BACKGROUND Treatment-resistant depression(TRD)has a poor response to clinical treatment.Patients with TRD do not respond adequately to standard antidepressants.Even after receiving a full dose and sufficient duration ...BACKGROUND Treatment-resistant depression(TRD)has a poor response to clinical treatment.Patients with TRD do not respond adequately to standard antidepressants.Even after receiving a full dose and sufficient duration of combined antidepressant therapy,significant improvement is still difficult to achieve.At present,electroconvulsive therapy(ECT)remains a clinically effective method for treating refractory depression.A good anesthesia regimen can enhance its clinical efficacy.Actively exploring high-quality anesthesia regimens has become a current research hotspot.AIM To explore the effect of esketamine and etomidate anesthesia on the clinical efficacy of ECT for TRD.METHODS A total of 120 patients with TRD,treated at the Department of Psychiatry,The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University,China between April 2020 and April 2024,were selected for the study.The patients were allocated at random into two groups using a random number table:The combination and control groups,with 60 patients in each group.Both groups underwent ECT;the combination group received esketamine and etomidate anesthesia,while the control group received etomidate anesthesia.The following parameters were compared between the two groups:Heart rate(HR);mean arterial pressure(MAP);peripheral capillary oxygen saturation(SpO2);initial and final threshold charges;and serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF),nerve growth factor(NGF),5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT),and interleukin-4(IL-4)levels.Neurological functions,basic executive function scores,and adverse reactions were compared during the treatment process.RESULTS During treatment,the maximum and minimum HR and MAP values in the combination group were markedly lower than those in the control group(P<0.05),whereas there was no significant difference in SpO2 between the two groups(P>0.05).During the treatment,there were no significant differences in the initial threshold charge and average duration of seizures during ECT between the two groups(P>0.05).However,the final threshold charge and total charge in the combination group were considerably lower than those in the control group(P<0.05).After treatment,the BDNF,NGF,5-HT,and IL-4 levels were evidently higher in the combination group than in the control group(P<0.05).During treatment,as the number of ECT sessions increased,both BRNAS and Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia Consensus Cognitive Battery(MCCB)scores increased,whereas Hamilton Depression Rating Scale(HAMD)-24 scores decreased in both groups.Starting from the third treatment session,the BRNAS and MCCB scores in the combination group were higher than in the control group,whereas the Hamilton Depression Scale-24 score was lower in the combination group than in the control group(P<0.05).After treatment,the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test scores and Tower of Hanoi test results in the combination group were significantly better than those in the control group(P<0.05).The occurrence of adverse reactions was compared between the two groups(P>0.05).CONCLUSION Esketamine and etomidate anesthesia during ECT for patients with TRD helps maintain stable vital signs during the treatment process,improves depressive symptoms,and enhances neurological and basic executive functions.展开更多
Purpose:Currently,different research conclusions exist about the relationship between relational capital and corporate innovation.The research aims to(1)reveal the actual relationship between executive alumni relation...Purpose:Currently,different research conclusions exist about the relationship between relational capital and corporate innovation.The research aims to(1)reveal the actual relationship between executive alumni relations and firm innovation performance,(2)examine the moderating role of executive academic backgrounds,(3)analyze the paths for firms to leverage knowledge spillovers from regional universities to promote firm innovation by their geographic location.Design/methodology/approach:A social network approach is used to construct alumni relationship networks of A-share listed companies in Shanghai and Shenzhen,China.A two-way fixed effects model is used to assess the impact of firms’structural position in executive alumni networks on firms’innovation performance.In addition,the research also delves into the interactions between knowledge spillovers from geographic locations and executives’alumni networks,aiming to elucidate their combined effects on firms’innovation performance.Findings:This paper explores the curvilinear relationship between executive alumni networks’centrality and firm innovation within the Chinese context.It also finds that in the positive effect interval on the right side of the“U-shaped,”the industry with the highest number of occurrences is the high-tech industry.Moreover,it elucidates the moderating influence of executives’academic experience on the alumni networks-innovation nexus,offering a nuanced understanding of these dynamics.Lastly,we provide novel insights into optimizing resource allocation to leverage geographic knowledge spillovers for innovation.Research limitations:The study may not fully represent the broader population of firms,particularly small and medium-sized enterprises(SMEs)or unlisted companies.Future research could expand the sample to include a more diverse range of firms to enhance the generalizability of the findings.Practical implications:Firstly,companies can give due consideration to the alumni resources of executives in their personnel decisions,but they should pay attention to the rational use of resources.Secondly,universities should actively work with companies to promote knowledge transfer and collaboration.Originality/value:The findings help clarify the influence mechanism of firms’innovation performance,providing theoretical support and empirical evidence for firms to drive innovation at the executive alumni relationship network level.展开更多
Introduction: Stroke may have a negative impact on mental health and behavior. Cognitive disorders are common after stroke. They are rarely assessed in current clinical practice, particularly in our context. They cons...Introduction: Stroke may have a negative impact on mental health and behavior. Cognitive disorders are common after stroke. They are rarely assessed in current clinical practice, particularly in our context. They constitute a real “invisible” handicap. In sub-Saharan Africa, we are not aware of any studies specifically assessing executive functions. These functions are at the heart of all adaptation processes to new or complex situations. This prompted the authors to carry out this study at the Ibrahima Pierre Ndiaye Neuroscience Department of the Fann National University Hospital Centre (Senegal). Objective and Methodology: The aim of this study was to assess and characterize post-stroke alterations in executive functions in our context. We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study. It took place over a 4-month period from April 1 to August 31, 2021. Patients were matched to controls according to age, gender and educational level. Executive functions were assessed using the Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB). Results: A total of 30 patients with stroke were enrolled. These patients were matched to controls. The mean age of the patients was 46.87 ± 17.65 years. For the control group, it was 39.27 ± 12.33 years. The prevalence of executive function disorders was 20% in post-stroke patients. The majority of executive functions assessed were impaired. Sensitivity to interference and environmental autonomy were the only ones preserved. Conclusion: Impaired executive functions are common after stroke. They should be systematically assessed in all stroke patients to ensure optimal management.展开更多
Fuzz testing is a widely adopted technique for uncovering bugs and security vulnerabilities in embedded firmware.However,many embedded systems heavily rely on peripherals,rendering conventional fuzzing techniques inef...Fuzz testing is a widely adopted technique for uncovering bugs and security vulnerabilities in embedded firmware.However,many embedded systems heavily rely on peripherals,rendering conventional fuzzing techniques ineffective.When peripheral responses are missing or incorrect,fuzzing a firmware may crash or exit prematurely,significantly limiting code coverage.While prior re-hosting approaches have made progress in simulating Memory-Mapped Input/Output(MMIO)and interrupt-based peripherals,they either ignore Direct Memory Access(DMA)or handle it oversimplified.In this work,we present ADFEmu,a novel automated firmware re-hosting framework that enables effective fuzzing of DMA-enabled firmware.ADFEmu integrates concolic execution with large language models(LLMs)to semantically emulate DMA operations and synthesize peripheral input sequences intelligently.Specifically,it learns DMA transfer patterns from the firmware’s context and employs guided symbolic execution to explore deeper and more diverse execution paths.This approach allows firmware to operate stably without hardware dependencies while achieving higher fidelity in emulation.Evaluated on real-world embedded firmware samples,ADFEmu achieves a 100%re-hosting success rate,improves total execution path exploration by 5.31%,and triggers more crashes compared to the state-of-the-art.These results highlight ADFEmu’s effectiveness in overcoming long-standing limitations of DMA emulation and its potential to advance automated vulnerability discovery in peripheral-rich embedded environments.展开更多
The growing threat of malware,particularly in the Portable Executable(PE)format,demands more effective methods for detection and classification.Machine learning-based approaches exhibit their potential but often negle...The growing threat of malware,particularly in the Portable Executable(PE)format,demands more effective methods for detection and classification.Machine learning-based approaches exhibit their potential but often neglect semantic segmentation of malware files that can improve classification performance.This research applies deep learning to malware detection,using Convolutional Neural Network(CNN)architectures adapted to work with semantically extracted data to classify malware into malware families.Starting from the Malconv model,this study introduces modifications to adapt it to multi-classification tasks and improve its performance.It proposes a new innovative method that focuses on byte extraction from Portable Executable(PE)malware files based on their semantic location,resulting in higher accuracy in malware classification than traditional methods using full-byte sequences.This novel approach evaluates the importance of each semantic segment to improve classification accuracy.The results revealed that the header segment of PE files provides the most valuable information for malware identification,outperforming the other sections,and achieving an average classification accuracy of 99.54%.The above reaffirms the effectiveness of the semantic segmentation approach and highlights the critical role header data plays in improving malware detection and classification accuracy.展开更多
Compliance,as a very important aspect of corporate governance,has developed earlier in the world,while China's compliance management has developed relatively late and is currently lacking in development.However,ma...Compliance,as a very important aspect of corporate governance,has developed earlier in the world,while China's compliance management has developed relatively late and is currently lacking in development.However,many enterprises suffer serious losses without compliance management,especially import and export enterprises,which are forced to exit the market due to poor compliance management.This article is based on the urgent need of Chinese enterprises for compliance management,but the lack of research by scholars.It summarizes the literature on the factors affecting compliance,hoping to be helpful for the study of compliance management.展开更多
As digital technology grows,it will improve accessibility to justice and legal protection for the differently abled and promote social justice.THE rapid development of digital technology is not only changing tradition...As digital technology grows,it will improve accessibility to justice and legal protection for the differently abled and promote social justice.THE rapid development of digital technology is not only changing traditional working modes but also profoundly impacting the application of laws,evidence collection,trial process,and execution.Digital technologies can remedy many shortcomings in traditional judicial procedures,better protecting the legitimate rights and interests of people,especially people with disabilities.展开更多
Management innovation is a key driver of total factor productivity and plays a crucial role in developing new quality productive forces.As China’s capital market continues to develop,the prevalence of common ownershi...Management innovation is a key driver of total factor productivity and plays a crucial role in developing new quality productive forces.As China’s capital market continues to develop,the prevalence of common ownership—investors who hold significant stakes in multiple firms—has grown,raising the question of how it influences corporate management innovation.This study empirically investigates this issue using panel data from A-share listed companies in China between 2014 and 2022.The findings reveal an inverted U-shaped relationship between common ownership and management innovation.Specifically,institutional common ownership exerts no significant effect,while non-institutional common ownership exhibits a significant inverted U-shaped influence.Mechanism analysis suggests that common ownership often appoints shared directors,supervisors,and senior executives across firms,which in turn significantly impacts corporate management innovation.Further analysis indicates that common ownership in the primary and tertiary industries significantly influences management innovation,whereas that in the secondary industry does not show such an effect.This study offers valuable insights for corporate governance,business management,and investor decision-making and provides important references for policymakers in formulating governance-related regulations.展开更多
BACKGROUND Physical activity(PA)is a key contributor to the neurocognitive and psychological development of children and adolescents.With the rapid integration of digital technologies in educational and recreational c...BACKGROUND Physical activity(PA)is a key contributor to the neurocognitive and psychological development of children and adolescents.With the rapid integration of digital technologies in educational and recreational contexts,technology-enhanced PA(TEPA)interventions have emerged as promising tools for promoting mental and cognitive health.However,the effectiveness of various TEPA modalities—such as virtual reality(VR),mobile applications,and biofeedback systems—remains unclear.Prior findings are fragmented across systematic reviews with inconsistent methodologies.This umbrella review was conducted to synthesize current evidence and evaluate whether specific TEPA modalities yield differential benefits.We hypothesized that TEPA interventions with immersive and selfregulatory features provide greater enhancements in executive function(EF),cognitive function(CF),and mental health(MH)than passive or minimally interactive formats.AIM To determine the effects of TEPA interventions and modality-specific characteristics on EF,CF,and MH outcomes in children and adolescents.METHODS An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses was conducted in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses 2020 guidelines.Five databases(PubMed,Web of Science,EMBASE,EBSCOhost,and Cochrane Library)were searched up to March 2025.Eligible reviews included participants aged≤18 years,assessed TEPA interventions,and reported EF,CF,or MH outcomes.Methodological quality was assessed using A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews 2.Data synthesis was stratified by intervention modality,and heterogeneity was evaluated using the I^(2)statistic.RESULTS A total of 11 systematic reviews and meta-analyses were included.Interventions using VR(2/2),game-based formats(2/2),biofeedback(2/2),and multicomponent programs(1/1)showed consistent evidence of improvements in EF and MH(e.g.,EF:6.92±3.86 vs 3.61±1.67,P<0.001).App-based interventions(3/3)demonstrated mixed or modest effects,while augmented reality-based formats showed limited efficacy.MH outcomes were most frequently improved(9/11 reviews),followed by EF(6/11 reviews)and CF(5/11 reviews).Heterogeneity ranged from moderate to high(I^(2)=42%-78%)across modalities.CONCLUSION TEPA significantly improves MH and selectively enhances executive and CF in youth.Immersive,interactive,and biofeedback-driven modalities are particularly effective.展开更多
This longitudinal study examined the association between parental autonomy support and school-aged children’s adjustment across four major domains of school functioning,as well as the mediating role of children’s ex...This longitudinal study examined the association between parental autonomy support and school-aged children’s adjustment across four major domains of school functioning,as well as the mediating role of children’s executive function.Participants were 476 school-aged children(girl:49.2%,M_(age)=10.49 years,SD=1.32 years),who completed the Psychological Autonomy Support Scale,the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function–2,and the Primary School Students’Psychological Suzhi Scale at baseline and at two subsequent follow-up assessments.Results from unconditional latent growth curve models and structural equation modeling indicated that paternal autonomy support was a significant predictor of children’s adjustment across all four school domains.In contrast,maternal autonomy support was significantly associated only with interpersonal adjustment.Both the intercept(initial level)and slope(rate of change)of children’s executive function significantly predicted their adjustment in all four domains.Notably,the initial level of executive function fully mediated the association between paternal autonomy support and school adjustment,whereas the rate of change in executive function did not serve as a significant mediator.Thesefindings underscore the importance of promoting parental autonomy-supportive behaviors-particularly among fathers-as a means to enhance children’s executive functioning and,consequently,their school adjustment.展开更多
In January 2025,the United States issued executive orders that could potentially curtail lesbian,gay,bisexual,transgender,queer,and other sexual and gender minorities(LGBTQ+)rights and federal aid to developing countr...In January 2025,the United States issued executive orders that could potentially curtail lesbian,gay,bisexual,transgender,queer,and other sexual and gender minorities(LGBTQ+)rights and federal aid to developing countries,such as public health programs under the United States Agency for International Development(USAID)[1,2].In the Philippines,USAID has played an important role in funding and supporting initiatives to address the country’s local HIV epidemic[2,3].展开更多
Helio da Silva,a retired business executive from Brazil,single⁃handedly planted over 41,000 trees in his hometown of Sao Paulo over the last two decades.Flying over the Brazilian metropolis of Sao Paulo,it's tough...Helio da Silva,a retired business executive from Brazil,single⁃handedly planted over 41,000 trees in his hometown of Sao Paulo over the last two decades.Flying over the Brazilian metropolis of Sao Paulo,it's tough to miss the 3.2-kilometer⁃long and 100⁃meter⁃wide green strip of trees wedged between two of the city's busiest roads.展开更多
With the rapid development of digital technologies such as big data,cloud computing,and the Internet of Things(loT),data security and privacy protection have become the core challenges facing modern computing systems....With the rapid development of digital technologies such as big data,cloud computing,and the Internet of Things(loT),data security and privacy protection have become the core challenges facing modern computing systems.Traditional security mechanisms are difficult to effectively deal with advanced adversarial attacks due to their reliance on a centralized trust model.In this context,the Trusted Execution Environment(TEE),as a hardware-enabled secure isolation technology,offers a potential solution to protect sensitive computations and data.This paper systematically discusses TEE's technical principle,application status,and future development trend.First,the underlying architecture of TEE and its core characteristics,including isolation,integrity,and confidentiality,are analyzed.Secondly,practical application cases of TEE in fields such as finance,the IoT,artificial intelligence,and privacy computing are studied.Finally,the future development direction of TEE is prospected.展开更多
Background:Adverse childhood experiences(ACEs)are a significant issue in adolescent health due to their robust correlation with deficits in executive functions(EF)and health risk behaviors(HRBs).This study aimed to ex...Background:Adverse childhood experiences(ACEs)are a significant issue in adolescent health due to their robust correlation with deficits in executive functions(EF)and health risk behaviors(HRBs).This study aimed to examine the association between ACEs and a range of HRBs,including substance use,sexual risk behavior,suicidal ideation,physical inactivity,and violence.Methods:This cross-sectional study used self-administered questionnaire and cluster sampling in seven junior high schools in Samarinda,Indonesia,with a sample size of 534 students.Data analysis using descriptive statistics,the Chi-square test,the independent t-test,ANOVA,binary logistic regression,and mediation analysis with macro-PROCESS.Results:The most common ACEs were community violence(68.0%),physical neglect(52.8%),psychological/emotional abuse(52.6%),physical abuse(50.4%),and peer bullying(45.9%).Adolescents with more than five ACEs showed significantly higher involvement in smoking/vaping(67.9%),suicidal ideation(75.2%),sexual risk behavior(57.7%),bullying(64.3%),and physical fighting(59.7%)(p<0.001).ACEs were significantly correlated with EF deficits(r=0.471,p<0.01)and HRB(r=0.578,p<0.01).Regression analysis confirmed that ACEs predicted EF deficits(β=0.466,p<0.001)and HRB(β=0.469,p<0.001),with EF deficits partially mediating this relationship(β=0.107,95%CI[0.045,0.094]).In addition,two subdomains of EF deficits,self-motivation(β=0.042)and self-regulation of emotion(β=0.032),significantlymediated the relationship between ACEs and HRBs.Conclusion:These findings suggest an important role for EF deficits in linking childhood adversity to engagement in risky behaviors.Addressing ACEs and EF deficits(self-motivation and self-regulation of emotion)through early intervention may be important in reducing long-term health risks among Indonesian adolescents.展开更多
An application programming interface (API) usage specifcation, which includes the conditions, calling sequences, and semantic relationships of the API, is important for verifying its correct usage, which is in turn cr...An application programming interface (API) usage specifcation, which includes the conditions, calling sequences, and semantic relationships of the API, is important for verifying its correct usage, which is in turn critical for ensur-ingthe security and availability of the target program. However, existing techniques either mine the co-occurring relationships of multiple APIs without considering their semantic relationships, or they use data fow and control fow information to extract semantic beliefs on API pairs but difcult to incorporate when mining specifcations for mul-tipleAPIs. Hence, we propose an API specifcation mining approach that efciently extracts a relatively complete list of the API combinations and semantic relationships between APIs. This approach analyzes a target program in two stages. The frst stage uses frequent API set mining based on frequent common API identifcation and fltra-tionto extract the maximal set of frequent context-sensitive API sequences. In the second stage, the API relationship graph is constructed using three semantic relationships extracted from the symbolic path information, and the speci-fcationscontaining semantic relationships for multiple APIs are mined. The experimental results on six popular open-source code bases of diferent scales show that the proposed two-stage approach not only yields better results than existing typical approaches, but also can efectively discover the specifcations along with the semantic rela-tionshipsfor multiple APIs. Instance analysis shows that the analysis of security-related API call violations can assist in the cause analysis and patch of software vulnerabilities.展开更多
Background:There is growing evidence that an acute bout of exercise positively influences executive function(EF).However,the existing evidence primarily originates from laboratory-based studies,and only a limited numb...Background:There is growing evidence that an acute bout of exercise positively influences executive function(EF).However,the existing evidence primarily originates from laboratory-based studies,and only a limited number of studies have extended this work to real-world classroom settings.Accordingly,in the present study,we aimed to employ a real classroom setting to determine whether acute exercise-induced effects on EF emerged.Methods:All 49 students who enrolled in a real-world course agreed to participate in the experimental protocol and the final sample was composed of 43 individuals(13 male and 30 female participants).Participants were asked to perform an acute bout of exercise(i.e,10 min at moderate intensity)before a real classroom,and on a separate day,complete a non-exercise control condition.EF was assessed via Naming,Inhibition,and Switching variants of the Stroop task.We used a paired-samples t-test to compare participants’cognitive load between two conditions and a repeated-measures ANOVA to investigate changes in RPE.What’s more,a repeated measures ANOVA was used to examine potential pre-to post-class changes in EF-related parameters(e.g.,inverse efficiency scores,reaction times,and error rates).Results:A pre-to post-class benefit in performance efficiency across all Stroop task variants was shown.In both exercise and control conditions,there was a significant main effect of time,with lower inverse efficiency scores(IES)(p=0.003)and shorter reaction times(RT)(p<0.001)observed from pre-to post-class.Moreover,performance gains varied by Stroop task-type,with the Switching task showing the longest RTs and largest IES,reflecting its greater cognitive demands.Importantly,a marginally significant three-way interaction among task-type,intervention,and time(p=0.052)indicated that the exercise intervention enhanced post-class performance on the Switching task.Post-hoc analyses revealed significantly lower IES and faster RTs at post-class for both the Naming and Switching tasks,particularly in the exercise group(e.g.,Switching IES:p<0.001;Switching RT:p<0.001).Conclusions:These findings suggest that pre-class acute exercise enhances EF and provides a benefit to cognitive flexibility.Accordingly,our results extend previous knowledge by indicating that the cognitive benefits of acute exercise observed primarily in laboratory settings can be translated to real-world educational contexts.展开更多
This paper selects the A-share non-financial listed companies in China from 2007 to 2018 as the research object to study the impact of science and technology policy on enterprise innovation and its influence mechanism...This paper selects the A-share non-financial listed companies in China from 2007 to 2018 as the research object to study the impact of science and technology policy on enterprise innovation and its influence mechanism,and further explore the effectiveness boundary of science and technology policy.The results show that there is a significant positive correlation between science and technology policy and executive compensation;there is a significant positive correlation between technology policy and enterprise innovation;there is a significant positive correlation between science and technology policy and enterprise innovation;executive compensation plays a partial intermediary effect between technology policy and enterprise innovation.Further research on the effectiveness boundary of science and technology policy shows that:first,management power can strengthen the positive correlation between science and technology policy and executive compensation;second,regional factors have a greater impact on the relationship between science and technology policy and enterprise innovation.The ethnic regions and western regions with poor economic development level weaken the positive incentive effect of science and technology policies on enterprise innovation.展开更多
文摘BACKGROUND Treatment-resistant depression(TRD)has a poor response to clinical treatment.Patients with TRD do not respond adequately to standard antidepressants.Even after receiving a full dose and sufficient duration of combined antidepressant therapy,significant improvement is still difficult to achieve.At present,electroconvulsive therapy(ECT)remains a clinically effective method for treating refractory depression.A good anesthesia regimen can enhance its clinical efficacy.Actively exploring high-quality anesthesia regimens has become a current research hotspot.AIM To explore the effect of esketamine and etomidate anesthesia on the clinical efficacy of ECT for TRD.METHODS A total of 120 patients with TRD,treated at the Department of Psychiatry,The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University,China between April 2020 and April 2024,were selected for the study.The patients were allocated at random into two groups using a random number table:The combination and control groups,with 60 patients in each group.Both groups underwent ECT;the combination group received esketamine and etomidate anesthesia,while the control group received etomidate anesthesia.The following parameters were compared between the two groups:Heart rate(HR);mean arterial pressure(MAP);peripheral capillary oxygen saturation(SpO2);initial and final threshold charges;and serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF),nerve growth factor(NGF),5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT),and interleukin-4(IL-4)levels.Neurological functions,basic executive function scores,and adverse reactions were compared during the treatment process.RESULTS During treatment,the maximum and minimum HR and MAP values in the combination group were markedly lower than those in the control group(P<0.05),whereas there was no significant difference in SpO2 between the two groups(P>0.05).During the treatment,there were no significant differences in the initial threshold charge and average duration of seizures during ECT between the two groups(P>0.05).However,the final threshold charge and total charge in the combination group were considerably lower than those in the control group(P<0.05).After treatment,the BDNF,NGF,5-HT,and IL-4 levels were evidently higher in the combination group than in the control group(P<0.05).During treatment,as the number of ECT sessions increased,both BRNAS and Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia Consensus Cognitive Battery(MCCB)scores increased,whereas Hamilton Depression Rating Scale(HAMD)-24 scores decreased in both groups.Starting from the third treatment session,the BRNAS and MCCB scores in the combination group were higher than in the control group,whereas the Hamilton Depression Scale-24 score was lower in the combination group than in the control group(P<0.05).After treatment,the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test scores and Tower of Hanoi test results in the combination group were significantly better than those in the control group(P<0.05).The occurrence of adverse reactions was compared between the two groups(P>0.05).CONCLUSION Esketamine and etomidate anesthesia during ECT for patients with TRD helps maintain stable vital signs during the treatment process,improves depressive symptoms,and enhances neurological and basic executive functions.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.72264036,in part by the West Light Foundation of The Chinese Academy of Sciences under Grant No.2020-XBQNXZ-020Xinjiang University of Finance and Economics Postgraduate Innovation Project XJUFE2024K036.
文摘Purpose:Currently,different research conclusions exist about the relationship between relational capital and corporate innovation.The research aims to(1)reveal the actual relationship between executive alumni relations and firm innovation performance,(2)examine the moderating role of executive academic backgrounds,(3)analyze the paths for firms to leverage knowledge spillovers from regional universities to promote firm innovation by their geographic location.Design/methodology/approach:A social network approach is used to construct alumni relationship networks of A-share listed companies in Shanghai and Shenzhen,China.A two-way fixed effects model is used to assess the impact of firms’structural position in executive alumni networks on firms’innovation performance.In addition,the research also delves into the interactions between knowledge spillovers from geographic locations and executives’alumni networks,aiming to elucidate their combined effects on firms’innovation performance.Findings:This paper explores the curvilinear relationship between executive alumni networks’centrality and firm innovation within the Chinese context.It also finds that in the positive effect interval on the right side of the“U-shaped,”the industry with the highest number of occurrences is the high-tech industry.Moreover,it elucidates the moderating influence of executives’academic experience on the alumni networks-innovation nexus,offering a nuanced understanding of these dynamics.Lastly,we provide novel insights into optimizing resource allocation to leverage geographic knowledge spillovers for innovation.Research limitations:The study may not fully represent the broader population of firms,particularly small and medium-sized enterprises(SMEs)or unlisted companies.Future research could expand the sample to include a more diverse range of firms to enhance the generalizability of the findings.Practical implications:Firstly,companies can give due consideration to the alumni resources of executives in their personnel decisions,but they should pay attention to the rational use of resources.Secondly,universities should actively work with companies to promote knowledge transfer and collaboration.Originality/value:The findings help clarify the influence mechanism of firms’innovation performance,providing theoretical support and empirical evidence for firms to drive innovation at the executive alumni relationship network level.
文摘Introduction: Stroke may have a negative impact on mental health and behavior. Cognitive disorders are common after stroke. They are rarely assessed in current clinical practice, particularly in our context. They constitute a real “invisible” handicap. In sub-Saharan Africa, we are not aware of any studies specifically assessing executive functions. These functions are at the heart of all adaptation processes to new or complex situations. This prompted the authors to carry out this study at the Ibrahima Pierre Ndiaye Neuroscience Department of the Fann National University Hospital Centre (Senegal). Objective and Methodology: The aim of this study was to assess and characterize post-stroke alterations in executive functions in our context. We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study. It took place over a 4-month period from April 1 to August 31, 2021. Patients were matched to controls according to age, gender and educational level. Executive functions were assessed using the Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB). Results: A total of 30 patients with stroke were enrolled. These patients were matched to controls. The mean age of the patients was 46.87 ± 17.65 years. For the control group, it was 39.27 ± 12.33 years. The prevalence of executive function disorders was 20% in post-stroke patients. The majority of executive functions assessed were impaired. Sensitivity to interference and environmental autonomy were the only ones preserved. Conclusion: Impaired executive functions are common after stroke. They should be systematically assessed in all stroke patients to ensure optimal management.
基金funded by the Science and Technology Project of State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Company Ltd.,grant number J2024169.
文摘Fuzz testing is a widely adopted technique for uncovering bugs and security vulnerabilities in embedded firmware.However,many embedded systems heavily rely on peripherals,rendering conventional fuzzing techniques ineffective.When peripheral responses are missing or incorrect,fuzzing a firmware may crash or exit prematurely,significantly limiting code coverage.While prior re-hosting approaches have made progress in simulating Memory-Mapped Input/Output(MMIO)and interrupt-based peripherals,they either ignore Direct Memory Access(DMA)or handle it oversimplified.In this work,we present ADFEmu,a novel automated firmware re-hosting framework that enables effective fuzzing of DMA-enabled firmware.ADFEmu integrates concolic execution with large language models(LLMs)to semantically emulate DMA operations and synthesize peripheral input sequences intelligently.Specifically,it learns DMA transfer patterns from the firmware’s context and employs guided symbolic execution to explore deeper and more diverse execution paths.This approach allows firmware to operate stably without hardware dependencies while achieving higher fidelity in emulation.Evaluated on real-world embedded firmware samples,ADFEmu achieves a 100%re-hosting success rate,improves total execution path exploration by 5.31%,and triggers more crashes compared to the state-of-the-art.These results highlight ADFEmu’s effectiveness in overcoming long-standing limitations of DMA emulation and its potential to advance automated vulnerability discovery in peripheral-rich embedded environments.
文摘The growing threat of malware,particularly in the Portable Executable(PE)format,demands more effective methods for detection and classification.Machine learning-based approaches exhibit their potential but often neglect semantic segmentation of malware files that can improve classification performance.This research applies deep learning to malware detection,using Convolutional Neural Network(CNN)architectures adapted to work with semantically extracted data to classify malware into malware families.Starting from the Malconv model,this study introduces modifications to adapt it to multi-classification tasks and improve its performance.It proposes a new innovative method that focuses on byte extraction from Portable Executable(PE)malware files based on their semantic location,resulting in higher accuracy in malware classification than traditional methods using full-byte sequences.This novel approach evaluates the importance of each semantic segment to improve classification accuracy.The results revealed that the header segment of PE files provides the most valuable information for malware identification,outperforming the other sections,and achieving an average classification accuracy of 99.54%.The above reaffirms the effectiveness of the semantic segmentation approach and highlights the critical role header data plays in improving malware detection and classification accuracy.
文摘Compliance,as a very important aspect of corporate governance,has developed earlier in the world,while China's compliance management has developed relatively late and is currently lacking in development.However,many enterprises suffer serious losses without compliance management,especially import and export enterprises,which are forced to exit the market due to poor compliance management.This article is based on the urgent need of Chinese enterprises for compliance management,but the lack of research by scholars.It summarizes the literature on the factors affecting compliance,hoping to be helpful for the study of compliance management.
文摘As digital technology grows,it will improve accessibility to justice and legal protection for the differently abled and promote social justice.THE rapid development of digital technology is not only changing traditional working modes but also profoundly impacting the application of laws,evidence collection,trial process,and execution.Digital technologies can remedy many shortcomings in traditional judicial procedures,better protecting the legitimate rights and interests of people,especially people with disabilities.
基金supported by the Humanities and Social Sciences Research Planning Project of the Ministry of Education:“A Study on Private Capital and Bank Stability”(No.19YJC790162).
文摘Management innovation is a key driver of total factor productivity and plays a crucial role in developing new quality productive forces.As China’s capital market continues to develop,the prevalence of common ownership—investors who hold significant stakes in multiple firms—has grown,raising the question of how it influences corporate management innovation.This study empirically investigates this issue using panel data from A-share listed companies in China between 2014 and 2022.The findings reveal an inverted U-shaped relationship between common ownership and management innovation.Specifically,institutional common ownership exerts no significant effect,while non-institutional common ownership exhibits a significant inverted U-shaped influence.Mechanism analysis suggests that common ownership often appoints shared directors,supervisors,and senior executives across firms,which in turn significantly impacts corporate management innovation.Further analysis indicates that common ownership in the primary and tertiary industries significantly influences management innovation,whereas that in the secondary industry does not show such an effect.This study offers valuable insights for corporate governance,business management,and investor decision-making and provides important references for policymakers in formulating governance-related regulations.
基金Supported by the 2025 Undergraduate Research Project of the Shandong Society for Innovation and Development in Philosophy and Social Sciences,No.Z-DXS25007。
文摘BACKGROUND Physical activity(PA)is a key contributor to the neurocognitive and psychological development of children and adolescents.With the rapid integration of digital technologies in educational and recreational contexts,technology-enhanced PA(TEPA)interventions have emerged as promising tools for promoting mental and cognitive health.However,the effectiveness of various TEPA modalities—such as virtual reality(VR),mobile applications,and biofeedback systems—remains unclear.Prior findings are fragmented across systematic reviews with inconsistent methodologies.This umbrella review was conducted to synthesize current evidence and evaluate whether specific TEPA modalities yield differential benefits.We hypothesized that TEPA interventions with immersive and selfregulatory features provide greater enhancements in executive function(EF),cognitive function(CF),and mental health(MH)than passive or minimally interactive formats.AIM To determine the effects of TEPA interventions and modality-specific characteristics on EF,CF,and MH outcomes in children and adolescents.METHODS An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses was conducted in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses 2020 guidelines.Five databases(PubMed,Web of Science,EMBASE,EBSCOhost,and Cochrane Library)were searched up to March 2025.Eligible reviews included participants aged≤18 years,assessed TEPA interventions,and reported EF,CF,or MH outcomes.Methodological quality was assessed using A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews 2.Data synthesis was stratified by intervention modality,and heterogeneity was evaluated using the I^(2)statistic.RESULTS A total of 11 systematic reviews and meta-analyses were included.Interventions using VR(2/2),game-based formats(2/2),biofeedback(2/2),and multicomponent programs(1/1)showed consistent evidence of improvements in EF and MH(e.g.,EF:6.92±3.86 vs 3.61±1.67,P<0.001).App-based interventions(3/3)demonstrated mixed or modest effects,while augmented reality-based formats showed limited efficacy.MH outcomes were most frequently improved(9/11 reviews),followed by EF(6/11 reviews)and CF(5/11 reviews).Heterogeneity ranged from moderate to high(I^(2)=42%-78%)across modalities.CONCLUSION TEPA significantly improves MH and selectively enhances executive and CF in youth.Immersive,interactive,and biofeedback-driven modalities are particularly effective.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(CN)(Grant No.32071074).
文摘This longitudinal study examined the association between parental autonomy support and school-aged children’s adjustment across four major domains of school functioning,as well as the mediating role of children’s executive function.Participants were 476 school-aged children(girl:49.2%,M_(age)=10.49 years,SD=1.32 years),who completed the Psychological Autonomy Support Scale,the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function–2,and the Primary School Students’Psychological Suzhi Scale at baseline and at two subsequent follow-up assessments.Results from unconditional latent growth curve models and structural equation modeling indicated that paternal autonomy support was a significant predictor of children’s adjustment across all four school domains.In contrast,maternal autonomy support was significantly associated only with interpersonal adjustment.Both the intercept(initial level)and slope(rate of change)of children’s executive function significantly predicted their adjustment in all four domains.Notably,the initial level of executive function fully mediated the association between paternal autonomy support and school adjustment,whereas the rate of change in executive function did not serve as a significant mediator.Thesefindings underscore the importance of promoting parental autonomy-supportive behaviors-particularly among fathers-as a means to enhance children’s executive functioning and,consequently,their school adjustment.
文摘In January 2025,the United States issued executive orders that could potentially curtail lesbian,gay,bisexual,transgender,queer,and other sexual and gender minorities(LGBTQ+)rights and federal aid to developing countries,such as public health programs under the United States Agency for International Development(USAID)[1,2].In the Philippines,USAID has played an important role in funding and supporting initiatives to address the country’s local HIV epidemic[2,3].
文摘Helio da Silva,a retired business executive from Brazil,single⁃handedly planted over 41,000 trees in his hometown of Sao Paulo over the last two decades.Flying over the Brazilian metropolis of Sao Paulo,it's tough to miss the 3.2-kilometer⁃long and 100⁃meter⁃wide green strip of trees wedged between two of the city's busiest roads.
文摘With the rapid development of digital technologies such as big data,cloud computing,and the Internet of Things(loT),data security and privacy protection have become the core challenges facing modern computing systems.Traditional security mechanisms are difficult to effectively deal with advanced adversarial attacks due to their reliance on a centralized trust model.In this context,the Trusted Execution Environment(TEE),as a hardware-enabled secure isolation technology,offers a potential solution to protect sensitive computations and data.This paper systematically discusses TEE's technical principle,application status,and future development trend.First,the underlying architecture of TEE and its core characteristics,including isolation,integrity,and confidentiality,are analyzed.Secondly,practical application cases of TEE in fields such as finance,the IoT,artificial intelligence,and privacy computing are studied.Finally,the future development direction of TEE is prospected.
基金supported by the STI 2030-Major Projects(2021ZD0200500).
文摘Background:Adverse childhood experiences(ACEs)are a significant issue in adolescent health due to their robust correlation with deficits in executive functions(EF)and health risk behaviors(HRBs).This study aimed to examine the association between ACEs and a range of HRBs,including substance use,sexual risk behavior,suicidal ideation,physical inactivity,and violence.Methods:This cross-sectional study used self-administered questionnaire and cluster sampling in seven junior high schools in Samarinda,Indonesia,with a sample size of 534 students.Data analysis using descriptive statistics,the Chi-square test,the independent t-test,ANOVA,binary logistic regression,and mediation analysis with macro-PROCESS.Results:The most common ACEs were community violence(68.0%),physical neglect(52.8%),psychological/emotional abuse(52.6%),physical abuse(50.4%),and peer bullying(45.9%).Adolescents with more than five ACEs showed significantly higher involvement in smoking/vaping(67.9%),suicidal ideation(75.2%),sexual risk behavior(57.7%),bullying(64.3%),and physical fighting(59.7%)(p<0.001).ACEs were significantly correlated with EF deficits(r=0.471,p<0.01)and HRB(r=0.578,p<0.01).Regression analysis confirmed that ACEs predicted EF deficits(β=0.466,p<0.001)and HRB(β=0.469,p<0.001),with EF deficits partially mediating this relationship(β=0.107,95%CI[0.045,0.094]).In addition,two subdomains of EF deficits,self-motivation(β=0.042)and self-regulation of emotion(β=0.032),significantlymediated the relationship between ACEs and HRBs.Conclusion:These findings suggest an important role for EF deficits in linking childhood adversity to engagement in risky behaviors.Addressing ACEs and EF deficits(self-motivation and self-regulation of emotion)through early intervention may be important in reducing long-term health risks among Indonesian adolescents.
文摘An application programming interface (API) usage specifcation, which includes the conditions, calling sequences, and semantic relationships of the API, is important for verifying its correct usage, which is in turn critical for ensur-ingthe security and availability of the target program. However, existing techniques either mine the co-occurring relationships of multiple APIs without considering their semantic relationships, or they use data fow and control fow information to extract semantic beliefs on API pairs but difcult to incorporate when mining specifcations for mul-tipleAPIs. Hence, we propose an API specifcation mining approach that efciently extracts a relatively complete list of the API combinations and semantic relationships between APIs. This approach analyzes a target program in two stages. The frst stage uses frequent API set mining based on frequent common API identifcation and fltra-tionto extract the maximal set of frequent context-sensitive API sequences. In the second stage, the API relationship graph is constructed using three semantic relationships extracted from the symbolic path information, and the speci-fcationscontaining semantic relationships for multiple APIs are mined. The experimental results on six popular open-source code bases of diferent scales show that the proposed two-stage approach not only yields better results than existing typical approaches, but also can efectively discover the specifcations along with the semantic rela-tionshipsfor multiple APIs. Instance analysis shows that the analysis of security-related API call violations can assist in the cause analysis and patch of software vulnerabilities.
基金supported by the Shenzhen Educational Research Funding(grant number zdzb2014)Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Commission(grant number 202307313000096)+3 种基金Social Science Foundation from China’s Ministry of Education(grant number 23YJA880093)Post-doctoral Fellowship(grant number 2022M711174)National Center for Mental Health(grant number Z014)Research Excellence Scholarships of Shenzhen University(grant number ZYZD2305).
文摘Background:There is growing evidence that an acute bout of exercise positively influences executive function(EF).However,the existing evidence primarily originates from laboratory-based studies,and only a limited number of studies have extended this work to real-world classroom settings.Accordingly,in the present study,we aimed to employ a real classroom setting to determine whether acute exercise-induced effects on EF emerged.Methods:All 49 students who enrolled in a real-world course agreed to participate in the experimental protocol and the final sample was composed of 43 individuals(13 male and 30 female participants).Participants were asked to perform an acute bout of exercise(i.e,10 min at moderate intensity)before a real classroom,and on a separate day,complete a non-exercise control condition.EF was assessed via Naming,Inhibition,and Switching variants of the Stroop task.We used a paired-samples t-test to compare participants’cognitive load between two conditions and a repeated-measures ANOVA to investigate changes in RPE.What’s more,a repeated measures ANOVA was used to examine potential pre-to post-class changes in EF-related parameters(e.g.,inverse efficiency scores,reaction times,and error rates).Results:A pre-to post-class benefit in performance efficiency across all Stroop task variants was shown.In both exercise and control conditions,there was a significant main effect of time,with lower inverse efficiency scores(IES)(p=0.003)and shorter reaction times(RT)(p<0.001)observed from pre-to post-class.Moreover,performance gains varied by Stroop task-type,with the Switching task showing the longest RTs and largest IES,reflecting its greater cognitive demands.Importantly,a marginally significant three-way interaction among task-type,intervention,and time(p=0.052)indicated that the exercise intervention enhanced post-class performance on the Switching task.Post-hoc analyses revealed significantly lower IES and faster RTs at post-class for both the Naming and Switching tasks,particularly in the exercise group(e.g.,Switching IES:p<0.001;Switching RT:p<0.001).Conclusions:These findings suggest that pre-class acute exercise enhances EF and provides a benefit to cognitive flexibility.Accordingly,our results extend previous knowledge by indicating that the cognitive benefits of acute exercise observed primarily in laboratory settings can be translated to real-world educational contexts.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.72362001,titled'Compensation Incentive Mechanism of Accounting Firms:Theoretical Framework,Incentive Effect TestOptimization Reconstruction,'and the Guangxi Philosophy and Social Sciences Planning Project under Grant No.21BGL013,titled'Research on the Incentive Effects and Mechanisms of State-owned Capital Reverse Mixed Reform Promoting High-quality Development of Private Enterprises.
文摘This paper selects the A-share non-financial listed companies in China from 2007 to 2018 as the research object to study the impact of science and technology policy on enterprise innovation and its influence mechanism,and further explore the effectiveness boundary of science and technology policy.The results show that there is a significant positive correlation between science and technology policy and executive compensation;there is a significant positive correlation between technology policy and enterprise innovation;there is a significant positive correlation between science and technology policy and enterprise innovation;executive compensation plays a partial intermediary effect between technology policy and enterprise innovation.Further research on the effectiveness boundary of science and technology policy shows that:first,management power can strengthen the positive correlation between science and technology policy and executive compensation;second,regional factors have a greater impact on the relationship between science and technology policy and enterprise innovation.The ethnic regions and western regions with poor economic development level weaken the positive incentive effect of science and technology policies on enterprise innovation.
