This paper addresses the problem of optimal operation in long-term crude oil scheduling,which involves unloading crude oil from vessels,transferring it to charging tanks and feeding it to the distillation units.The ap...This paper addresses the problem of optimal operation in long-term crude oil scheduling,which involves unloading crude oil from vessels,transferring it to charging tanks and feeding it to the distillation units.The application of a new approach for modeling and optimization of long-term crude oil scheduling is presented and the event-tree based modeling method that is very different from mathematical programming is employed.This approach is developed on the basis of natural language modeling and continuous time representation.Event triggered rules,decomposition strategy,depth-first search algorithm and pruning strategy are adopted to improve the efficiency of searching the optimum solution.This approach is successfully applied to an industrial-size problem over a horizon of 4 weeks,involving 7 vessels,6 storage tanks,6 charging tanks,2 crude oil distillation units,and 6 crude oil types.The CPU(AMD 3000+,2.0GHz)solving time is less than 70 seconds.展开更多
我国东北地区气候寒冷,低温事件会严重影响树木生长。水曲柳是东北地区珍贵的用材树种,目前关于其纤维解剖特征对低温的响应与适应策略还知之甚少。为此,以小兴安岭地区水曲柳子代测定林为研究对象,采用树轮年代学和木材解剖学方法,研...我国东北地区气候寒冷,低温事件会严重影响树木生长。水曲柳是东北地区珍贵的用材树种,目前关于其纤维解剖特征对低温的响应与适应策略还知之甚少。为此,以小兴安岭地区水曲柳子代测定林为研究对象,采用树轮年代学和木材解剖学方法,研究水曲柳纤维解剖特征与主要气候因子之间关系,明确低温对木材纤维解剖特征的影响。结果表明,小兴安岭地区水曲柳木纤维解剖特征具有较大的年际变化,木纤维细胞数量(fiber cell number,FN)、木纤维细胞总面积(total fiber cell area,TFA)与年轮宽度(ring width,RW)存在极显著正相关关系,在幼龄林阶段均呈现先升后降的变化趋势。木纤维细胞密度(fiber density,FD)和总体平均木纤维细胞壁增强指数(square of the total-to-bound ratio,(T/B)2)呈现逐年下降的趋势。平均木纤维细胞面积(mean fiber cell area,MFA)和木纤维细胞壁厚度(overall mean thickness of all fiber cell walls,CWTall)呈现逐年增加的趋势。水曲柳纤维解剖特征受温度影响较大,尤其是生长季最低温。低温事件使水曲柳的径向生长受到抑制,年轮宽度、木纤维细胞数量、平均木纤维细胞面积、木纤维细胞总面积和木纤维细胞占比(mean percentage of fiber cell area within xylem,RFTA)较非低温年分别显著下降32.6%、20.3%、22.4%、45.9%和9.4%,而木纤维细胞密度升高11.6%。在面对低温事件时,水曲柳会采取减少木纤维细胞数量、提高木纤维细胞密度这一相对保守的生存策略。研究结果为小兴安岭地区耐寒水曲柳选育提供科学依据。展开更多
文摘This paper addresses the problem of optimal operation in long-term crude oil scheduling,which involves unloading crude oil from vessels,transferring it to charging tanks and feeding it to the distillation units.The application of a new approach for modeling and optimization of long-term crude oil scheduling is presented and the event-tree based modeling method that is very different from mathematical programming is employed.This approach is developed on the basis of natural language modeling and continuous time representation.Event triggered rules,decomposition strategy,depth-first search algorithm and pruning strategy are adopted to improve the efficiency of searching the optimum solution.This approach is successfully applied to an industrial-size problem over a horizon of 4 weeks,involving 7 vessels,6 storage tanks,6 charging tanks,2 crude oil distillation units,and 6 crude oil types.The CPU(AMD 3000+,2.0GHz)solving time is less than 70 seconds.
文摘我国东北地区气候寒冷,低温事件会严重影响树木生长。水曲柳是东北地区珍贵的用材树种,目前关于其纤维解剖特征对低温的响应与适应策略还知之甚少。为此,以小兴安岭地区水曲柳子代测定林为研究对象,采用树轮年代学和木材解剖学方法,研究水曲柳纤维解剖特征与主要气候因子之间关系,明确低温对木材纤维解剖特征的影响。结果表明,小兴安岭地区水曲柳木纤维解剖特征具有较大的年际变化,木纤维细胞数量(fiber cell number,FN)、木纤维细胞总面积(total fiber cell area,TFA)与年轮宽度(ring width,RW)存在极显著正相关关系,在幼龄林阶段均呈现先升后降的变化趋势。木纤维细胞密度(fiber density,FD)和总体平均木纤维细胞壁增强指数(square of the total-to-bound ratio,(T/B)2)呈现逐年下降的趋势。平均木纤维细胞面积(mean fiber cell area,MFA)和木纤维细胞壁厚度(overall mean thickness of all fiber cell walls,CWTall)呈现逐年增加的趋势。水曲柳纤维解剖特征受温度影响较大,尤其是生长季最低温。低温事件使水曲柳的径向生长受到抑制,年轮宽度、木纤维细胞数量、平均木纤维细胞面积、木纤维细胞总面积和木纤维细胞占比(mean percentage of fiber cell area within xylem,RFTA)较非低温年分别显著下降32.6%、20.3%、22.4%、45.9%和9.4%,而木纤维细胞密度升高11.6%。在面对低温事件时,水曲柳会采取减少木纤维细胞数量、提高木纤维细胞密度这一相对保守的生存策略。研究结果为小兴安岭地区耐寒水曲柳选育提供科学依据。
