In order to effectively reduce the chlorophyll content in flue-cured tobacco, improve the overall quality of tobacco leaves, chlorophyllase gene was cloned from Arabidopsis thaliana. After the expression of the expres...In order to effectively reduce the chlorophyll content in flue-cured tobacco, improve the overall quality of tobacco leaves, chlorophyllase gene was cloned from Arabidopsis thaliana. After the expression of the expression vector in E. coil, the recombinant engineering strain was obtained. Afterwards, IPTG （isopropy-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside）was used to induce the goal protein, and the chlorophyllase activity of the recombinant engineering strain was measured, so as to investigate its degradation effect on the chlorophyll in the extracts of tobacco leaves. The results were as follows： （1） the amplified chlorophyllase gene At- CLH1 constructed the expression vector pET28a-AtCLH1 successfully, obtaining the recombinant engineering strain; （2） induced under 30 ℃ for 22 h, the strain could well express the recombinant protein AtCLH1 with 0.5 mmol/L IPTG, and the molecular weight was about 35 kDa; （3） the strain showed good chlorophyllase producing capability, and the activity of the produced chlorophyllase could reach up to 24.9 U/mL, which could degrade the chlorophyll in tobacco extract and had a good application prospect in improving the quality of low quality tobacco; （4） based on the results of orthogonal test, the enzyme extract from the strain was added to the tobacco leaf surface, which could make the degradation rate of chlorophyll in the tobacco leaf reach 17.06% under the temperature of 37 ℃ at the humidity of 75% for 48 h; （5） after treated by the enzyme liquid, the test tobacco showed increase in the content of aromatic substances, enhancement of tobacco fragrance quality and amount, significant decrease of offensive odor and irritation, significant improvement of agreeable aftertaste, making the overall sensory quality of the tobacco leaf significantly improved.展开更多
Flexible perovskite solar cells(fPSCs)have demonstrated commercial viability because of their promising lightness,flexibility,and low-cost advantages.However,in most applications,the fPSCs suffer from constant externa...Flexible perovskite solar cells(fPSCs)have demonstrated commercial viability because of their promising lightness,flexibility,and low-cost advantages.However,in most applications,the fPSCs suffer from constant external stress,such as being kept at a convex bending state,imposing external stress on the brittle perovskite films and causing the fPSCs long-term stability problems.Overcoming these issues is vital.Herein,we propose an effective way to enhance the stability of the fPSCs under convex bending by modulating the residual stress of perovskite film for the first time.Specifically,we have carefully designed a synergistic strain engineering to toughen the perovskite films by introducing 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate,citric acid,and a novel cross-linker,5-(1,2-dithiolan-3-yl)pentanoate into perovskite films simultaneously.Besides passivating the perovskite films,the multiple additives effectively convert the residual stress within the perovskite films from tensile to compressive type to alleviate the detrimental impact of bending on the flexible perovskite films.As a result,the optimal efficiencies of triple-additive modified fPSCs have achieved 22.19%(0.06 cm^(2))and 19.44%(1.02 cm^(2)).More importantly,the strategy could significantly improve the stability of the perovskite films and fPSCs at a convex bending state.Our approach is inductive for the future practical field applications of high-performance fPSCs.展开更多
Strain engineering serves as an effective approach for tuning the properties of transition metal oxides and their heterostructures. However, conventional epitaxial approaches are fundamentally constrained by the limit...Strain engineering serves as an effective approach for tuning the properties of transition metal oxides and their heterostructures. However, conventional epitaxial approaches are fundamentally constrained by the limited choice of substrates, which restricts the ability to achieve continuous strain modulation. The emergence of freestanding oxide thin films has significantly expanded the scope of strain manipulation, allowing the application of larger tensile strains and the induction of novel functionalities. Nevertheless, current freestanding film technologies face a critical limitation: strain modulation has so far been confined to tensile strain, while the application of compressive strain remains inaccessible. To overcome this challenge, we designed a symmetric tri-layer structure composed of clamping layer/nickelate/clamping layer, which enables modulation of the metal-insulator transition in freestanding Nd NiO_(3) and La NiO_(3) thin films under both tensile and compressive strain. This clamping-layermediated strain engineering approach can be readily generalized to other freestanding oxide systems, providing a versatile platform for manipulating the physical properties of freestanding thin films.展开更多
Lattice-strain engineering has demonstrated its capability to influence the electronic structure and catalytic performance of electrocatalysts.Herein,we present a facile method for inducing thermal strain in cobalt/mo...Lattice-strain engineering has demonstrated its capability to influence the electronic structure and catalytic performance of electrocatalysts.Herein,we present a facile method for inducing thermal strain in cobalt/molybdenum nitride rod-shaped structures(denoted Co/Mo_(2)N)via ammonia-assisted reduction,which effectively modulating the HER performance.The optimized Co/Mo_(2)N-500,characterized by 3%tensile lattice strain,demonstrates exceptional HER activity with lower overpotentials of140 mV and 184 mV at high current density of 1000 mA cm^(-2)in alkaline freshwater and seawater electrolytes,respectively.Co/Mo_(2)N also exhibits excellent long-term durability even at a high current density of 300 mA cm^(-2),surpassing its counterparts and benchmark Pt/C catalyst.Density functional theory calculations validate that the tensile strain optimizes the d-band states,water dissociation,and hydrogen adsorption kinetics of the strained Mo_(2)N in Co/Mo_(2)N,thereby improving its catalytic efficacy.This work provides valuable insights into controlling lattice strain to develop highly efficient electrocatalysts towards advanced electrocatalytic applications.展开更多
Diamond,as an ultra-wide bandgap semiconductor,has become a promising candidate for next-generation microelec-tronics and optoelectronics due to its numerous advantages over conventional semiconductors,including ultra...Diamond,as an ultra-wide bandgap semiconductor,has become a promising candidate for next-generation microelec-tronics and optoelectronics due to its numerous advantages over conventional semiconductors,including ultrahigh carrier mo-bility and thermal conductivity,low thermal expansion coefficient,and ultra-high breakdown voltage,etc.Despite these ex-traordinary properties,diamond also faces various challenges before being practically used in the semiconductor industry.This review begins with a brief summary of previous efforts to model and construct diamond-based high-voltage switching diodes,high-power/high-frequency field-effect transistors,MEMS/NEMS,and devices operating at high temperatures.Following that,we will discuss recent developments to address scalable diamond device applications,emphasizing the synthesis of large-area,high-quality CVD diamond films and difficulties in diamond doping.Lastly,we show potential solutions to modulate diamond’s electronic properties by the“elastic strain engineering”strategy,which sheds light on the future development of diamond-based electronics,photonics and quantum systems.展开更多
We investigate the strain in various Ge-on-insulator （GeOI） micro-structures induced by three phase-change maferials （PCMs） （Ge2Sb2Te5, Sb2Te3, GeTe） deposited. The PCMs could change the phase from amorphous sta...We investigate the strain in various Ge-on-insulator （GeOI） micro-structures induced by three phase-change maferials （PCMs） （Ge2Sb2Te5, Sb2Te3, GeTe） deposited. The PCMs could change the phase from amorphous state to polycrystalline state with a low temperature thermal annealing, resulting in an intrinsic contraction in the PCM films. Raman spectroscopy analysis is performed to compare the strain induced in the GeOI micro- structures by various PCMs. By comparison, Sb2 Tea could induce the largest amount of tensile strain in the GeOI micro-structures after the low temperature annealing. Based on the strain calculated from the Raman peak shifts, finite element numerical simulation is performed to calculate the strain-induced electron mobility enhancement for Ge n-MOSFETs with PCM liner stressors. With the adoption of Sb2 Te3 liner stressor, 22% electron mobility enhancement at Xinv=1×10^13cm^-2 could be achieved, suggesting that PCM especially Sb2 Te3 liner stressor is a promising technique for the performance enhancement of Ge MOSFETs.展开更多
Reversible control of surface wettability has wide applications in lab-on-chip systems, tunable optical lenses, and microfluidic tools. Using a graphene sheet as a sam- ple material and molecular dynamic simulations, ...Reversible control of surface wettability has wide applications in lab-on-chip systems, tunable optical lenses, and microfluidic tools. Using a graphene sheet as a sam- ple material and molecular dynamic simulations, we demon- strate that strain engineering can serve as an effective way to control the surface wettability. The contact angles 0 of water droplets on a graphene vary from 72.5° to 106° under biaxial strains ranging from -10% to 10% that are applied on the graphene layer. For an intrinsic hydrophilic surface （at zero strain）, the variation of 0 upon the applied strains is more sensitive, i.e., from 0° to 74.8°. Overall the cosines of the contact angles exhibit a linear relation with respect to the strains. In light of the inherent dependence of the contact an- gle on liquid-solid interfacial energy, we develop an analytic model to show the cos 0 as a linear function of the adsorption energy Eads of a single water molecule over the substrate sur- face. This model agrees with our molecular dynamic results very well. Together with the linear dependence of Eads on bi- axial strains, we can thus understand the effect of strains on the surface wettability. Thanks to the ease of reversibly ap- plying mechanical strains in micro/nano-electromechanical systems, we believe that strain engineering can be a promis- ing means to achieve the reversibly control of surface wetta- bility.展开更多
Strain engineering of two-dimensional(2D)material interfaces represents a powerful strategy for enhanc-ing the electrocatalytic activity of water splitting.However,maintaining catalytic stability under various harsh c...Strain engineering of two-dimensional(2D)material interfaces represents a powerful strategy for enhanc-ing the electrocatalytic activity of water splitting.However,maintaining catalytic stability under various harsh conditions by introducing interface strain remains a great challenge.The catalyst developed and evaluated herein comprised Ir clusters dispersed on 2D NiO nanosheets(NSs)derived from metal organic frameworks(lr@NiO/C_(BDc)),which displays a high activity and stability under all pH conditions,and even a change of only 1%in the applied voltage is observed after continuous electrocatalytic operation for over 1800 h under alkaline conditions.Through combined experimental and computational studies,we found that the introduced interfacial strain contributes to the outstanding structural stability of the Ir@NiO/CBDC catalyst,arising from its increased Ir and Ni vacancy formation energies,and hence suppressing its leach-ing.Moreover,strain also enhances the kinetically sluggish electrocatalytic water splitting reaction by op-timizing its electronic structure and coordination environment.This work highlights the effects of strain on catalyst stability and provides new insights for designing widely applicable electrocatalysts.展开更多
Regulation of optical properties and electronic structure of two-dimensionM layered ReS2 materials has attracted much attention due to their potential in electronic devices. However, the identification of structure tr...Regulation of optical properties and electronic structure of two-dimensionM layered ReS2 materials has attracted much attention due to their potential in electronic devices. However, the identification of structure transformation of monolayer ReS2 induced by strain is greatly lacking. In this work, the Raman spectra of monolayer ReS2 with external strain are determined theoretically based on the density function theory. Due to the lower structural symmetry, deformation induced by external strain can only regulate the Raman mode intensity but cannot lead to Raman mode shifts. Our calculations suggest that structural deformation induced by external strain can be identified by Raman scattering.展开更多
We study the effect of strain on band structure and valley-dependent transport properties of graphene heterojunctions.It is found that valley-dependent separation of electrons can be achieved by utilizing strain and o...We study the effect of strain on band structure and valley-dependent transport properties of graphene heterojunctions.It is found that valley-dependent separation of electrons can be achieved by utilizing strain and on-site energies.In the presence of strain,the values of transmission can be effectively adjusted by changing the strengths of the strain,while the transport angle basically keeps unchanged.When an extra on-site energy is simultaneously applied to the central scattering region,not only are the electrons of valleys K and K'separated into two distinct transmission lobes in opposite transverse directions,but the transport angles of two valleys can be significantly changed.Therefore,one can realize an effective modulation of valley-dependent transport by changing the strength and stretch angle of the strain and on-site energies,which can be exploited for graphene-based valleytronics devices.展开更多
Two-dimensional(2D)materials have received extensive attention in the fields of electronics,optoelectronics,and magnetic devices attributed to their unique electronic structures and physical properties.The application...Two-dimensional(2D)materials have received extensive attention in the fields of electronics,optoelectronics,and magnetic devices attributed to their unique electronic structures and physical properties.The application of strain is a simple and effective strategy to change the lattice structure of 2D materials thus modulating their physical properties,which further facilitate their applications in carrier mobility transistor,magnetic sensor,single-photon emitter etc.In this short review,we focus on the strain applied via substrate engineering.Firstly,the relationship between the strain and physical properties has been summarized.Secondly,the methods for achieving substrate engineering-induced strain have been demonstrated.Finally,the latest applications of strained 2D materials have been introduced.In addition,the future challenges and development prospects of strain-modulated 2D materials have also been proposed.展开更多
Two-dimensional(2D)ferroelectric compounds are a special class of materials that meet the need for devices miniaturization,which can lead to a wide range of applications.Here,we investigate ferroelectric properties of...Two-dimensional(2D)ferroelectric compounds are a special class of materials that meet the need for devices miniaturization,which can lead to a wide range of applications.Here,we investigate ferroelectric properties of monolayer group-IV monochalcogenides MX(M=Sn,Ge;X=Se,Te,S)via strain engineering,and their effects with contaminated hydrogen are also discussed.GeSe,GeTe,and GeS do not go through transition up to the compressive strain of-5%,and consequently have good ferroelectric parameters for device applications that can be further improved by applying strain.According to the calculated ferroelectric properties and the band gaps of these materials,we find that their band gap can be adjusted by strain for excellent photovoltaic applications.In addition,we have determined the most stable hydrogen occupancy location in the monolayer SnS and SnTe.It reveals that H prefers to absorb on SnS and SnTe monolayers as molecules rather than atomic H.As a result,hydrogen molecules have little effect on the polarization and electronic structure of monolayer SnTe and SnS.展开更多
Interphase strain engineering provides a unique methodology to significantly modify the lattice structure across a single film,enabling the emergence and manipulation of novel functionalities that are inaccessible in ...Interphase strain engineering provides a unique methodology to significantly modify the lattice structure across a single film,enabling the emergence and manipulation of novel functionalities that are inaccessible in the context of traditional strain engineering methods.In this work,by using the interphase strain,we achieve a ferromagnetic state with enhanced Curie temperature and a room-temperature polar state in EuO secondary phase-tunned EuTiO_(3) thin films.A combination of atomic-scale electron microscopy and synchrotron X-ray spectroscopy unravels the underlying mechanisms of the ferroelectric and ferromagnetic properties enhancement.Wherein,the EuO secondary phase is found to be able to dramatically distort the TiO_6 octahedra,which favors the non-centrosymmetric polar state,weakens antiferromagnetic Eu-Ti-Eu interactions,and enhances ferromagnetic Eu-O-Eu interactions.Our work demonstrates the feasibility and effectiveness of interphase strain engineering in simultaneously promoting ferroelectric and ferromagnetic performance,which would provide new thinking on the property regulation of numerous strongly correlated functional materials.展开更多
Photoelectrochemical water splitting using solar energy,generating oxygen and hydrogen is one of the clean fuel production processes.Inspired by surface-dependent characteristics of Janus structures,a newly designed J...Photoelectrochemical water splitting using solar energy,generating oxygen and hydrogen is one of the clean fuel production processes.Inspired by surface-dependent characteristics of Janus structures,a newly designed Janus monolayer Silicon Phosphorous Arsenide(SiPAs)was analyzed with Density Functional Theory(DFT)methods.Hybrid exchange-correlation functional(HSE06)combined with Wannier90-based analysis for electronic and optical properties of SiPAs reveals that it can act as a photocatalyst.SiPAs show an indirect bandgap of 1.88 eV,absorbing visible light range is 350 to 500 nm.The phonon spectrum confirms dynamic stability.The exciton binding energy is computed with GW/BSE methods.The electronic band edge positions are at-5.75 and-4.43 eV,perfectly straddling the water redox potentials.Interestingly the strain application modifies the bandgap and also non-homogenously widens the absorption band.A novel range of photocatalyst designs with Group IV-V elements with great promise for water-splitting,photovoltaic,and narrow bandgap semiconductor(optoelectronics)applications may be feasible.展开更多
Epitaxial strain is an effective way to control thermoelectricity of a thin film system.In this work,we investigate strain-dependent thermoelectricity of[(SrTiO_(3))_(3)/(SrTi_(0.8)Nb_(0.2)O_(3))_(3)]_(10)superlattice...Epitaxial strain is an effective way to control thermoelectricity of a thin film system.In this work,we investigate strain-dependent thermoelectricity of[(SrTiO_(3))_(3)/(SrTi_(0.8)Nb_(0.2)O_(3))_(3)]_(10)superlattices grown on different substrates,including-0.96%on(LaAlO_(3))_(0.3)(SrAl_(0.5)Ta_(0.5)O_(3))_(0.7)(001)(LSAT),0%on SrTiO_(3)(001)(STO),+0.99%on DyScO_(3)(110)(DSO)and+1.64%on GdScO_(3)(110)(GSO),respectively.Our results show that the highest room-temperature thermoelectricity is achieved when the STO-based superlattice is grown on the DSO substrate with+0.99%tensile strain.This is attributed to the high permittivity and low dielectric loss arising from the ferroelectric domain and electron-phonon coupling,which boost the power factor(PF)to 10.5 mW·m^(-1)·K^(-2)at 300 K.展开更多
Recent advances in strain engineering have enabled unprecedented control over quantum states in strongly correlated magnetic systems.However,nanoscale strain modulation of charge density waves(CDWs)and magnetically ex...Recent advances in strain engineering have enabled unprecedented control over quantum states in strongly correlated magnetic systems.However,nanoscale strain modulation of charge density waves(CDWs)and magnetically excited states,which is crucial for atomically precise strain engineering and practical spintronic applications,remains unexplored.Here,we report the nanoscale strain effects on CDWs and low-energy electronic states in the van der Waals antiferromagnetic metal GdTe_(3),utilizing scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy.Lowtemperature cleavage introduces local strains,resulting in the formation of nanoscale wrinkles on the GdTe_(3)surface.Atomic displacement analysis reveals two distinct types of wrinkles:Wrinkle-I,originating from unidirectional strain,and Wrinkle-II,dominated by shear strain.In Wrinkle-I,the tensile strain enhances the CDW gap,while the compressive strain induces a single low-energy magnetic state.Wrinkle-II switches the orientation of CDW,leading to the formation of an associated CDW domain wall.In addition,three low-energy magnetic states that exhibit magnetic field-dependent shifts and intensity variations emerge within the CDW gap around Wrinkle-II,indicative of a strain-tuned coupling between CDW order and localized 4f-electron magnetism.These findings establish nanoscale strain as a powerful tuning knob for manipulating intertwined electronic and magnetic excitations in correlated magnetic systems.展开更多
Direct alcohol fuel cells(DAFCs)are powered by the alcohol electro-oxidation reaction(AOR),where an electrocatalyst with an optimal electronic structure can accelerate the sluggish AOR.Interestingly,strain engineering...Direct alcohol fuel cells(DAFCs)are powered by the alcohol electro-oxidation reaction(AOR),where an electrocatalyst with an optimal electronic structure can accelerate the sluggish AOR.Interestingly,strain engineering in hetero-catalysis offers a promising route to boost their catalytic activity.Herein,we report on a class of monodispersed ultrathin twisty PdBi alloy nanowires(TNWs)assemblies with face-centered structures that drive AORs.These thin nanowire structures expose a large number of reactive sites.Strikingly,Pd_(6)Bi_(1)TNWs show an excellent current density of 2066,3047,and 1231 mA mg_(Pd)^(-1)for oxidation of ethanol,ethylene glycol,and glycerol,respectively.The“volcano-like”behaviors observed on PdBi TNWs for AORs indicate that the maximum catalytic mass activity is a well balance between active intermediates and blocking species at the interface.This study offers an effective and universal method to build novel nanocatalysts in various applications by rationally designing highly efficient catalysts with specific strain.展开更多
MALDI-TOF-MS technology was used for identification of lipopeptide antibiotics producedby GEB3 strain, a derivative of Bacillus subtilis 168 which was transformed by lpaB3gene. The result showed GEB3 only produced lip...MALDI-TOF-MS technology was used for identification of lipopeptide antibiotics producedby GEB3 strain, a derivative of Bacillus subtilis 168 which was transformed by lpaB3gene. The result showed GEB3 only produced lipopeptide antibiotic surfactin. The analysisby LC-MS demonstrated that GEB3 produced standard surfactin isoforms with side chainlengths of 13,14 and 15 carbon atoms. The bioactivity detection of surfactin indicatedthat the surfactin produced by GEB3 had inhibition effect on plant pathogens Rhizoctoniasolani and Pyricularia oryzae.展开更多
The low-dimensional,highly anisotropic geometries,and superior mechanical properties of one-dimensional(1D) nanomaterials allow the exquisite strain engineering with a broad tunability inaccessible to bulk or thin-fil...The low-dimensional,highly anisotropic geometries,and superior mechanical properties of one-dimensional(1D) nanomaterials allow the exquisite strain engineering with a broad tunability inaccessible to bulk or thin-film materials.Such capability enables unprecedented possibilities for probing intriguing physics and materials science in the 1-D limit.Among the techniques for introducing controlled strains in 1D materials,nanoimprinting with embossed substrates attracts increased attention due to its capability to parallelly form nanomaterials into wrinkled structures with controlled periodicities,amplitudes,orientations at large scale with nanoscale resolutions.Here,we systematically investigated the strain-engineered anisotropic optical properties in Te nanowires through introducing a controlled strain field using a resist-free thermally assisted nanoimprinting process.The magnitude of induced strains can be tuned by adjusting the imprinting pressure,the nanowire diameter,and the patterns on the substrates.The observed Raman spectra from the chiral-chain lattice of 1D Te reveal the strong lattice vibration response under the strain.Our results suggest the potential of 1D Te as a promising candidate for flexible electronics,deformable optoelectronics,and wearable sensors.The experimental platform can also enable the exquisite mechanical control in other nanomaterials using substrate-induced,on-demand,and controlled strains.展开更多
Y_(3)Fe_(5)O_(12)(YIG) and Bi Y_(3)Fe_(5)O_(12)(Bi:YIG) films were epitaxially grown on a series of(111)-oriented garnet substrates using pulsed laser deposition. Structural and ferromagnetic resonance characterizatio...Y_(3)Fe_(5)O_(12)(YIG) and Bi Y_(3)Fe_(5)O_(12)(Bi:YIG) films were epitaxially grown on a series of(111)-oriented garnet substrates using pulsed laser deposition. Structural and ferromagnetic resonance characterizations demonstrated the high epitaxial quality, extremely low magnetic loss and coherent strain state in these films. Using these epitaxial films as model systems, we systematically investigated the evolution of magnetic anisotropy(MA) with epitaxial strain and chemical doping. For both the YIG and Bi:YIG films, the compressive strain tends to align the magnetic moment in the film plane while the tensile strain can compete with the demagnetization effect and stabilize perpendicular MA. We found that the strain-induced lattice elongation/compression along the out-of-plane [111] axis is the key parameter that determines the MA. More importantly, the strain-induced tunability of MA can be enhanced significantly by Bi doping;meanwhile, the ultralow damping feature persists. We clarified that the cooperation between strain and chemical doping could realize an effective control of MA in garnet-type ferrites, which is essential for spintronic applications.展开更多
基金Supported by the Planning Project for the Scientific Research and Technological Development of China Tobacco Henan Industrial Co.,Ltd.(ZW201435)
文摘In order to effectively reduce the chlorophyll content in flue-cured tobacco, improve the overall quality of tobacco leaves, chlorophyllase gene was cloned from Arabidopsis thaliana. After the expression of the expression vector in E. coil, the recombinant engineering strain was obtained. Afterwards, IPTG （isopropy-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside）was used to induce the goal protein, and the chlorophyllase activity of the recombinant engineering strain was measured, so as to investigate its degradation effect on the chlorophyll in the extracts of tobacco leaves. The results were as follows： （1） the amplified chlorophyllase gene At- CLH1 constructed the expression vector pET28a-AtCLH1 successfully, obtaining the recombinant engineering strain; （2） induced under 30 ℃ for 22 h, the strain could well express the recombinant protein AtCLH1 with 0.5 mmol/L IPTG, and the molecular weight was about 35 kDa; （3） the strain showed good chlorophyllase producing capability, and the activity of the produced chlorophyllase could reach up to 24.9 U/mL, which could degrade the chlorophyll in tobacco extract and had a good application prospect in improving the quality of low quality tobacco; （4） based on the results of orthogonal test, the enzyme extract from the strain was added to the tobacco leaf surface, which could make the degradation rate of chlorophyll in the tobacco leaf reach 17.06% under the temperature of 37 ℃ at the humidity of 75% for 48 h; （5） after treated by the enzyme liquid, the test tobacco showed increase in the content of aromatic substances, enhancement of tobacco fragrance quality and amount, significant decrease of offensive odor and irritation, significant improvement of agreeable aftertaste, making the overall sensory quality of the tobacco leaf significantly improved.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFE0118400)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(6217520)+1 种基金the Science and Technology Project of Fujian Province of China(2021H6018)the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province of China(2021J06009)。
文摘Flexible perovskite solar cells(fPSCs)have demonstrated commercial viability because of their promising lightness,flexibility,and low-cost advantages.However,in most applications,the fPSCs suffer from constant external stress,such as being kept at a convex bending state,imposing external stress on the brittle perovskite films and causing the fPSCs long-term stability problems.Overcoming these issues is vital.Herein,we propose an effective way to enhance the stability of the fPSCs under convex bending by modulating the residual stress of perovskite film for the first time.Specifically,we have carefully designed a synergistic strain engineering to toughen the perovskite films by introducing 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate,citric acid,and a novel cross-linker,5-(1,2-dithiolan-3-yl)pentanoate into perovskite films simultaneously.Besides passivating the perovskite films,the multiple additives effectively convert the residual stress within the perovskite films from tensile to compressive type to alleviate the detrimental impact of bending on the flexible perovskite films.As a result,the optimal efficiencies of triple-additive modified fPSCs have achieved 22.19%(0.06 cm^(2))and 19.44%(1.02 cm^(2)).More importantly,the strategy could significantly improve the stability of the perovskite films and fPSCs at a convex bending state.Our approach is inductive for the future practical field applications of high-performance fPSCs.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No.2023YFA1406404)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.12504152,52572144,12374094,and 12074365)+5 种基金China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant No.2024M763130)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation-Anhui joint Support Program (Grant No.2024T007AH)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.WK9990000158)Chinese Academy of Sciences Project for Young Scientists in Basic Research(Grant No.YSBR-084)Innovation Program for Quantum Science and Technology (Grant No.2024ZD0301300)Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation (Grant No.2308085MA15)。
文摘Strain engineering serves as an effective approach for tuning the properties of transition metal oxides and their heterostructures. However, conventional epitaxial approaches are fundamentally constrained by the limited choice of substrates, which restricts the ability to achieve continuous strain modulation. The emergence of freestanding oxide thin films has significantly expanded the scope of strain manipulation, allowing the application of larger tensile strains and the induction of novel functionalities. Nevertheless, current freestanding film technologies face a critical limitation: strain modulation has so far been confined to tensile strain, while the application of compressive strain remains inaccessible. To overcome this challenge, we designed a symmetric tri-layer structure composed of clamping layer/nickelate/clamping layer, which enables modulation of the metal-insulator transition in freestanding Nd NiO_(3) and La NiO_(3) thin films under both tensile and compressive strain. This clamping-layermediated strain engineering approach can be readily generalized to other freestanding oxide systems, providing a versatile platform for manipulating the physical properties of freestanding thin films.
基金supported by the Hunan Joint International Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Technology for Clean Energy(2020CB1007)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities and Guangxi Key Laboratory of Information Materials and Guilin University of Electronic Technology,China(231002-K)+4 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region(2022GXNSFAA035467)Guangxi Science and Technology Program(Guike AD21220067)National Natural Science Foundation of China(22369002)Nationally Funded Postdoctoral Researcher Program(GZC20230756)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2024M750858)。
文摘Lattice-strain engineering has demonstrated its capability to influence the electronic structure and catalytic performance of electrocatalysts.Herein,we present a facile method for inducing thermal strain in cobalt/molybdenum nitride rod-shaped structures(denoted Co/Mo_(2)N)via ammonia-assisted reduction,which effectively modulating the HER performance.The optimized Co/Mo_(2)N-500,characterized by 3%tensile lattice strain,demonstrates exceptional HER activity with lower overpotentials of140 mV and 184 mV at high current density of 1000 mA cm^(-2)in alkaline freshwater and seawater electrolytes,respectively.Co/Mo_(2)N also exhibits excellent long-term durability even at a high current density of 300 mA cm^(-2),surpassing its counterparts and benchmark Pt/C catalyst.Density functional theory calculations validate that the tensile strain optimizes the d-band states,water dissociation,and hydrogen adsorption kinetics of the strained Mo_(2)N in Co/Mo_(2)N,thereby improving its catalytic efficacy.This work provides valuable insights into controlling lattice strain to develop highly efficient electrocatalysts towards advanced electrocatalytic applications.
基金the support from the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region,China(Grant RFS2021-1S05)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant 11922215)+1 种基金the funding from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant 11902200)the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(Grant19YF1433600)。
文摘Diamond,as an ultra-wide bandgap semiconductor,has become a promising candidate for next-generation microelec-tronics and optoelectronics due to its numerous advantages over conventional semiconductors,including ultrahigh carrier mo-bility and thermal conductivity,low thermal expansion coefficient,and ultra-high breakdown voltage,etc.Despite these ex-traordinary properties,diamond also faces various challenges before being practically used in the semiconductor industry.This review begins with a brief summary of previous efforts to model and construct diamond-based high-voltage switching diodes,high-power/high-frequency field-effect transistors,MEMS/NEMS,and devices operating at high temperatures.Following that,we will discuss recent developments to address scalable diamond device applications,emphasizing the synthesis of large-area,high-quality CVD diamond films and difficulties in diamond doping.Lastly,we show potential solutions to modulate diamond’s electronic properties by the“elastic strain engineering”strategy,which sheds light on the future development of diamond-based electronics,photonics and quantum systems.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos 61376097,61504120U1609213,the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No LR14F040001the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China under Grant No 20130091110025
文摘We investigate the strain in various Ge-on-insulator （GeOI） micro-structures induced by three phase-change maferials （PCMs） （Ge2Sb2Te5, Sb2Te3, GeTe） deposited. The PCMs could change the phase from amorphous state to polycrystalline state with a low temperature thermal annealing, resulting in an intrinsic contraction in the PCM films. Raman spectroscopy analysis is performed to compare the strain induced in the GeOI micro- structures by various PCMs. By comparison, Sb2 Tea could induce the largest amount of tensile strain in the GeOI micro-structures after the low temperature annealing. Based on the strain calculated from the Raman peak shifts, finite element numerical simulation is performed to calculate the strain-induced electron mobility enhancement for Ge n-MOSFETs with PCM liner stressors. With the adoption of Sb2 Te3 liner stressor, 22% electron mobility enhancement at Xinv=1×10^13cm^-2 could be achieved, suggesting that PCM especially Sb2 Te3 liner stressor is a promising technique for the performance enhancement of Ge MOSFETs.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(11172149)the financial support from the IBM World Community Grid project "Computing for Clean Water"+2 种基金the Boeing-Tsinghua Joint Research Project "New Air Filtration Materials"grant 2012 from engineering faculty of Monash Universitysupported by an award under the Merit Allocation Scheme on the Australia NCI National Facility at the ANU
文摘Reversible control of surface wettability has wide applications in lab-on-chip systems, tunable optical lenses, and microfluidic tools. Using a graphene sheet as a sam- ple material and molecular dynamic simulations, we demon- strate that strain engineering can serve as an effective way to control the surface wettability. The contact angles 0 of water droplets on a graphene vary from 72.5° to 106° under biaxial strains ranging from -10% to 10% that are applied on the graphene layer. For an intrinsic hydrophilic surface （at zero strain）, the variation of 0 upon the applied strains is more sensitive, i.e., from 0° to 74.8°. Overall the cosines of the contact angles exhibit a linear relation with respect to the strains. In light of the inherent dependence of the contact an- gle on liquid-solid interfacial energy, we develop an analytic model to show the cos 0 as a linear function of the adsorption energy Eads of a single water molecule over the substrate sur- face. This model agrees with our molecular dynamic results very well. Together with the linear dependence of Eads on bi- axial strains, we can thus understand the effect of strains on the surface wettability. Thanks to the ease of reversibly ap- plying mechanical strains in micro/nano-electromechanical systems, we believe that strain engineering can be a promis- ing means to achieve the reversibly control of surface wetta- bility.
基金Hainan Province Science and Technology Special Fund(Nos.ZDYF2021SHFZ068 and ZDKJ2021029)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52262014)+1 种基金Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(No.823CXTD376)Youth Foundation of Hainan Province(No.221QN0898).
文摘Strain engineering of two-dimensional(2D)material interfaces represents a powerful strategy for enhanc-ing the electrocatalytic activity of water splitting.However,maintaining catalytic stability under various harsh conditions by introducing interface strain remains a great challenge.The catalyst developed and evaluated herein comprised Ir clusters dispersed on 2D NiO nanosheets(NSs)derived from metal organic frameworks(lr@NiO/C_(BDc)),which displays a high activity and stability under all pH conditions,and even a change of only 1%in the applied voltage is observed after continuous electrocatalytic operation for over 1800 h under alkaline conditions.Through combined experimental and computational studies,we found that the introduced interfacial strain contributes to the outstanding structural stability of the Ir@NiO/CBDC catalyst,arising from its increased Ir and Ni vacancy formation energies,and hence suppressing its leach-ing.Moreover,strain also enhances the kinetically sluggish electrocatalytic water splitting reaction by op-timizing its electronic structure and coordination environment.This work highlights the effects of strain on catalyst stability and provides new insights for designing widely applicable electrocatalysts.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos 61264008,61574080 and 61505085
文摘Regulation of optical properties and electronic structure of two-dimensionM layered ReS2 materials has attracted much attention due to their potential in electronic devices. However, the identification of structure transformation of monolayer ReS2 induced by strain is greatly lacking. In this work, the Raman spectra of monolayer ReS2 with external strain are determined theoretically based on the density function theory. Due to the lower structural symmetry, deformation induced by external strain can only regulate the Raman mode intensity but cannot lead to Raman mode shifts. Our calculations suggest that structural deformation induced by external strain can be identified by Raman scattering.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.11574067)。
文摘We study the effect of strain on band structure and valley-dependent transport properties of graphene heterojunctions.It is found that valley-dependent separation of electrons can be achieved by utilizing strain and on-site energies.In the presence of strain,the values of transmission can be effectively adjusted by changing the strengths of the strain,while the transport angle basically keeps unchanged.When an extra on-site energy is simultaneously applied to the central scattering region,not only are the electrons of valleys K and K'separated into two distinct transmission lobes in opposite transverse directions,but the transport angles of two valleys can be significantly changed.Therefore,one can realize an effective modulation of valley-dependent transport by changing the strength and stretch angle of the strain and on-site energies,which can be exploited for graphene-based valleytronics devices.
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21975067)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities from Hunan University。
文摘Two-dimensional(2D)materials have received extensive attention in the fields of electronics,optoelectronics,and magnetic devices attributed to their unique electronic structures and physical properties.The application of strain is a simple and effective strategy to change the lattice structure of 2D materials thus modulating their physical properties,which further facilitate their applications in carrier mobility transistor,magnetic sensor,single-photon emitter etc.In this short review,we focus on the strain applied via substrate engineering.Firstly,the relationship between the strain and physical properties has been summarized.Secondly,the methods for achieving substrate engineering-induced strain have been demonstrated.Finally,the latest applications of strained 2D materials have been introduced.In addition,the future challenges and development prospects of strain-modulated 2D materials have also been proposed.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(Grant No.12074126)the Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of NSFC(Grant No.51621001)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.2020ZYGXZR076).
文摘Two-dimensional(2D)ferroelectric compounds are a special class of materials that meet the need for devices miniaturization,which can lead to a wide range of applications.Here,we investigate ferroelectric properties of monolayer group-IV monochalcogenides MX(M=Sn,Ge;X=Se,Te,S)via strain engineering,and their effects with contaminated hydrogen are also discussed.GeSe,GeTe,and GeS do not go through transition up to the compressive strain of-5%,and consequently have good ferroelectric parameters for device applications that can be further improved by applying strain.According to the calculated ferroelectric properties and the band gaps of these materials,we find that their band gap can be adjusted by strain for excellent photovoltaic applications.In addition,we have determined the most stable hydrogen occupancy location in the monolayer SnS and SnTe.It reveals that H prefers to absorb on SnS and SnTe monolayers as molecules rather than atomic H.As a result,hydrogen molecules have little effect on the polarization and electronic structure of monolayer SnTe and SnS.
基金supported by the National Key Basic Research Program of China(Nos.2020YFA0309100 and 2019YFA0308500)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21825102,22001014,11294029,11974390,11721404)+6 种基金the China National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents(No.BX20200043)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2021M690366)the Beijing Nova Program of Science and Technology(No.Z191100001119112)the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(No.2202060)the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Neutron Scattering Science and Technology,the Strategic Priority Research Program(B)of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDB33030200)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(Nos.06500145 and FRF-IDRY-20–039)State Key Laboratory of New Ceramic and Fine Processing Tsinghua University(No.KF202110)。
文摘Interphase strain engineering provides a unique methodology to significantly modify the lattice structure across a single film,enabling the emergence and manipulation of novel functionalities that are inaccessible in the context of traditional strain engineering methods.In this work,by using the interphase strain,we achieve a ferromagnetic state with enhanced Curie temperature and a room-temperature polar state in EuO secondary phase-tunned EuTiO_(3) thin films.A combination of atomic-scale electron microscopy and synchrotron X-ray spectroscopy unravels the underlying mechanisms of the ferroelectric and ferromagnetic properties enhancement.Wherein,the EuO secondary phase is found to be able to dramatically distort the TiO_6 octahedra,which favors the non-centrosymmetric polar state,weakens antiferromagnetic Eu-Ti-Eu interactions,and enhances ferromagnetic Eu-O-Eu interactions.Our work demonstrates the feasibility and effectiveness of interphase strain engineering in simultaneously promoting ferroelectric and ferromagnetic performance,which would provide new thinking on the property regulation of numerous strongly correlated functional materials.
基金the financial support for conducting part of the computational work,by the Australian Government through the Australian Research Council(ARC)under the centre of Excellence scheme(Project No.CE170100026)National Computational Infrastructure(NCI),a National Facility for computing resources.S K M also acknowledges the computing system resources’support from the University of Tsukuba,Japan through the International Postdoctoral Fellowship of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science(JSPS)’s KAKENHI(Grant No.JP22F32733)+1 种基金during the computational work and finalization of this studyS K M also acknowledges the support of Mr Matta Sai Aneesh,University of Queensland,Australia while preparing the graphical abstract.
文摘Photoelectrochemical water splitting using solar energy,generating oxygen and hydrogen is one of the clean fuel production processes.Inspired by surface-dependent characteristics of Janus structures,a newly designed Janus monolayer Silicon Phosphorous Arsenide(SiPAs)was analyzed with Density Functional Theory(DFT)methods.Hybrid exchange-correlation functional(HSE06)combined with Wannier90-based analysis for electronic and optical properties of SiPAs reveals that it can act as a photocatalyst.SiPAs show an indirect bandgap of 1.88 eV,absorbing visible light range is 350 to 500 nm.The phonon spectrum confirms dynamic stability.The exciton binding energy is computed with GW/BSE methods.The electronic band edge positions are at-5.75 and-4.43 eV,perfectly straddling the water redox potentials.Interestingly the strain application modifies the bandgap and also non-homogenously widens the absorption band.A novel range of photocatalyst designs with Group IV-V elements with great promise for water-splitting,photovoltaic,and narrow bandgap semiconductor(optoelectronics)applications may be feasible.
基金supported by the National Key Research&Development Program of China(Grant No.2022YFA1403300)the Innovation Program for Quantum Science and Technology(Grant No.2024ZD0300103)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11991060,11427902,12074075,62171136,and 12474165)the Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project(Grant No.2019SHZDZX01)the Shanghai Municipal Natural Science Foundation(Grant Nos.22ZR1407400,22ZR1408100,and 23ZR1407200)。
文摘Epitaxial strain is an effective way to control thermoelectricity of a thin film system.In this work,we investigate strain-dependent thermoelectricity of[(SrTiO_(3))_(3)/(SrTi_(0.8)Nb_(0.2)O_(3))_(3)]_(10)superlattices grown on different substrates,including-0.96%on(LaAlO_(3))_(0.3)(SrAl_(0.5)Ta_(0.5)O_(3))_(0.7)(001)(LSAT),0%on SrTiO_(3)(001)(STO),+0.99%on DyScO_(3)(110)(DSO)and+1.64%on GdScO_(3)(110)(GSO),respectively.Our results show that the highest room-temperature thermoelectricity is achieved when the STO-based superlattice is grown on the DSO substrate with+0.99%tensile strain.This is attributed to the high permittivity and low dielectric loss arising from the ferroelectric domain and electron-phonon coupling,which boost the power factor(PF)to 10.5 mW·m^(-1)·K^(-2)at 300 K.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.62488201)the National Key Research and Development Project of China(Grant No.2022YFA1204100)+1 种基金the Chinese Academy of Sciences Project for Young Scientists in Basic Research(Grant No.YSBR-003)the Innovation Program of Quantum Science and Technology(Grant No.2021ZD0302700).
文摘Recent advances in strain engineering have enabled unprecedented control over quantum states in strongly correlated magnetic systems.However,nanoscale strain modulation of charge density waves(CDWs)and magnetically excited states,which is crucial for atomically precise strain engineering and practical spintronic applications,remains unexplored.Here,we report the nanoscale strain effects on CDWs and low-energy electronic states in the van der Waals antiferromagnetic metal GdTe_(3),utilizing scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy.Lowtemperature cleavage introduces local strains,resulting in the formation of nanoscale wrinkles on the GdTe_(3)surface.Atomic displacement analysis reveals two distinct types of wrinkles:Wrinkle-I,originating from unidirectional strain,and Wrinkle-II,dominated by shear strain.In Wrinkle-I,the tensile strain enhances the CDW gap,while the compressive strain induces a single low-energy magnetic state.Wrinkle-II switches the orientation of CDW,leading to the formation of an associated CDW domain wall.In addition,three low-energy magnetic states that exhibit magnetic field-dependent shifts and intensity variations emerge within the CDW gap around Wrinkle-II,indicative of a strain-tuned coupling between CDW order and localized 4f-electron magnetism.These findings establish nanoscale strain as a powerful tuning knob for manipulating intertwined electronic and magnetic excitations in correlated magnetic systems.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22172084 and 21773133)the World-Class Discipline Program of Shandong Province,China。
文摘Direct alcohol fuel cells(DAFCs)are powered by the alcohol electro-oxidation reaction(AOR),where an electrocatalyst with an optimal electronic structure can accelerate the sluggish AOR.Interestingly,strain engineering in hetero-catalysis offers a promising route to boost their catalytic activity.Herein,we report on a class of monodispersed ultrathin twisty PdBi alloy nanowires(TNWs)assemblies with face-centered structures that drive AORs.These thin nanowire structures expose a large number of reactive sites.Strikingly,Pd_(6)Bi_(1)TNWs show an excellent current density of 2066,3047,and 1231 mA mg_(Pd)^(-1)for oxidation of ethanol,ethylene glycol,and glycerol,respectively.The“volcano-like”behaviors observed on PdBi TNWs for AORs indicate that the maximum catalytic mass activity is a well balance between active intermediates and blocking species at the interface.This study offers an effective and universal method to build novel nanocatalysts in various applications by rationally designing highly efficient catalysts with specific strain.
基金supported by the National Nature1 Science Foundation of China(30170623)the National 863 Program of China(2001AA246013).
文摘MALDI-TOF-MS technology was used for identification of lipopeptide antibiotics producedby GEB3 strain, a derivative of Bacillus subtilis 168 which was transformed by lpaB3gene. The result showed GEB3 only produced lipopeptide antibiotic surfactin. The analysisby LC-MS demonstrated that GEB3 produced standard surfactin isoforms with side chainlengths of 13,14 and 15 carbon atoms. The bioactivity detection of surfactin indicatedthat the surfactin produced by GEB3 had inhibition effect on plant pathogens Rhizoctoniasolani and Pyricularia oryzae.
基金the College of Engineering and School of Industrial Engineering at Purdue University for startup supportpartially supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant CMMI-1762698+3 种基金financial assistance from ONR NEPTUNE program National Science Foundation under Grant CMMI-1538360supported by the Louis Beecherl, Jr. Endowment Fundsthe College of Engineering and School of Materials Engineering at Purdue University for startup supportsupported through computational resources provided by the Information Technology department at Purdue University。
文摘The low-dimensional,highly anisotropic geometries,and superior mechanical properties of one-dimensional(1D) nanomaterials allow the exquisite strain engineering with a broad tunability inaccessible to bulk or thin-film materials.Such capability enables unprecedented possibilities for probing intriguing physics and materials science in the 1-D limit.Among the techniques for introducing controlled strains in 1D materials,nanoimprinting with embossed substrates attracts increased attention due to its capability to parallelly form nanomaterials into wrinkled structures with controlled periodicities,amplitudes,orientations at large scale with nanoscale resolutions.Here,we systematically investigated the strain-engineered anisotropic optical properties in Te nanowires through introducing a controlled strain field using a resist-free thermally assisted nanoimprinting process.The magnitude of induced strains can be tuned by adjusting the imprinting pressure,the nanowire diameter,and the patterns on the substrates.The observed Raman spectra from the chiral-chain lattice of 1D Te reveal the strong lattice vibration response under the strain.Our results suggest the potential of 1D Te as a promising candidate for flexible electronics,deformable optoelectronics,and wearable sensors.The experimental platform can also enable the exquisite mechanical control in other nanomaterials using substrate-induced,on-demand,and controlled strains.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2020YFA0309100)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 12074365 and U2032218)+3 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant Nos. WK9990000108, WK9990000102, and WK2030000035)Hefei Science Center CAS Foundation (Grant No. 2021HSC-UE010)partially carried out at the USTC Center for Micro and Nanoscale Research and Fabricationthe magnetic characterizations were carried out in the Instruments Center for Physical Science, USTC。
文摘Y_(3)Fe_(5)O_(12)(YIG) and Bi Y_(3)Fe_(5)O_(12)(Bi:YIG) films were epitaxially grown on a series of(111)-oriented garnet substrates using pulsed laser deposition. Structural and ferromagnetic resonance characterizations demonstrated the high epitaxial quality, extremely low magnetic loss and coherent strain state in these films. Using these epitaxial films as model systems, we systematically investigated the evolution of magnetic anisotropy(MA) with epitaxial strain and chemical doping. For both the YIG and Bi:YIG films, the compressive strain tends to align the magnetic moment in the film plane while the tensile strain can compete with the demagnetization effect and stabilize perpendicular MA. We found that the strain-induced lattice elongation/compression along the out-of-plane [111] axis is the key parameter that determines the MA. More importantly, the strain-induced tunability of MA can be enhanced significantly by Bi doping;meanwhile, the ultralow damping feature persists. We clarified that the cooperation between strain and chemical doping could realize an effective control of MA in garnet-type ferrites, which is essential for spintronic applications.
