The effects of additives on the stannous reduction of an acid sulfate bath were investigated using cyclic and linear sweep voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy （EIS）, and microstructure analysis. In t...The effects of additives on the stannous reduction of an acid sulfate bath were investigated using cyclic and linear sweep voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy （EIS）, and microstructure analysis. In the absence of additives, tin coatings are rough, and the tin electrodepositing is a single-step reduction process accompanied by hydrogen gas evolution. The addition of tartaric acid produces a slight reduction in the peak current of stannous reduction and has an appreciably positive effect on the stability of the acidic tin bath. Both benzylidene acetone and polyoxyethylene octylphenol ether hinder the stannous reduction and greatly suppress the hydrogen gas evolution. Formaldehyde slightly decreases the peak current density of stannous reduction and serves as an auxiliary brightener in the acid sulfate bath. The presence of mixed additives greatly suppresses the stannous reduction and hydrogen gas evolution and consequently produces a significantly smoother and denser tin coating. The （112） crystal face is found to be the dominant and preferred orientation of tin deposits.展开更多
Ordered iron fiber arrays were electrodeposited on the surface of zinc foils using ＂FeSO4 solution-sodium caprylate-Decanol＂ 3-component reverse hexagonal liquid crystal as soft templates. The structure of the soft ...Ordered iron fiber arrays were electrodeposited on the surface of zinc foils using ＂FeSO4 solution-sodium caprylate-Decanol＂ 3-component reverse hexagonal liquid crystal as soft templates. The structure of the soft templates and the synthesized iron ,fibers were characterized by polarizing microscopy, X-ray diffraction （XRD）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis etc. The experimental results shou that the synthesized iron fibers with a crystal phase grew up in the form of fiber clusters of about 200 nm along the direction perpendicular to the cathode surface. Each cluster was composed of several tens of fibers. The fibers had almost the same length of more than 10μm with a diameter of about 50 nm.展开更多
The α-PbO2 electrodes are prepared by anodic electrodeposition on Al/conductive coating electrode from alkaline plumbite solutions in order to investigate the effect of the different current densities on the properti...The α-PbO2 electrodes are prepared by anodic electrodeposition on Al/conductive coating electrode from alkaline plumbite solutions in order to investigate the effect of the different current densities on the properties of α-PbO2 electrodes. The physic- ochemical properties of the α-PbO2 electrodes are analyzed by using SEM, EDS, XRD, Tafel plot, linear sweep voltammetry （LSV） and A.C. impedance. A compact and uniform layer of lead dioxide ：）vas obtained at the current density of 3 mA.cm-2. A further increase in current density results in smaller particles with high porosity. EDS and XRD analyses have shown that the PbO2 deposited in alkaline conditions is highly non stoichiometric, and the PbO impurities are formed on the surface layer besides the α-PbO2. The corrosion resistance of α-PbO2 at the low current density is superior to that of the high current density. It can be attributed to a porous layer of deposited films at high current densities in aqueous Zn2＋ 50 g·L^-1, H2SO4 150 When used as anodes for oxygen evolution g·L^-1, the Al/conductive coating/α-PbO2 exhibits lower potential compared to Pb electrode. Al/conductive coating/α-PbO2 electrode with the best electrocatalytic activity was obtained at current density of 1 mA·cm^-2. The lowest roughnest factor was obtained at 1 mA·cm^-2.展开更多
Ni-W-P matrix composite coatings reinforced by CeO2 and SiO2 nano-particles were prepared on common carbon steel surface by double pulse electrodeposition and the deposition mechanism was discussed.The results showed ...Ni-W-P matrix composite coatings reinforced by CeO2 and SiO2 nano-particles were prepared on common carbon steel surface by double pulse electrodeposition and the deposition mechanism was discussed.The results showed that the composite coatings with amorphous structure were obtained as-deposited.The initial growth behavior had alternatives and the nucleation was inhomogeneous because of obvious composition fluctuation.With the pulse deposition time increasing,some pearlite microstructures of the substrate were covered by some deposits and the composition fluctuation disappeared.Forward pulse currents promoted to form a great number of atomic beams composed of Ni,W and P atoms or CeO2 and SiO2 nano-particles as the core,which inhabited the growth of atomic beams.Reverse pulse currents eliminated concentration polarization and dissolved some surface boss of atomic beams.The solution of W and P atoms within Ni grains and embedding of CeO2 and SiO2 nano-particles within Ni-W-P matrix metal made atomic arrangement disordered.Finally,the atomic beams grew to amorphous small particles.展开更多
The Ni-Cr alloy electrodepositing technology on iron substrate in the chlorid-sulfate solution and the impacts of main processing parameters on coating composition were studied. The optimal Ni-Cr alloy electrodepositi...The Ni-Cr alloy electrodepositing technology on iron substrate in the chlorid-sulfate solution and the impacts of main processing parameters on coating composition were studied. The optimal Ni-Cr alloy electrodepositing conditions are that the cathode current density is 16 A/dm^2,the plating solution temperature is 30℃ and the pH value is 2.5. The bright, compact coating gained under the optimal conditions has good cohesion and 24.1% Cr content. The results show that the coating is composed of crystalline, the average grain size is 82 nm and the higher the Cr content of coating, the larger the rigidity, and the higher the corrosion resistance. The rigidity of coating reaches 78.6(HR30T) and the passivation area broadens to 1.4 V when the Cr content of coating is 24.1%.展开更多
The morphology and corrosion behavior of Ni/Al2O3 composite coatings prepared using double-pulsed electrodepositing technique after oxidized under 800 ℃ NaCl deposit in air environment were analyzed by scanning elect...The morphology and corrosion behavior of Ni/Al2O3 composite coatings prepared using double-pulsed electrodepositing technique after oxidized under 800 ℃ NaCl deposit in air environment were analyzed by scanning electrical microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction(XRD) and energy dispersive spectrum(EDS). The results showed that the corrosion of all composite coatings was accelerated under NaCl deposits, and the corrosion products were rather porous with poor adherence to the matrix. Al2O3 particles in the coatings can refine the grain size and improve the high temperature corrosion resistance of the coatings. Within the test scope, the more Al2O3 particles in the coatings, the lower corrosion rates could be obtained, and the corrosion mechanism was also discussed.展开更多
The molten CaCl_(2)−CaMoO_(4) system was investigated,and the electrodeposition of protective Mo coatings on Ni plates was demonstrated.The results confirm the high solubility of solid CaMoO_(4) and the electrochemica...The molten CaCl_(2)−CaMoO_(4) system was investigated,and the electrodeposition of protective Mo coatings on Ni plates was demonstrated.The results confirm the high solubility of solid CaMoO_(4) and the electrochemical reactivity of MoO_(4)^(2-)ions in molten CaCl_(2).The eutectic temperature and composition of the system are identified as 1021 K and 4.74 wt.%CaMoO_(4),respectively.Under constant-current electrolysis conditions of−10 mA/cm^(2) at 1123 K,uniform and dense Mo coatings are obtained on Ni plates with up to 90.31%efficiency.Increasing the current density raises the overpotential,leading to refined grains and decreased roughness.The Mo-coated Ni plate exhibits a significant improvement in hardness and corrosion resistance.Microhardness increases from HV 46.00 to HV 215.10 after coating,and the corrosion rate in a 20 wt.%NaCl solution at room temperature decreases to 0.1%that of the bare plate.These findings enhance our understanding of the molten CaCl_(2)–CaMoO_(4) system and emphasize the potential of innovative Mo coating technologies.展开更多
The hydrogen evolution reaction(HER) is a key process in electrocatalytic water splitting for hydrogen production,yet it is often limited by sluggish H*-OH adsorption and H*binding kinetics.We obtained Rumodified Ni O...The hydrogen evolution reaction(HER) is a key process in electrocatalytic water splitting for hydrogen production,yet it is often limited by sluggish H*-OH adsorption and H*binding kinetics.We obtained Rumodified Ni O nanoparticles(Ru-Ni O/NF) with enhanced HER properties by substituting ruthenium(Ru)for Ni atoms in the Ni O(200) crystalline facets on nickel foam by a one-step electrodeposition technique.This novel catalyst exhibits a significantly reduced H^(*)-OH adsorption energy and improved kinetics,with an overpotential of only 60 mV at 10 mA/cm^(2) and a Tafel slope of 26.19 mV/dec.The Ru-Ni O/NF maintains its activity for over 115 h,outperforming NiO/NF by reducing the overpotential by 177 mV.DFT calculations confirm that the addition of Ru to NiO enhances the HER kinetics by modifying the electronic structure,optimizing the surface chemistry,stabilizing the intermediates,lowering the energy barriers,and facilitating efficient charge transfer through a robust three-dimensional structure,resulting in a change in the rate-limiting step and a significant reduction in the Gibbs free energy.This study presents a highly efficient HER catalyst and offers insights into designing advanced NiO-based electrocatalysts by reducing reaction energy barriers.展开更多
Electrolytic copper foil has gained significant attention as an essential component in lithium-ion batteries(LIBs),printed circuit boards(PCBs),and chip packaging substrates(CPSs)applications.With the advancement of L...Electrolytic copper foil has gained significant attention as an essential component in lithium-ion batteries(LIBs),printed circuit boards(PCBs),and chip packaging substrates(CPSs)applications.With the advancement of LIBs towards higher energy densities and the increasing density of electronic components on circuits,copper foil is required to have demanding properties,such as extremely thin thickness and extremely high tensile strength.This comprehensive review firstly summarizes recent progress on the fabrication of electrolytic copper foil,and the effects of process parameters,cathode substrate,and additives on the electrodeposition behavior,microstructure,and properties of copper foil are discussed in detail.Then the regulation strategies of mechanical properties of electrolytic copper foil are also summarized,including the formation of nanotwins and texture.Furthermore,the recent advances in novel electrolytic copper foils,such as composite foils and extra-thin copper foils,are also overviewed.Lastly,the remaining challenges and perspectives on the further development of electrolytic copper foils are presented.展开更多
Microscale metallic structures enhanced by additive manufacturing technology have attracted extensive attention especially in microelectronics and electromechanical devices.Meniscus-confined electrodeposition(MCED)adv...Microscale metallic structures enhanced by additive manufacturing technology have attracted extensive attention especially in microelectronics and electromechanical devices.Meniscus-confined electrodeposition(MCED)advances microscale 3D metal printing,enabling simpler fabrication of superior metallic microstructures in air without complex equipment or post-processing.However,accurately predicting growth rates with current MCED techniques remain challenging,which is essential for precise structure fabrication and preventing nozzle clogging.In this work,we present a novel approach to electrochemical 3D printing that utilizes a self-adjusting,voxelated method for fabricating metallic microstructures.Diverging from conventional voxelated printing which focuses on monitoring voxel thickness for structure control,this technique adopts a holistic strategy.It ensures each voxel’s position is in alignment with the final structure by synchronizing the micropipette’s trajectory during deposition with the intended design,thus facilitating self-regulation of voxel position and reducing errors associated with environmental fluctuations in deposition parameters.The method’s ability to print micropillars with various tilt angles,high density,and helical arrays demonstrates its refined control over the deposition process.Transmission electron microscopy analysis reveals that the deposited structures,which are fabricated through layer-by-layer(voxel)printing,contain nanotwins that are widely known to enhance the material’s mechanical and electrical properties.Correspondingly,in situ scanning electron microscopy(SEM)microcompression tests confirm this enhancement,showing these structures exhibit a compressive yield strength exceeding 1 GPa.The indentation tests provided an average hardness of 3.71 GPa,which is the highest value reported in previous work using MCED.The resistivity measured by the four-point probe method was(1.95±0.01)×10^(−7)Ω·m,nearly 11 times that of bulk copper.These findings demonstrate the considerable advantage of this technique in fabricating complex metallic microstructures with enhanced mechanical properties,making it suitable for advanced applications in microsensors,microelectronics,and micro-electromechanical systems.展开更多
Metal-organic framework(MOF)nanostructures have emerged as a prominent class of materials in the advancement of electrochemical sensors.The rational design of bimetallic MOF-functionalized microelectrode is of importa...Metal-organic framework(MOF)nanostructures have emerged as a prominent class of materials in the advancement of electrochemical sensors.The rational design of bimetallic MOF-functionalized microelectrode is of importance for improv-ing the electrochemical performance but still in great challenge.In this work,the bimetallic FeCo-MOF nanostructures were assembled onto a gold disk ultramicroelectrode(Au UME,5.2μm in diameter)via an in-situ electrodeposition method,which enhanced the sensitive detection of epinephrine(EP).The in-situ electrodeposited FeCo-MOF exhibited a character-istic nanoflower-like morphology and was uniformly dispersed on the Au UME.The FeCo-MOF/Au UME demonstrated excellent electrochemical performance on the detection of EP with a high sensitivity of 36.93μA·μmol^(-1)·L·cm^(-2)and a low detection limit of 1.28μmol·L^(-1).It can be attributed to the nonlinear diffusion of EP onto the ultra-micro working substrate,coupled with synergistical catalytic activity of the bimetallic Fe,Co within MOF structure.Furthermore,the FeCo-MOF/Au UME has been successful applied to the analysis of EP in human serum samples,yielding high recovery rates.These results not only contribute to the expansion of the research area of electrochemical sensors,but also provide novel insights and directions into the development of high-performance MOF-based electrochemical sensors.展开更多
Electrochromic(EC)smart windows utilizing a reversible metal electrodeposition device(RMED)offer a compelling alternative for dynamically regulating transmissions of optical and thermal energy.An EC device(ECD)is cons...Electrochromic(EC)smart windows utilizing a reversible metal electrodeposition device(RMED)offer a compelling alternative for dynamically regulating transmissions of optical and thermal energy.An EC device(ECD)is constructed by reversible metal electrodeposition(RME)of Bi/Cu on WO_(3)·xH_(2)O film electrodeposited onto fluorine-doped tin oxide(FTO)transparent conductive glass.The electrolyte consists of CuCl_(2),BiCl_(3),KCl and HCl aqueous solution,supplying necessary components for both electrochemical and electrodeposition processes.The ECD shows ability to rapidly transition between colorless and black states,which achieves a large optical modulation of 77.0%at 570 nm.In the black state,the ECD exhibits a near-zero transmittance in the wavelength range of 400-1100 nm while maintaining 96.6%of its initial optical modulation after coloration/bleaching cycling of 60000 s,exhibiting good cyclic stability.This RMED has relatively high stability under open-circuit voltage and also possesses excellent heat insulation performance.The results offer a solution to overcome the poor cyclic stability of RMEDs and improve the optical modulation of ECDs.展开更多
pH-dependent multiple equilibria in cobalt sulfate-gluconate baths were calculated using stability constants adopted from literature.Changes of the bath speciation were then discussed in terms of spectrophotometric ex...pH-dependent multiple equilibria in cobalt sulfate-gluconate baths were calculated using stability constants adopted from literature.Changes of the bath speciation were then discussed in terms of spectrophotometric experiments and buffering properties of the solutions(pH 3-10).Cyclic voltammetry indicated changes in electrochemical behavior of cobalt species caused by different ionic compositions of the electrolytes.Tafel slopes were calculated and discussed in relation to electroreduction of cobalt species.Chronoamperometric studies showed 3D instantaneous nucleation of cobalt followed by diffusion-controlled growth,but it was disturbed at higher pH due to the release of cation from gluconate complexes as a limiting step.Diffusion coefficients of cobalt species were found.Changes in the pH were also reflected by modifications of morphology(SEM),development of preferred orientation planes(XRD,texture coefficients)and current efficiency,but not the thickness of the coatings deposited at constant potential of-1.0 V(vs Ag/AgCl).Anodic stripping analysis showed changes in anodic responses originated from the existence of preferentially oriented planes in cobalt layers.展开更多
Aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs)are attractive for large-scale energy storage due to their safety and low cost,but practical use is limited by dendrite growth,hydrogen evolution,and passivation.Traditional solutions ...Aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs)are attractive for large-scale energy storage due to their safety and low cost,but practical use is limited by dendrite growth,hydrogen evolution,and passivation.Traditional solutions often introduce additional complexity without addressing the root cause:unstable zinc deposition.Recent advancements now focus on controlling zinc crystallographic orientation to fundamentally suppress inhomogeneous nucleation and growth.The(002)basal plane supports smooth,reversible growth and can be promoted via heteroepitaxy or homoepitaxy,enabling long cycle life even at high rates.However,emerging studies show that Zn(100)and Zn(101)orientations may offer comparable benefits through faster kinetics and reduced parasitic reactions.Scalable,non-epitaxial methods,such as electrolyte tuning and pressure control also show promise.Despite these advances,balancing thermodynamic stability with kinetic performance remains a major challenge.Future research should integrate orientation control with strategies against corrosion and calendar aging to enable practical,highperformance AZIBs.展开更多
Copper materials have emerged as the preferred choice for marine heat exchangers owing to their excep-tional thermal conductivity.The enhancement of surface performance can be significantly achieved by engineering mic...Copper materials have emerged as the preferred choice for marine heat exchangers owing to their excep-tional thermal conductivity.The enhancement of surface performance can be significantly achieved by engineering micro-nano structures on the material’s surface,thereby attaining improved corrosion resis-tance and antibacterial properties in complex marine environments.In this study,we directly fabricated a copper nanopillar array structure on the substrate via template-assisted electrodeposition.Subsequently,passivation of the pillar-structured copper surface was achieved through a formate&dodecanethiol-assisted solvothermal process(Cu/FA-DT).The results indicate that the nanopillar structure effectively eliminates bacteria through physical rupture upon contact,leading to an 85.47%reduction in P.aerug-inosa adhesion compared to untreated samples after 72 h of immersion in seawater.Furthermore,cor-rosion resistance is significantly enhanced,with inhibition rates of approximately 95.27%and 90.50%in natural and P.aeruginosa containing seawater,respectively.Notably,the thermal conductivity of copper is well preserved,ensuring its functional integrity in marine heat exchange environments.After 7 days of immersion in natural and P.aeruginosa containing seawater,the thermal conductivity of Cu/FA-DT de-creased by only 15.41%and 2.78%,respectively,demonstrating superior thermal conductivity retention compared to untreated bare copper.This study provides valuable insights into the potential application of traditional copper in marine heat exchange environments.展开更多
Green hydrogen production by alkaline water electrolysis is an important technology in the decarbonization of the current industry.However,its large-scale application is limited by mediocre performance of conventional...Green hydrogen production by alkaline water electrolysis is an important technology in the decarbonization of the current industry.However,its large-scale application is limited by mediocre performance of conventional Raney Ni electrocatalysts.Herein,high-performance NiMoZn alloy catalysts of the Raney Ni type are developed by pulse electrodeposition for the hydrogen evolution reaction(HER).The optimized catalyst,NMZ-CA,exhibits an overpotential of 37 mV at 10 mA·cm^(-2) and a Tafel slope of 27 mV·dec^(-1) in 1 mol·L^(-1) KOH.Tafel slope measurements,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,and H_(2) temperatureprogrammed desorption experiments show that the incorporation of Mo and Zn in Ni weakens the binding of HER intermediate(H_(ads))on strongly adsorbing sites,leading to improved electrochemical kinetics.Electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction study reveals that a phase-pure Mo-doped Ni2Zn11 intermetallic precatalyst formed via pulse electrodeposition and subsequent heat treatment is key to the structure integrity and performance of the catalyst after activation by alkaline leaching.Modificationof NMZ-CA with PTFE enhances its HER performance by facilitating gas removal and improving structure integrity.A practical alkaline water electrolyzer built on the modifiedNMZ/PTFE-CA electrode delivers 2.0 A·cm^(-2) at 1.92 V cell voltage and operates for 250 h without decay.This work provides insights into the synergy between Ni,Mo,and Zn in Raney Ni-type catalysts,and demonstrates the hydrophobic modification as an effective strategy for electrode development in high-performance alkaline water electrolysis.展开更多
To improve the practical application of carbon steel,developing a superhydrophobic coating with outstanding mechanical properties is essential for effective corrosion resistance protection.Here,we obtained a robust su...To improve the practical application of carbon steel,developing a superhydrophobic coating with outstanding mechanical properties is essential for effective corrosion resistance protection.Here,we obtained a robust superhydrophobic anti-corrosion coating with a cauliflower structure by co-depositing the lauric acid with Ni ions and Mn ions onto a carbon steel through electrodeposition method.As demonstrated by the results,superhydrophobic Ni/Mn alloy(SNMAmit)displays a multi-hierarchical micro/nano cauliflower structure under the synergy of optimal parameters,exhibiting superb superhydrophobicity with contact angle of 161.9°and sliding angle of 6.2°.Surprisingly,the Tafel polarization curves in 3.5%NaCl showed that the corrosion potential of SNMAmit coating was 476 mV,and the corrosion current density was reduced from 1.39×10^(−5)to 5.89×10^(−7)A/cm^(2).The reduced corrosion current density of superhydrophobic Ni/Mn alloy(SNMA)indicates that SNMA coating can significantly enhance the anti-corrosion properties of carbon steel.In addition,after being subjected to various damages such as blade scraping,tape cyclic peeling,acid and alkalis,sandpaper cyclic abrasion,high temperatures,ultrasound,and graphite contaminant,SNMA showed good mechanical stability,interference resistance,heat resistance,and self-cleaning properties,which made it suitable for hostile conditions.展开更多
Zinc(Zn)-based materials show broad application prospects for bone repair due to their biodegradability and good biocompatibility.In particular,Zn metal foam has unique interconnected pore structure that facilitates i...Zinc(Zn)-based materials show broad application prospects for bone repair due to their biodegradability and good biocompatibility.In particular,Zn metal foam has unique interconnected pore structure that facilitates inward growth of new bone tissue,making it ideal candidates for orthopedic implants.However,pure Zn metal foam shows poor mechanical property,high degradation rate,and unsatisfactory osteogenic activity.Herein,Zinc-manganese(Zn-Mn)alloy foams were electrodeposited in Zn and Mn-containing electrolytes to overcome the concerns.The results showed that Mn could be incorporated into the foams in the form of MnZn_(13).Zn-Mn alloy foams showed better mechanical property and osteogenic activity as well as moderate degradation rate when compared with pure Zn metal foam.In addition,these properties could also be regulated by preparation process.The peak stress and osteogenic activity increased with deposition current(0.3‒0.5 A)and electrolyte pH(3‒5),but decreased with electrolyte temperature(20‒40℃),while the degradation rate exhibited opposite tendency,which suggests high deposition current and electrolyte pH and low electrolyte temperature can fabricate Zn-Mn alloy foam with favorable mechanical property,moderate degradation rate,and osteogenic activity.These findings provide a valuable reference for the design and fabrication of novel Zn-based biodegradable materials.展开更多
Metal coating is a prevalent strategy for enhancing surface properties.Among the numerous methods for preparing coatings,electrodeposition stands out due to its simplicity,cost-effectiveness,and high efficiency,making...Metal coating is a prevalent strategy for enhancing surface properties.Among the numerous methods for preparing coatings,electrodeposition stands out due to its simplicity,cost-effectiveness,and high efficiency,making it widely utilized in various metal coating applications.By meticulously selecting appropriate electrolytes and electrodeposition parameters,metal coatings with diverse structures and morphologies can be obtained,and tailored to meet specific performance requirements.As the demand for superior metal coating performance continues to rise,it is imperative to summarize and forecast electrodeposition techniques to meet the criteria for high quality and precision.This review delves into the electrodeposition preparation of several typical metal coatings in diverse electrolyte systems,including aqueous solutions,ionic liquids,deep eutectic solvents,and molten salts.We also examine the electrodeposition process on the cathode,elucidate the correlation between parameters and coating quality,and suggest future research directions.This review aims to provide valuable insights and guidance for the electrodeposition preparation of metal coatings.展开更多
The industrial-grade black mass of LiFePO_(4)/LiNixMnyO_(4)/C from spent lithium-ion battery is difficult to be recovered because of its complex composition.In this study,a recycling of graphite and comprehensive reco...The industrial-grade black mass of LiFePO_(4)/LiNixMnyO_(4)/C from spent lithium-ion battery is difficult to be recovered because of its complex composition.In this study,a recycling of graphite and comprehensive recovery of valuable metals from industrial-grade black mass of spent lithium-ion battery was proposed.Acid leaching can separate graphite and cathode materials well.The separated graphite was purified by roasting,and its electrochemical properties were tested.The specific discharge capacity of graphite purified at 600◦are the best,which reach 342.46 mA·h·g^(-1)at 0.1 C.After 50 cycles at 0.1 C,the capacity retention rate was 98.26%.The charge-discharge cycle stability was improved at high rates.Nearly 100%of copper can be recovered from leaching solution by electrodeposition.FePO_(4)·2H_(2)O is recovered by adjusting the pH of the solution to 2,andα-FePO_(4) is obtained by roasting.Ni,Mn and Li can be recovered by precipitation separation.The optimum conditions for the recovery process was determined,and the mechanisms of the leaching and electrodeposition process were characterized by XRD,XPS,SEM-EDS.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.50904023)the Natural Science Research Project of the Education Department of Henan Province(No.2010B450001)+1 种基金the Innovation Scientists and Technicians Troop Construction Projects of Henan Province(No.104100510005)the Basic and Frontier Technologies Research Projects of Henan Province,China(No.092300410064)
文摘The effects of additives on the stannous reduction of an acid sulfate bath were investigated using cyclic and linear sweep voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy （EIS）, and microstructure analysis. In the absence of additives, tin coatings are rough, and the tin electrodepositing is a single-step reduction process accompanied by hydrogen gas evolution. The addition of tartaric acid produces a slight reduction in the peak current of stannous reduction and has an appreciably positive effect on the stability of the acidic tin bath. Both benzylidene acetone and polyoxyethylene octylphenol ether hinder the stannous reduction and greatly suppress the hydrogen gas evolution. Formaldehyde slightly decreases the peak current density of stannous reduction and serves as an auxiliary brightener in the acid sulfate bath. The presence of mixed additives greatly suppresses the stannous reduction and hydrogen gas evolution and consequently produces a significantly smoother and denser tin coating. The （112） crystal face is found to be the dominant and preferred orientation of tin deposits.
文摘Ordered iron fiber arrays were electrodeposited on the surface of zinc foils using ＂FeSO4 solution-sodium caprylate-Decanol＂ 3-component reverse hexagonal liquid crystal as soft templates. The structure of the soft templates and the synthesized iron ,fibers were characterized by polarizing microscopy, X-ray diffraction （XRD）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis etc. The experimental results shou that the synthesized iron fibers with a crystal phase grew up in the form of fiber clusters of about 200 nm along the direction perpendicular to the cathode surface. Each cluster was composed of several tens of fibers. The fibers had almost the same length of more than 10μm with a diameter of about 50 nm.
基金supported by the Author of National Excellent Doctoral Dissertation of China (No.20050053)Analysis and Measurement Research Fund(2007-21) of Kunming University of Science and Technology
文摘The α-PbO2 electrodes are prepared by anodic electrodeposition on Al/conductive coating electrode from alkaline plumbite solutions in order to investigate the effect of the different current densities on the properties of α-PbO2 electrodes. The physic- ochemical properties of the α-PbO2 electrodes are analyzed by using SEM, EDS, XRD, Tafel plot, linear sweep voltammetry （LSV） and A.C. impedance. A compact and uniform layer of lead dioxide ：）vas obtained at the current density of 3 mA.cm-2. A further increase in current density results in smaller particles with high porosity. EDS and XRD analyses have shown that the PbO2 deposited in alkaline conditions is highly non stoichiometric, and the PbO impurities are formed on the surface layer besides the α-PbO2. The corrosion resistance of α-PbO2 at the low current density is superior to that of the high current density. It can be attributed to a porous layer of deposited films at high current densities in aqueous Zn2＋ 50 g·L^-1, H2SO4 150 When used as anodes for oxygen evolution g·L^-1, the Al/conductive coating/α-PbO2 exhibits lower potential compared to Pb electrode. Al/conductive coating/α-PbO2 electrode with the best electrocatalytic activity was obtained at current density of 1 mA·cm^-2. The lowest roughnest factor was obtained at 1 mA·cm^-2.
基金Projects supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (20806035)Back-up Personnel Foundation of Academic and Technology Leaders of Yunnan Province (2009CI026)+3 种基金Opening Project of Key Laboratory of Inorganic Coating Materials,Chinese Academy of Sciences (KKZ6200927001)Applied Basic Research Plans Program of Yunnan Province (2007E187M)Scientific Research Fund of Yunnan Provincial Education Department (08C0025)Training Foundation for Talents and Analysis and Measurement Foundation of KMUST
文摘Ni-W-P matrix composite coatings reinforced by CeO2 and SiO2 nano-particles were prepared on common carbon steel surface by double pulse electrodeposition and the deposition mechanism was discussed.The results showed that the composite coatings with amorphous structure were obtained as-deposited.The initial growth behavior had alternatives and the nucleation was inhomogeneous because of obvious composition fluctuation.With the pulse deposition time increasing,some pearlite microstructures of the substrate were covered by some deposits and the composition fluctuation disappeared.Forward pulse currents promoted to form a great number of atomic beams composed of Ni,W and P atoms or CeO2 and SiO2 nano-particles as the core,which inhabited the growth of atomic beams.Reverse pulse currents eliminated concentration polarization and dissolved some surface boss of atomic beams.The solution of W and P atoms within Ni grains and embedding of CeO2 and SiO2 nano-particles within Ni-W-P matrix metal made atomic arrangement disordered.Finally,the atomic beams grew to amorphous small particles.
基金Project (59674025) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘The Ni-Cr alloy electrodepositing technology on iron substrate in the chlorid-sulfate solution and the impacts of main processing parameters on coating composition were studied. The optimal Ni-Cr alloy electrodepositing conditions are that the cathode current density is 16 A/dm^2,the plating solution temperature is 30℃ and the pH value is 2.5. The bright, compact coating gained under the optimal conditions has good cohesion and 24.1% Cr content. The results show that the coating is composed of crystalline, the average grain size is 82 nm and the higher the Cr content of coating, the larger the rigidity, and the higher the corrosion resistance. The rigidity of coating reaches 78.6(HR30T) and the passivation area broadens to 1.4 V when the Cr content of coating is 24.1%.
文摘The morphology and corrosion behavior of Ni/Al2O3 composite coatings prepared using double-pulsed electrodepositing technique after oxidized under 800 ℃ NaCl deposit in air environment were analyzed by scanning electrical microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction(XRD) and energy dispersive spectrum(EDS). The results showed that the corrosion of all composite coatings was accelerated under NaCl deposits, and the corrosion products were rather porous with poor adherence to the matrix. Al2O3 particles in the coatings can refine the grain size and improve the high temperature corrosion resistance of the coatings. Within the test scope, the more Al2O3 particles in the coatings, the lower corrosion rates could be obtained, and the corrosion mechanism was also discussed.
基金supported by Research Center for Industries of the Future(No.WU2022C034)at Westlake University,China。
文摘The molten CaCl_(2)−CaMoO_(4) system was investigated,and the electrodeposition of protective Mo coatings on Ni plates was demonstrated.The results confirm the high solubility of solid CaMoO_(4) and the electrochemical reactivity of MoO_(4)^(2-)ions in molten CaCl_(2).The eutectic temperature and composition of the system are identified as 1021 K and 4.74 wt.%CaMoO_(4),respectively.Under constant-current electrolysis conditions of−10 mA/cm^(2) at 1123 K,uniform and dense Mo coatings are obtained on Ni plates with up to 90.31%efficiency.Increasing the current density raises the overpotential,leading to refined grains and decreased roughness.The Mo-coated Ni plate exhibits a significant improvement in hardness and corrosion resistance.Microhardness increases from HV 46.00 to HV 215.10 after coating,and the corrosion rate in a 20 wt.%NaCl solution at room temperature decreases to 0.1%that of the bare plate.These findings enhance our understanding of the molten CaCl_(2)–CaMoO_(4) system and emphasize the potential of innovative Mo coating technologies.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.22275052)Department of Science and Technology of Hubei Province (Nos.2025AFA111 and 2024CSA076)。
文摘The hydrogen evolution reaction(HER) is a key process in electrocatalytic water splitting for hydrogen production,yet it is often limited by sluggish H*-OH adsorption and H*binding kinetics.We obtained Rumodified Ni O nanoparticles(Ru-Ni O/NF) with enhanced HER properties by substituting ruthenium(Ru)for Ni atoms in the Ni O(200) crystalline facets on nickel foam by a one-step electrodeposition technique.This novel catalyst exhibits a significantly reduced H^(*)-OH adsorption energy and improved kinetics,with an overpotential of only 60 mV at 10 mA/cm^(2) and a Tafel slope of 26.19 mV/dec.The Ru-Ni O/NF maintains its activity for over 115 h,outperforming NiO/NF by reducing the overpotential by 177 mV.DFT calculations confirm that the addition of Ru to NiO enhances the HER kinetics by modifying the electronic structure,optimizing the surface chemistry,stabilizing the intermediates,lowering the energy barriers,and facilitating efficient charge transfer through a robust three-dimensional structure,resulting in a change in the rate-limiting step and a significant reduction in the Gibbs free energy.This study presents a highly efficient HER catalyst and offers insights into designing advanced NiO-based electrocatalysts by reducing reaction energy barriers.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Plan Program of China(No.2021YFB3400800)Henan Key Research and Development Program(No.231111241000)+1 种基金the Joint Fund of Henan Province Science and Technology R&D Program(No.225200810026)Zhongyuan Scholar Workstation Funded Program(No.224400510025).
文摘Electrolytic copper foil has gained significant attention as an essential component in lithium-ion batteries(LIBs),printed circuit boards(PCBs),and chip packaging substrates(CPSs)applications.With the advancement of LIBs towards higher energy densities and the increasing density of electronic components on circuits,copper foil is required to have demanding properties,such as extremely thin thickness and extremely high tensile strength.This comprehensive review firstly summarizes recent progress on the fabrication of electrolytic copper foil,and the effects of process parameters,cathode substrate,and additives on the electrodeposition behavior,microstructure,and properties of copper foil are discussed in detail.Then the regulation strategies of mechanical properties of electrolytic copper foil are also summarized,including the formation of nanotwins and texture.Furthermore,the recent advances in novel electrolytic copper foils,such as composite foils and extra-thin copper foils,are also overviewed.Lastly,the remaining challenges and perspectives on the further development of electrolytic copper foils are presented.
基金supported in part by National Key R&D Program of China under Grant 2023YFB4705600in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants 61925304,62127810 and 62203138+1 种基金in part by the National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents under Grant BX20200107in part by the Self-Planned Task(No.SKLRS202205C)of State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System(HIT).
文摘Microscale metallic structures enhanced by additive manufacturing technology have attracted extensive attention especially in microelectronics and electromechanical devices.Meniscus-confined electrodeposition(MCED)advances microscale 3D metal printing,enabling simpler fabrication of superior metallic microstructures in air without complex equipment or post-processing.However,accurately predicting growth rates with current MCED techniques remain challenging,which is essential for precise structure fabrication and preventing nozzle clogging.In this work,we present a novel approach to electrochemical 3D printing that utilizes a self-adjusting,voxelated method for fabricating metallic microstructures.Diverging from conventional voxelated printing which focuses on monitoring voxel thickness for structure control,this technique adopts a holistic strategy.It ensures each voxel’s position is in alignment with the final structure by synchronizing the micropipette’s trajectory during deposition with the intended design,thus facilitating self-regulation of voxel position and reducing errors associated with environmental fluctuations in deposition parameters.The method’s ability to print micropillars with various tilt angles,high density,and helical arrays demonstrates its refined control over the deposition process.Transmission electron microscopy analysis reveals that the deposited structures,which are fabricated through layer-by-layer(voxel)printing,contain nanotwins that are widely known to enhance the material’s mechanical and electrical properties.Correspondingly,in situ scanning electron microscopy(SEM)microcompression tests confirm this enhancement,showing these structures exhibit a compressive yield strength exceeding 1 GPa.The indentation tests provided an average hardness of 3.71 GPa,which is the highest value reported in previous work using MCED.The resistivity measured by the four-point probe method was(1.95±0.01)×10^(−7)Ω·m,nearly 11 times that of bulk copper.These findings demonstrate the considerable advantage of this technique in fabricating complex metallic microstructures with enhanced mechanical properties,making it suitable for advanced applications in microsensors,microelectronics,and micro-electromechanical systems.
基金support from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFB3201400,2021YFB3201401,2020YFC1908602)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21904001 and 61774159)+1 种基金the Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation(2008085QF288)the Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars,Anhui Province(2020LCX032).
文摘Metal-organic framework(MOF)nanostructures have emerged as a prominent class of materials in the advancement of electrochemical sensors.The rational design of bimetallic MOF-functionalized microelectrode is of importance for improv-ing the electrochemical performance but still in great challenge.In this work,the bimetallic FeCo-MOF nanostructures were assembled onto a gold disk ultramicroelectrode(Au UME,5.2μm in diameter)via an in-situ electrodeposition method,which enhanced the sensitive detection of epinephrine(EP).The in-situ electrodeposited FeCo-MOF exhibited a character-istic nanoflower-like morphology and was uniformly dispersed on the Au UME.The FeCo-MOF/Au UME demonstrated excellent electrochemical performance on the detection of EP with a high sensitivity of 36.93μA·μmol^(-1)·L·cm^(-2)and a low detection limit of 1.28μmol·L^(-1).It can be attributed to the nonlinear diffusion of EP onto the ultra-micro working substrate,coupled with synergistical catalytic activity of the bimetallic Fe,Co within MOF structure.Furthermore,the FeCo-MOF/Au UME has been successful applied to the analysis of EP in human serum samples,yielding high recovery rates.These results not only contribute to the expansion of the research area of electrochemical sensors,but also provide novel insights and directions into the development of high-performance MOF-based electrochemical sensors.
文摘Electrochromic(EC)smart windows utilizing a reversible metal electrodeposition device(RMED)offer a compelling alternative for dynamically regulating transmissions of optical and thermal energy.An EC device(ECD)is constructed by reversible metal electrodeposition(RME)of Bi/Cu on WO_(3)·xH_(2)O film electrodeposited onto fluorine-doped tin oxide(FTO)transparent conductive glass.The electrolyte consists of CuCl_(2),BiCl_(3),KCl and HCl aqueous solution,supplying necessary components for both electrochemical and electrodeposition processes.The ECD shows ability to rapidly transition between colorless and black states,which achieves a large optical modulation of 77.0%at 570 nm.In the black state,the ECD exhibits a near-zero transmittance in the wavelength range of 400-1100 nm while maintaining 96.6%of its initial optical modulation after coloration/bleaching cycling of 60000 s,exhibiting good cyclic stability.This RMED has relatively high stability under open-circuit voltage and also possesses excellent heat insulation performance.The results offer a solution to overcome the poor cyclic stability of RMEDs and improve the optical modulation of ECDs.
文摘pH-dependent multiple equilibria in cobalt sulfate-gluconate baths were calculated using stability constants adopted from literature.Changes of the bath speciation were then discussed in terms of spectrophotometric experiments and buffering properties of the solutions(pH 3-10).Cyclic voltammetry indicated changes in electrochemical behavior of cobalt species caused by different ionic compositions of the electrolytes.Tafel slopes were calculated and discussed in relation to electroreduction of cobalt species.Chronoamperometric studies showed 3D instantaneous nucleation of cobalt followed by diffusion-controlled growth,but it was disturbed at higher pH due to the release of cation from gluconate complexes as a limiting step.Diffusion coefficients of cobalt species were found.Changes in the pH were also reflected by modifications of morphology(SEM),development of preferred orientation planes(XRD,texture coefficients)and current efficiency,but not the thickness of the coatings deposited at constant potential of-1.0 V(vs Ag/AgCl).Anodic stripping analysis showed changes in anodic responses originated from the existence of preferentially oriented planes in cobalt layers.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22179085).
文摘Aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs)are attractive for large-scale energy storage due to their safety and low cost,but practical use is limited by dendrite growth,hydrogen evolution,and passivation.Traditional solutions often introduce additional complexity without addressing the root cause:unstable zinc deposition.Recent advancements now focus on controlling zinc crystallographic orientation to fundamentally suppress inhomogeneous nucleation and growth.The(002)basal plane supports smooth,reversible growth and can be promoted via heteroepitaxy or homoepitaxy,enabling long cycle life even at high rates.However,emerging studies show that Zn(100)and Zn(101)orientations may offer comparable benefits through faster kinetics and reduced parasitic reactions.Scalable,non-epitaxial methods,such as electrolyte tuning and pressure control also show promise.Despite these advances,balancing thermodynamic stability with kinetic performance remains a major challenge.Future research should integrate orientation control with strategies against corrosion and calendar aging to enable practical,highperformance AZIBs.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42276212,42176043,and U2106206)the Shandong University Future Plan for Young Scholars.We thank Sen Wang,Haiyan Yu,and Xiaomin Zhao from the State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology,Shandong University for the assistance in the microimaging of SEM analysis.
文摘Copper materials have emerged as the preferred choice for marine heat exchangers owing to their excep-tional thermal conductivity.The enhancement of surface performance can be significantly achieved by engineering micro-nano structures on the material’s surface,thereby attaining improved corrosion resis-tance and antibacterial properties in complex marine environments.In this study,we directly fabricated a copper nanopillar array structure on the substrate via template-assisted electrodeposition.Subsequently,passivation of the pillar-structured copper surface was achieved through a formate&dodecanethiol-assisted solvothermal process(Cu/FA-DT).The results indicate that the nanopillar structure effectively eliminates bacteria through physical rupture upon contact,leading to an 85.47%reduction in P.aerug-inosa adhesion compared to untreated samples after 72 h of immersion in seawater.Furthermore,cor-rosion resistance is significantly enhanced,with inhibition rates of approximately 95.27%and 90.50%in natural and P.aeruginosa containing seawater,respectively.Notably,the thermal conductivity of copper is well preserved,ensuring its functional integrity in marine heat exchange environments.After 7 days of immersion in natural and P.aeruginosa containing seawater,the thermal conductivity of Cu/FA-DT de-creased by only 15.41%and 2.78%,respectively,demonstrating superior thermal conductivity retention compared to untreated bare copper.This study provides valuable insights into the potential application of traditional copper in marine heat exchange environments.
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22494710,22408328)supported by Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(LQN25B060002).
文摘Green hydrogen production by alkaline water electrolysis is an important technology in the decarbonization of the current industry.However,its large-scale application is limited by mediocre performance of conventional Raney Ni electrocatalysts.Herein,high-performance NiMoZn alloy catalysts of the Raney Ni type are developed by pulse electrodeposition for the hydrogen evolution reaction(HER).The optimized catalyst,NMZ-CA,exhibits an overpotential of 37 mV at 10 mA·cm^(-2) and a Tafel slope of 27 mV·dec^(-1) in 1 mol·L^(-1) KOH.Tafel slope measurements,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,and H_(2) temperatureprogrammed desorption experiments show that the incorporation of Mo and Zn in Ni weakens the binding of HER intermediate(H_(ads))on strongly adsorbing sites,leading to improved electrochemical kinetics.Electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction study reveals that a phase-pure Mo-doped Ni2Zn11 intermetallic precatalyst formed via pulse electrodeposition and subsequent heat treatment is key to the structure integrity and performance of the catalyst after activation by alkaline leaching.Modificationof NMZ-CA with PTFE enhances its HER performance by facilitating gas removal and improving structure integrity.A practical alkaline water electrolyzer built on the modifiedNMZ/PTFE-CA electrode delivers 2.0 A·cm^(-2) at 1.92 V cell voltage and operates for 250 h without decay.This work provides insights into the synergy between Ni,Mo,and Zn in Raney Ni-type catalysts,and demonstrates the hydrophobic modification as an effective strategy for electrode development in high-performance alkaline water electrolysis.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U21A2057)the Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing(No.cstc2021jcyj-msxmX1139)the Science and Technology Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission(Nos.KJZD-M202301201 and KJZD-K202304502).
文摘To improve the practical application of carbon steel,developing a superhydrophobic coating with outstanding mechanical properties is essential for effective corrosion resistance protection.Here,we obtained a robust superhydrophobic anti-corrosion coating with a cauliflower structure by co-depositing the lauric acid with Ni ions and Mn ions onto a carbon steel through electrodeposition method.As demonstrated by the results,superhydrophobic Ni/Mn alloy(SNMAmit)displays a multi-hierarchical micro/nano cauliflower structure under the synergy of optimal parameters,exhibiting superb superhydrophobicity with contact angle of 161.9°and sliding angle of 6.2°.Surprisingly,the Tafel polarization curves in 3.5%NaCl showed that the corrosion potential of SNMAmit coating was 476 mV,and the corrosion current density was reduced from 1.39×10^(−5)to 5.89×10^(−7)A/cm^(2).The reduced corrosion current density of superhydrophobic Ni/Mn alloy(SNMA)indicates that SNMA coating can significantly enhance the anti-corrosion properties of carbon steel.In addition,after being subjected to various damages such as blade scraping,tape cyclic peeling,acid and alkalis,sandpaper cyclic abrasion,high temperatures,ultrasound,and graphite contaminant,SNMA showed good mechanical stability,interference resistance,heat resistance,and self-cleaning properties,which made it suitable for hostile conditions.
基金supported by the Key Research and Development Program of Shanxi Province(202102130501007)the Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province(202403021212109,202203021211173)the Scientific and Technological Innovation Programs of Higher Education Institutions in Shanxi(2024L039).
文摘Zinc(Zn)-based materials show broad application prospects for bone repair due to their biodegradability and good biocompatibility.In particular,Zn metal foam has unique interconnected pore structure that facilitates inward growth of new bone tissue,making it ideal candidates for orthopedic implants.However,pure Zn metal foam shows poor mechanical property,high degradation rate,and unsatisfactory osteogenic activity.Herein,Zinc-manganese(Zn-Mn)alloy foams were electrodeposited in Zn and Mn-containing electrolytes to overcome the concerns.The results showed that Mn could be incorporated into the foams in the form of MnZn_(13).Zn-Mn alloy foams showed better mechanical property and osteogenic activity as well as moderate degradation rate when compared with pure Zn metal foam.In addition,these properties could also be regulated by preparation process.The peak stress and osteogenic activity increased with deposition current(0.3‒0.5 A)and electrolyte pH(3‒5),but decreased with electrolyte temperature(20‒40℃),while the degradation rate exhibited opposite tendency,which suggests high deposition current and electrolyte pH and low electrolyte temperature can fabricate Zn-Mn alloy foam with favorable mechanical property,moderate degradation rate,and osteogenic activity.These findings provide a valuable reference for the design and fabrication of novel Zn-based biodegradable materials.
基金financial support from the Project supported by the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Lab-oratory(Zhuhai)(No.SML2023SP242)the National Natural Sci-ence Foundation of China(Nos.52274291 and 52204305)the Beijing Institute of Technology Research Fund Program for Young Scholars(No.1740011182102).
文摘Metal coating is a prevalent strategy for enhancing surface properties.Among the numerous methods for preparing coatings,electrodeposition stands out due to its simplicity,cost-effectiveness,and high efficiency,making it widely utilized in various metal coating applications.By meticulously selecting appropriate electrolytes and electrodeposition parameters,metal coatings with diverse structures and morphologies can be obtained,and tailored to meet specific performance requirements.As the demand for superior metal coating performance continues to rise,it is imperative to summarize and forecast electrodeposition techniques to meet the criteria for high quality and precision.This review delves into the electrodeposition preparation of several typical metal coatings in diverse electrolyte systems,including aqueous solutions,ionic liquids,deep eutectic solvents,and molten salts.We also examine the electrodeposition process on the cathode,elucidate the correlation between parameters and coating quality,and suggest future research directions.This review aims to provide valuable insights and guidance for the electrodeposition preparation of metal coatings.
基金the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation,China(ZR2022MB129)for the financial support。
文摘The industrial-grade black mass of LiFePO_(4)/LiNixMnyO_(4)/C from spent lithium-ion battery is difficult to be recovered because of its complex composition.In this study,a recycling of graphite and comprehensive recovery of valuable metals from industrial-grade black mass of spent lithium-ion battery was proposed.Acid leaching can separate graphite and cathode materials well.The separated graphite was purified by roasting,and its electrochemical properties were tested.The specific discharge capacity of graphite purified at 600◦are the best,which reach 342.46 mA·h·g^(-1)at 0.1 C.After 50 cycles at 0.1 C,the capacity retention rate was 98.26%.The charge-discharge cycle stability was improved at high rates.Nearly 100%of copper can be recovered from leaching solution by electrodeposition.FePO_(4)·2H_(2)O is recovered by adjusting the pH of the solution to 2,andα-FePO_(4) is obtained by roasting.Ni,Mn and Li can be recovered by precipitation separation.The optimum conditions for the recovery process was determined,and the mechanisms of the leaching and electrodeposition process were characterized by XRD,XPS,SEM-EDS.
