The results of years of dental study serve as the foundation for the practise of medicine and,for that matter,dentistry.Doctors may have their own preferences for techniques and materials,but whether directly or indir...The results of years of dental study serve as the foundation for the practise of medicine and,for that matter,dentistry.Doctors may have their own preferences for techniques and materials,but whether directly or indirectly,their decisions are influenced by systematic reviews and meta-analyses.However,due to poorly conducted or presented research,this very basic foundation may not be reliable.Bias in research is one of several factors that might make study results or research itself unreliable.Bias can be introduced into research at many stages,deliberately or unknowingly.Bias can appear at any point during the research process,even before the study itself begins.There are many biases in research,but some of them are more relevant to dentistry research than others.Because it is said that“eyes see what the mind knows”,it is essential to have a complete understanding of the different types of bias,how and when they get entrenched,and what steps may be taken to prevent or lessen them if they do occur.This comprehensive summary of bias in dentistry research is provided by this synoptic review.The goal is to identify gaps and measures that have been taken-or that should have been taken-by providing both descriptive and evaluative summaries,as well as examples from the literature,when needed.展开更多
Cohort studies are important epidemiological methods to investigate associations between environmental factors,individual characteristics,and disease or other health outcomes.As a paradigm of cohort studies,the Framin...Cohort studies are important epidemiological methods to investigate associations between environmental factors,individual characteristics,and disease or other health outcomes.As a paradigm of cohort studies,the Framingham Heart Study(FHS)is the longest-running cardiovascular epidemiological study,starting in 1948.展开更多
Biliary tract cancer(BTC)is a group of rare malignancies that affect the gallbladder and bile ducts.Although rare,BTC is becoming a significant public health burden in China,particularly among males and older individu...Biliary tract cancer(BTC)is a group of rare malignancies that affect the gallbladder and bile ducts.Although rare,BTC is becoming a significant public health burden in China,particularly among males and older individuals.The increasing trends in BTC incidence and mortality in China are influenced by various demographic,environmental,and lifestyle factors.In this review,we examine available epidemiological data on the incidence,mortality,prognosis,and trends of different BTC subtypes in China.We also discuss the challenges and opportunities for improving the prevention,diagnosis,and management of BTC in China,and identify areas for further research and intervention.The article aims to provide a better understanding of the epidemiological features of BTC in China and to inform public health strategies and clinical practice.展开更多
Introduction:This study investigated the causes and transmission pathways of an infectious diarrhea outbreak at a high school in Baisha County during November 2024 to inform response strategies for similar outbreaks.M...Introduction:This study investigated the causes and transmission pathways of an infectious diarrhea outbreak at a high school in Baisha County during November 2024 to inform response strategies for similar outbreaks.Methods:Field epidemiological methods were employed to investigate and characterize the outbreak’s epidemic features,while risk factors were analyzed through a case-control study.Case specimens underwent multipathogen polymerase chain reaction(PCR)chip screening combined with real-time fluorescent PCR to identify the causative pathogen.Reserved cafeteria food samples were tested for diarrheagenic Escherichia coli(DEC)-specific virulence genes using real-time fluorescent PCR.Environmental water samples were analyzed by the culture method(1)to quantify total bacterial count,total coliforms,and Escherichia coli.Results:A total of 344 cases were identified,yielding an attack rate of 11.44%.The most common clinical manifestations were diarrhea(80.23%)and abdominal pain(76.74%).Attack rates showed no statistically significant differences by gender or between boarding and day students(P>0.05).Case-control analysis demonstrated that consumption of school-provided direct drinking water was the primary risk factor for illness(odds ratio=3.87,95%confidence interval:1.18,12.68).Laboratory testing identified DEC in both patient specimens and inlet tap water samples from the dispensers;the DEC positivity rate in patient specimens reached 63.3%(19/30),with escV and pic+astA as the predominant virulence genes(either singly or in combination).Hygienic surveys revealed that the school’s direct drinking water dispensers failed to meet required standards;after these dispensers were deactivated,the incidence of new cases declined markedly.Conclusion:This outbreak was caused by DEC.The primary transmission route was consumption of direct drinking water supplied by substandard dispensers using contaminated source water,with person-toperson transmission occurring during the later stages of the outbreak.展开更多
Malaria was once one of the most serious public health problems in China,with more than 30 million malaria cases annually before 1949.However,the disease burden has sharply declined and the epidemic areas has shrunken...Malaria was once one of the most serious public health problems in China,with more than 30 million malaria cases annually before 1949.However,the disease burden has sharply declined and the epidemic areas has shrunken after the implementation of an integrated malaria control and elimination strategy,especially since 2000.Till now,China has successfully scaled up its efforts to become malaria-free and is currently being evaluated for malaria-free certification by the WHO.In the battle against malaria,China's efforts have spanned generations,reducing from an incidence high of 122.9/10000(6.97 million cases)in 1954 to 0.06/10000(7855 cases)in 2010.In 2017,for the first time,China reached zero indigenous case of malaria,putting the country on track to record three consecutive years of zero transmission by 2020,accoding to the National Malaria Elimination Action Plan(2010-2020).China's efforts to eliminate malaria is impressive,and the country is dedicated to sharing its lessons learned in malaria elimination-including,but not limited to,the application of novel genetics-based approaches-with other nations through new initiatives.China will promote international relationships and establish collaborative platforms on a wide range of topics in roughly 65 countries,including 20 African nations.China's experience in applying innovative genetics-based approaches and tools to characterize malaria parasite populations,including surveillance of markers related to drug resistance,categorization of cases as indigenous or imported,and objective identification of the likely sources of infections to inform efforts towards malaria control and elimination in Africa could offer game-changing results when applied to settings with ongoing transmission.展开更多
Background Leprosy is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae and remains a source of preventable disability if left undetected.Case detection delay is an important epidemiological indicator for progress ...Background Leprosy is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae and remains a source of preventable disability if left undetected.Case detection delay is an important epidemiological indicator for progress in interrupting transmission and preventing disability in a community.However,no standard method exists to effectively analyse and interpret this type of data.In this study,we aim to evaluate the characteristics of leprosy case detection delay data and select an appropriate model for the variability of detection delays based on the best fitting distribution type.Methods Two sets of leprosy case detection delay data were evaluated:a cohort of 181 patients from the post exposure prophylaxis for leprosy(PEP4LEP)study in high endemic districts of Ethiopia,Mozambique,and Tanzania;and self-reported delays from 87 individuals in 8 low endemic countries collected as part of a systematic literature review.Bayesian models were fit to each dataset to assess which probability distribution(log-normal,gamma or Weibull)best describes variation in observed case detection delays using leave-one-out cross-validation,and to estimate the effects of individual factors.Results For both datasets,detection delays were best described with a log-normal distribution combined with covariates age,sex and leprosy subtype[expected log predictive density(ELPD)for the joint model:-1123.9].Patients with multibacillary(MB)leprosy experienced longer delays compared to paucibacillary(PB)leprosy,with a relative difference of 1.57[95%Bayesian credible interval(BCI):1.14-2.15].Those in the PEP4LEP cohort had 1.51(95%BCI:1.08-2.13)times longer case detection delay compared to the self-reported patient delays in the systematic review.Conclusions The log-normal model presented here could be used to compare leprosy case detection delay datasets,including PEP4LEP where the primary outcome measure is reduction in case detection delay.We recommend the application of this modelling approach to test different probability distributions and covariate effects in studies with similar outcomes in the field of leprosy and other skin-NTDs.展开更多
文摘The results of years of dental study serve as the foundation for the practise of medicine and,for that matter,dentistry.Doctors may have their own preferences for techniques and materials,but whether directly or indirectly,their decisions are influenced by systematic reviews and meta-analyses.However,due to poorly conducted or presented research,this very basic foundation may not be reliable.Bias in research is one of several factors that might make study results or research itself unreliable.Bias can be introduced into research at many stages,deliberately or unknowingly.Bias can appear at any point during the research process,even before the study itself begins.There are many biases in research,but some of them are more relevant to dentistry research than others.Because it is said that“eyes see what the mind knows”,it is essential to have a complete understanding of the different types of bias,how and when they get entrenched,and what steps may be taken to prevent or lessen them if they do occur.This comprehensive summary of bias in dentistry research is provided by this synoptic review.The goal is to identify gaps and measures that have been taken-or that should have been taken-by providing both descriptive and evaluative summaries,as well as examples from the literature,when needed.
文摘Cohort studies are important epidemiological methods to investigate associations between environmental factors,individual characteristics,and disease or other health outcomes.As a paradigm of cohort studies,the Framingham Heart Study(FHS)is the longest-running cardiovascular epidemiological study,starting in 1948.
文摘Biliary tract cancer(BTC)is a group of rare malignancies that affect the gallbladder and bile ducts.Although rare,BTC is becoming a significant public health burden in China,particularly among males and older individuals.The increasing trends in BTC incidence and mortality in China are influenced by various demographic,environmental,and lifestyle factors.In this review,we examine available epidemiological data on the incidence,mortality,prognosis,and trends of different BTC subtypes in China.We also discuss the challenges and opportunities for improving the prevention,diagnosis,and management of BTC in China,and identify areas for further research and intervention.The article aims to provide a better understanding of the epidemiological features of BTC in China and to inform public health strategies and clinical practice.
文摘Introduction:This study investigated the causes and transmission pathways of an infectious diarrhea outbreak at a high school in Baisha County during November 2024 to inform response strategies for similar outbreaks.Methods:Field epidemiological methods were employed to investigate and characterize the outbreak’s epidemic features,while risk factors were analyzed through a case-control study.Case specimens underwent multipathogen polymerase chain reaction(PCR)chip screening combined with real-time fluorescent PCR to identify the causative pathogen.Reserved cafeteria food samples were tested for diarrheagenic Escherichia coli(DEC)-specific virulence genes using real-time fluorescent PCR.Environmental water samples were analyzed by the culture method(1)to quantify total bacterial count,total coliforms,and Escherichia coli.Results:A total of 344 cases were identified,yielding an attack rate of 11.44%.The most common clinical manifestations were diarrhea(80.23%)and abdominal pain(76.74%).Attack rates showed no statistically significant differences by gender or between boarding and day students(P>0.05).Case-control analysis demonstrated that consumption of school-provided direct drinking water was the primary risk factor for illness(odds ratio=3.87,95%confidence interval:1.18,12.68).Laboratory testing identified DEC in both patient specimens and inlet tap water samples from the dispensers;the DEC positivity rate in patient specimens reached 63.3%(19/30),with escV and pic+astA as the predominant virulence genes(either singly or in combination).Hygienic surveys revealed that the school’s direct drinking water dispensers failed to meet required standards;after these dispensers were deactivated,the incidence of new cases declined markedly.Conclusion:This outbreak was caused by DEC.The primary transmission route was consumption of direct drinking water supplied by substandard dispensers using contaminated source water,with person-toperson transmission occurring during the later stages of the outbreak.
基金supported by the Project of Shanghai Science and Technology Commission(Grant No.18490741100)the National Sharing Service Platform for Parasite Resources(Grant No.TDRC-2019-194-30)the project from Harvard Global Institute.
文摘Malaria was once one of the most serious public health problems in China,with more than 30 million malaria cases annually before 1949.However,the disease burden has sharply declined and the epidemic areas has shrunken after the implementation of an integrated malaria control and elimination strategy,especially since 2000.Till now,China has successfully scaled up its efforts to become malaria-free and is currently being evaluated for malaria-free certification by the WHO.In the battle against malaria,China's efforts have spanned generations,reducing from an incidence high of 122.9/10000(6.97 million cases)in 1954 to 0.06/10000(7855 cases)in 2010.In 2017,for the first time,China reached zero indigenous case of malaria,putting the country on track to record three consecutive years of zero transmission by 2020,accoding to the National Malaria Elimination Action Plan(2010-2020).China's efforts to eliminate malaria is impressive,and the country is dedicated to sharing its lessons learned in malaria elimination-including,but not limited to,the application of novel genetics-based approaches-with other nations through new initiatives.China will promote international relationships and establish collaborative platforms on a wide range of topics in roughly 65 countries,including 20 African nations.China's experience in applying innovative genetics-based approaches and tools to characterize malaria parasite populations,including surveillance of markers related to drug resistance,categorization of cases as indigenous or imported,and objective identification of the likely sources of infections to inform efforts towards malaria control and elimination in Africa could offer game-changing results when applied to settings with ongoing transmission.
基金the European Union awarded to NLR/LM(grant number RIA2017NIM-1839-PEP-4LEP),and the Leprosy Research Initiative(LRIwww.lepro syres earch.org)awarded to NLR/LM(grant number 707.19.58.).
文摘Background Leprosy is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae and remains a source of preventable disability if left undetected.Case detection delay is an important epidemiological indicator for progress in interrupting transmission and preventing disability in a community.However,no standard method exists to effectively analyse and interpret this type of data.In this study,we aim to evaluate the characteristics of leprosy case detection delay data and select an appropriate model for the variability of detection delays based on the best fitting distribution type.Methods Two sets of leprosy case detection delay data were evaluated:a cohort of 181 patients from the post exposure prophylaxis for leprosy(PEP4LEP)study in high endemic districts of Ethiopia,Mozambique,and Tanzania;and self-reported delays from 87 individuals in 8 low endemic countries collected as part of a systematic literature review.Bayesian models were fit to each dataset to assess which probability distribution(log-normal,gamma or Weibull)best describes variation in observed case detection delays using leave-one-out cross-validation,and to estimate the effects of individual factors.Results For both datasets,detection delays were best described with a log-normal distribution combined with covariates age,sex and leprosy subtype[expected log predictive density(ELPD)for the joint model:-1123.9].Patients with multibacillary(MB)leprosy experienced longer delays compared to paucibacillary(PB)leprosy,with a relative difference of 1.57[95%Bayesian credible interval(BCI):1.14-2.15].Those in the PEP4LEP cohort had 1.51(95%BCI:1.08-2.13)times longer case detection delay compared to the self-reported patient delays in the systematic review.Conclusions The log-normal model presented here could be used to compare leprosy case detection delay datasets,including PEP4LEP where the primary outcome measure is reduction in case detection delay.We recommend the application of this modelling approach to test different probability distributions and covariate effects in studies with similar outcomes in the field of leprosy and other skin-NTDs.
