A new instantaneous mobile bed thickness model is presented for sediment transport in skewed asymmetric oscillatory sheet flows. The proposed model includes a basic bed load part and a suspended load part related to t...A new instantaneous mobile bed thickness model is presented for sediment transport in skewed asymmetric oscillatory sheet flows. The proposed model includes a basic bed load part and a suspended load part related to the Shields parameter, and takes into account the effects of mass conservation, phase-lag, and asymmetric boundary layer development, which are important in skewed asymmetric flows but usually absent in classical models. The proposed model is validated by erosion depth and sheet flow layer thickness data in both steady and unsteady flows, and applied to a new instantaneous sediment transport rate formula. With higher accuracy than classical empirical models in steady flows, the new formula can also be used for instantaneous sediment transport rate prediction in skewed asymmetric oscillatory sheet flows.展开更多
The magnetohydrodynamic（MHD） flow induced by a stretching or shrinking sheet under slip conditions is studied.Analytical solutions based on the boundary layer assumption are obtained in a closed form and can be appl...The magnetohydrodynamic（MHD） flow induced by a stretching or shrinking sheet under slip conditions is studied.Analytical solutions based on the boundary layer assumption are obtained in a closed form and can be applied to a flow configuration with any arbitrary velocity distributions. Seven typical sheet velocity profiles are employed as illustrating examples. The solutions to the slip MHD flow are derived from the general solution and discussed in detail. Different from self-similar boundary layer flows, the flows studied in this work have solutions in explicit analytical forms. However, the current flows require special mass transfer at the wall, which is determined by the moving velocity of the sheet. The effects of the slip parameter, the mass transfer at the wall, and the magnetic field on the flow are also demonstrated.展开更多
In the present investigation, magnetic separation studies using an induced roll magnetic separator were conducted to beneficiate low-grade ferruginous manganese ore. The feed ore was assayed to contain 22.4% Mn and 35...In the present investigation, magnetic separation studies using an induced roll magnetic separator were conducted to beneficiate low-grade ferruginous manganese ore. The feed ore was assayed to contain 22.4% Mn and 35.9% SiO2, with a manganese-to-iron mass ratio （Mn：Fe ratio） of 1.6. This ore was characterized in detail using different techniques, including quantitative evaluation of minerals by scan- ning electron microscopy, which revealed that the ore is extremely siliceous in nature and that the associated gangue minerals are more or less evenly distributed in almost all of the size fractions in major proportion. Magnetic separation studies were conducted on both the as-received ore fines and the classified fines to enrich their manganese content and Mn：Fe ratio. The results indicated that the efficiency of separation for deslimed fines was better than that for the treated unclassified bulk sample. On the basis of these results, we proposed a proc- ess flow sheet for the beneficiation of low-grade manganese ore fines using a Floatex density separator as a pre-concentrator followed by two-stage magnetic separation. The overall recovery of manganese in the final product from the proposed flow sheet is 44.7% with an assay value of 45.8% and the Mn：Fe ratio of 3.1.展开更多
Nikuradse roughness(ks) is very important in the sediment transport prediction because it is related to the evaluations of the velocity distribution, shear stress and erosion depth. Dimensionless Nikuradse roughness(k...Nikuradse roughness(ks) is very important in the sediment transport prediction because it is related to the evaluations of the velocity distribution, shear stress and erosion depth. Dimensionless Nikuradse roughness(ks/D,where D is the sediment diameter) is usually given 1–2.5 on the immobile plan bed or at low shear stress. But it behaves differently on the mobile plan bed at high shear stress with much sediment picked up to movement when the Shields parameter(Θ) is larger than 0.8–1.0. The effective Nikuradse roughness on the mobile plan bed was derived indirectly from the erosion depth correlated to the mobile plan bed thickness considering the mass conservation in the present study. The proposed erosion depth confirmed the relation to the Shields parameters with an extra factor consisting of suspended sediment and its damping to turbulence. The decrement of the erosion depth caused by the increment of the sediment diameter at large shear stress was obtained, which was usually absent in classical empirical formulas based on the bedload theory. Good agreement with experiments was achieved by the present prediction of the Nikuradse roughness, erosion depth and sediment transport rate. Discussion was mainly focused on the prediction improvement caused by considering the impact of suspended sediment and its damping to turbulence.展开更多
The spray behaviors of the combined trapezoid spray tray(CTST) have a significant effect on the gas-liquid interface. In this paper, the spray process of CTST in a column, 570 mm in diameter, was experimentally invest...The spray behaviors of the combined trapezoid spray tray(CTST) have a significant effect on the gas-liquid interface. In this paper, the spray process of CTST in a column, 570 mm in diameter, was experimentally investigated by using a high-speed camera, and a theoretical model of the average droplet size was established according to the unstable wave theory. The results demonstrated that gas velocity passing through the hole is the key factor affecting the spray angle, which increases gradually with an increase in the gas velocity. When the gas velocity exceeds 7.5 m/s, the spray angle becomes stable at around 55°. The average flow velocity of the liquid sheet at the spray-hole increases significantly with an increase in the gas velocity, and decreases slightly with an increase in the liquid flow rate; moreover, it increases from the bottom of spray hole upward to the top. The density of liquid drops distribution in the spray area can be described by the RosinRammler function. In addition, the liquid drops are mainly concentrated in the area of spray angle ranging from 20° to 40°, and they gradually become uniform with the increase in the gas velocity and the liquid flow rate. The average liquid drop size deceases with an increase in the gas velocity, and increases slightly with an increasing liquid flow rate. In the normal working range, the average liquid drop size is about 1.0 mm to 2.5 mm in diameter.展开更多
Electrostatic precipitators clean away the particulate matter of exhaust gases in manifold industrial processes.Parameter studies of particle separation in the size range of several 100 nm to 25μm is of particular in...Electrostatic precipitators clean away the particulate matter of exhaust gases in manifold industrial processes.Parameter studies of particle separation in the size range of several 100 nm to 25μm is of particular interest for the prediction of precipitation efficiencies and emissions.Models typically cover the transport of particles towards walls of the precipitator.However,no model yet covers the possible re-entrainment of particles from layers formed at the walls back into the gas flow.This study presents the implementation of a new time-resolving model for electrostatic precipitation utilizing a re-entrainment model.Experimental data support the results of modelling.The model uses a statistical approach based on properties of the particulate layer forming at the precipitator walls.The model is used for the analysis of the redispersion of particles in a laboratory-scale electrostatic precipitator(Sander,Gawor,&Fritsching,2018).Results show reduced precipitation efficiencies for particles larger than 5μm as particles have higher kinetic impact energies and lower bounding energy at the layer surface.Time dynamics reveal a steady-state behavior of the separation for CaCO3(limestone,trademark"Ulmer WeissR")while Al2O3(trademark"Pural NFR")precipitation is affected by layer buildup at the walls increasing over several minutes.展开更多
The oscillatory flow provides the major dynamic force for the mass and energy transport in estuary and coastal areas.An analytical approximate velocity formula is proposed to evaluate the oscillation in the boundary l...The oscillatory flow provides the major dynamic force for the mass and energy transport in estuary and coastal areas.An analytical approximate velocity formula is proposed to evaluate the oscillation in the boundary layer over the mobile sediment bed of the sheet flow induced by the asymmetric wave and current.The velocity formula consists of an oscillatory force part and a constant force part corresponding to the Navier-Stokes equation of the asymmetric oscillatory sheet flow over the mobile sediment bed.The mobile sediment bed is defined by an erosion depth formula with consideration of the phase lag,the acceleration and the flow asymmetry.The wave part includes the phase lead parameters from all components of the free stream velocity.The development of the wave part is affected by the current part through the erosion depth and the boundary layer thickness.The erosion depth,the roughness height and the boundary layer thickness of the mobile sediment bed are introduced into the current part without a transition area for the wave-current eddy viscosity.The current part is induced by the wave eddy viscosity within the boundary layer and influenced by the wave-current apparent roughness outside the boundary layer.The velocity profile and duration are evaluated by an approximate velocity formula through experiments for both asymmetric wave and wave-current cases.The oscillation feature in the boundary layer is illustrated by the approximate velocity formula through the asymmetric wave cases over the mobile sediment bed.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants 51609244, 11472156, and 51139007)the National Science-Technology Support Plan of China (Grant 2015BAD20B01)
文摘A new instantaneous mobile bed thickness model is presented for sediment transport in skewed asymmetric oscillatory sheet flows. The proposed model includes a basic bed load part and a suspended load part related to the Shields parameter, and takes into account the effects of mass conservation, phase-lag, and asymmetric boundary layer development, which are important in skewed asymmetric flows but usually absent in classical models. The proposed model is validated by erosion depth and sheet flow layer thickness data in both steady and unsteady flows, and applied to a new instantaneous sediment transport rate formula. With higher accuracy than classical empirical models in steady flows, the new formula can also be used for instantaneous sediment transport rate prediction in skewed asymmetric oscillatory sheet flows.
文摘The magnetohydrodynamic（MHD） flow induced by a stretching or shrinking sheet under slip conditions is studied.Analytical solutions based on the boundary layer assumption are obtained in a closed form and can be applied to a flow configuration with any arbitrary velocity distributions. Seven typical sheet velocity profiles are employed as illustrating examples. The solutions to the slip MHD flow are derived from the general solution and discussed in detail. Different from self-similar boundary layer flows, the flows studied in this work have solutions in explicit analytical forms. However, the current flows require special mass transfer at the wall, which is determined by the moving velocity of the sheet. The effects of the slip parameter, the mass transfer at the wall, and the magnetic field on the flow are also demonstrated.
文摘In the present investigation, magnetic separation studies using an induced roll magnetic separator were conducted to beneficiate low-grade ferruginous manganese ore. The feed ore was assayed to contain 22.4% Mn and 35.9% SiO2, with a manganese-to-iron mass ratio （Mn：Fe ratio） of 1.6. This ore was characterized in detail using different techniques, including quantitative evaluation of minerals by scan- ning electron microscopy, which revealed that the ore is extremely siliceous in nature and that the associated gangue minerals are more or less evenly distributed in almost all of the size fractions in major proportion. Magnetic separation studies were conducted on both the as-received ore fines and the classified fines to enrich their manganese content and Mn：Fe ratio. The results indicated that the efficiency of separation for deslimed fines was better than that for the treated unclassified bulk sample. On the basis of these results, we proposed a proc- ess flow sheet for the beneficiation of low-grade manganese ore fines using a Floatex density separator as a pre-concentrator followed by two-stage magnetic separation. The overall recovery of manganese in the final product from the proposed flow sheet is 44.7% with an assay value of 45.8% and the Mn：Fe ratio of 3.1.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51836010 and 51609244)the National Science-Technology Support Plan Projects(Grant No.2015BAD20B01)
文摘Nikuradse roughness(ks) is very important in the sediment transport prediction because it is related to the evaluations of the velocity distribution, shear stress and erosion depth. Dimensionless Nikuradse roughness(ks/D,where D is the sediment diameter) is usually given 1–2.5 on the immobile plan bed or at low shear stress. But it behaves differently on the mobile plan bed at high shear stress with much sediment picked up to movement when the Shields parameter(Θ) is larger than 0.8–1.0. The effective Nikuradse roughness on the mobile plan bed was derived indirectly from the erosion depth correlated to the mobile plan bed thickness considering the mass conservation in the present study. The proposed erosion depth confirmed the relation to the Shields parameters with an extra factor consisting of suspended sediment and its damping to turbulence. The decrement of the erosion depth caused by the increment of the sediment diameter at large shear stress was obtained, which was usually absent in classical empirical formulas based on the bedload theory. Good agreement with experiments was achieved by the present prediction of the Nikuradse roughness, erosion depth and sediment transport rate. Discussion was mainly focused on the prediction improvement caused by considering the impact of suspended sediment and its damping to turbulence.
基金supported by the Science and Technology Research and Development Plan of Hebei Province, China (12276710D)
文摘The spray behaviors of the combined trapezoid spray tray(CTST) have a significant effect on the gas-liquid interface. In this paper, the spray process of CTST in a column, 570 mm in diameter, was experimentally investigated by using a high-speed camera, and a theoretical model of the average droplet size was established according to the unstable wave theory. The results demonstrated that gas velocity passing through the hole is the key factor affecting the spray angle, which increases gradually with an increase in the gas velocity. When the gas velocity exceeds 7.5 m/s, the spray angle becomes stable at around 55°. The average flow velocity of the liquid sheet at the spray-hole increases significantly with an increase in the gas velocity, and decreases slightly with an increase in the liquid flow rate; moreover, it increases from the bottom of spray hole upward to the top. The density of liquid drops distribution in the spray area can be described by the RosinRammler function. In addition, the liquid drops are mainly concentrated in the area of spray angle ranging from 20° to 40°, and they gradually become uniform with the increase in the gas velocity and the liquid flow rate. The average liquid drop size deceases with an increase in the gas velocity, and increases slightly with an increasing liquid flow rate. In the normal working range, the average liquid drop size is about 1.0 mm to 2.5 mm in diameter.
文摘Electrostatic precipitators clean away the particulate matter of exhaust gases in manifold industrial processes.Parameter studies of particle separation in the size range of several 100 nm to 25μm is of particular interest for the prediction of precipitation efficiencies and emissions.Models typically cover the transport of particles towards walls of the precipitator.However,no model yet covers the possible re-entrainment of particles from layers formed at the walls back into the gas flow.This study presents the implementation of a new time-resolving model for electrostatic precipitation utilizing a re-entrainment model.Experimental data support the results of modelling.The model uses a statistical approach based on properties of the particulate layer forming at the precipitator walls.The model is used for the analysis of the redispersion of particles in a laboratory-scale electrostatic precipitator(Sander,Gawor,&Fritsching,2018).Results show reduced precipitation efficiencies for particles larger than 5μm as particles have higher kinetic impact energies and lower bounding energy at the layer surface.Time dynamics reveal a steady-state behavior of the separation for CaCO3(limestone,trademark"Ulmer WeissR")while Al2O3(trademark"Pural NFR")precipitation is affected by layer buildup at the walls increasing over several minutes.
基金Projects supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41961144014,51836010)the Chinese Universities Scientific Fund(Grant No.2019TC133).
文摘The oscillatory flow provides the major dynamic force for the mass and energy transport in estuary and coastal areas.An analytical approximate velocity formula is proposed to evaluate the oscillation in the boundary layer over the mobile sediment bed of the sheet flow induced by the asymmetric wave and current.The velocity formula consists of an oscillatory force part and a constant force part corresponding to the Navier-Stokes equation of the asymmetric oscillatory sheet flow over the mobile sediment bed.The mobile sediment bed is defined by an erosion depth formula with consideration of the phase lag,the acceleration and the flow asymmetry.The wave part includes the phase lead parameters from all components of the free stream velocity.The development of the wave part is affected by the current part through the erosion depth and the boundary layer thickness.The erosion depth,the roughness height and the boundary layer thickness of the mobile sediment bed are introduced into the current part without a transition area for the wave-current eddy viscosity.The current part is induced by the wave eddy viscosity within the boundary layer and influenced by the wave-current apparent roughness outside the boundary layer.The velocity profile and duration are evaluated by an approximate velocity formula through experiments for both asymmetric wave and wave-current cases.The oscillation feature in the boundary layer is illustrated by the approximate velocity formula through the asymmetric wave cases over the mobile sediment bed.
