Background:Rosa chinensis Jacq.and Rosa rugosa Thunb.are not only of ornamental value,but also edible flowers and the flower buds have been listed in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia as traditional medicines.The two plants h...Background:Rosa chinensis Jacq.and Rosa rugosa Thunb.are not only of ornamental value,but also edible flowers and the flower buds have been listed in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia as traditional medicines.The two plants have some differences in efficacy,but the flower buds are easily confused for similar traits.In addition,large-scale cultivation of ornamental rose flowers may lead to a decrease in the effective components of medicinal roses.Therefore,it is necessary to study the chemical composition and make quality evaluation of Rosae Chinensis Flos(Yueji)and Rosae Rugosae Flos(Meigui).Methods:In this study,40 batches of samples including Meigui and Yueji from different regions in China were collected to establish high-performance liquid chromatography fingerprints.Then,the fingerprints data was analyzed using principal component analysis,hierarchical cluster analysis,and partial least squares discriminant analysis analysis chemometrics to obtain information on intergroup differences,and non-targeted metabolomic techniques were applied to identify and compare chemical compositions of samples which were chosen from groups with large differences.Differential compounds were screened by orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis and S-plot,and finally multi-component quantification was performed to comprehensively evaluate the quality of Yueji and Meigui.Results:The similarity between the fingerprints of 40 batches roses and the reference print R was 0.73 to 0.93,indicating that there were similarities and differences between the samples.Through principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis of fingerprints data,the samples from different origins and varieties were intuitively divided into four groups.Partial least-squares discriminant analysis analysis showed that Meigui and Yueji cluster into two categories and the model was reliable.A total of 89 compounds were identified by high resolution mass spectrometry,mainly were flavonoids and flavonoid glycosides,as well as phenolic acids.Eight differential components were screened out by orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis and S-plot analysis.Quantitative analyses of the eight compounds,including gallic acid,ellagic acid,hyperoside,isoquercitrin,etc.,showed that Yueji was generally richer in phenolic acids and flavonoids than Meigui,and the quality of Yueji from Shandong and Hebei was better.It is worth noting that Xinjiang rose is rich in various components,which is worth focusing on more in-depth research.Conclusion:In this study,the fingerprints of Meigui and Yueji were established.The chemical components information of roses was further improved based on non-targeted metabolomics and mass spectrometry technology.At the same time,eight differential components of Meigui and Yueji were screened out and quantitatively analyzed.The research results provided a scientific basis for the quality control and rational development and utilization of Rosae Chinensis Flos and Rosae Rugosae Flos,and also laid a foundation for the study of their pharmacodynamic material basis.展开更多
With the rapid development of generative artificial intelligence technologies,represented by large language models,university-level computer science education is undergoing a critical transition-from knowledge-based i...With the rapid development of generative artificial intelligence technologies,represented by large language models,university-level computer science education is undergoing a critical transition-from knowledge-based instruction to competency-oriented teaching.A postgraduate student competency evaluation model can serve as a framework to organize and guide both teaching and research activities at the postgraduate level.A number of relevant research efforts have already been conducted in this area.Graduate education plays a vital role not only as a continuation and enhancement of undergraduate education but also as essential preparation for future research endeavors.An analysis of the acceptance of competency evaluation models refers to the assessment of how various stakeholders perceive the importance of different components within the model.Investigating the degree of acceptance among diverse groups-such as current undergraduate students,current postgraduate students,graduates with less than three years of work experience,and those with more than three years of work experience-can offer valuable insights for improving and optimizing postgraduate education and training practices.展开更多
In order to identify the nutrient level and environmental quality of paddy fields in Wanchang area,and to provide scientific basis and technical support for planting rice in Wanchang area, the soil geochemicalsurvey w...In order to identify the nutrient level and environmental quality of paddy fields in Wanchang area,and to provide scientific basis and technical support for planting rice in Wanchang area, the soil geochemicalsurvey was carried out, 30 samples were collected from paddy soil in Wanchang area, and 20 elements(indicators) were analyzed. The characterization of the elemental content of soils in the study area was carriedout, and the geochemical level for soil nutrients, the geochemical level for the soil environment, and thecomprehensive geochemical level of soil quality were evaluated. The results showed that the average valuesof K content and pH of the soil in the study area were smaller than the background values of Jilin Province,and the average values of 18 elements including N, P, Ca, S, Pb, Zn etc. were bigger than the backgroundvalues of Jilin Province. The results of the evaluation of soil single element nutrient in the study area showedthat the available state nutrient levels of Mn, Zn, Cu, and K increased compared with the total amounts ofnutrients level, with Cu increasing the most;the available state nutrient level of N, P, B, and Mo decreasedcompared with the total amounts of nutrients level, with Mo decreasing the most. The comprehensive levelof soil nutrients geochemistry in paddy fields was mainly Level III (medium), accounting for 53.33%, andthe low abundance level was caused by the lack of P element;the comprehensive level of soil environmentalgeochemistry was mainly Level I (clean), accounting for 96.67%, with only slight pollution caused byCd. The comprehensive geochemical level of soil quality was mainly Level II, accounting for 66.67%.Suggestions were put forward for the rational utilization of soil resources in paddy fields in the study area.展开更多
Evaluating soil quality(SQ)is crucial for ensuring the long-term stability of restored slope ecosystems,yet selecting efficient assessment methods remains challenging.The aim of this study was to develop a targeted SQ...Evaluating soil quality(SQ)is crucial for ensuring the long-term stability of restored slope ecosystems,yet selecting efficient assessment methods remains challenging.The aim of this study was to develop a targeted SQ evaluation system to compare the differences in the effectiveness of ecological restoration methods for slopes.We analysed the characteristics of 18 soil physicochemical and biological indices within a total data set(TDS)for five restored slopes with distinct ecological restoration techniques and three untreated slopes(as the control)in Yichang,China.Principal component analysis,entropy weight method,and Norm were employed to identify a minimum data set(MDS)and four soil quality index(SQI)models,linear unweighted(SQI_(L-A)),linear weighted(SQI_(L-W)),nonlinear unweighted(SQI_(NL-A)),and nonlinear weighted(SQI_(NL-W)),were used to comprehensively evaluate the MDS-based SQ.The results revealed that(1)MDS,consisting of microbial biomass carbon(MBC),microbial biomass phosphorus(MBP),microbial biomass quotient(qMBC),catalase(CAT),and bulk density(BD),effectively characterized the SQ of the ecological restoration slopes;(2)the SQI_(NL-W)model demonstrated superior discrimination among different ecological restoration slopes,with a significantly greater coefficient of determination(R^(2)=0.881,P<0.01)than other SQI models;and(3)all five ecological restoration techniques effectively improved SQ of slope to varying degrees,elevating it from low to high levels,with the vegetative cement-soil eco-restoration&vegetation concrete eco-restoration technique demonstrating the best effect(SQI_(NL-W)=0.627).Our study developed a practical SQ evaluation system based on the validated MDS and the most suitable SQI model(SQI_(NL-W)).This system enables reliable assessment on the effectiveness of restoration techniques.展开更多
With the rapid advancement of information technology,the quality assurance and evaluation of software engineering education have become pivotal concerns for higher education institutions.In this paper,we focus on a co...With the rapid advancement of information technology,the quality assurance and evaluation of software engineering education have become pivotal concerns for higher education institutions.In this paper,we focus on a comparative study of software engineering education in China and Europe,aiming to explore the theoretical frameworks and practical pathways employed in both regions.Initially,we introduce and contrast the engineering education accreditation systems of China and Europe,including the Chinese engineering education accreditation framework and the European EUR-ACE(European Accreditation of Engineering Programmes)standards,highlighting their core principles and evaluation methodologies.Subsequently,we provide case studies of several universities in China and Europe,such as Sun Yat-sen University,Tsinghua University,Technical University of Munich,and Imperial College London.Finally,we offer recommendations to foster mutual learning and collaboration between Chinese and European institutions,aiming to enhance the overall quality of software engineering education globally.This work provides valuable insights for educational administrators,faculty members,and policymakers,contributing to the ongoing improvement and innovative development of software engineering education in China and Europe.展开更多
In the present study, we established an UPLC-QTOF-MSE based metabolomic approach in order to evaluate the holistic qualities and compare the quality difference by finding characteristic components of Panax notoginseng...In the present study, we established an UPLC-QTOF-MSE based metabolomic approach in order to evaluate the holistic qualities and compare the quality difference by finding characteristic components of Panax notoginseng extracts （PNE） and Xuesaitong （XST） injection samples from different manufacturers. The data were processed through unsupervised principal component analysis （PCA） and supervised orthogonal partial least squared discrimination analysis （OPLS-DA） to compare the quality differences. Two-dimensional PCA score plots showed a tendency to separate the XST injections and extracts, and most XST injection samples were clearly clustered into two groups. Especially, the injections from He and YB companies were distinguished into two groups. In addition, only injection samples of Hu company were near the cluster of PNE. To explore the potential chemical components contributing most to the differences between XST injection samples from different manufacturers and PNE, an S-plot was constructed following the OPLS-DA. Ginsenoside Rd, ginsenoside Rgl, ginsenoside Re, ginsenoside Rbl, 20（S）-ginsenoside Rhl, gypenoside VII, ginsenoside Rg2, ginsenoside Rh4, ginsenoside Rkl or Rgs, notoginsenoside Fc, 20（R）-ginsenoside Rg3, ginsenoside F2 and protopanaxadiol were recognized as characteristic chemical markers that contributed most to reflect the difference between XST injections and PNE. Ginsenoside Rd, ginsenoside Rgl, ginsenoside Re, ginsenoside Rbl and gypenoside VII were revealed as index components contributing most to the differences of PNE and XST injections, and quantitative analysis of these components could ensure the consistent quality of XST injections. Based on the fact that the injections should be standardized with the characteristic components as quality control chemical markers, it is most important to keep the quality of extracts of raw materials stable and reliable.展开更多
Radix Astragali （Huangqi） is one of the most valuable traditional Chinese medicinal herbs. It is used in the traditional Chinese medicine to reinforce ＇qi＇, and it has immunostimulant, tonic, and antioxidant activ...Radix Astragali （Huangqi） is one of the most valuable traditional Chinese medicinal herbs. It is used in the traditional Chinese medicine to reinforce ＇qi＇, and it has immunostimulant, tonic, and antioxidant activities. There are many different sources of Huangqi in the market. In this study, the quality of Huangqi was evaluated by the measurement of four flavonoids, calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, ononin, calycosin and formononetin with HPLC-UV, as well as astragaloside IV with HPLC-ELSD. Samples included different plant species, different places of cultivation, different ages of plants, different seasons of collection and different commercial specifications. The results showed that the contents of isoflavonoids and astragaloside IV varied significantly in different sources. Our study provided useful information for the quality evaluation of Radix Astragali.展开更多
Taking the Technical Specifications of Eco-environmental Quality Assessment enacted by the State Environmental Protection Administration in 2006 as the conceptual framework model and improving some indices and weights...Taking the Technical Specifications of Eco-environmental Quality Assessment enacted by the State Environmental Protection Administration in 2006 as the conceptual framework model and improving some indices and weights in the regulation,the eco-environmental assessment index system for Manas River Basin was established,and the eco-environmental quality index (EQI) of this basin from 1976 to 2005 was assessed based on the related data.The results indicated that the ecological quality index increased to 48.26 from 34.44 during 1976-2005.The biologic abundance index,vegetation coverage index and land deterioration index decreased,while there was an increase in water reticulation density index,environmental quality index and pollution load index,so the improvement and deterioration of the ecological environment coexisted in the basin.On the whole,the poor state of the basin ecological environment had turned into a general state,and the eco-environmental quality was developed towards favorable circle.The results also showed that the improved calculating method of EQI accorded with the actual situation of the research area.展开更多
ln order to appraise scientifical y the heavy metal contamination in waste-land of coalmine tailing in Mingshan of Guangdong, the 5 soil samples in wasteland of coalmine tailing were col ected in November 2010 to Marc...ln order to appraise scientifical y the heavy metal contamination in waste-land of coalmine tailing in Mingshan of Guangdong, the 5 soil samples in wasteland of coalmine tailing were col ected in November 2010 to March 2011. The 7 heavy metals content in the contaminated soil was measured by atomic absorption spec-trophotometry. The results showed the pH of the wasteland soil ranged from 2.87 to 6.16, and the soil was relatively infertile. The soil was mainly pol uted by Cd and Mn. The Cd content in wasteland soil ranged from 0.759 mg/kg to 3.109 mg/kg with an average content of 2.052 mg/kg, which was much higher than the standard content. The Mn content ranged from 387.057 to 488.660 mg/kg with an average content of 421.215 mg/kg, which was much higher than the standard content. The Nemerow integrated pol ution indexes showed the sample 1, sample 4 and sample 5 were of heavy pol ution, and sample 2 and sample 3 were of moderate pol ution.展开更多
Considering the difficulty of fuzzy synthetic evaluation method in calculation of the multiple factors and ignorance of the relationship among evaluating objects, a new weight evaluation process using entropy method w...Considering the difficulty of fuzzy synthetic evaluation method in calculation of the multiple factors and ignorance of the relationship among evaluating objects, a new weight evaluation process using entropy method was introduced. This improved method for determination of weight of the evaluating indicators was applied in water quality assessment of the Three Gorges reservoir area. The results showed that this method was favorable for fuzzy synthetic evaluation when there were more than one evaluating objects. One calculation was enough for calculating every monitoring point. Compared with the original evaluation method, the method predigested the fuzzy synthetic evaluation process greatly and the evaluation results are more reasonable.展开更多
Matter-element analysis method was used to construct the comprehensive matter-element model for the evaluation of the quality of various kinds of irrigation water in Turpan City to evaluate the quality of irrigation w...Matter-element analysis method was used to construct the comprehensive matter-element model for the evaluation of the quality of various kinds of irrigation water in Turpan City to evaluate the quality of irrigation water（such as river water,spring water, Karez well water, pumped well water） in Turpan City, Xinjiang. The results showed that the quality of the irrigation water was the best in October,which was in Grade I or Grade 2; in May, the quality of some of the irrigation water became poorer to Grade II, which was easy to soil salinization; in March, the detected qualities of the water samples water from the Meiyaogou basin were all in Grade IV, which was not suitable for farmland irrigation. The comparison on the evaluation results of matter-element analysis and fuzzy evaluation method showed that the results of the 2 methods were almost consistent with each other, and showed good uniformity.展开更多
A fuzzy neural network model is proposed to evaluate water quality. The model contains two parts： first, fuzzy mathematics theory is used to standardize the samples; second, the RBF neural network and the BP neural n...A fuzzy neural network model is proposed to evaluate water quality. The model contains two parts： first, fuzzy mathematics theory is used to standardize the samples; second, the RBF neural network and the BP neural network are used to train the standardized samples. The proposed model was applied to assess the water quality of 16 sections in 9 rivers in the Shaoguan area in 2005. The evaluation result was compared with that of the RBF neural network method and the reported results in the Shaoguan area in 2005. It indicated that the performance of the proposed fuzzy neural network model is practically feasible in the application of water quality assessment and its operation is simple.展开更多
Stability condition and quality evaluation formula of layerlike backfilling roof,Q≥C,where Q denotes is quality index depending on allowable compressive or tensile strength and integrity of backfilling,and C is the t...Stability condition and quality evaluation formula of layerlike backfilling roof,Q≥C,where Q denotes is quality index depending on allowable compressive or tensile strength and integrity of backfilling,and C is the technical index depending on mining method and backfilling technology,were inferred according to simply supported beam theorem.Technical treatment measures for instable backfilling roof,including optimum of appropriate filling materials and dosage for excellent flow property and reduction of backfill cost.It is proved that slope equation of backfill slurry in a stope to be filled is y=hexp[x2/(2σ)2)],where h is height of cone and σ2 is mean square,and that optimum drainage point of backfill slurry can be determined by the equation and sizes of stope.Case study indicates that the results can give a theoretical support for quality evaluation and control of layerlike backfilling.展开更多
Rivers in the Liaohe River Estuary area have been seriously polluted by discharges of wastewater containing petroleum pol- lutants and nutrients. In this paper, The Enhanced Stream Water Quality Model （QUAL2K） and i...Rivers in the Liaohe River Estuary area have been seriously polluted by discharges of wastewater containing petroleum pol- lutants and nutrients. In this paper, The Enhanced Stream Water Quality Model （QUAL2K） and its revised model as well as One-dimensional Tide Mean Model （1D model） were applied to predict and assess the water quality of the tidal fiver reach of the Liaohe River Estuary. Dissolved oxygen （DO）, biochemical oxygen demand （BODs）, ammonia nitrogen （NH3-N） and total phosphorus （TP） were chosen as water quality indices in the two model simulations. The modelled results show that the major reasons for degraded rivers remain petroleum and non-point source pollution. Tidal water also has a critical effect on the variation of water quality. The sensitivity analysis identifies that flow rate, point load and diffuse load are the most sensitive parameters for the four water quality indices in the revised QUAL2K simulation. Uncertainty analysis based on a Monte Carlo simulation gives the probability distribution of the four wa- ter quality indices at two locations （6.50 km and 44.84 km from the river mouth）. The statistical outcomes indicate that the observed data fall within the 90% confidence intervals at all sites measured, and show that the revised QUAL2K gives better results in simulating the water quality of a tidal fiver.展开更多
High-resolution modeling approach is increasingly being considered as a necessary step for improving the monitoring and predictions of regional air quality. This is especially true for highly urbanized region with com...High-resolution modeling approach is increasingly being considered as a necessary step for improving the monitoring and predictions of regional air quality. This is especially true for highly urbanized region with complex terrain and land-use. This study uses Community Multiscale Air Quality （CMAQ） model coupled with MM5 mesoscale model for a comprehensive analysis to assess the suitability of such high-resolution modeling system in predicting ozone air quality in the complex terrains of Osaka, Japan. The 1-km and 3-kin grid domains were nested inside a 9-km domain and the domain with 1-km grid covered the Osaka region. High-resolution Grid Point Value-Mesoscale Model （GPV-MSM） data were used after suitable validation. The simulated ozone concentrations were validated and evaluated using statistical metrics using performance criteria set for ozone. Daily maxima of ozone were found better simulated by the 1-krn grid domain than the coarser 9-km and 3-km domains, with the maximum improvement in the mean absolute gross error about 3 ppbv. In addition, 1-km grid results fared better than other grids at most of the observation stations that showed noticeable differences in gross error as well as correlation. These results amply justify the use of the integrated high-resolution MM5-CMAQ modeling system in the highly urbanized region, such as the Osaka region, which has complex terrain and land-use.展开更多
A simple, sensitive and accurate method based on high performance liquid chromato- graphy （HPLC） with diode array detector （DAD） was developed and validated for systematic quality evaluation of one type of traditi...A simple, sensitive and accurate method based on high performance liquid chromato- graphy （HPLC） with diode array detector （DAD） was developed and validated for systematic quality evaluation of one type of traditional Chinese medicine preparations named Xinkeshu （XKS） tablet. In this study, the chromatographic fingerprints of XKS tablet were developed first, 23 peaks were selected as the common peaks to evaluate the similarities among different batches of XKS samples, which were manufactured in a long time span of three years. Additionally, simultaneous quantification of six markers in XKS tablet, including Danshensu, Protocatechuic aldehyde, Puerarin, Daidzin, Salvianolic acid B and Daidzein, was performed. The validation results showed that the developed method was specific, accurate, precise and robust. The preliminary explanation on why a close similarity between fingerprints did not exactly mean similar contents of chemical components in samples was given. The contribution of each chromatographic peak to similarity was also evaluated. The developed method offers an efficient, reliable and practical approach for systematic quality evaluation of XKS tablet.展开更多
The existing research of steering comfort mainly focuses on the subjective evaluation,aiming at designing and optimizing the steering system.In the development of steering system,especially the evaluation of steering ...The existing research of steering comfort mainly focuses on the subjective evaluation,aiming at designing and optimizing the steering system.In the development of steering system,especially the evaluation of steering comfort,the objective evaluation methods considered the kinematic characteristics of driver steering maneuver are not proposed,which means that the objective evaluation of steering cannot be conducted with the evaluation of kinematic characteristics of driver in steering maneuver.In order to propose the objective evaluation methods of steering comfort,the evaluation of steering movement quality of driver is developed on the basis of the study of the kinematic characteristics of steering maneuver.First,the steering motion trajectories of the driver in both comfortable and certain extreme uncomfortable operation conditions are detected using the Vicon motion capture system.The operation conditions are under the restrictions of the vertical height and horizontal distance between steering wheel center and the H-point of driver,and the steering resisting torque else.Next,the movement quality evaluation of driver steering maneuver is assessed using twelve kinds of evaluation indices based on the kinematic analyses of the steering motion trajectories to propose an objective evaluation method.Finally,an integrated discomfort index of steering maneuver is proposed on the basis of the regression analysis of subjective evaluation rating and the movement quality evaluation indices,including the Jerk,Discomfort and Joint Torque indices.The test results show that the proposed integrated discomfort index gives a good fitting with the subjective evaluation of discomfort,which means it can be used to evaluate or predict the discomfort level of steering maneuver.This paper proposes an objective evaluation method of steering comfort based on the movement quality evaluation of driver steering maneuver.展开更多
An evaluation scale of medical services quality was developed on the basis of ＂patients＇ experience＂. The questionnaires were developed by, among others, searching relevant literature, col- lecting well-established...An evaluation scale of medical services quality was developed on the basis of ＂patients＇ experience＂. The questionnaires were developed by, among others, searching relevant literature, col- lecting well-established assessment scales, measuring patients＇ experience and satisfaction, brain-storming, literature analysis. Delphi method was adopted for expert consultation. Scale items were screened and revised. The key indexes were converted. Field surveys were conducted for testing the reliability and validity of the scale. Our modified evaluation scale for measuring medical services quality based on ＂patients＇ experience＂ included 6 dimensions （tangibility, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy and continuity）, and 50 items. The novel scale based on ＂patients＇ experience＂ may better serve the purpose of assessin~ medical services quality.展开更多
The relative importance of each pollution factor in analytical hierarchy process (AHP) method comes from pooling expert opinions in general. Because expert opinions are based on information and judgment criteria, dete...The relative importance of each pollution factor in analytical hierarchy process (AHP) method comes from pooling expert opinions in general. Because expert opinions are based on information and judgment criteria, determining their weight may lead to uncertainty.. Therefore, an improved AHP method had been developed. The process of the improved AHP method involved four key procedures. The weights of pollution factors were completely related to the objective monitoring data through the standardization of these procedures. The environmental comprehensive quality of water and sediment of Xuanwu Lake, Nanjing, China had been evaluated. The environmental quality comprehensive indices (EQCI) of the water in 1991-1995 and 1996-2000 were 3.32 and 1.85, respectively, indicating that the water quality improved. The EQCI of the sediment in 1995 and 2000 indicates that the sediment contamination decreased from 1995 to 2000. Such results agreed with the fact that the lake had been under comprehensive control. However, with the classical AHP method, the EQCI of the sediment in the northwestern part of the lake may have indicated that sediment contamination increased from 1995 to 2000. The discrepancy may have resulted from the judgment difference of the experts. The improved AHP method can avoid arbitrariness of subjective judgment and can reflect the real influential factors of environment pollution in different periods or regions.展开更多
基金supported by the key project at the central government level:The ability establishment of sustainable use for valuable Chinese medicine resources(Grant number 2060302)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant number 82373982,82173929).
文摘Background:Rosa chinensis Jacq.and Rosa rugosa Thunb.are not only of ornamental value,but also edible flowers and the flower buds have been listed in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia as traditional medicines.The two plants have some differences in efficacy,but the flower buds are easily confused for similar traits.In addition,large-scale cultivation of ornamental rose flowers may lead to a decrease in the effective components of medicinal roses.Therefore,it is necessary to study the chemical composition and make quality evaluation of Rosae Chinensis Flos(Yueji)and Rosae Rugosae Flos(Meigui).Methods:In this study,40 batches of samples including Meigui and Yueji from different regions in China were collected to establish high-performance liquid chromatography fingerprints.Then,the fingerprints data was analyzed using principal component analysis,hierarchical cluster analysis,and partial least squares discriminant analysis analysis chemometrics to obtain information on intergroup differences,and non-targeted metabolomic techniques were applied to identify and compare chemical compositions of samples which were chosen from groups with large differences.Differential compounds were screened by orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis and S-plot,and finally multi-component quantification was performed to comprehensively evaluate the quality of Yueji and Meigui.Results:The similarity between the fingerprints of 40 batches roses and the reference print R was 0.73 to 0.93,indicating that there were similarities and differences between the samples.Through principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis of fingerprints data,the samples from different origins and varieties were intuitively divided into four groups.Partial least-squares discriminant analysis analysis showed that Meigui and Yueji cluster into two categories and the model was reliable.A total of 89 compounds were identified by high resolution mass spectrometry,mainly were flavonoids and flavonoid glycosides,as well as phenolic acids.Eight differential components were screened out by orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis and S-plot analysis.Quantitative analyses of the eight compounds,including gallic acid,ellagic acid,hyperoside,isoquercitrin,etc.,showed that Yueji was generally richer in phenolic acids and flavonoids than Meigui,and the quality of Yueji from Shandong and Hebei was better.It is worth noting that Xinjiang rose is rich in various components,which is worth focusing on more in-depth research.Conclusion:In this study,the fingerprints of Meigui and Yueji were established.The chemical components information of roses was further improved based on non-targeted metabolomics and mass spectrometry technology.At the same time,eight differential components of Meigui and Yueji were screened out and quantitatively analyzed.The research results provided a scientific basis for the quality control and rational development and utilization of Rosae Chinensis Flos and Rosae Rugosae Flos,and also laid a foundation for the study of their pharmacodynamic material basis.
文摘With the rapid development of generative artificial intelligence technologies,represented by large language models,university-level computer science education is undergoing a critical transition-from knowledge-based instruction to competency-oriented teaching.A postgraduate student competency evaluation model can serve as a framework to organize and guide both teaching and research activities at the postgraduate level.A number of relevant research efforts have already been conducted in this area.Graduate education plays a vital role not only as a continuation and enhancement of undergraduate education but also as essential preparation for future research endeavors.An analysis of the acceptance of competency evaluation models refers to the assessment of how various stakeholders perceive the importance of different components within the model.Investigating the degree of acceptance among diverse groups-such as current undergraduate students,current postgraduate students,graduates with less than three years of work experience,and those with more than three years of work experience-can offer valuable insights for improving and optimizing postgraduate education and training practices.
基金Supported by the Special Study on Mineral Resources Planning in Changchun City(No.JM-2020-11-13594)Jilin Agricultural Geological Survey Project(No.12120105111208)。
文摘In order to identify the nutrient level and environmental quality of paddy fields in Wanchang area,and to provide scientific basis and technical support for planting rice in Wanchang area, the soil geochemicalsurvey was carried out, 30 samples were collected from paddy soil in Wanchang area, and 20 elements(indicators) were analyzed. The characterization of the elemental content of soils in the study area was carriedout, and the geochemical level for soil nutrients, the geochemical level for the soil environment, and thecomprehensive geochemical level of soil quality were evaluated. The results showed that the average valuesof K content and pH of the soil in the study area were smaller than the background values of Jilin Province,and the average values of 18 elements including N, P, Ca, S, Pb, Zn etc. were bigger than the backgroundvalues of Jilin Province. The results of the evaluation of soil single element nutrient in the study area showedthat the available state nutrient levels of Mn, Zn, Cu, and K increased compared with the total amounts ofnutrients level, with Cu increasing the most;the available state nutrient level of N, P, B, and Mo decreasedcompared with the total amounts of nutrients level, with Mo decreasing the most. The comprehensive levelof soil nutrients geochemistry in paddy fields was mainly Level III (medium), accounting for 53.33%, andthe low abundance level was caused by the lack of P element;the comprehensive level of soil environmentalgeochemistry was mainly Level I (clean), accounting for 96.67%, with only slight pollution caused byCd. The comprehensive geochemical level of soil quality was mainly Level II, accounting for 66.67%.Suggestions were put forward for the rational utilization of soil resources in paddy fields in the study area.
基金supported by the fund project of the Key Laboratory of Geological Hazards on Three Gorges Reservoir Area(China Three Gorges University),Hubei Province,China(Grant No.2023KDZ12)Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Slope Habitat Construction Technique Using Cement-based Materials(China Three Gorges University),Hubei Province,China(Grant No.2022SNJ04).
文摘Evaluating soil quality(SQ)is crucial for ensuring the long-term stability of restored slope ecosystems,yet selecting efficient assessment methods remains challenging.The aim of this study was to develop a targeted SQ evaluation system to compare the differences in the effectiveness of ecological restoration methods for slopes.We analysed the characteristics of 18 soil physicochemical and biological indices within a total data set(TDS)for five restored slopes with distinct ecological restoration techniques and three untreated slopes(as the control)in Yichang,China.Principal component analysis,entropy weight method,and Norm were employed to identify a minimum data set(MDS)and four soil quality index(SQI)models,linear unweighted(SQI_(L-A)),linear weighted(SQI_(L-W)),nonlinear unweighted(SQI_(NL-A)),and nonlinear weighted(SQI_(NL-W)),were used to comprehensively evaluate the MDS-based SQ.The results revealed that(1)MDS,consisting of microbial biomass carbon(MBC),microbial biomass phosphorus(MBP),microbial biomass quotient(qMBC),catalase(CAT),and bulk density(BD),effectively characterized the SQ of the ecological restoration slopes;(2)the SQI_(NL-W)model demonstrated superior discrimination among different ecological restoration slopes,with a significantly greater coefficient of determination(R^(2)=0.881,P<0.01)than other SQI models;and(3)all five ecological restoration techniques effectively improved SQ of slope to varying degrees,elevating it from low to high levels,with the vegetative cement-soil eco-restoration&vegetation concrete eco-restoration technique demonstrating the best effect(SQI_(NL-W)=0.627).Our study developed a practical SQ evaluation system based on the validated MDS and the most suitable SQI model(SQI_(NL-W)).This system enables reliable assessment on the effectiveness of restoration techniques.
基金supported by the Guangdong Higher Education Association’s“14th Five Year Plan”2024 Higher Education Research Project(24GYB03)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(2024A1515010255)。
文摘With the rapid advancement of information technology,the quality assurance and evaluation of software engineering education have become pivotal concerns for higher education institutions.In this paper,we focus on a comparative study of software engineering education in China and Europe,aiming to explore the theoretical frameworks and practical pathways employed in both regions.Initially,we introduce and contrast the engineering education accreditation systems of China and Europe,including the Chinese engineering education accreditation framework and the European EUR-ACE(European Accreditation of Engineering Programmes)standards,highlighting their core principles and evaluation methodologies.Subsequently,we provide case studies of several universities in China and Europe,such as Sun Yat-sen University,Tsinghua University,Technical University of Munich,and Imperial College London.Finally,we offer recommendations to foster mutual learning and collaboration between Chinese and European institutions,aiming to enhance the overall quality of software engineering education globally.This work provides valuable insights for educational administrators,faculty members,and policymakers,contributing to the ongoing improvement and innovative development of software engineering education in China and Europe.
文摘In the present study, we established an UPLC-QTOF-MSE based metabolomic approach in order to evaluate the holistic qualities and compare the quality difference by finding characteristic components of Panax notoginseng extracts （PNE） and Xuesaitong （XST） injection samples from different manufacturers. The data were processed through unsupervised principal component analysis （PCA） and supervised orthogonal partial least squared discrimination analysis （OPLS-DA） to compare the quality differences. Two-dimensional PCA score plots showed a tendency to separate the XST injections and extracts, and most XST injection samples were clearly clustered into two groups. Especially, the injections from He and YB companies were distinguished into two groups. In addition, only injection samples of Hu company were near the cluster of PNE. To explore the potential chemical components contributing most to the differences between XST injection samples from different manufacturers and PNE, an S-plot was constructed following the OPLS-DA. Ginsenoside Rd, ginsenoside Rgl, ginsenoside Re, ginsenoside Rbl, 20（S）-ginsenoside Rhl, gypenoside VII, ginsenoside Rg2, ginsenoside Rh4, ginsenoside Rkl or Rgs, notoginsenoside Fc, 20（R）-ginsenoside Rg3, ginsenoside F2 and protopanaxadiol were recognized as characteristic chemical markers that contributed most to reflect the difference between XST injections and PNE. Ginsenoside Rd, ginsenoside Rgl, ginsenoside Re, ginsenoside Rbl and gypenoside VII were revealed as index components contributing most to the differences of PNE and XST injections, and quantitative analysis of these components could ensure the consistent quality of XST injections. Based on the fact that the injections should be standardized with the characteristic components as quality control chemical markers, it is most important to keep the quality of extracts of raw materials stable and reliable.
基金Faculty Research Grant of Hong Kong Baptist University (FRG/06-07/II-24)
文摘Radix Astragali （Huangqi） is one of the most valuable traditional Chinese medicinal herbs. It is used in the traditional Chinese medicine to reinforce ＇qi＇, and it has immunostimulant, tonic, and antioxidant activities. There are many different sources of Huangqi in the market. In this study, the quality of Huangqi was evaluated by the measurement of four flavonoids, calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, ononin, calycosin and formononetin with HPLC-UV, as well as astragaloside IV with HPLC-ELSD. Samples included different plant species, different places of cultivation, different ages of plants, different seasons of collection and different commercial specifications. The results showed that the contents of isoflavonoids and astragaloside IV varied significantly in different sources. Our study provided useful information for the quality evaluation of Radix Astragali.
基金Supported by National Key Technology R&D Program (2007BAC17B01)Major State Basic Research Development Program of China (973 Program) (2009CB825100)
文摘Taking the Technical Specifications of Eco-environmental Quality Assessment enacted by the State Environmental Protection Administration in 2006 as the conceptual framework model and improving some indices and weights in the regulation,the eco-environmental assessment index system for Manas River Basin was established,and the eco-environmental quality index (EQI) of this basin from 1976 to 2005 was assessed based on the related data.The results indicated that the ecological quality index increased to 48.26 from 34.44 during 1976-2005.The biologic abundance index,vegetation coverage index and land deterioration index decreased,while there was an increase in water reticulation density index,environmental quality index and pollution load index,so the improvement and deterioration of the ecological environment coexisted in the basin.On the whole,the poor state of the basin ecological environment had turned into a general state,and the eco-environmental quality was developed towards favorable circle.The results also showed that the improved calculating method of EQI accorded with the actual situation of the research area.
基金Supported by Guangdong Science and Technology Plan Project(2010B0318000112012A030700006)~~
文摘ln order to appraise scientifical y the heavy metal contamination in waste-land of coalmine tailing in Mingshan of Guangdong, the 5 soil samples in wasteland of coalmine tailing were col ected in November 2010 to March 2011. The 7 heavy metals content in the contaminated soil was measured by atomic absorption spec-trophotometry. The results showed the pH of the wasteland soil ranged from 2.87 to 6.16, and the soil was relatively infertile. The soil was mainly pol uted by Cd and Mn. The Cd content in wasteland soil ranged from 0.759 mg/kg to 3.109 mg/kg with an average content of 2.052 mg/kg, which was much higher than the standard content. The Mn content ranged from 387.057 to 488.660 mg/kg with an average content of 421.215 mg/kg, which was much higher than the standard content. The Nemerow integrated pol ution indexes showed the sample 1, sample 4 and sample 5 were of heavy pol ution, and sample 2 and sample 3 were of moderate pol ution.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 50378008)
文摘Considering the difficulty of fuzzy synthetic evaluation method in calculation of the multiple factors and ignorance of the relationship among evaluating objects, a new weight evaluation process using entropy method was introduced. This improved method for determination of weight of the evaluating indicators was applied in water quality assessment of the Three Gorges reservoir area. The results showed that this method was favorable for fuzzy synthetic evaluation when there were more than one evaluating objects. One calculation was enough for calculating every monitoring point. Compared with the original evaluation method, the method predigested the fuzzy synthetic evaluation process greatly and the evaluation results are more reasonable.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41261030)the Key Laboratory for Oasis Ecosystem,Ministry of Education(041079)~~
文摘Matter-element analysis method was used to construct the comprehensive matter-element model for the evaluation of the quality of various kinds of irrigation water in Turpan City to evaluate the quality of irrigation water（such as river water,spring water, Karez well water, pumped well water） in Turpan City, Xinjiang. The results showed that the quality of the irrigation water was the best in October,which was in Grade I or Grade 2; in May, the quality of some of the irrigation water became poorer to Grade II, which was easy to soil salinization; in March, the detected qualities of the water samples water from the Meiyaogou basin were all in Grade IV, which was not suitable for farmland irrigation. The comparison on the evaluation results of matter-element analysis and fuzzy evaluation method showed that the results of the 2 methods were almost consistent with each other, and showed good uniformity.
基金Supported by the National Key Research Program of China (No. 2003CCA00200)the Open Research Foundation of State KeyLab of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science(No.2005C012).
文摘A fuzzy neural network model is proposed to evaluate water quality. The model contains two parts： first, fuzzy mathematics theory is used to standardize the samples; second, the RBF neural network and the BP neural network are used to train the standardized samples. The proposed model was applied to assess the water quality of 16 sections in 9 rivers in the Shaoguan area in 2005. The evaluation result was compared with that of the RBF neural network method and the reported results in the Shaoguan area in 2005. It indicated that the performance of the proposed fuzzy neural network model is practically feasible in the application of water quality assessment and its operation is simple.
基金Project(50490270) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘Stability condition and quality evaluation formula of layerlike backfilling roof,Q≥C,where Q denotes is quality index depending on allowable compressive or tensile strength and integrity of backfilling,and C is the technical index depending on mining method and backfilling technology,were inferred according to simply supported beam theorem.Technical treatment measures for instable backfilling roof,including optimum of appropriate filling materials and dosage for excellent flow property and reduction of backfill cost.It is proved that slope equation of backfill slurry in a stope to be filled is y=hexp[x2/(2σ)2)],where h is height of cone and σ2 is mean square,and that optimum drainage point of backfill slurry can be determined by the equation and sizes of stope.Case study indicates that the results can give a theoretical support for quality evaluation and control of layerlike backfilling.
基金Under the auspices of Water Pollution Control and Management Key Project of Science and Technology of China(No.2013ZX07202-007)Liaoning Hundred-Thousand-Ten Thousand Talents Program
文摘Rivers in the Liaohe River Estuary area have been seriously polluted by discharges of wastewater containing petroleum pol- lutants and nutrients. In this paper, The Enhanced Stream Water Quality Model （QUAL2K） and its revised model as well as One-dimensional Tide Mean Model （1D model） were applied to predict and assess the water quality of the tidal fiver reach of the Liaohe River Estuary. Dissolved oxygen （DO）, biochemical oxygen demand （BODs）, ammonia nitrogen （NH3-N） and total phosphorus （TP） were chosen as water quality indices in the two model simulations. The modelled results show that the major reasons for degraded rivers remain petroleum and non-point source pollution. Tidal water also has a critical effect on the variation of water quality. The sensitivity analysis identifies that flow rate, point load and diffuse load are the most sensitive parameters for the four water quality indices in the revised QUAL2K simulation. Uncertainty analysis based on a Monte Carlo simulation gives the probability distribution of the four wa- ter quality indices at two locations （6.50 km and 44.84 km from the river mouth）. The statistical outcomes indicate that the observed data fall within the 90% confidence intervals at all sites measured, and show that the revised QUAL2K gives better results in simulating the water quality of a tidal fiver.
文摘High-resolution modeling approach is increasingly being considered as a necessary step for improving the monitoring and predictions of regional air quality. This is especially true for highly urbanized region with complex terrain and land-use. This study uses Community Multiscale Air Quality （CMAQ） model coupled with MM5 mesoscale model for a comprehensive analysis to assess the suitability of such high-resolution modeling system in predicting ozone air quality in the complex terrains of Osaka, Japan. The 1-km and 3-kin grid domains were nested inside a 9-km domain and the domain with 1-km grid covered the Osaka region. High-resolution Grid Point Value-Mesoscale Model （GPV-MSM） data were used after suitable validation. The simulated ozone concentrations were validated and evaluated using statistical metrics using performance criteria set for ozone. Daily maxima of ozone were found better simulated by the 1-krn grid domain than the coarser 9-km and 3-km domains, with the maximum improvement in the mean absolute gross error about 3 ppbv. In addition, 1-km grid results fared better than other grids at most of the observation stations that showed noticeable differences in gross error as well as correlation. These results amply justify the use of the integrated high-resolution MM5-CMAQ modeling system in the highly urbanized region, such as the Osaka region, which has complex terrain and land-use.
基金supported by the Major Projects of Independent Innovation Achievements of Shandong Province(No. 2010ZDZX1A0406)partly by the Scientific and Technological Projects of Shandong Province (No. 2009GG10002081)+1 种基金Independent Innovation Foundation of Shandong University(No. 2010TS054)Shandong Province Natural Science Foundation, China (No. ZR2011HM080)
文摘A simple, sensitive and accurate method based on high performance liquid chromato- graphy （HPLC） with diode array detector （DAD） was developed and validated for systematic quality evaluation of one type of traditional Chinese medicine preparations named Xinkeshu （XKS） tablet. In this study, the chromatographic fingerprints of XKS tablet were developed first, 23 peaks were selected as the common peaks to evaluate the similarities among different batches of XKS samples, which were manufactured in a long time span of three years. Additionally, simultaneous quantification of six markers in XKS tablet, including Danshensu, Protocatechuic aldehyde, Puerarin, Daidzin, Salvianolic acid B and Daidzein, was performed. The validation results showed that the developed method was specific, accurate, precise and robust. The preliminary explanation on why a close similarity between fingerprints did not exactly mean similar contents of chemical components in samples was given. The contribution of each chromatographic peak to similarity was also evaluated. The developed method offers an efficient, reliable and practical approach for systematic quality evaluation of XKS tablet.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51005133,51375009)National Hi-tech Research and Development Program of China(863 Program,Grant No.2011AA11A244)
文摘The existing research of steering comfort mainly focuses on the subjective evaluation,aiming at designing and optimizing the steering system.In the development of steering system,especially the evaluation of steering comfort,the objective evaluation methods considered the kinematic characteristics of driver steering maneuver are not proposed,which means that the objective evaluation of steering cannot be conducted with the evaluation of kinematic characteristics of driver in steering maneuver.In order to propose the objective evaluation methods of steering comfort,the evaluation of steering movement quality of driver is developed on the basis of the study of the kinematic characteristics of steering maneuver.First,the steering motion trajectories of the driver in both comfortable and certain extreme uncomfortable operation conditions are detected using the Vicon motion capture system.The operation conditions are under the restrictions of the vertical height and horizontal distance between steering wheel center and the H-point of driver,and the steering resisting torque else.Next,the movement quality evaluation of driver steering maneuver is assessed using twelve kinds of evaluation indices based on the kinematic analyses of the steering motion trajectories to propose an objective evaluation method.Finally,an integrated discomfort index of steering maneuver is proposed on the basis of the regression analysis of subjective evaluation rating and the movement quality evaluation indices,including the Jerk,Discomfort and Joint Torque indices.The test results show that the proposed integrated discomfort index gives a good fitting with the subjective evaluation of discomfort,which means it can be used to evaluate or predict the discomfort level of steering maneuver.This paper proposes an objective evaluation method of steering comfort based on the movement quality evaluation of driver steering maneuver.
文摘An evaluation scale of medical services quality was developed on the basis of ＂patients＇ experience＂. The questionnaires were developed by, among others, searching relevant literature, col- lecting well-established assessment scales, measuring patients＇ experience and satisfaction, brain-storming, literature analysis. Delphi method was adopted for expert consultation. Scale items were screened and revised. The key indexes were converted. Field surveys were conducted for testing the reliability and validity of the scale. Our modified evaluation scale for measuring medical services quality based on ＂patients＇ experience＂ included 6 dimensions （tangibility, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy and continuity）, and 50 items. The novel scale based on ＂patients＇ experience＂ may better serve the purpose of assessin~ medical services quality.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.40771186.
文摘The relative importance of each pollution factor in analytical hierarchy process (AHP) method comes from pooling expert opinions in general. Because expert opinions are based on information and judgment criteria, determining their weight may lead to uncertainty.. Therefore, an improved AHP method had been developed. The process of the improved AHP method involved four key procedures. The weights of pollution factors were completely related to the objective monitoring data through the standardization of these procedures. The environmental comprehensive quality of water and sediment of Xuanwu Lake, Nanjing, China had been evaluated. The environmental quality comprehensive indices (EQCI) of the water in 1991-1995 and 1996-2000 were 3.32 and 1.85, respectively, indicating that the water quality improved. The EQCI of the sediment in 1995 and 2000 indicates that the sediment contamination decreased from 1995 to 2000. Such results agreed with the fact that the lake had been under comprehensive control. However, with the classical AHP method, the EQCI of the sediment in the northwestern part of the lake may have indicated that sediment contamination increased from 1995 to 2000. The discrepancy may have resulted from the judgment difference of the experts. The improved AHP method can avoid arbitrariness of subjective judgment and can reflect the real influential factors of environment pollution in different periods or regions.
