Spinal cord injuries have overwhelming physical and occupational implications for patients.Moreover,the extensive and long-term medical care required for spinal cord injury significantly increases healthcare costs and...Spinal cord injuries have overwhelming physical and occupational implications for patients.Moreover,the extensive and long-term medical care required for spinal cord injury significantly increases healthcare costs and resources,adding a substantial burden to the healthcare system and patients'families.In this context,chondroitinase ABC,a bacterial enzyme isolated from Proteus vulgaris that is modified to facilitate expression and secretion in mammals,has emerged as a promising therapeutic agent.It works by degrading chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans,cleaving the glycosaminoglycanchains of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans into soluble disaccharides or tetrasaccharides.Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans are potent axon growth inhibitors and principal constituents of the extracellular matrix surrounding glial and neuronal cells attached to glycosaminoglycan chains.Chondroitinase ABC has been shown to play an effective role in promoting recovery from acute and chronic spinal cord injury by improving axonal regeneration and sprouting,enhancing the plasticity of perineuronal nets,inhibiting neuronal apoptosis,and modulating immune responses in various animal models.In this review,we introduce the classification and pathological mechanisms of spinal cord injury and discuss the pathophysiological role of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in spinal cord injury.We also highlight research advancements in spinal cord injury treatment strategies,with a focus on chondroitinase ABC,and illustrate how improvements in chondroitinase ABC stability,enzymatic activity,and delivery methods have enhanced injured spinal cord repair.Furthermore,we emphasize that combination treatment with chondroitinase ABC further enhances therapeutic efficacy.This review aimed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the current trends and future directions of chondroitinase ABC-based spinal cord injury therapies,with an emphasis on how modern technologies are accelerating the optimization of chondroitinase ABC development.展开更多
Background:Enzyme fragility remains a major challenge in research and applications.Free enzymes are highly unstable,inactivated by heat,acid,alkali,or organic solvents,and often lose activity even under optimal storag...Background:Enzyme fragility remains a major challenge in research and applications.Free enzymes are highly unstable,inactivated by heat,acid,alkali,or organic solvents,and often lose activity even under optimal storage conditions.Limiting their use in cosmetics.Few commercial products combine acids and enzymes effectively.Objective:To investigate the physicochemical properties,in vitro exfoliation efficacy,and effects on facial skin parameters of a supramolecular acid-enzyme complex(SAE)composed of mandelic acid(MAN),betaine(BET),and composite enzymes(CE;papain and bromelain),thereby establishing a theoretical foundation for cosmetic applications.Methods:The supramolecular structure was characterized using Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)spectroscopy and proton nuclear magnetic resonance(1H NMR)spectroscopy.Dissolution experiments were conducted to compare the solubility of SAE and CE in aqueous solutions.Enzymatic activity assays evaluated the stabilizing effect of supramolecular deep eutectic technology on enzymes.In vitro exfoliation tests assessed acid-enzyme synergy in keratin removal.A 4-week clinical trial evaluated the efficacy of a 2%SAE essence aqueous solution on facial skin parameters.Results:Dissolution experiments confirmed that supramolecular deep eutectic technology significantly improved enzyme solubility.Enzymatic activity tests demonstrated that this technology effectively preserved protease activity,substantially enhancing its practical applicability.Furthermore,in vitro exfoliation efficacy tests revealed that this technology strengthened the synergistic interaction between acids and enzymes and exhibited superior stratum corneum-removing capability of the SAE.In clinical evaluations of efficacy,after 7 days of using the essence containing SAE,the formulation significantly enhanced cheek gloss(+8.08%),while reducing comedones volume(-16.25%).after 28 days,significantly enhanced cheek hydration(+25.0%,SCH),gloss(+15.93%),and smoothness(−7.78%SEsm),while reducing TEWL(−6.86%),sebum(−15.54%),roughness(+16.24%SEr),and pore metrics(volume:−39.98%;count:−30.64%),and decreased comedones(blackheads:−70.33%;Whiteheads:−52.42%;all p<0.05).Conclusion:The supramolecular acid-enzyme complex demonstrates enhanced stability,improved solubility,and superior exfoliation efficacy compared to free enzymes.Clinical results further confirm its multifunctional benefits,including enhancing skin hydration,sebum regulation,barrier repair,pore refinement,and comedolytic effects.This study provides both theoretical and practical foundations for developing stable acid-enzyme combinations in dermatological applications.展开更多
The xylitol dehydrogenase(XDH)is a crucial enzyme involved in the xylose utilization in pentose⁃catabolizing yeasts and fungi.In addition to producing xylulose,XDH can also be employed to develop a biosensor for monit...The xylitol dehydrogenase(XDH)is a crucial enzyme involved in the xylose utilization in pentose⁃catabolizing yeasts and fungi.In addition to producing xylulose,XDH can also be employed to develop a biosensor for monitoring xylitol concentration.In this study,the gene encoding the thermophilic fungus Talaromyces emersonii XDH(TeXDH)was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)at 16℃in the soluble form.Recombinant TeXDH with high purity was purified by using a Ni⁃NTA affinity column.Size⁃exclusion chromatography and SDS⁃PAGE analysis demonstrated that the puri⁃fied recombinant TeXDH exists as a native trimer with a molecular mass of approximately 116 kD,and is composed of three identical subunits,each with a molecular weight of around 39 kD.The TeXDH strictly preferred NAD^(+)as a coenzyme to NADP^(+).The optimal temperature and pH of the TeXDH were 40℃and 10.0,respectively.After EDTA treatment,the enzyme activity of TeXDH decreased to 43.26%of the initial enzyme activity,while the divalent metal ions Mg^(2+)or Ca^(2+)could recover the enzyme activity of TeXDH,reaching 103.32%and 110.69%of the initial enzyme activity,respectively,making them the optimal divalent metal ion cofactors for TeXDH enzyme.However,the divalent metal ions of Mn^(2+),Ni^(2+),Cu^(2+),Zn^(2+),Co^(2+),and Cd^(2+)significantly inhibited the activity of TeXDH.ICP⁃MS and molecular doc⁃king studies revealed that 1 mol/L of TeXDH bound 2 mol/L Zn^(2+)ions and 1 mol/L Mg^(2+)ion.Further⁃more,TeXDH exhibited a high specificity for xylitol,laying the foundation for the development of future xylitol biosensors.展开更多
Poly(lactic acid)(PLA)is a biodegradable and eco-friendly polymer that is increasingly being incorporated into various applications in contemporary society.However,the limited stability of PLA-based products remains a...Poly(lactic acid)(PLA)is a biodegradable and eco-friendly polymer that is increasingly being incorporated into various applications in contemporary society.However,the limited stability of PLA-based products remains a significant challenge for their broader use in various applications.In this study,poly(L-lactic acid)(PLLA)/poly(D-lactic acid)(PDLA)melt-blown nonwovens were prepared by melt spinning.The structure,thermal properties,thermal stability,biodegradability and crystalline morphology of the melt-blown nonwovens were investigated.DSC and WAXD confirmed the formation of stereocomplex(SC)crystallites in the PLLA matrix.The storage modulus(G′),loss modulus(G″),and complex viscosity(∣η^(*)∣)of the PLLA/PDLA blend increased with an increase in SC crystallite content.The thermal degradation temperatures of PLLA/PDLA melt-blown nonwovens increased with the incorporation of SC crystallites,and the maximum rate of decomposition increased to 385.5℃,thus enhancing the thermal stability.Compared with neat PLLA melt-blown nonwovens,the hydrophobicity of PLLA/PDLA melt-blown nonwovens was improved,and WCA increased to 139.7°.The SC crystallites were more resistant to degradation by proteinase K compared to neat PLLA.However,the degradation rate of PLLA/PDLA melt-blown nonwovens remained at a high level.This work provides an effective strategy to obtain high-performance PLLA melt-blown nonwovens.展开更多
Traditional biodiesel production primarily uses methanol as the acyl acceptor,but its toxicity to lipase increases process complexity and operational difficulty elevate manufacturing costs.This study aimed to explore ...Traditional biodiesel production primarily uses methanol as the acyl acceptor,but its toxicity to lipase increases process complexity and operational difficulty elevate manufacturing costs.This study aimed to explore a new method for enzymatic synthesis of biodiesel with methyl methacrylate(MMA)as acyl acceptor.Meanwhile,a 1,3-position specific lipase Lipozyme RM IM was applied as biocatalyst,which enables simultaneous production of biodiesel(FAMEs)and methacrylate fatty acid glycerides(MFAGs)via specific sn-1,3 transesterification of MMA with triglyceride.Under the optimal reaction conditions:temperature of 50℃,molar ratio of 4:1 for MMA to triglyceride,enzyme dosage of 7.5%(mass),and an extra water addition of 0.5%(mass);triglyceride conversion rate of 97%,and FAMEs yield of 65%could be obtained.Simultaneously,the multistage short-path distillation and column chromatographic method were combined used for the separation of the mixed products.Finally,the purity of FAME,MFADG,DMFAG,and MMFAG were 98%,97.8%,95.3%,and 81.78%,respectively.In this new approach,MMA demonstrates lower toxicity to lipases,allowing for straightfo rward addition of all the substrates without complex addition process,and enhancing operational feasibility.Meanwhile,the by-products of MFAGs could be applied as monomers in varnishes and protective coatings,which increased the value of the products.Thus,this investigation providing an alternative way to produce biodiesel,and providing a new pathway for the sustainable development of biodiesel.展开更多
Hemoglobin A1c(HbA1c),a key biomarker for long-term glucose regulation,is essential for diagnosing and managing diabetes mellitus.However,conventional HbA1c detection methods often suffer from limited sensitivity,narr...Hemoglobin A1c(HbA1c),a key biomarker for long-term glucose regulation,is essential for diagnosing and managing diabetes mellitus.However,conventional HbA1c detection methods often suffer from limited sensitivity,narrow detection ranges,slow response times,and poor long-term stability.In this study,we developed a high-performance amperometric biosensor for the selective detection of Fructosyl Valine(FV),a model compound for HbA1c,by immobilizing Fructosyl Amino Acid Oxidase(FAAO)onto a glassy carbon electrode modified with electrospun polyaniline/polyindole-Mn_(2)O_(3) nanofibers.Operating at an applied potential of 0.27 V versus Ag/AgCl,the biosensor achieved a rapid detection time of 2 s for FV concentrations up to 50µM,with a signal-to-noise ratio of 3.Under optimized conditions(pH 7.0 and 35℃),the biosensor exhibited a wide linear detection range from 0.1 to 3 mM and a high sensitivity of 38.42µA/mM.Importantly,the sensor retained approximately 70% of its initial activity after 193 days of storage at 4℃,demonstrating excellent long-term stability.These results suggest that the FAAO/polyaniline/polyindole-Mn_(2)O_(3) nanocomposite-based biosensor offers a promising platform for sensitive,rapid,and durable detection of HbA1c,providing significant potential for improving diabetes monitoring and management.展开更多
This editorial critically analyses the recent article by Jung et al,which investigates the utility of 4-hour serum amylase and lipase as early blood markers for postendoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP)...This editorial critically analyses the recent article by Jung et al,which investigates the utility of 4-hour serum amylase and lipase as early blood markers for postendoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP)acute pancreatitis prediction.Although these enzymes are valuable for the early diagnosis of post-ERCP pancreatitis,they lack specificity for disease etiology and provide limited insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying disease progression.Several cytokines,notably interleukin(IL)-6,tumor necrosis factor-alpha,and IL-8,are increased in post-ERCP pancreatitis and may serve as potential predictors for disease severity.The incorporation of these biomarkers in early enzymatic biomarkers and established prognostic scoring systems could further enhance their accuracy and allow for earlier,more effective management of patients with post-ERCP pancreatitis.展开更多
Enzymatic modification is an important approach to changing the structure and expanding industrial application of natural starch. In the process of starch modification, thermostable enzymes are favored owing to their ...Enzymatic modification is an important approach to changing the structure and expanding industrial application of natural starch. In the process of starch modification, thermostable enzymes are favored owing to their compatibility with higher reaction temperatures and lower required dosage. In this study, thermostable glucoamylase from Thermothelomyces thermophilus(TtGA) was heterologously expressed in Pichia pastoris, and its effects on the structure and physicochemical properties of raw corn starch were determined. The purified TtGA had a molecular weight of approximately 66 kDa, and its optimum reaction temperature and pH were 50 ℃ and 5.0, respectively. TtGA retained > 60% of its activity following treatment at 60 ℃ for 2 h and remained stable within a pH range of 4.0–7.0 for 6 h. The enzymatic modification of raw corn starch with TtGA led to 3% hydrolysis at 50 ℃ for 24 h. In comparison with natural raw corn starch, TtGA-modified starch had a smaller particle size with an unchanged crystalline structure, increased relative crystallinity, and amylose content.Scanning electronic observation showed that larger pores were formed on the surface of starch particles, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy indicated that TtGA increased the degree of order in the raw corn starch.TtGA modification caused enhanced viscosity of the raw corn starch and altered the rheological properties with decreases in storage and loss moduli, as well as shear viscosity. Moreover, TtGA treatment enhanced the thermal characteristics of the raw corn starch, and decreased gelatinization enthalpy. This study provides detailed evidence for TtGA modification of raw corn starch, which would be helpful for its practical utilization in starch modification.展开更多
The biochemical response of Coffea arabica var.Borbon to chitosan and chitosan oligosaccharides(COS)was evaluated in one-year-old plants under greenhouse conditions.COS solutions were synthesized through chemical and ...The biochemical response of Coffea arabica var.Borbon to chitosan and chitosan oligosaccharides(COS)was evaluated in one-year-old plants under greenhouse conditions.COS solutions were synthesized through chemical and physical hydrolysis using acetic acid,hydrogen peroxide,and microwave irradiation.The obtained COS had an average molecular weight(Mw)of 3549.90±0.33 Daltons(Da),a deacetylation degree(DD)of 76.64±1.12%,and a polymerization degree(PD)of 18.91±0.0018.Solutions of chitosan and COS were applied to C.arabica var.Borbon at concentrations of 0.25,0.5,and 1 wt%.The experimental design was conducted using a completely randomized design with four replications.The biochemical responses assessed included soluble protein content,phenylalanine ammonia-lyase(PAL),chitinase,β-1,3-glucanase,peroxidase,catalase,and chlorophyll fluorescence.The application of COS demonstrated significant differences(α=0.05)in protein concentration,with the activity ofβ-1,3-glucanase,chitinase,and catalase being 1.5,7.5,and 3.9 times higher,respectively,while showing similar behavior to chitosan in PAL activity,both up to 4.4 times higher than the distilled water control and lower than chitosan in peroxidase activity.Treatments with chitosan yielded a higher photochemical efficiency of Photosystem II(PSII).The application of COS suggests a viable foliar alternative to active plant defense mechanisms without the risk of phytotoxicity.展开更多
Background AFB_(1)-8,9-exo-epoxide(AFBO)is the highly toxic product of Aflatoxin B_(1)(AFB_(1)).Glutathione S-transferases(GSTs)play pivotal roles in detoxifying AFB_(1) by catalyzing the conjugation of AFBO with glut...Background AFB_(1)-8,9-exo-epoxide(AFBO)is the highly toxic product of Aflatoxin B_(1)(AFB_(1)).Glutathione S-transferases(GSTs)play pivotal roles in detoxifying AFB_(1) by catalyzing the conjugation of AFBO with glutathione(GSH).Although there are over 20 GST isozymes that have been identified in chicken,GST isozymes involved in the detoxification process of AFB_(1) have not been identified yet.The objective of this study was to determine which GST isozymes played key role in detoxification of AFB_(1).Results A total of 17 pcDNA3.1(+)-GST isozyme plasmids were constructed and the GST isozyme genes were overexpressed by 80–2,500,000 folds in the chicken Leghorn male hepatoma(LMH)cells.Compared to the AFB_(1) treatment,overexpression of GSTA2X,GSTA3,GSTT1L,GSTZ1-1,and GSTZ1-2 increased the cell viability by 6.5%–17.0%in LMH cells.Moreover,overexpression of five GST isozymes reduced the release of lactate dehydrogenase and reactive oxygen species by 8.8%–64.4%,and 57.2%–77.6%,respectively,as well as enhanced the production AFBO-GSH by 15.8%–19.6%,thus mitigating DNA damage induced by AFB_(1).After comprehensive evaluation of various indicators,GSTA2X displayed the best detoxification effects against AFB_(1).GSTA2X was expressed in Pichia pastoris X-33 and its enzymatic properties for catalyzing the conjugation of AFBO with GSH showed that the optimum temperature and pH were 20–25℃ and 7.6–8.6 as well as the enzymatic kinetic parameter V_(max) was 0.23 nmol/min/mg and the Michaelis constant was 86.05μmol/L with the AFB_(1) as substrate.Conclusions In conclusion,GSTA2X,GSTA3,GSTT1L,GSTZ1-1,and GSTZ1-2 played key roles in AFB_(1) detoxification,which will provide new remediation strategies to prevent aflatoxicosis in chickens.展开更多
Studies on the use of renewable materials for various applications,including polymers,have gained momentum due to global climate change and the push towards a circular economy.In this study,polymer resins were develop...Studies on the use of renewable materials for various applications,including polymers,have gained momentum due to global climate change and the push towards a circular economy.In this study,polymer resins were developed through Michael 1,4-addition.The precursors were synthesized from tall oil-based acetoacetates derived from epoxidized tall oil fatty acids or their methyl esters.Two different epoxidation methods were employed:enzymatic epoxidation of tall oil fatty acids and ion-exchange resin epoxidation of tall oil fatty acid methyl esters.Following oxirane opening and transesterification with trimethylolpropane,further esterification or transesterification was carried out to obtain the acetoacetates.These synthesized acetoacetates were then reacted with acrylates of various functionalities to obtain polymer resins with differing degrees of crosslinking.The developed polymer resins were characterized using differential scanning calorimetry,dynamic mechanical analysis,and thermogravimetric analysis.The results indicated that the glass transition temperature and storage modulus of the polymer resins were significantly influenced by both the functionality of the acrylates used and the epoxidation technique employed.Higher acrylate functionality resulted in increased stiffness,while enzymatic epoxidation enhanced the polymer’s mechanical properties,nearly doubling the storage modulus,achieving approximately 470 MPa,compared to the ion-exchange resin technique.Therefore,selecting the appropriate acrylate functionality and epoxidation method could tailor the mechanical properties of the polymer resins.展开更多
Background In intensive aquaculture systems,the frequent incidence of enteritis reduces production efficiency and results in significant economic losses.Protein feeds account for 40%–60%of aquafeed expenses,and with ...Background In intensive aquaculture systems,the frequent incidence of enteritis reduces production efficiency and results in significant economic losses.Protein feeds account for 40%–60%of aquafeed expenses,and with the growth of intensive aquaculture,demand for fishmeal as a key protein source outstrips supply,driving up prices.This study investigated the therapeutic potential of reducing dietary protein levels by 3%and adding enzymatic cottonseed protein(ECP)in juvenile yellow catfish with dextran sulfate sodium(DSS)-induced enteritis.Methods A total of 1,260 healthy juvenile yellow catfish(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco),with an average body weight of 5.90±0.05 g,were randomly allocated into 7 experimental groups,each with 3 replicates.The fish were fed one of seven diets for 10 weeks:a normal-protein diet(42%;NP)and 6 low-protein diets(39%;LP)supplemented with graded levels of ECP at 0%(ECP0),1%(ECP1),2%(ECP2),3%(ECP3),4%(ECP4),and 5%(ECP5),respectively.Subsequently,48 fish from each group were selected to receive 1 mL of 6%DSS solution.Results Our findings demonstrated that:(1)The DSS+ECP0 group aggravated DSS-induced enteritis in juvenile yellow catfish compared to the DSS+NP group.(2)Dietary supplementation of ECP in LP diets significantly enhanced the enzymatic activity and levels of immunoreactive substances,including LZM,C3,C4,and ACP(P<0.05).Mechanistically,first,ECP supplementation modulated macrophage polarization by inhibiting the M1 phenotype while promoting the M2 phenotype,potentially through the JAK-STAT signaling pathway;second,dietary ECP suppressed the phosphorylation cascade of key necroptosis-related proteins,including RIP1,RIP3,and MLKL,potentially via the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways.(3)The DSS+ECP2 group demonstrated comparable or superior efficacy to the DSS+NP group in mitigating DSS-induced intestinal enteritis.Conclusions Our results demonstrated that ECP can alleviate DSS-induced enteritis by regulating macrophage polarization and reducing necroptosis.Furthermore,ECP supplementation effectively counteracted the exacerbation of enteritis caused by dietary protein reduction.These findings highlighted the effectiveness and feasibility of ECP in alleviating enteritis and saving protein.展开更多
Food-derived polysaccharides are gaining popularity across diverse food applications due to their wideranging bioactivities and distinctive properties.The specific targeting of glycoside hydrolases towards glycosidic ...Food-derived polysaccharides are gaining popularity across diverse food applications due to their wideranging bioactivities and distinctive properties.The specific targeting of glycoside hydrolases towards glycosidic bonds lays the groundwork for synthesizing and exploring specific structural segments of polysaccharides,offering crucial implications in the food industry.However,macromolecular polysaccharides demonstrate limited biological activities as their active centers are tightly enveloped,posing challenges for traversing cell membrane barriers.By selectively cleaving partial glycosidic linkages in polysaccharides,glycoside hydrolases decrease the polymerization of polysaccharide molecules and effectively change the structural characteristics,where a series of smaller polysaccharide fragments can be generated for improving the bioactivities and properties in some respects.This review examines the role of glycoside hydrolases in degrading food-derived polysaccharides,the structure-function relationships,reaction conditions,and the current application status of degraded polysaccharides is discussed in particular.In addition,we also highlight challenges and future directions worth attention in the application of enzymes and polysaccharides.Overall,the present review will provide an efficient method for producing bioactivity-enhanced polysaccharides,which can improve the effectiveness and safety of functional foods to safeguard human wellness.展开更多
Saponins can be potential candidates for the development of safe biopesticides,due to their widely acknowledged insecticidal,fungicidal and nematicidal activity,but information on their effects on soil biological prop...Saponins can be potential candidates for the development of safe biopesticides,due to their widely acknowledged insecticidal,fungicidal and nematicidal activity,but information on their effects on soil biological properties is still limited.This study aimed to investigate the short-term fate of saponins from Medicago sativa in soil and their dose-effect relationship with microbial biomass and selected enzyme activities in soils with different origin,physical and chemical properties.Microbial degradation of total saponins ranged from 46%to 91%,according to soil characteristics,within 28 days from their incorporation into the soil.Both saponin glycosidic chains and triterpenic aglycones were also microbially degraded,though by dynamics changing among the different soils.In all soils,M.sativa saponins significantly reduced microbial biomass at rates of 10 and 20 mg saponin mixture per g of soil.Microbial enzymatic activities were less affected as indicating an adaptive response of soil microbial communities to the presence of saponins.展开更多
Fowl adenovirus(FAdV)serotype 4,recognized as the causative agent of hydropericardium syndrome(HPS)in chickens,causes substantial economic losses in poultry farming.To develop a simple,rapid,and reliable diagnostic me...Fowl adenovirus(FAdV)serotype 4,recognized as the causative agent of hydropericardium syndrome(HPS)in chickens,causes substantial economic losses in poultry farming.To develop a simple,rapid,and reliable diagnostic method for the timely detection of FAdV-4 nucleic acid,we integrated the CRISPR/Cas12a system with recombinase-aided amplification(RAA).This approach enables visual detection of FAdV-4 with a sensitivity of one genome copy.The results can be obtained within 40 to 50 min without the need for complex instrumentation,making it ideal for remote field applications.Using this method,we investigated the prevalence of FAdV-4 in both common farm poultry and wild birds.Our results indicated that the FAdV-4-positive rate in wild birds was 51.19%,suggesting that wild birds may serve as specific reservoirs for this virus.In summary,we present a sensitive,swift,accurate,and inexpensive detection method for FAdV-4,along with an investigation of its epidemic situation in birds.Our study advances the detection and epidemiological understanding of FAdV-4 transmission among farm poultry and wild birds.展开更多
The effect of superheated steam(SHS)treatment on the quality characteristics of rape bee pollen were studied,and the efficiency of inactivation and inhibition of lipid oxidation were analyzed to investigate the differ...The effect of superheated steam(SHS)treatment on the quality characteristics of rape bee pollen were studied,and the efficiency of inactivation and inhibition of lipid oxidation were analyzed to investigate the differences between SHS and cobalt-60 isotope(^(60)Co)radiation treatment.The number of total plate count(TPC)and mold colonies(MC)remained within the limits of the standards after SHS treatment at 140℃for 2 min.Neither TPC nor MC were detected after^(60)Co irradiation.Peroxidase(POD)and polyphenol oxidase(PPO)activities significantly decreased with increasing temperature and duration of SHS,while^(60)Co radiation completely inactivated PPO.Compared to^(60)Co radiation,SHS treatment inhibited the deterioration of rape bee pollen by avoiding hydroperoxide production and lipid oxidation due to lack of oxygen.These results suggested SHS under 140℃for 2 min was the most suitable to inactivate the microorganisms and enzymes in rape bee pollen with minimal lipid oxidation.展开更多
We developed a small-tissue extraction device(sTED),an automated system that integrates 1-min mechanical dissociation and enzymatic digestion to extract viable primary cells from ultrasmall tissue samples(5-20 mg)with...We developed a small-tissue extraction device(sTED),an automated system that integrates 1-min mechanical dissociation and enzymatic digestion to extract viable primary cells from ultrasmall tissue samples(5-20 mg)within 10 min.Unlike conventional methods,sTED minimizes cell loss and enhances reproducibility,achieving>90%cell viability in mouse tissues and>60%in human tumors,with 1.5×10^(4)-2.5×10^(4)cells/mg yield from mouse liver.Tailored for biopsies and ultrasmall samples,sTED addresses critical standardization challenges in organoid-based research.展开更多
Bioremediation has gained significant attention due to its potential to remove azo dyes.However,the challenges microor-ganisms face in surviving when azo dyes are the sole carbon source limit its widespread applicatio...Bioremediation has gained significant attention due to its potential to remove azo dyes.However,the challenges microor-ganisms face in surviving when azo dyes are the sole carbon source limit its widespread application.This study aimed to improve the biodegradation of azo dyes by utilizing Baijiu distiller’s grains leachate(BDGL)as a co-substrate.The experimental results demon-strated that BDGL significantly enhanced Providencia rettgeri’s ability to degrade the model pollutant Acid Black 210(AB210),achieving a decolorization efficiency of 94.5%.This may be attributed to the nutrient-rich composition of BDGL,which includes ethanol and protein,providing a favorable substrate for bacterial growth and activity.The higher biomass and increased activities of azoreductase and quinone oxidoreductase in the BDGL group further supported these findings.Additionally,this method demonstra-ted broad-spectrum degradation of azo dyes(Direct Red 5B,Acid Red 73,and Congo Red)with different structures,highlighting its potential applicability.Metabolite assays combined with transcriptomics analyses revealed that the expression of functional genes re-lated to redox reactions,azo bond cleavage,and hydrolysis increased under the co-metabolic conditions of BDGL,resulting in stronger reducing power that further mineralized the dye into smaller metabolites.Our study offers a practical strategy for the simulta-neous treatment of dye-containing wastewater and Baijiu distiller’s grains,with significant environmental and industrial applications.展开更多
Extreme environmental conditions such as temperature fluctuations,drought,and pathogen attacks can significantly impact plant growth,development,and productivity.Plants have evolved intricate enzymatic systems to miti...Extreme environmental conditions such as temperature fluctuations,drought,and pathogen attacks can significantly impact plant growth,development,and productivity.Plants have evolved intricate enzymatic systems to mitigate these stresses,among which GDSL esterase/lipase proteins (GELPs)-key members of the serine esterase/lipase superfamily-play important roles (Akoh et al.,2004).Characterized by a conserved GDSL motif and four essential amino acids (serine,glycine,asparagine,and histidine),GELPs exhibit versatile catalytic functions in lipid metabolism,cell wall modification,and stress responses (Ursache et al.,2021;Shen et al.,2022).展开更多
Aim An industrial enzyme β-glucanase was used to transfortn notoginsenoside Fe for the first time. Methods Notoginsenoside Fe was isolated from the leave saponin of Panax notoginseng （Burk.） Chen FH. The enzymatica...Aim An industrial enzyme β-glucanase was used to transfortn notoginsenoside Fe for the first time. Methods Notoginsenoside Fe was isolated from the leave saponin of Panax notoginseng （Burk.） Chen FH. The enzymatically transformed compounds were detected by HPLC and two transformed compounds were identified as 20 （S） -protopanaxadiol-20- O- α-L-arabinofuranosyl （ 1→6 ） - β-gluco- pyranoside, ginsenoside-Mc） and 20（S）-protopanaxadiol-20-O-β-D-glucopyranoside compound-K （C-K） respectively on the basis of their ^1H NMR and ^13 C NMR spectral data. Results Based on the enzymolytic kinetic curve, the transformation rate of notoginsenoside Fe reached 95% after 24 h. Conclusion The enzymatic transformation pathway of notoginsenoside Fe by β-glucanase has been proposed as notoginsenoside Fe→ginsenoside Mc→C-K.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.82002645China Postdoctoral Science Foundation,No.2022M722321Jiangsu Funding Program for Excellent Postdoctoral Talent,No.2022ZB552(all to YH)。
文摘Spinal cord injuries have overwhelming physical and occupational implications for patients.Moreover,the extensive and long-term medical care required for spinal cord injury significantly increases healthcare costs and resources,adding a substantial burden to the healthcare system and patients'families.In this context,chondroitinase ABC,a bacterial enzyme isolated from Proteus vulgaris that is modified to facilitate expression and secretion in mammals,has emerged as a promising therapeutic agent.It works by degrading chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans,cleaving the glycosaminoglycanchains of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans into soluble disaccharides or tetrasaccharides.Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans are potent axon growth inhibitors and principal constituents of the extracellular matrix surrounding glial and neuronal cells attached to glycosaminoglycan chains.Chondroitinase ABC has been shown to play an effective role in promoting recovery from acute and chronic spinal cord injury by improving axonal regeneration and sprouting,enhancing the plasticity of perineuronal nets,inhibiting neuronal apoptosis,and modulating immune responses in various animal models.In this review,we introduce the classification and pathological mechanisms of spinal cord injury and discuss the pathophysiological role of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in spinal cord injury.We also highlight research advancements in spinal cord injury treatment strategies,with a focus on chondroitinase ABC,and illustrate how improvements in chondroitinase ABC stability,enzymatic activity,and delivery methods have enhanced injured spinal cord repair.Furthermore,we emphasize that combination treatment with chondroitinase ABC further enhances therapeutic efficacy.This review aimed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the current trends and future directions of chondroitinase ABC-based spinal cord injury therapies,with an emphasis on how modern technologies are accelerating the optimization of chondroitinase ABC development.
文摘Background:Enzyme fragility remains a major challenge in research and applications.Free enzymes are highly unstable,inactivated by heat,acid,alkali,or organic solvents,and often lose activity even under optimal storage conditions.Limiting their use in cosmetics.Few commercial products combine acids and enzymes effectively.Objective:To investigate the physicochemical properties,in vitro exfoliation efficacy,and effects on facial skin parameters of a supramolecular acid-enzyme complex(SAE)composed of mandelic acid(MAN),betaine(BET),and composite enzymes(CE;papain and bromelain),thereby establishing a theoretical foundation for cosmetic applications.Methods:The supramolecular structure was characterized using Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)spectroscopy and proton nuclear magnetic resonance(1H NMR)spectroscopy.Dissolution experiments were conducted to compare the solubility of SAE and CE in aqueous solutions.Enzymatic activity assays evaluated the stabilizing effect of supramolecular deep eutectic technology on enzymes.In vitro exfoliation tests assessed acid-enzyme synergy in keratin removal.A 4-week clinical trial evaluated the efficacy of a 2%SAE essence aqueous solution on facial skin parameters.Results:Dissolution experiments confirmed that supramolecular deep eutectic technology significantly improved enzyme solubility.Enzymatic activity tests demonstrated that this technology effectively preserved protease activity,substantially enhancing its practical applicability.Furthermore,in vitro exfoliation efficacy tests revealed that this technology strengthened the synergistic interaction between acids and enzymes and exhibited superior stratum corneum-removing capability of the SAE.In clinical evaluations of efficacy,after 7 days of using the essence containing SAE,the formulation significantly enhanced cheek gloss(+8.08%),while reducing comedones volume(-16.25%).after 28 days,significantly enhanced cheek hydration(+25.0%,SCH),gloss(+15.93%),and smoothness(−7.78%SEsm),while reducing TEWL(−6.86%),sebum(−15.54%),roughness(+16.24%SEr),and pore metrics(volume:−39.98%;count:−30.64%),and decreased comedones(blackheads:−70.33%;Whiteheads:−52.42%;all p<0.05).Conclusion:The supramolecular acid-enzyme complex demonstrates enhanced stability,improved solubility,and superior exfoliation efficacy compared to free enzymes.Clinical results further confirm its multifunctional benefits,including enhancing skin hydration,sebum regulation,barrier repair,pore refinement,and comedolytic effects.This study provides both theoretical and practical foundations for developing stable acid-enzyme combinations in dermatological applications.
基金湖南省教育厅基金优秀青年项目(No.22B0482)湖南科技大学博士启动基金(No.E51992 and E51993)资助。
文摘The xylitol dehydrogenase(XDH)is a crucial enzyme involved in the xylose utilization in pentose⁃catabolizing yeasts and fungi.In addition to producing xylulose,XDH can also be employed to develop a biosensor for monitoring xylitol concentration.In this study,the gene encoding the thermophilic fungus Talaromyces emersonii XDH(TeXDH)was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)at 16℃in the soluble form.Recombinant TeXDH with high purity was purified by using a Ni⁃NTA affinity column.Size⁃exclusion chromatography and SDS⁃PAGE analysis demonstrated that the puri⁃fied recombinant TeXDH exists as a native trimer with a molecular mass of approximately 116 kD,and is composed of three identical subunits,each with a molecular weight of around 39 kD.The TeXDH strictly preferred NAD^(+)as a coenzyme to NADP^(+).The optimal temperature and pH of the TeXDH were 40℃and 10.0,respectively.After EDTA treatment,the enzyme activity of TeXDH decreased to 43.26%of the initial enzyme activity,while the divalent metal ions Mg^(2+)or Ca^(2+)could recover the enzyme activity of TeXDH,reaching 103.32%and 110.69%of the initial enzyme activity,respectively,making them the optimal divalent metal ion cofactors for TeXDH enzyme.However,the divalent metal ions of Mn^(2+),Ni^(2+),Cu^(2+),Zn^(2+),Co^(2+),and Cd^(2+)significantly inhibited the activity of TeXDH.ICP⁃MS and molecular doc⁃king studies revealed that 1 mol/L of TeXDH bound 2 mol/L Zn^(2+)ions and 1 mol/L Mg^(2+)ion.Further⁃more,TeXDH exhibited a high specificity for xylitol,laying the foundation for the development of future xylitol biosensors.
基金financially supported by the fund of the Science and Technology Development Plan Project of Jilin Province of China(No.20240304161SF)the Science and Technology Development Plan Project of Jilin Province of China(No.20220203019SF)+1 种基金the Science and Technology Bureau of Changchun City of China(Nos.23SH11,23SH08)the Chinese Science Academy(Changchun Branch)(No.2024SYHZ0038).
文摘Poly(lactic acid)(PLA)is a biodegradable and eco-friendly polymer that is increasingly being incorporated into various applications in contemporary society.However,the limited stability of PLA-based products remains a significant challenge for their broader use in various applications.In this study,poly(L-lactic acid)(PLLA)/poly(D-lactic acid)(PDLA)melt-blown nonwovens were prepared by melt spinning.The structure,thermal properties,thermal stability,biodegradability and crystalline morphology of the melt-blown nonwovens were investigated.DSC and WAXD confirmed the formation of stereocomplex(SC)crystallites in the PLLA matrix.The storage modulus(G′),loss modulus(G″),and complex viscosity(∣η^(*)∣)of the PLLA/PDLA blend increased with an increase in SC crystallite content.The thermal degradation temperatures of PLLA/PDLA melt-blown nonwovens increased with the incorporation of SC crystallites,and the maximum rate of decomposition increased to 385.5℃,thus enhancing the thermal stability.Compared with neat PLLA melt-blown nonwovens,the hydrophobicity of PLLA/PDLA melt-blown nonwovens was improved,and WCA increased to 139.7°.The SC crystallites were more resistant to degradation by proteinase K compared to neat PLLA.However,the degradation rate of PLLA/PDLA melt-blown nonwovens remained at a high level.This work provides an effective strategy to obtain high-performance PLLA melt-blown nonwovens.
文摘Traditional biodiesel production primarily uses methanol as the acyl acceptor,but its toxicity to lipase increases process complexity and operational difficulty elevate manufacturing costs.This study aimed to explore a new method for enzymatic synthesis of biodiesel with methyl methacrylate(MMA)as acyl acceptor.Meanwhile,a 1,3-position specific lipase Lipozyme RM IM was applied as biocatalyst,which enables simultaneous production of biodiesel(FAMEs)and methacrylate fatty acid glycerides(MFAGs)via specific sn-1,3 transesterification of MMA with triglyceride.Under the optimal reaction conditions:temperature of 50℃,molar ratio of 4:1 for MMA to triglyceride,enzyme dosage of 7.5%(mass),and an extra water addition of 0.5%(mass);triglyceride conversion rate of 97%,and FAMEs yield of 65%could be obtained.Simultaneously,the multistage short-path distillation and column chromatographic method were combined used for the separation of the mixed products.Finally,the purity of FAME,MFADG,DMFAG,and MMFAG were 98%,97.8%,95.3%,and 81.78%,respectively.In this new approach,MMA demonstrates lower toxicity to lipases,allowing for straightfo rward addition of all the substrates without complex addition process,and enhancing operational feasibility.Meanwhile,the by-products of MFAGs could be applied as monomers in varnishes and protective coatings,which increased the value of the products.Thus,this investigation providing an alternative way to produce biodiesel,and providing a new pathway for the sustainable development of biodiesel.
文摘Hemoglobin A1c(HbA1c),a key biomarker for long-term glucose regulation,is essential for diagnosing and managing diabetes mellitus.However,conventional HbA1c detection methods often suffer from limited sensitivity,narrow detection ranges,slow response times,and poor long-term stability.In this study,we developed a high-performance amperometric biosensor for the selective detection of Fructosyl Valine(FV),a model compound for HbA1c,by immobilizing Fructosyl Amino Acid Oxidase(FAAO)onto a glassy carbon electrode modified with electrospun polyaniline/polyindole-Mn_(2)O_(3) nanofibers.Operating at an applied potential of 0.27 V versus Ag/AgCl,the biosensor achieved a rapid detection time of 2 s for FV concentrations up to 50µM,with a signal-to-noise ratio of 3.Under optimized conditions(pH 7.0 and 35℃),the biosensor exhibited a wide linear detection range from 0.1 to 3 mM and a high sensitivity of 38.42µA/mM.Importantly,the sensor retained approximately 70% of its initial activity after 193 days of storage at 4℃,demonstrating excellent long-term stability.These results suggest that the FAAO/polyaniline/polyindole-Mn_(2)O_(3) nanocomposite-based biosensor offers a promising platform for sensitive,rapid,and durable detection of HbA1c,providing significant potential for improving diabetes monitoring and management.
文摘This editorial critically analyses the recent article by Jung et al,which investigates the utility of 4-hour serum amylase and lipase as early blood markers for postendoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP)acute pancreatitis prediction.Although these enzymes are valuable for the early diagnosis of post-ERCP pancreatitis,they lack specificity for disease etiology and provide limited insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying disease progression.Several cytokines,notably interleukin(IL)-6,tumor necrosis factor-alpha,and IL-8,are increased in post-ERCP pancreatitis and may serve as potential predictors for disease severity.The incorporation of these biomarkers in early enzymatic biomarkers and established prognostic scoring systems could further enhance their accuracy and allow for earlier,more effective management of patients with post-ERCP pancreatitis.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Plan of China(grant number 2023YFC2604903)National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant number 22338013)+2 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province(grant number 242300421106)Henan Province Science and Technology Research and Development Plan Joint Fund Project(grant number 222103810063)Key Scientific and Technological Project of Education Department of Henan Province(grant number 23A210007).
文摘Enzymatic modification is an important approach to changing the structure and expanding industrial application of natural starch. In the process of starch modification, thermostable enzymes are favored owing to their compatibility with higher reaction temperatures and lower required dosage. In this study, thermostable glucoamylase from Thermothelomyces thermophilus(TtGA) was heterologously expressed in Pichia pastoris, and its effects on the structure and physicochemical properties of raw corn starch were determined. The purified TtGA had a molecular weight of approximately 66 kDa, and its optimum reaction temperature and pH were 50 ℃ and 5.0, respectively. TtGA retained > 60% of its activity following treatment at 60 ℃ for 2 h and remained stable within a pH range of 4.0–7.0 for 6 h. The enzymatic modification of raw corn starch with TtGA led to 3% hydrolysis at 50 ℃ for 24 h. In comparison with natural raw corn starch, TtGA-modified starch had a smaller particle size with an unchanged crystalline structure, increased relative crystallinity, and amylose content.Scanning electronic observation showed that larger pores were formed on the surface of starch particles, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy indicated that TtGA increased the degree of order in the raw corn starch.TtGA modification caused enhanced viscosity of the raw corn starch and altered the rheological properties with decreases in storage and loss moduli, as well as shear viscosity. Moreover, TtGA treatment enhanced the thermal characteristics of the raw corn starch, and decreased gelatinization enthalpy. This study provides detailed evidence for TtGA modification of raw corn starch, which would be helpful for its practical utilization in starch modification.
文摘The biochemical response of Coffea arabica var.Borbon to chitosan and chitosan oligosaccharides(COS)was evaluated in one-year-old plants under greenhouse conditions.COS solutions were synthesized through chemical and physical hydrolysis using acetic acid,hydrogen peroxide,and microwave irradiation.The obtained COS had an average molecular weight(Mw)of 3549.90±0.33 Daltons(Da),a deacetylation degree(DD)of 76.64±1.12%,and a polymerization degree(PD)of 18.91±0.0018.Solutions of chitosan and COS were applied to C.arabica var.Borbon at concentrations of 0.25,0.5,and 1 wt%.The experimental design was conducted using a completely randomized design with four replications.The biochemical responses assessed included soluble protein content,phenylalanine ammonia-lyase(PAL),chitinase,β-1,3-glucanase,peroxidase,catalase,and chlorophyll fluorescence.The application of COS demonstrated significant differences(α=0.05)in protein concentration,with the activity ofβ-1,3-glucanase,chitinase,and catalase being 1.5,7.5,and 3.9 times higher,respectively,while showing similar behavior to chitosan in PAL activity,both up to 4.4 times higher than the distilled water control and lower than chitosan in peroxidase activity.Treatments with chitosan yielded a higher photochemical efficiency of Photosystem II(PSII).The application of COS suggests a viable foliar alternative to active plant defense mechanisms without the risk of phytotoxicity.
基金supported by the Chinese Natural Science Foundation Projects 32072775,32272915 and 32472949the National Key Research and Development Programs of China(2023YFD1301003 and 2023YFD1301005)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2662023DKPY002)。
文摘Background AFB_(1)-8,9-exo-epoxide(AFBO)is the highly toxic product of Aflatoxin B_(1)(AFB_(1)).Glutathione S-transferases(GSTs)play pivotal roles in detoxifying AFB_(1) by catalyzing the conjugation of AFBO with glutathione(GSH).Although there are over 20 GST isozymes that have been identified in chicken,GST isozymes involved in the detoxification process of AFB_(1) have not been identified yet.The objective of this study was to determine which GST isozymes played key role in detoxification of AFB_(1).Results A total of 17 pcDNA3.1(+)-GST isozyme plasmids were constructed and the GST isozyme genes were overexpressed by 80–2,500,000 folds in the chicken Leghorn male hepatoma(LMH)cells.Compared to the AFB_(1) treatment,overexpression of GSTA2X,GSTA3,GSTT1L,GSTZ1-1,and GSTZ1-2 increased the cell viability by 6.5%–17.0%in LMH cells.Moreover,overexpression of five GST isozymes reduced the release of lactate dehydrogenase and reactive oxygen species by 8.8%–64.4%,and 57.2%–77.6%,respectively,as well as enhanced the production AFBO-GSH by 15.8%–19.6%,thus mitigating DNA damage induced by AFB_(1).After comprehensive evaluation of various indicators,GSTA2X displayed the best detoxification effects against AFB_(1).GSTA2X was expressed in Pichia pastoris X-33 and its enzymatic properties for catalyzing the conjugation of AFBO with GSH showed that the optimum temperature and pH were 20–25℃ and 7.6–8.6 as well as the enzymatic kinetic parameter V_(max) was 0.23 nmol/min/mg and the Michaelis constant was 86.05μmol/L with the AFB_(1) as substrate.Conclusions In conclusion,GSTA2X,GSTA3,GSTT1L,GSTZ1-1,and GSTZ1-2 played key roles in AFB_(1) detoxification,which will provide new remediation strategies to prevent aflatoxicosis in chickens.
基金funded by the Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry Bioeconomic grant no.04-24“Development of Composites from Polymer Resin Synthesized from Tall Oil Fatty Acids and Reinforced with Various Fillers”(FiTeCo).
文摘Studies on the use of renewable materials for various applications,including polymers,have gained momentum due to global climate change and the push towards a circular economy.In this study,polymer resins were developed through Michael 1,4-addition.The precursors were synthesized from tall oil-based acetoacetates derived from epoxidized tall oil fatty acids or their methyl esters.Two different epoxidation methods were employed:enzymatic epoxidation of tall oil fatty acids and ion-exchange resin epoxidation of tall oil fatty acid methyl esters.Following oxirane opening and transesterification with trimethylolpropane,further esterification or transesterification was carried out to obtain the acetoacetates.These synthesized acetoacetates were then reacted with acrylates of various functionalities to obtain polymer resins with differing degrees of crosslinking.The developed polymer resins were characterized using differential scanning calorimetry,dynamic mechanical analysis,and thermogravimetric analysis.The results indicated that the glass transition temperature and storage modulus of the polymer resins were significantly influenced by both the functionality of the acrylates used and the epoxidation technique employed.Higher acrylate functionality resulted in increased stiffness,while enzymatic epoxidation enhanced the polymer’s mechanical properties,nearly doubling the storage modulus,achieving approximately 470 MPa,compared to the ion-exchange resin technique.Therefore,selecting the appropriate acrylate functionality and epoxidation method could tailor the mechanical properties of the polymer resins.
基金National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of China(32425056)National Natural Science Foundation of China(U23A20250)+2 种基金the earmarked fund for CARS(CARS-45)the National Key R&D Program of China(2023YFD2400600)Sichuan Innovation Team of National Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System(SCCXTD-2024-15).
文摘Background In intensive aquaculture systems,the frequent incidence of enteritis reduces production efficiency and results in significant economic losses.Protein feeds account for 40%–60%of aquafeed expenses,and with the growth of intensive aquaculture,demand for fishmeal as a key protein source outstrips supply,driving up prices.This study investigated the therapeutic potential of reducing dietary protein levels by 3%and adding enzymatic cottonseed protein(ECP)in juvenile yellow catfish with dextran sulfate sodium(DSS)-induced enteritis.Methods A total of 1,260 healthy juvenile yellow catfish(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco),with an average body weight of 5.90±0.05 g,were randomly allocated into 7 experimental groups,each with 3 replicates.The fish were fed one of seven diets for 10 weeks:a normal-protein diet(42%;NP)and 6 low-protein diets(39%;LP)supplemented with graded levels of ECP at 0%(ECP0),1%(ECP1),2%(ECP2),3%(ECP3),4%(ECP4),and 5%(ECP5),respectively.Subsequently,48 fish from each group were selected to receive 1 mL of 6%DSS solution.Results Our findings demonstrated that:(1)The DSS+ECP0 group aggravated DSS-induced enteritis in juvenile yellow catfish compared to the DSS+NP group.(2)Dietary supplementation of ECP in LP diets significantly enhanced the enzymatic activity and levels of immunoreactive substances,including LZM,C3,C4,and ACP(P<0.05).Mechanistically,first,ECP supplementation modulated macrophage polarization by inhibiting the M1 phenotype while promoting the M2 phenotype,potentially through the JAK-STAT signaling pathway;second,dietary ECP suppressed the phosphorylation cascade of key necroptosis-related proteins,including RIP1,RIP3,and MLKL,potentially via the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways.(3)The DSS+ECP2 group demonstrated comparable or superior efficacy to the DSS+NP group in mitigating DSS-induced intestinal enteritis.Conclusions Our results demonstrated that ECP can alleviate DSS-induced enteritis by regulating macrophage polarization and reducing necroptosis.Furthermore,ECP supplementation effectively counteracted the exacerbation of enteritis caused by dietary protein reduction.These findings highlighted the effectiveness and feasibility of ECP in alleviating enteritis and saving protein.
基金supported by the Jiangsu Province University Basic Science(Natural Science)Research Major Project(24KJA360007)Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine TCM First-Class Discipline"Leading Plan"Scientific Research Project(ZYXYL2024-001)+3 种基金Jiangsu Provincial TCM Science and Technology Development Program Project(MS2021004)High Level Key Discipline Construction Project of the National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine-Resource Chemistry of Chinese Medicinal Materials(ZYYZDXK-2023083)National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chinese Medicine Innovation Team and Talent Support Program Project(ZYYCXTD-D-202005)2022 Student Innovation Training Program Project(103152022075).
文摘Food-derived polysaccharides are gaining popularity across diverse food applications due to their wideranging bioactivities and distinctive properties.The specific targeting of glycoside hydrolases towards glycosidic bonds lays the groundwork for synthesizing and exploring specific structural segments of polysaccharides,offering crucial implications in the food industry.However,macromolecular polysaccharides demonstrate limited biological activities as their active centers are tightly enveloped,posing challenges for traversing cell membrane barriers.By selectively cleaving partial glycosidic linkages in polysaccharides,glycoside hydrolases decrease the polymerization of polysaccharide molecules and effectively change the structural characteristics,where a series of smaller polysaccharide fragments can be generated for improving the bioactivities and properties in some respects.This review examines the role of glycoside hydrolases in degrading food-derived polysaccharides,the structure-function relationships,reaction conditions,and the current application status of degraded polysaccharides is discussed in particular.In addition,we also highlight challenges and future directions worth attention in the application of enzymes and polysaccharides.Overall,the present review will provide an efficient method for producing bioactivity-enhanced polysaccharides,which can improve the effectiveness and safety of functional foods to safeguard human wellness.
基金supported by the ROP ERDF 2014-2020 Lombardy-Innovation and Competitiveness.
文摘Saponins can be potential candidates for the development of safe biopesticides,due to their widely acknowledged insecticidal,fungicidal and nematicidal activity,but information on their effects on soil biological properties is still limited.This study aimed to investigate the short-term fate of saponins from Medicago sativa in soil and their dose-effect relationship with microbial biomass and selected enzyme activities in soils with different origin,physical and chemical properties.Microbial degradation of total saponins ranged from 46%to 91%,according to soil characteristics,within 28 days from their incorporation into the soil.Both saponin glycosidic chains and triterpenic aglycones were also microbially degraded,though by dynamics changing among the different soils.In all soils,M.sativa saponins significantly reduced microbial biomass at rates of 10 and 20 mg saponin mixture per g of soil.Microbial enzymatic activities were less affected as indicating an adaptive response of soil microbial communities to the presence of saponins.
基金funded by the Seed Industry Vitalization Program of Guangdong Province,grant number 2022-XPY-06–001.
文摘Fowl adenovirus(FAdV)serotype 4,recognized as the causative agent of hydropericardium syndrome(HPS)in chickens,causes substantial economic losses in poultry farming.To develop a simple,rapid,and reliable diagnostic method for the timely detection of FAdV-4 nucleic acid,we integrated the CRISPR/Cas12a system with recombinase-aided amplification(RAA).This approach enables visual detection of FAdV-4 with a sensitivity of one genome copy.The results can be obtained within 40 to 50 min without the need for complex instrumentation,making it ideal for remote field applications.Using this method,we investigated the prevalence of FAdV-4 in both common farm poultry and wild birds.Our results indicated that the FAdV-4-positive rate in wild birds was 51.19%,suggesting that wild birds may serve as specific reservoirs for this virus.In summary,we present a sensitive,swift,accurate,and inexpensive detection method for FAdV-4,along with an investigation of its epidemic situation in birds.Our study advances the detection and epidemiological understanding of FAdV-4 transmission among farm poultry and wild birds.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundations of China(32472396,31871861 and 31501548)The Apicultural Industry Technology System(NCYTI-43-KXJ17)The Science and Technology Innovation Project of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(CAAS-ASTIP-2015-IAR)。
文摘The effect of superheated steam(SHS)treatment on the quality characteristics of rape bee pollen were studied,and the efficiency of inactivation and inhibition of lipid oxidation were analyzed to investigate the differences between SHS and cobalt-60 isotope(^(60)Co)radiation treatment.The number of total plate count(TPC)and mold colonies(MC)remained within the limits of the standards after SHS treatment at 140℃for 2 min.Neither TPC nor MC were detected after^(60)Co irradiation.Peroxidase(POD)and polyphenol oxidase(PPO)activities significantly decreased with increasing temperature and duration of SHS,while^(60)Co radiation completely inactivated PPO.Compared to^(60)Co radiation,SHS treatment inhibited the deterioration of rape bee pollen by avoiding hydroperoxide production and lipid oxidation due to lack of oxygen.These results suggested SHS under 140℃for 2 min was the most suitable to inactivate the microorganisms and enzymes in rape bee pollen with minimal lipid oxidation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.32371470 and 82341019)the Department of Science and Technology of Guangdong Province(No.2023B0909020003).
文摘We developed a small-tissue extraction device(sTED),an automated system that integrates 1-min mechanical dissociation and enzymatic digestion to extract viable primary cells from ultrasmall tissue samples(5-20 mg)within 10 min.Unlike conventional methods,sTED minimizes cell loss and enhances reproducibility,achieving>90%cell viability in mouse tissues and>60%in human tumors,with 1.5×10^(4)-2.5×10^(4)cells/mg yield from mouse liver.Tailored for biopsies and ultrasmall samples,sTED addresses critical standardization challenges in organoid-based research.
基金supported by the National Key Re-search and Development Project of China(No.2023YFC3108400).
文摘Bioremediation has gained significant attention due to its potential to remove azo dyes.However,the challenges microor-ganisms face in surviving when azo dyes are the sole carbon source limit its widespread application.This study aimed to improve the biodegradation of azo dyes by utilizing Baijiu distiller’s grains leachate(BDGL)as a co-substrate.The experimental results demon-strated that BDGL significantly enhanced Providencia rettgeri’s ability to degrade the model pollutant Acid Black 210(AB210),achieving a decolorization efficiency of 94.5%.This may be attributed to the nutrient-rich composition of BDGL,which includes ethanol and protein,providing a favorable substrate for bacterial growth and activity.The higher biomass and increased activities of azoreductase and quinone oxidoreductase in the BDGL group further supported these findings.Additionally,this method demonstra-ted broad-spectrum degradation of azo dyes(Direct Red 5B,Acid Red 73,and Congo Red)with different structures,highlighting its potential applicability.Metabolite assays combined with transcriptomics analyses revealed that the expression of functional genes re-lated to redox reactions,azo bond cleavage,and hydrolysis increased under the co-metabolic conditions of BDGL,resulting in stronger reducing power that further mineralized the dye into smaller metabolites.Our study offers a practical strategy for the simulta-neous treatment of dye-containing wastewater and Baijiu distiller’s grains,with significant environmental and industrial applications.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32402580)the Science and Technology Program of Guangdong Province(Grant No.2023A0505090005)Modern Seed Industry Innovation Capability Enhancement Project of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences.
文摘Extreme environmental conditions such as temperature fluctuations,drought,and pathogen attacks can significantly impact plant growth,development,and productivity.Plants have evolved intricate enzymatic systems to mitigate these stresses,among which GDSL esterase/lipase proteins (GELPs)-key members of the serine esterase/lipase superfamily-play important roles (Akoh et al.,2004).Characterized by a conserved GDSL motif and four essential amino acids (serine,glycine,asparagine,and histidine),GELPs exhibit versatile catalytic functions in lipid metabolism,cell wall modification,and stress responses (Ursache et al.,2021;Shen et al.,2022).
文摘Aim An industrial enzyme β-glucanase was used to transfortn notoginsenoside Fe for the first time. Methods Notoginsenoside Fe was isolated from the leave saponin of Panax notoginseng （Burk.） Chen FH. The enzymatically transformed compounds were detected by HPLC and two transformed compounds were identified as 20 （S） -protopanaxadiol-20- O- α-L-arabinofuranosyl （ 1→6 ） - β-gluco- pyranoside, ginsenoside-Mc） and 20（S）-protopanaxadiol-20-O-β-D-glucopyranoside compound-K （C-K） respectively on the basis of their ^1H NMR and ^13 C NMR spectral data. Results Based on the enzymolytic kinetic curve, the transformation rate of notoginsenoside Fe reached 95% after 24 h. Conclusion The enzymatic transformation pathway of notoginsenoside Fe by β-glucanase has been proposed as notoginsenoside Fe→ginsenoside Mc→C-K.
