) of Ghent University (01J22510 (EW) and 01D38811 (SS))
文摘Lipopeptides are currently re-emerging as an interesting subgroup in the peptide research field, having historical applications as antibacterial and antifungal agents and new potential applications as antiviral, antitumor, immune-modulating and cell-penetrating compounds. However, due to their specific structure, chromatographic analysis often requires special buffer systems or the use of trifluoroacetic acid, limiting mass spectrometry detection. Therefore, we used a traditional aqueous/acetonitrile based gradient system, containing 0.1% （m/v） formic acid, to separate four pharmaceutically relevant lipopeptides （polymyxin B1, caspofungin, daptomycin and gramicidin A1）, which were selected based upon hierarchical cluster analysis （HCA） and principal component analysis （PCA）.In total, the performance of four different C18 columns, including one UPLC column, were evaluated using two parallel approaches. First, a Derringer desirability function was used, whereby six single and multiple chromatographic response values were rescaled into one overall D-value per column. Using this approach, the YMC Pack Pro C18 column was ranked as the best column for general MS-compatible lipopeptide separation. Secondly, the kinetic plot approach was used to compare the different columns at different flow rate ranges. As the optimal kinetic column performance is obtained at its maximal pressure, the length elongation factor λ（Pmax/Pexp） was used to transform the obtained experimental data （retention times and peak capacities） and construct kinetic performance limit （KPL） curves, allowing a direct visual and unbiased comparison of the selected columns, whereby the YMC Triart C18 UPLC and ACE C18 columns performed as best. Finally, differences in column performance and the （dis）advantages of both approaches are discussed.
文摘The structural equation model (SEM) concept is generally influenced by the presence of outliers and controlling variables. To a very large extent, this could have consequential effects on the parameters and the model fitness. Though previous researches have studied outliers and controlling observations from various perspectives including the use of box plots, normal probability plots, among others, the use of uniform horizontal QQ plot is yet to be explored. This study is, therefore, aimed at applying uniform QQ plots to identifying outliers and possible controlling observations in SEM. The results showed that all the three methods of estimators manifest the ability to identify outliers and possible controlling observations in SEM. It was noted that the Anderson-Rubin estimator of QQ plot showed a more efficient or visual display of spotting outliers and possible controlling observations as compared to the other methods of estimators. Therefore, this paper provides an efficient way identifying outliers as it fragments the data set.
文摘Local culture resources were excavated and expressed in environmental landscape section of ‘Miaojiang ·Yujinyuan’ residential plot in Taijiang County of Guizhou Province, with lusheng, Bronze drum and national architecture as design elements. Making environmental landscape of residential plot, where the minority nationality lived in, possess culture agreement and emotion arrangement.
基金by the National National Science Foundation of China(Nos.U1862205,51473085,and 21873054)Tsinghua University Initiative Scientific Research Program(No.20194180048)。
文摘The crystallization and melting behavior of polymers is of theoretical importance.In this work,poly(butylene succinate)(PBS)was selected as an example to study such behavior at low supercooling via introduction of the extended-chain crystal(ECC)of the same polymer as nucleating agent.The crystallization of PBS with its ECC as nucleating agent in a wide temperature range(90–127°C)and the following melting behavior were studied.It is revealed that the melting point(Tm',for Tc≥113°C)and the annealing peak temperature(Ta',for Tc=90–100°C)show similar asymptotic behavior.Both Tm and Ta approach to a value of ca.3.3°C higher than the corresponding Tc when the crystallization time tc approaches the starting point.That is to say,the Hoffman-Weeks plot is parallel to Tm=Tc line.The crystallization line became parallel to the melting line when PBS was crystallized at Tc higher than 102°C.Based on these results,we propose that the parallel relationship and the intrinsic similarity between the Ta and the Tm observed at the two ends of the Tc range could be attributed to the metastable crystals formed at the beginning of crystallization.
