It has recently become evident that the de novo emergence of genes is widespread and documented for a variety of organisms.De novo genes frequently emerge in proximity to existing genes,forming gene overlaps.Here,we p...It has recently become evident that the de novo emergence of genes is widespread and documented for a variety of organisms.De novo genes frequently emerge in proximity to existing genes,forming gene overlaps.Here,we present an analysis of the evolutionary history of a putative de novo gene,lawc,which overlaps with the conserved Trf2 gene,which encodes a general transcription factor in Drosophila melanogaster.We demonstrate that lawc emerged approximately 68 million years ago in the 5'-untranslated region(UTR)of Trf2 and displays an extensive spatiotemporal expression pattern.One of the most remarkable features of the lawc evolutionary history is that its emergence was facilitated by the engagement of Drosophilidae-specific short,highly conserved regions located in Trf2 introns.This represents a unique example of putative de novo gene birth involving conserved DNA regions localized in introns of conserved genes.The observed lawc expression pattern may be due to the overlap of lawc with the 5'-UTR of Trf2.This study not only enriches our understanding of gene evolution but also highlights the complex interplay between genetic conservation and innovation.展开更多
Kinesins are a superfamily of proteins widely present in eukaryotes,playing crucial roles in plant cell wall assembly,cell elongation regulation,gravity sensing,and fertility control.In this study,bioinformatics analy...Kinesins are a superfamily of proteins widely present in eukaryotes,playing crucial roles in plant cell wall assembly,cell elongation regulation,gravity sensing,and fertility control.In this study,bioinformatics analysis of the OsKMP2 gene(LOC_Os02g28850)was performed using online tools such as ExPASy-ProtParam,ProtScale,CD-search,and DNAMAN software.Additionally,qRT-PCR was employed to analyze the tissue expression pattern of OsKMP2.The results showed that the molecular weight of the OsKMP2 is 118.39728 kDa,and it is a hydrophilic and unstable acidic protein.Secondary structure prediction revealed that it primarily consists ofα-helices(69.45%),random coils(25.19%),and extended strands(5.36%).The gene was expressed in various rice tissues,with the highest expression level observed in leaves.These results indicate that the OsKMP2 gene exhibits high evolutionary conservation and functional diversity in rice.展开更多
The pathogenesis-related protein PR10 plays a vital role in plant growth,development,and stress responses.This study systematically identified and analyzed PR10 genes in cultivated peanut(Arachis hypogaea L.),examinin...The pathogenesis-related protein PR10 plays a vital role in plant growth,development,and stress responses.This study systematically identified and analyzed PR10 genes in cultivated peanut(Arachis hypogaea L.),examining their phylogenetic relationships,conserved motifs,gene structures,and syntenic relationships.The analysis identified 54 Ah PR10 genes,which were classified into eight groups based on phylogenetic relationships,supported by gene structure and conserved motif characterization.Analysis of chromosomal distribution and synteny demonstrated that segmental duplications played a crucial role in the expansion of the Ah PR10 gene family.The identified Ah PR10 genes exhibited both constitutive and inducible expression patterns.Significantly,Ah PR10-7,Ah PR10-33,and Ah PR10-41 demonstrated potential importance in peanut resistance to Aspergillus flavus.In vitro fungistatic experiments demonstrated that recombinant Ah PR10-33 effectively inhibited A.flavus mycelial growth.These findings provide valuable insights for future investigations into Ah PR10 functions in protecting peanut from A.flavus infection.展开更多
Due to the unique microstructure and diverse opsin genes of the trinocular compound eye,stomatopoda possess an extraordinary ability to perceive multiple properties of light.They not only can detect natural light(NL)a...Due to the unique microstructure and diverse opsin genes of the trinocular compound eye,stomatopoda possess an extraordinary ability to perceive multiple properties of light.They not only can detect natural light(NL)and linearly polarized light(LPL),but also are the only animals capable of recognizing circularly polarized light(CPL).Here,we integrated single-cell RNA sequencing,previously published Illumina data,and in-situ hybridization(ISH)to quantify and localize functional opsin genes in Oratosquilla oratoria,a common stomatopoda species in the China Sea.A total of high-quality 31777 cells were captured for the first time in the O.oratoria compound eye,which were classified into 25 cell subpopulations,and hypothesized that cluster 22 is a critical cell subpopulation responsible for light(whether NL,LPL,or CPL)response in O.oratoria.Furthermore,we propose that the long-wavelengthsensitive opsin gene(lws)gene family,retinol dehydrogenase(rdh),voltage-gated ion channel(vgic),arrestin(arr),and myosin(myo)collectively mediate the light response in O.oratoria.Considering that very few vision-related opsin genes show differential expression in right-handed CPL(RCPL)-vs.-dark(DL),which provides additional evidence that stomatopoda cannot recognize RCPL.Meanwhile,we believe that UV-stimulated scaffold protein A(uvssa)and red pigment concentrating hormone(rpch)play special contributions in the left-handed CPL(LCPL)environment response.ISH revealing that 16 lws,6 middle-wavelength-sensitive(mws),and 2 ultraviolet(uv)opsin genes were expressed in the photoreceptors of the O.oratoria compound eye.Although the inability to determine the functional types of cell subpopulations limits the resolution of opsin genes,these findings systematically elucidate the specific expression patterns of opsin genes in O.oratoria and represent a significant step toward refining the visual ecological theory of O.oratoria and other stomatopod species.展开更多
Mandarin fish(Siniperca scherzeri) has high market prices and significant market potential in China because of its highquality meat and high nutritional value. However, due to the limited scale of aquaculture, meeting...Mandarin fish(Siniperca scherzeri) has high market prices and significant market potential in China because of its highquality meat and high nutritional value. However, due to the limited scale of aquaculture, meeting the market demand is difficult, making the effective development of the aquaculture potential of mandarin fish an important challenge for the industry. In this study, a 30-d breeding experiment was conducted on mandarin fish larvae under three photoperiod conditions: G1 8 h light:16 h dark(8L:16D), G2 12 h light:12 h dark(12L:12D), and G3 16 h light:8 h dark(16L:8D). The results showed that the G2 group exhibited the best growth performance and development status, with final body weights, weight gain rates, and specific growth rates all higher than those of the other two groups(P < 0.05). Observations of sections from each group revealed that the intestinal villi length and muscle thickness of the G2 group were significantly greater than those of the other two groups(P < 0.05). The G2 group inhibited the transcriptional activation of key circadian rhythm genes, including nr1d2a, nr1d1 and per1, while upregulating the expression of BMAL1 in S. scherzeri.The activation of both the insulin signalling pathway and the Fox O signalling pathway enhanced the efficient secretion of insulin, which subsequently played a critical role in regulating fatty acid metabolism. This active fatty acid metabolism provided an optimal energy supply, ensuring that other nutrients were fully utilized during the growth and development process while minimizing unnecessary nutrient loss. Consequently, this mechanism effectively promoted the overall growth and development of S. scherzeri. This study was the first to elucidate the transcriptomic expression patterns of S. scherzeri under varying photoperiod conditions. In response to the cyclic alternation of day and night, S. scherzeri regulated their metabolic levels and the transcriptional activation of downstream target genes via insulin signalling.展开更多
BACKGROUND Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma(LSCC)is a prevalent head and neck malignancy with suboptimal survival rates due to late detection and therapeutic resistance.AIM To investigate chaperonin-containing TCP1 s...BACKGROUND Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma(LSCC)is a prevalent head and neck malignancy with suboptimal survival rates due to late detection and therapeutic resistance.AIM To investigate chaperonin-containing TCP1 subunit 3(CCT3)expression and its clinical implications,and its effects on LSCC cell growth.METHODS Systematic data on CCT3 mRNA expression were collected from biomedical databases,and integrated further based on the standardized mean difference and the summary receiver operating characteristic curve.Single-cell RNA-seq data were mined to validate the expression level of CCT3 mRNA.In-house immunohistochemistry was performed to explore the CCT3 protein levels of clinical LSCC samples and their relationship with clinical parameters.The growth function of LSCC cell was analyzed using CRISPR knockout screening.CCT3-related signaling pathway analyses were conducted using gene set enrichment analysis.Protein-protein interaction network construction was performed to identify hub genes.RESULTS CCT3 mRNA was significantly overexpressed in 269 LSCC tissues cases across multiple independent datasets(standardized mean difference=32,area under the curve=0.93);At the translational level,the in-house immunohistochemical analysis further demonstrated the consistent upregulation of CCT3 protein in 88 cases of LSCC samples(58 non-LSCC samples vs 30 LSCC samples,P=1.4e^(-14)).Analysis of clinical parameters showed no significant differences among subgroup.Functional characterization with clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats--mediated gene knockout revealed that depletion of CCT3 potently suppressed LSCC cell viability in vitro.Gene set enrichment analysis indicated that CCT3 was markedly associated with several key oncogenic pathways,including extracellular matrix receptor interaction and cell cycle regulation pathways.CONCLUSION CCT3 upregulation in LSCC may influence cellular growth by regulating related pathways,indicating its potential as a biomarker and therapeutic target for LSCC.展开更多
Urban forests are essential components of green infrastructure,however,rapid urbanization-induced changes in landscape patterns may affect their ecosystem services through complex ecological processes.A total of 184 s...Urban forests are essential components of green infrastructure,however,rapid urbanization-induced changes in landscape patterns may affect their ecosystem services through complex ecological processes.A total of 184 sample plots in the built-up areas of Nanchang,China,were used as research sites.Urbanization intensities were categorized by the rate of impervious surface area,and forest types were classified into landscape and relaxation forest,attached forest(AF),road forest(RF),and ecological public welfare forest.This study aimed to explore the spatial variations in vegetation characteristics and landscape pattern indices of different forest types under rapid urbanization.The results indicated that the largest patch index(LPI),aggregation index(AI),and percentage of landscape(PLAND)in RF and AF were lower than those in the other forest types(p<0.05).With increasing urbanization intensity,the mean perimeter-area ratio increased by 130.84%,whereas the PLAND,LPI,and AI decreased by 22−86%(p<0.05).Redundancy analysis and variation partitioning suggested that the interpretation rate of landscape pattern indices for variations in vegetation characteristics increased from low to heavy urbanization areas.Especially,the landscape shape index,patch connection index,PLAND,and mean patch size were significantly correlated with vegetation characteristics(e.g.,tree richness,herb coverage,and tree height).In the future,appropriate landscape layout superiority cases should be considered in different urbanization areas and forest types;for instance,increasing the patch connection index will beneficially improve the diversity of trees and herbs in heavy urbanization areas and the RF.This study serves as a reference for maximizing the ecosystem services of urban forests.展开更多
Tajikistan represents a core region of the biodiversity hotspot in Central Asian mountains and has exceptional vascular plant diversity.However,the species diversity of the country faces urgent conservation challenges...Tajikistan represents a core region of the biodiversity hotspot in Central Asian mountains and has exceptional vascular plant diversity.However,the species diversity of the country faces urgent conservation challenges.There has been a lack of a comprehensive and multidimensional assessment to inform strategic conservation planning.Therefore,this study integrated 4 key biodiversity indices including species richness(SR),phylogenetic diversity(PD),threatened species richness(TSR),and endemic species richness(ESR)to map species diversity distribution patterns,identify conservation gaps,and elucidate their effects of climatic factors.This study revealed that species diversity shows a clear trend of decreasing from the western region to the eastern region of Tajikistan.The central–western mountains(specifically the Gissar-Darvasian and Zeravshanian regions)emerge as irreplaceable biodiversity hotspots.However,we found a severe spatial mismatch between these priority areas and the existing protected areas(PAs).Protection coverage for all hotspots was alarmingly low,ranging from 31.00%to 38.00%.Consequently,a critical 64.80%of integrated priority areas fall outside of the current PAs,representing a major conservation gap.This study identified precipitation seasonality and isothermality as the principal drivers,collectively explaining over 50.00%of the diversity variation and suggesting high vulnerability to hydrological shifts.Furthermore,we detected significant geographic sampling bias in the public biodiversity databases,with the most critical hotspot being systematically under-sampled.This study provides a robust scientific basis for conservation action,highlighting the urgent need to strategically expand PAs in the under-protected southwestern region and to mitigate critical sampling gaps through targeted data digitization and field surveys.These measures are indispensable for securing Tajikistan’s unique biodiversity and achieving the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework Target 3(“30×30 Protection”).展开更多
Understanding spatial patterns of plant species diversity and the factors(e.g.,climate and human)that drive these patterns is essential for biodiversity conservation.We used data from 1700.1-ha forest plots in the She...Understanding spatial patterns of plant species diversity and the factors(e.g.,climate and human)that drive these patterns is essential for biodiversity conservation.We used data from 1700.1-ha forest plots in the Shettihalli tropical forest landscape of the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot,India,to analyse tree community composition and the drivers ofα-diversity(Shannon)andβ-diversity(LCBD).Compositional patterns were visualized using Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling(NMDS),and hybrid feature selection with structural equation modeling(SEM)was employed to evaluate the direct and indirect effects of environmental variables on diversity.NMDS identified four distinct forest types in the Shettihalli landscape:semi-evergreen,dry deciduous,moist deciduous,and plantation forests,each with distinct plant composition.Shannon diversity and ecological uniqueness was significantly higher in semi-evergreen forest than in deciduous forest plots.The SEMs explained about 79%and 39–45%of the variation inα-diversity andβ-diversity.Our analysis indicated that current diversity patterns result from multiple processes,with structure,disturbance,and edaphic parameters exerting the strongest direct and indirect effects onα-diversity.β-diversity,in contrast,was largely influenced by climate,topography,stand structure,and edaphic factors.Overall,our findings indicate that various factors(e.g.,climate,topography,and human disturbance)interact to shape tree diversity patterns in tropical forests.These findings will help develop unique conservation and management strategies for distinct forest types in tropical forest ecosystems.展开更多
Coconut(Cocos nucifera L.),a major oil and fruit crop of the Arecaceae family,is extensively cultivated across the Asia—Pacific region.Despite its agricultural importance,genome assembly in coconut remains challengin...Coconut(Cocos nucifera L.),a major oil and fruit crop of the Arecaceae family,is extensively cultivated across the Asia—Pacific region.Despite its agricultural importance,genome assembly in coconut remains challenging due to its large genome size and high proportion of repetitive sequences.Allele-specific expression(ASE)plays a key role in regulating plant development and evolution,yet research on ASE in coconut is limited(Shao et al.,2019;Li et al.,2021;Zhang et al.,2021;Hu et al.,2022).Among phenotypic traits,fruit color is especially important as an indicator of maturity,guiding harvest timing and post-harvest processes(Kapoor et al.,2022).While prior studies have explored various coconut traits such as salt tolerance,fiber content,and plant height(Wang et al.,2021;Yang et al.,2021),investigations into ASE and fruit color remain scarce.展开更多
To understand the regulation system of nitrogen X-starvation in higher plants, a cDNA library from N-starved rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings was constructed using rapid subtraction hybridization (RaSH) procedure. Thr...To understand the regulation system of nitrogen X-starvation in higher plants, a cDNA library from N-starved rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings was constructed using rapid subtraction hybridization (RaSH) procedure. Through reverse Northern analysis and Northern blotting, 18 unique known genes and two unique unknown genes were identified, which were up-regulated by N-starvation in rice. The known genes are involved in several metabolisms including carbon metabolism, secondary metabolite synthesis, ubiquitylation and protein degradation, phytohormone metabolism, signal transduction, growth regulator and transcription factors. Different induced expression patterns based on spatial and temporal express ions were found for these genes. The results indicate the cross-talks between N-starvation response and various metabolisms in plants.展开更多
Mineral resources in Asia continent and its mining industry play a significant role in the economic growth and industrialization of both Asia and the world.Asia continent boasts the most comprehensive kinds of mineral...Mineral resources in Asia continent and its mining industry play a significant role in the economic growth and industrialization of both Asia and the world.Asia continent boasts the most comprehensive kinds of minerals,with reserves of at least 38 of over 80 widely used minerals worldwide accounting for more than30%of the global total reserves.Asia continent experienced three main tectonic evolution and mineralization stages:The Precambrian,the Paleozoic,and the Mesozoic to Cenozoic.The abundant mineral resources in this continent can be divided into seven first-order metallogenic belts(metallogenic domains),18 second-order metallogenic belts(metallogenic provinces),61 third-order metallogenic belts(metallogenic zones),and nine main minerogenetic series.Asia continent exhibits the most significant metallogenic specialization among all continents.Specifically,granite belts of Asia continent manifest pronounced metallogenic specialization of tin,rare metals,and porphyry Cu-Au-Mo deposits.Its maficultramafic rock belts and ophiolite belts display notable metallogenic specialization of lateritic nickel deposits and magmatic type chromite deposits,while its Mesozoic to Cenozoic basalt belts show remarkable metallogenic specialization of lateritic bauxite deposits.Consequently,many giant metallogenic belts were formed,including the Southeast Asian tin belt,the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau rare metal metallogenic belt,the Tethyan porphyry Cu-Au-Mo metallogenic belt,the circum-Pacific porphyry Cu-Au-Mo metallogenic belt,the Southeast Asian lateritic bauxite metallogenic belt,the Deccan Plateau lateritic bauxite metallogenic belt in India,the Southeast Asian lateritic nickel metallogenic belt,and the Tethyan magmatic type chromite metallogenic belt—all of which are significant metallogenic belts in Asia continent.Future mineral exploration in Asia should focus primarily on the Precambrian mineralization of ancient cratons,the Paleozoic mineralization of the Central Asian-Mongolian orogenic belt,and the Mesozoic to Cenozoic mineralization of the Tethyan and circum-Pacific mobile belts.Asia's mining industry not only underpins its own economic growth but also propels global economic development and industrialization,contributing significantly to the world economy.Asia boasts the highest production value of minerals,the largest annual production of minerals,and the greatest trade value of mineral products among all the continents,having emerged as the trade center of global mineral products and the center of the mining industry economy.China is identified as one of the few countries that possess the most comprehensive kinds of minerals,and its mining industry has supported and driven the economic development and industrialization of Asia and even the world.Standing as the largest mineral producer worldwide,China ranked first in the production of 28 mineral commodities in the world in 2022.Besides,China exhibits the highest annual production value of minerals and the largest trade value of mineral products among all countries.Therefore,China's demand for global mineral products influences the global supply and demand patterns of minerals and the world economic situation.展开更多
The 1 195 bp 5′ flanking region of rice ( Oryza sativa L.) cytosolic fructose_1, 6_bisphosphatase (cyFBPase) can direct tissue, cell specific expression in transgenic rice. In order to identify sequence elements ...The 1 195 bp 5′ flanking region of rice ( Oryza sativa L.) cytosolic fructose_1, 6_bisphosphatase (cyFBPase) can direct tissue, cell specific expression in transgenic rice. In order to identify sequence elements responsible for the regulation of mesophyll_specific expression, the 5′ flanking regions of -1 195 bp, -1 102 bp, -768 bp, and -644 bp upstream of the translation initiation ATG codon were fused to the reporter gene encoding β_glucuronidase (GUS) and transferred to rice via particle bombardment. Analysis of the 5′ promoter deletions identified that a 93 bp fragment between -1 195 bp and -1 102 bp is essential for directing mesophyll specific expression. High constitutive expression of GUS reporter gene was found in the -768 deletion lines and another two deletion series. These results indicate the great potential utility of the promoter in rice biotechnology.展开更多
A novel cDNA sequencehtMT2, which encodes a type 2 metallothionein_like protein, was isolated from Helianthus tuberosus L. tuber cDNA library. The whole sequence is 509 bp, including an open reading frame (ORF) of 240...A novel cDNA sequencehtMT2, which encodes a type 2 metallothionein_like protein, was isolated from Helianthus tuberosus L. tuber cDNA library. The whole sequence is 509 bp, including an open reading frame (ORF) of 240 bp, a 5′ UTR of 62 bp and a 3′ UTR of 207 bp. Two genomic sequences covering the coding region ofhtMT2were cloned by PCR reaction. Sequence analysis revealed that the genomic sequences htMTG_1 of 986 bp and htMTG_2 of 982 bp were both composed of three exons and two introns. The deduced protein consisted of 79 amino acid residues with a predicted molecular weight of 7.8 ku (kD). Amino_terminal and carboxy_terminal domains contained 8 and 7 cysteine residues respectively, separated by a central cysteine free spacer. Sequence alignment revealed that the predicted protein ofhtMT2 was homologous to type 2 metallothioneins (MTs) of plants. Southern blotting analysis indicated that htMT2was encoded by a small multi_gene family in H. tuberosus genome. Northern blotting analysis showed that htMT2 transcripts were detected in stems, leaves and leafstalks, but no transcripts were detected in roots. The expression level in stems was the highest among the above tissues. Transcripts in stems were significantly reduced by Cu 2+ treatment. Judging from the homologies between the deduced HtMT2 and other type 2 plant metallothioneins as well as responses to metal ions, we believe thatwere cloned by PCR reaction. Sequence analysis revealed that the genomic sequences htMTG_1 of 986 bp and htMTG_2 of 982 bp were both composed of three exons and two introns. The deduced protein consisted of 79 amino acid residues with a predicted molecular weight of 7.8 ku (kD). Amino_terminal and carboxy_terminal domains contained 8 and 7 cysteine residues respectively, separated by a central cysteine free spacer. Sequence alignment revealed that the predicted protein ofhtMT2 was homologous to type 2 metallothioneins (MTs) of plants. Southern blotting analysis indicated that htMT2was encoded by a small multi_gene family in H. tuberosus genome. Northern blotting analysis showed that htMT2 transcripts were detected in stems, leaves and leafstalks, but no transcripts were detected in roots. The expression level in stems was the highest among the above tissues. Transcripts in stems were significantly reduced by Cu 2+ treatment. Judging from the homologies between the deduced HtMT2 and other type 2 plant metallothioneins as well as responses to metal ions, we believe that[ShtMT2 encodes a new type 2 metallothionein.展开更多
We describe the temporal and spatial expression pattern of Sox 1 gene during Xenopus laevis early development and compare the expression patterns of Sox 1-3 in the developing eye and brain. Alignment of Sox 1-3 amino ...We describe the temporal and spatial expression pattern of Sox 1 gene during Xenopus laevis early development and compare the expression patterns of Sox 1-3 in the developing eye and brain. Alignment of Sox 1-3 amino acid sequences shows a high conservation within the HMG-box DNA binding domains. RT-PCR analysis indicates that Sox 1 is expressed throughout development from the unfertilized egg to at least the tadpole stage, although at different expression levels. The transcripts of XSox 1 are detected in the animal pole at cleavage and blastrula stages and mainly in the central nervous system （CNS） and the developing eye at neurula stages. The study of the developmental expression of XSox 1 will aid in the elucidation of the function of SoxB 1 subgroup genes in vertebrate neurogenesis.展开更多
It has been reported that the muscle-specific isoform （type M, PGAM2） of phosphoglycerate mutase （PGAM） is a housekeeping enzyme; it catalyzes the conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate into 2-phosphoglycerate in the gl...It has been reported that the muscle-specific isoform （type M, PGAM2） of phosphoglycerate mutase （PGAM） is a housekeeping enzyme; it catalyzes the conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate into 2-phosphoglycerate in the glycolysis process to release energy. It is encoded by the Pgam2 gene. In this study, the cDNA of the porcine Pgam2 was cloned. This gene contains an open reading frame of 765 bp encoding a protein of 253 residues, and the predicted protein sequences share high similarity with other mammalians, 96% identity with humans, and 94% identity with mouse and rats. Pgam2 was mapped to SSC18q13-q21 by the RH panel. In this region, there are several QTLs, such as fat ratio, lean percentage, and diameter of muslce fiber, which affect meat production and quality. The reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction revealed that the porcine Pgam2 gene was mainly expressed in the muscle tissue （skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle）, and was expressed highly at skeletal muscle development stages （embryonic periods： 33, 65, and 90 days post-conception （dpo）; postnatal pigs： 4 days and adult）. This indicates that the Pgam2 gene plays an important role in muscle growth and development. In addition, it was demonstrated that PGAM2 locates both in cytoplasm and nuclei, and takes part in the glycometabolism process of cytoplasm and nuclei.展开更多
Turbot(Scophthalmus maximus L.),a carnivorous fish species with high dietary protein requirement,was chosen to examine the expression pattern of peptide and amino acid transporter genes along its digestive tract which...Turbot(Scophthalmus maximus L.),a carnivorous fish species with high dietary protein requirement,was chosen to examine the expression pattern of peptide and amino acid transporter genes along its digestive tract which was divided into six segments including stomach,pyloric caeca,rectum,and three equal parts of the remainder of the intestine.The results showed that the expression of two peptide and eleven amino acid transporters genes exhibited distinct patterns.Peptide transporter 1(Pep T1) was rich in proximal intestine while peptide transporter 2(PepT2) was abundant in distal intestine.A number of neutral and cationic amino acid transporters expressed richly in whole intestine including B^0-type amino acid transporter 1(B^0AT1),L-type amino acid transporter 2(LAT2),T-type amino acid transporter 1(TAT1),proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1(PAT1),y^+L-type amino acid transporter 1(y^+LAT1),and cationic amino acid transporter 2(CAT2) while ASC amino acid transporter 2(ASCT2),sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 2(SNAT2),and y^+L-type amino acid transporter 2(y^+LAT2) abundantly expressed in stomach.In addition,system b^(0,+) transporters(rBAT and b^(0,+)AT) existed richly in distal intestine.These findings comprehensively characterized the distribution of solute carrier family proteins,which revealed the relative importance of peptide and amino acid absorption through luminal membrane.Our findings are helpful to understand the mechanism of the utilization of dietary protein in fish with a short digestive tract.展开更多
Astrocytes are the most abundant cell type in the central nervous system(CNS).They provide trophic support for neurons,modulate synaptic transmission and plasticity,and contribute to neuronal dysfunction.Many transgen...Astrocytes are the most abundant cell type in the central nervous system(CNS).They provide trophic support for neurons,modulate synaptic transmission and plasticity,and contribute to neuronal dysfunction.Many transgenic mouse lines have been generated to obtain astrocyte-specific expression of inducible Cre recombinase for functional studies;however,the expression patterns of inducible Cre recombinase in these lines have not been systematically characterized.We generated a new astrocyte-specific Aldh1 l1-CreER^(T2)knock-in mouse line and compared the expression pattern of Cre recombinase between this and five widely-used transgenic lines(hGfap-CreER^(T2)from The Jackson Laboratory and The Mutant Mouse Resource and Research Center,Glast-CreER^(T2),Cx30-CreER^(T2),and Fgfr3-iCreER^(T2))by crossing with Ai14 mice,which express tdTomato fluorescence following Cre-mediated recombination.In adult Aldh1 l1-CreER^(T2):Ai 14 transgenic mice,tdTomato was detected throughout the CNS,and five novel morphologicallydefined types of astrocyte were described.Among the six evaluated lines,the specificity of Cre-mediated recombination was highest when driven by Aldh1 l1 and lowest when driven by hGfap;in the latter mice,co-staining between tdTomato and NeuN was observed in the hippocampus and cortex.Notably,evident leakage was noted in Fgfr3-iCreER^(T2)mice,and the expression level of tdTomato was low in the thalamus when Cre recombinase expression was driven by Glast and in the capsular part of the central amygdaloid nucleus when driven by Cx30.Furthermore,tdTomato was clearly expressed in peripheral organs in four of the lines.Our results emphasize that the astrocyte-specific CreER^(T2)transgenic lines used in functional studies should be carefully selected.展开更多
Auxin plays important roles in various aspects of plant growth and development （Zhao, 2010）. In Arabidopsis, a number of YUCCA （YUC） genes, which are involved in auxin biosyn- thesis, have been identified （Zhao e...Auxin plays important roles in various aspects of plant growth and development （Zhao, 2010）. In Arabidopsis, a number of YUCCA （YUC） genes, which are involved in auxin biosyn- thesis, have been identified （Zhao et al., 2001; Woodward et al., 2005; Cheng et al., 2006, 2007; Kim et al., 2007; Chen et al., 2014）. YUC genes encode flavin monooxygenases （FMOs） that convert indole-3-pyruvate （IPA） to indole-3-acetic acid （IAA） （Zhao, 2012）. The Arabidopsis YUC family is comprised of 11 members （Zhao et al., 2001;展开更多
The jasmonate ZIM domain(JAZ)protein belongs to the TIFY((TIF[F/Y]XG)domain protein)family,which is composed of several plant-specific proteins that play important roles in plant growth,development,and defense respons...The jasmonate ZIM domain(JAZ)protein belongs to the TIFY((TIF[F/Y]XG)domain protein)family,which is composed of several plant-specific proteins that play important roles in plant growth,development,and defense responses.However,the mechanism of the sorghum JAZ family in response to abiotic stress remains unclear.In the present study,a total of 17 JAZ genes were identified in sorghum using a Hidden Markov Model search.In addition,real-time quantification polymerase chain reaction(RT-qPCR)was used to analyze the gene expression patterns under abiotic stress.Based on phylogenetic tree analysis,the sorghum JAZ proteins were mainly divided into nine subfamilies.A promoter analysis revealed that the SbJAZ family contains diverse types of promoter cis-acting elements,indicating that JAZ proteins function in multiple pathways upon stress stimulation in plants.According to RT-qPCR,SbJAZ gene expression is tissuespecific.Additionally,under cold,hot,polyethylene glycol,jasmonic acid,abscisic acid,and gibberellin treatments,the expression patterns of SbJAZ genes were distinctly different,indicating that the expression of SbJAZ genes may be coordinated with different stresses.Furthermore,the overexpression of SbJAZ1 in Escherichia coli was found to promote the growth of recombinant cells under abiotic stresses,such as PEG 6000,NaCl,and 40℃ treatments.Altogether,our findings help us to better understand the potential molecular mechanisms of the SbJAZ family in sorghum in response to abiotic stresses.展开更多
基金funded by a grant from the Russian Science Foundation № 24-24-00354
文摘It has recently become evident that the de novo emergence of genes is widespread and documented for a variety of organisms.De novo genes frequently emerge in proximity to existing genes,forming gene overlaps.Here,we present an analysis of the evolutionary history of a putative de novo gene,lawc,which overlaps with the conserved Trf2 gene,which encodes a general transcription factor in Drosophila melanogaster.We demonstrate that lawc emerged approximately 68 million years ago in the 5'-untranslated region(UTR)of Trf2 and displays an extensive spatiotemporal expression pattern.One of the most remarkable features of the lawc evolutionary history is that its emergence was facilitated by the engagement of Drosophilidae-specific short,highly conserved regions located in Trf2 introns.This represents a unique example of putative de novo gene birth involving conserved DNA regions localized in introns of conserved genes.The observed lawc expression pattern may be due to the overlap of lawc with the 5'-UTR of Trf2.This study not only enriches our understanding of gene evolution but also highlights the complex interplay between genetic conservation and innovation.
基金Supported by College Student Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program(S202210553003)Hunan Provincial Education Department Outstanding Youth Research Project(23B0820).
文摘Kinesins are a superfamily of proteins widely present in eukaryotes,playing crucial roles in plant cell wall assembly,cell elongation regulation,gravity sensing,and fertility control.In this study,bioinformatics analysis of the OsKMP2 gene(LOC_Os02g28850)was performed using online tools such as ExPASy-ProtParam,ProtScale,CD-search,and DNAMAN software.Additionally,qRT-PCR was employed to analyze the tissue expression pattern of OsKMP2.The results showed that the molecular weight of the OsKMP2 is 118.39728 kDa,and it is a hydrophilic and unstable acidic protein.Secondary structure prediction revealed that it primarily consists ofα-helices(69.45%),random coils(25.19%),and extended strands(5.36%).The gene was expressed in various rice tissues,with the highest expression level observed in leaves.These results indicate that the OsKMP2 gene exhibits high evolutionary conservation and functional diversity in rice.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFD1200400)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32301851)。
文摘The pathogenesis-related protein PR10 plays a vital role in plant growth,development,and stress responses.This study systematically identified and analyzed PR10 genes in cultivated peanut(Arachis hypogaea L.),examining their phylogenetic relationships,conserved motifs,gene structures,and syntenic relationships.The analysis identified 54 Ah PR10 genes,which were classified into eight groups based on phylogenetic relationships,supported by gene structure and conserved motif characterization.Analysis of chromosomal distribution and synteny demonstrated that segmental duplications played a crucial role in the expansion of the Ah PR10 gene family.The identified Ah PR10 genes exhibited both constitutive and inducible expression patterns.Significantly,Ah PR10-7,Ah PR10-33,and Ah PR10-41 demonstrated potential importance in peanut resistance to Aspergillus flavus.In vitro fungistatic experiments demonstrated that recombinant Ah PR10-33 effectively inhibited A.flavus mycelial growth.These findings provide valuable insights for future investigations into Ah PR10 functions in protecting peanut from A.flavus infection.
基金Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(No.ZR2021QD110)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42106128)。
文摘Due to the unique microstructure and diverse opsin genes of the trinocular compound eye,stomatopoda possess an extraordinary ability to perceive multiple properties of light.They not only can detect natural light(NL)and linearly polarized light(LPL),but also are the only animals capable of recognizing circularly polarized light(CPL).Here,we integrated single-cell RNA sequencing,previously published Illumina data,and in-situ hybridization(ISH)to quantify and localize functional opsin genes in Oratosquilla oratoria,a common stomatopoda species in the China Sea.A total of high-quality 31777 cells were captured for the first time in the O.oratoria compound eye,which were classified into 25 cell subpopulations,and hypothesized that cluster 22 is a critical cell subpopulation responsible for light(whether NL,LPL,or CPL)response in O.oratoria.Furthermore,we propose that the long-wavelengthsensitive opsin gene(lws)gene family,retinol dehydrogenase(rdh),voltage-gated ion channel(vgic),arrestin(arr),and myosin(myo)collectively mediate the light response in O.oratoria.Considering that very few vision-related opsin genes show differential expression in right-handed CPL(RCPL)-vs.-dark(DL),which provides additional evidence that stomatopoda cannot recognize RCPL.Meanwhile,we believe that UV-stimulated scaffold protein A(uvssa)and red pigment concentrating hormone(rpch)play special contributions in the left-handed CPL(LCPL)environment response.ISH revealing that 16 lws,6 middle-wavelength-sensitive(mws),and 2 ultraviolet(uv)opsin genes were expressed in the photoreceptors of the O.oratoria compound eye.Although the inability to determine the functional types of cell subpopulations limits the resolution of opsin genes,these findings systematically elucidate the specific expression patterns of opsin genes in O.oratoria and represent a significant step toward refining the visual ecological theory of O.oratoria and other stomatopod species.
基金The Science and Technology Plan of Dalian under contract Nos 2023RO058 and 2022RQ060the Liaoning Province Natural Science Planning Fund Project under contract No. 2022-BS-273+1 种基金the Liaoning Provincial Department of Education Basic Research Project under contract No. LJKQZ20222357the Discipline Construction Funding for Marine Science Subject of Dalian Ocean University。
文摘Mandarin fish(Siniperca scherzeri) has high market prices and significant market potential in China because of its highquality meat and high nutritional value. However, due to the limited scale of aquaculture, meeting the market demand is difficult, making the effective development of the aquaculture potential of mandarin fish an important challenge for the industry. In this study, a 30-d breeding experiment was conducted on mandarin fish larvae under three photoperiod conditions: G1 8 h light:16 h dark(8L:16D), G2 12 h light:12 h dark(12L:12D), and G3 16 h light:8 h dark(16L:8D). The results showed that the G2 group exhibited the best growth performance and development status, with final body weights, weight gain rates, and specific growth rates all higher than those of the other two groups(P < 0.05). Observations of sections from each group revealed that the intestinal villi length and muscle thickness of the G2 group were significantly greater than those of the other two groups(P < 0.05). The G2 group inhibited the transcriptional activation of key circadian rhythm genes, including nr1d2a, nr1d1 and per1, while upregulating the expression of BMAL1 in S. scherzeri.The activation of both the insulin signalling pathway and the Fox O signalling pathway enhanced the efficient secretion of insulin, which subsequently played a critical role in regulating fatty acid metabolism. This active fatty acid metabolism provided an optimal energy supply, ensuring that other nutrients were fully utilized during the growth and development process while minimizing unnecessary nutrient loss. Consequently, this mechanism effectively promoted the overall growth and development of S. scherzeri. This study was the first to elucidate the transcriptomic expression patterns of S. scherzeri under varying photoperiod conditions. In response to the cyclic alternation of day and night, S. scherzeri regulated their metabolic levels and the transcriptional activation of downstream target genes via insulin signalling.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.82160213 and No.U22A2022the Guangxi Natural Science Foundation,No.2023GXNSFAA026029,No.2024GXNSFBA010059,and No.2024GXNSFAA010079。
文摘BACKGROUND Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma(LSCC)is a prevalent head and neck malignancy with suboptimal survival rates due to late detection and therapeutic resistance.AIM To investigate chaperonin-containing TCP1 subunit 3(CCT3)expression and its clinical implications,and its effects on LSCC cell growth.METHODS Systematic data on CCT3 mRNA expression were collected from biomedical databases,and integrated further based on the standardized mean difference and the summary receiver operating characteristic curve.Single-cell RNA-seq data were mined to validate the expression level of CCT3 mRNA.In-house immunohistochemistry was performed to explore the CCT3 protein levels of clinical LSCC samples and their relationship with clinical parameters.The growth function of LSCC cell was analyzed using CRISPR knockout screening.CCT3-related signaling pathway analyses were conducted using gene set enrichment analysis.Protein-protein interaction network construction was performed to identify hub genes.RESULTS CCT3 mRNA was significantly overexpressed in 269 LSCC tissues cases across multiple independent datasets(standardized mean difference=32,area under the curve=0.93);At the translational level,the in-house immunohistochemical analysis further demonstrated the consistent upregulation of CCT3 protein in 88 cases of LSCC samples(58 non-LSCC samples vs 30 LSCC samples,P=1.4e^(-14)).Analysis of clinical parameters showed no significant differences among subgroup.Functional characterization with clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats--mediated gene knockout revealed that depletion of CCT3 potently suppressed LSCC cell viability in vitro.Gene set enrichment analysis indicated that CCT3 was markedly associated with several key oncogenic pathways,including extracellular matrix receptor interaction and cell cycle regulation pathways.CONCLUSION CCT3 upregulation in LSCC may influence cellular growth by regulating related pathways,indicating its potential as a biomarker and therapeutic target for LSCC.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32460380,42007042)State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture(SKLSSKF2023-06)+2 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province(20242BAB25389)National Undergraduate Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program(202410410029X)Jiangxi Province Graduate Student Innovation Special Fund Project(YC2024-S330).
文摘Urban forests are essential components of green infrastructure,however,rapid urbanization-induced changes in landscape patterns may affect their ecosystem services through complex ecological processes.A total of 184 sample plots in the built-up areas of Nanchang,China,were used as research sites.Urbanization intensities were categorized by the rate of impervious surface area,and forest types were classified into landscape and relaxation forest,attached forest(AF),road forest(RF),and ecological public welfare forest.This study aimed to explore the spatial variations in vegetation characteristics and landscape pattern indices of different forest types under rapid urbanization.The results indicated that the largest patch index(LPI),aggregation index(AI),and percentage of landscape(PLAND)in RF and AF were lower than those in the other forest types(p<0.05).With increasing urbanization intensity,the mean perimeter-area ratio increased by 130.84%,whereas the PLAND,LPI,and AI decreased by 22−86%(p<0.05).Redundancy analysis and variation partitioning suggested that the interpretation rate of landscape pattern indices for variations in vegetation characteristics increased from low to heavy urbanization areas.Especially,the landscape shape index,patch connection index,PLAND,and mean patch size were significantly correlated with vegetation characteristics(e.g.,tree richness,herb coverage,and tree height).In the future,appropriate landscape layout superiority cases should be considered in different urbanization areas and forest types;for instance,increasing the patch connection index will beneficially improve the diversity of trees and herbs in heavy urbanization areas and the RF.This study serves as a reference for maximizing the ecosystem services of urban forests.
基金the Chinese Academy of Sciences Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia(RCEECA),the construction and joint research for the China-Tajikistan“Belt and Road”Joint Laboratory on Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Use(2024YFE0214200)the Shanghai Cooperation Organization Partnership and International Technology Cooperation Plan of Science and Technology Projects(2023E01018,2025E01056)the Chinese Academy of Sciences President’s International Fellowship Initiative(PIFI)(2024VBC0006).
文摘Tajikistan represents a core region of the biodiversity hotspot in Central Asian mountains and has exceptional vascular plant diversity.However,the species diversity of the country faces urgent conservation challenges.There has been a lack of a comprehensive and multidimensional assessment to inform strategic conservation planning.Therefore,this study integrated 4 key biodiversity indices including species richness(SR),phylogenetic diversity(PD),threatened species richness(TSR),and endemic species richness(ESR)to map species diversity distribution patterns,identify conservation gaps,and elucidate their effects of climatic factors.This study revealed that species diversity shows a clear trend of decreasing from the western region to the eastern region of Tajikistan.The central–western mountains(specifically the Gissar-Darvasian and Zeravshanian regions)emerge as irreplaceable biodiversity hotspots.However,we found a severe spatial mismatch between these priority areas and the existing protected areas(PAs).Protection coverage for all hotspots was alarmingly low,ranging from 31.00%to 38.00%.Consequently,a critical 64.80%of integrated priority areas fall outside of the current PAs,representing a major conservation gap.This study identified precipitation seasonality and isothermality as the principal drivers,collectively explaining over 50.00%of the diversity variation and suggesting high vulnerability to hydrological shifts.Furthermore,we detected significant geographic sampling bias in the public biodiversity databases,with the most critical hotspot being systematically under-sampled.This study provides a robust scientific basis for conservation action,highlighting the urgent need to strategically expand PAs in the under-protected southwestern region and to mitigate critical sampling gaps through targeted data digitization and field surveys.These measures are indispensable for securing Tajikistan’s unique biodiversity and achieving the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework Target 3(“30×30 Protection”).
基金supported by the Department of Biotechnology,Ministry of Science and Technology,Govt.India,under grant No.BT/Coord.II/10/02/2016/22.03.2018the Indian Council of Social Science Research,New Delhi,India,for providing a short-term doctoral fellowship(RFD/Short-Term/2022-23/ENV/ST/66).
文摘Understanding spatial patterns of plant species diversity and the factors(e.g.,climate and human)that drive these patterns is essential for biodiversity conservation.We used data from 1700.1-ha forest plots in the Shettihalli tropical forest landscape of the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot,India,to analyse tree community composition and the drivers ofα-diversity(Shannon)andβ-diversity(LCBD).Compositional patterns were visualized using Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling(NMDS),and hybrid feature selection with structural equation modeling(SEM)was employed to evaluate the direct and indirect effects of environmental variables on diversity.NMDS identified four distinct forest types in the Shettihalli landscape:semi-evergreen,dry deciduous,moist deciduous,and plantation forests,each with distinct plant composition.Shannon diversity and ecological uniqueness was significantly higher in semi-evergreen forest than in deciduous forest plots.The SEMs explained about 79%and 39–45%of the variation inα-diversity andβ-diversity.Our analysis indicated that current diversity patterns result from multiple processes,with structure,disturbance,and edaphic parameters exerting the strongest direct and indirect effects onα-diversity.β-diversity,in contrast,was largely influenced by climate,topography,stand structure,and edaphic factors.Overall,our findings indicate that various factors(e.g.,climate,topography,and human disturbance)interact to shape tree diversity patterns in tropical forests.These findings will help develop unique conservation and management strategies for distinct forest types in tropical forest ecosystems.
基金supported by Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund(CATAS-Nos.1630152023007,1630152023011,1630152023012,1630152023013)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32071805).
文摘Coconut(Cocos nucifera L.),a major oil and fruit crop of the Arecaceae family,is extensively cultivated across the Asia—Pacific region.Despite its agricultural importance,genome assembly in coconut remains challenging due to its large genome size and high proportion of repetitive sequences.Allele-specific expression(ASE)plays a key role in regulating plant development and evolution,yet research on ASE in coconut is limited(Shao et al.,2019;Li et al.,2021;Zhang et al.,2021;Hu et al.,2022).Among phenotypic traits,fruit color is especially important as an indicator of maturity,guiding harvest timing and post-harvest processes(Kapoor et al.,2022).While prior studies have explored various coconut traits such as salt tolerance,fiber content,and plant height(Wang et al.,2021;Yang et al.,2021),investigations into ASE and fruit color remain scarce.
文摘To understand the regulation system of nitrogen X-starvation in higher plants, a cDNA library from N-starved rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings was constructed using rapid subtraction hybridization (RaSH) procedure. Through reverse Northern analysis and Northern blotting, 18 unique known genes and two unique unknown genes were identified, which were up-regulated by N-starvation in rice. The known genes are involved in several metabolisms including carbon metabolism, secondary metabolite synthesis, ubiquitylation and protein degradation, phytohormone metabolism, signal transduction, growth regulator and transcription factors. Different induced expression patterns based on spatial and temporal express ions were found for these genes. The results indicate the cross-talks between N-starvation response and various metabolisms in plants.
基金funded by geological survey project of China Geological Survey(DD20211404)。
文摘Mineral resources in Asia continent and its mining industry play a significant role in the economic growth and industrialization of both Asia and the world.Asia continent boasts the most comprehensive kinds of minerals,with reserves of at least 38 of over 80 widely used minerals worldwide accounting for more than30%of the global total reserves.Asia continent experienced three main tectonic evolution and mineralization stages:The Precambrian,the Paleozoic,and the Mesozoic to Cenozoic.The abundant mineral resources in this continent can be divided into seven first-order metallogenic belts(metallogenic domains),18 second-order metallogenic belts(metallogenic provinces),61 third-order metallogenic belts(metallogenic zones),and nine main minerogenetic series.Asia continent exhibits the most significant metallogenic specialization among all continents.Specifically,granite belts of Asia continent manifest pronounced metallogenic specialization of tin,rare metals,and porphyry Cu-Au-Mo deposits.Its maficultramafic rock belts and ophiolite belts display notable metallogenic specialization of lateritic nickel deposits and magmatic type chromite deposits,while its Mesozoic to Cenozoic basalt belts show remarkable metallogenic specialization of lateritic bauxite deposits.Consequently,many giant metallogenic belts were formed,including the Southeast Asian tin belt,the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau rare metal metallogenic belt,the Tethyan porphyry Cu-Au-Mo metallogenic belt,the circum-Pacific porphyry Cu-Au-Mo metallogenic belt,the Southeast Asian lateritic bauxite metallogenic belt,the Deccan Plateau lateritic bauxite metallogenic belt in India,the Southeast Asian lateritic nickel metallogenic belt,and the Tethyan magmatic type chromite metallogenic belt—all of which are significant metallogenic belts in Asia continent.Future mineral exploration in Asia should focus primarily on the Precambrian mineralization of ancient cratons,the Paleozoic mineralization of the Central Asian-Mongolian orogenic belt,and the Mesozoic to Cenozoic mineralization of the Tethyan and circum-Pacific mobile belts.Asia's mining industry not only underpins its own economic growth but also propels global economic development and industrialization,contributing significantly to the world economy.Asia boasts the highest production value of minerals,the largest annual production of minerals,and the greatest trade value of mineral products among all the continents,having emerged as the trade center of global mineral products and the center of the mining industry economy.China is identified as one of the few countries that possess the most comprehensive kinds of minerals,and its mining industry has supported and driven the economic development and industrialization of Asia and even the world.Standing as the largest mineral producer worldwide,China ranked first in the production of 28 mineral commodities in the world in 2022.Besides,China exhibits the highest annual production value of minerals and the largest trade value of mineral products among all countries.Therefore,China's demand for global mineral products influences the global supply and demand patterns of minerals and the world economic situation.
文摘The 1 195 bp 5′ flanking region of rice ( Oryza sativa L.) cytosolic fructose_1, 6_bisphosphatase (cyFBPase) can direct tissue, cell specific expression in transgenic rice. In order to identify sequence elements responsible for the regulation of mesophyll_specific expression, the 5′ flanking regions of -1 195 bp, -1 102 bp, -768 bp, and -644 bp upstream of the translation initiation ATG codon were fused to the reporter gene encoding β_glucuronidase (GUS) and transferred to rice via particle bombardment. Analysis of the 5′ promoter deletions identified that a 93 bp fragment between -1 195 bp and -1 102 bp is essential for directing mesophyll specific expression. High constitutive expression of GUS reporter gene was found in the -768 deletion lines and another two deletion series. These results indicate the great potential utility of the promoter in rice biotechnology.
文摘A novel cDNA sequencehtMT2, which encodes a type 2 metallothionein_like protein, was isolated from Helianthus tuberosus L. tuber cDNA library. The whole sequence is 509 bp, including an open reading frame (ORF) of 240 bp, a 5′ UTR of 62 bp and a 3′ UTR of 207 bp. Two genomic sequences covering the coding region ofhtMT2were cloned by PCR reaction. Sequence analysis revealed that the genomic sequences htMTG_1 of 986 bp and htMTG_2 of 982 bp were both composed of three exons and two introns. The deduced protein consisted of 79 amino acid residues with a predicted molecular weight of 7.8 ku (kD). Amino_terminal and carboxy_terminal domains contained 8 and 7 cysteine residues respectively, separated by a central cysteine free spacer. Sequence alignment revealed that the predicted protein ofhtMT2 was homologous to type 2 metallothioneins (MTs) of plants. Southern blotting analysis indicated that htMT2was encoded by a small multi_gene family in H. tuberosus genome. Northern blotting analysis showed that htMT2 transcripts were detected in stems, leaves and leafstalks, but no transcripts were detected in roots. The expression level in stems was the highest among the above tissues. Transcripts in stems were significantly reduced by Cu 2+ treatment. Judging from the homologies between the deduced HtMT2 and other type 2 plant metallothioneins as well as responses to metal ions, we believe thatwere cloned by PCR reaction. Sequence analysis revealed that the genomic sequences htMTG_1 of 986 bp and htMTG_2 of 982 bp were both composed of three exons and two introns. The deduced protein consisted of 79 amino acid residues with a predicted molecular weight of 7.8 ku (kD). Amino_terminal and carboxy_terminal domains contained 8 and 7 cysteine residues respectively, separated by a central cysteine free spacer. Sequence alignment revealed that the predicted protein ofhtMT2 was homologous to type 2 metallothioneins (MTs) of plants. Southern blotting analysis indicated that htMT2was encoded by a small multi_gene family in H. tuberosus genome. Northern blotting analysis showed that htMT2 transcripts were detected in stems, leaves and leafstalks, but no transcripts were detected in roots. The expression level in stems was the highest among the above tissues. Transcripts in stems were significantly reduced by Cu 2+ treatment. Judging from the homologies between the deduced HtMT2 and other type 2 plant metallothioneins as well as responses to metal ions, we believe that[ShtMT2 encodes a new type 2 metallothionein.
文摘We describe the temporal and spatial expression pattern of Sox 1 gene during Xenopus laevis early development and compare the expression patterns of Sox 1-3 in the developing eye and brain. Alignment of Sox 1-3 amino acid sequences shows a high conservation within the HMG-box DNA binding domains. RT-PCR analysis indicates that Sox 1 is expressed throughout development from the unfertilized egg to at least the tadpole stage, although at different expression levels. The transcripts of XSox 1 are detected in the animal pole at cleavage and blastrula stages and mainly in the central nervous system （CNS） and the developing eye at neurula stages. The study of the developmental expression of XSox 1 will aid in the elucidation of the function of SoxB 1 subgroup genes in vertebrate neurogenesis.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China （No. 30371029 and 30571007） the National High Science and Technology Foundation of China （No. 2007AA10Z168） the Natural Science Foundation Creative Team Projects of Hubei Province （No. 2006ABC008）.
文摘It has been reported that the muscle-specific isoform （type M, PGAM2） of phosphoglycerate mutase （PGAM） is a housekeeping enzyme; it catalyzes the conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate into 2-phosphoglycerate in the glycolysis process to release energy. It is encoded by the Pgam2 gene. In this study, the cDNA of the porcine Pgam2 was cloned. This gene contains an open reading frame of 765 bp encoding a protein of 253 residues, and the predicted protein sequences share high similarity with other mammalians, 96% identity with humans, and 94% identity with mouse and rats. Pgam2 was mapped to SSC18q13-q21 by the RH panel. In this region, there are several QTLs, such as fat ratio, lean percentage, and diameter of muslce fiber, which affect meat production and quality. The reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction revealed that the porcine Pgam2 gene was mainly expressed in the muscle tissue （skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle）, and was expressed highly at skeletal muscle development stages （embryonic periods： 33, 65, and 90 days post-conception （dpo）; postnatal pigs： 4 days and adult）. This indicates that the Pgam2 gene plays an important role in muscle growth and development. In addition, it was demonstrated that PGAM2 locates both in cytoplasm and nuclei, and takes part in the glycometabolism process of cytoplasm and nuclei.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.31222055)973 Program (2014CB138602)
文摘Turbot(Scophthalmus maximus L.),a carnivorous fish species with high dietary protein requirement,was chosen to examine the expression pattern of peptide and amino acid transporter genes along its digestive tract which was divided into six segments including stomach,pyloric caeca,rectum,and three equal parts of the remainder of the intestine.The results showed that the expression of two peptide and eleven amino acid transporters genes exhibited distinct patterns.Peptide transporter 1(Pep T1) was rich in proximal intestine while peptide transporter 2(PepT2) was abundant in distal intestine.A number of neutral and cationic amino acid transporters expressed richly in whole intestine including B^0-type amino acid transporter 1(B^0AT1),L-type amino acid transporter 2(LAT2),T-type amino acid transporter 1(TAT1),proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1(PAT1),y^+L-type amino acid transporter 1(y^+LAT1),and cationic amino acid transporter 2(CAT2) while ASC amino acid transporter 2(ASCT2),sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 2(SNAT2),and y^+L-type amino acid transporter 2(y^+LAT2) abundantly expressed in stomach.In addition,system b^(0,+) transporters(rBAT and b^(0,+)AT) existed richly in distal intestine.These findings comprehensively characterized the distribution of solute carrier family proteins,which revealed the relative importance of peptide and amino acid absorption through luminal membrane.Our findings are helpful to understand the mechanism of the utilization of dietary protein in fish with a short digestive tract.
基金supported by Grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31430032,31830033,81971080,and 81671356)the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Teams in University(IRT_16R37)+1 种基金the Science and Technology Program of Guangdong(20188030334001)the Guangzhou Science and Technology Project(201707020027,201704020116)。
文摘Astrocytes are the most abundant cell type in the central nervous system(CNS).They provide trophic support for neurons,modulate synaptic transmission and plasticity,and contribute to neuronal dysfunction.Many transgenic mouse lines have been generated to obtain astrocyte-specific expression of inducible Cre recombinase for functional studies;however,the expression patterns of inducible Cre recombinase in these lines have not been systematically characterized.We generated a new astrocyte-specific Aldh1 l1-CreER^(T2)knock-in mouse line and compared the expression pattern of Cre recombinase between this and five widely-used transgenic lines(hGfap-CreER^(T2)from The Jackson Laboratory and The Mutant Mouse Resource and Research Center,Glast-CreER^(T2),Cx30-CreER^(T2),and Fgfr3-iCreER^(T2))by crossing with Ai14 mice,which express tdTomato fluorescence following Cre-mediated recombination.In adult Aldh1 l1-CreER^(T2):Ai 14 transgenic mice,tdTomato was detected throughout the CNS,and five novel morphologicallydefined types of astrocyte were described.Among the six evaluated lines,the specificity of Cre-mediated recombination was highest when driven by Aldh1 l1 and lowest when driven by hGfap;in the latter mice,co-staining between tdTomato and NeuN was observed in the hippocampus and cortex.Notably,evident leakage was noted in Fgfr3-iCreER^(T2)mice,and the expression level of tdTomato was low in the thalamus when Cre recombinase expression was driven by Glast and in the capsular part of the central amygdaloid nucleus when driven by Cx30.Furthermore,tdTomato was clearly expressed in peripheral organs in four of the lines.Our results emphasize that the astrocyte-specific CreER^(T2)transgenic lines used in functional studies should be carefully selected.
基金financially supported by the grant from the National Plant Transgenic Program(No.2013ZX08003-003)from Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China
文摘Auxin plays important roles in various aspects of plant growth and development （Zhao, 2010）. In Arabidopsis, a number of YUCCA （YUC） genes, which are involved in auxin biosyn- thesis, have been identified （Zhao et al., 2001; Woodward et al., 2005; Cheng et al., 2006, 2007; Kim et al., 2007; Chen et al., 2014）. YUC genes encode flavin monooxygenases （FMOs） that convert indole-3-pyruvate （IPA） to indole-3-acetic acid （IAA） （Zhao, 2012）. The Arabidopsis YUC family is comprised of 11 members （Zhao et al., 2001;
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32060614 and 32272514)the Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Project,China([2022]091)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2022MD713740).
文摘The jasmonate ZIM domain(JAZ)protein belongs to the TIFY((TIF[F/Y]XG)domain protein)family,which is composed of several plant-specific proteins that play important roles in plant growth,development,and defense responses.However,the mechanism of the sorghum JAZ family in response to abiotic stress remains unclear.In the present study,a total of 17 JAZ genes were identified in sorghum using a Hidden Markov Model search.In addition,real-time quantification polymerase chain reaction(RT-qPCR)was used to analyze the gene expression patterns under abiotic stress.Based on phylogenetic tree analysis,the sorghum JAZ proteins were mainly divided into nine subfamilies.A promoter analysis revealed that the SbJAZ family contains diverse types of promoter cis-acting elements,indicating that JAZ proteins function in multiple pathways upon stress stimulation in plants.According to RT-qPCR,SbJAZ gene expression is tissuespecific.Additionally,under cold,hot,polyethylene glycol,jasmonic acid,abscisic acid,and gibberellin treatments,the expression patterns of SbJAZ genes were distinctly different,indicating that the expression of SbJAZ genes may be coordinated with different stresses.Furthermore,the overexpression of SbJAZ1 in Escherichia coli was found to promote the growth of recombinant cells under abiotic stresses,such as PEG 6000,NaCl,and 40℃ treatments.Altogether,our findings help us to better understand the potential molecular mechanisms of the SbJAZ family in sorghum in response to abiotic stresses.
