Electro-Optic Sampling(EOS)detection technique has been widely used in terahertz science and tech⁃nology,and it also can measure the field time waveform of the few-cycle laser pulse.Its frequency response and band lim...Electro-Optic Sampling(EOS)detection technique has been widely used in terahertz science and tech⁃nology,and it also can measure the field time waveform of the few-cycle laser pulse.Its frequency response and band limitation are determined directly by the electro-optic crystal and duration of the probe laser pulse.Here,we investigate the performance of the EOS with thin GaSe crystal in the measurement of the mid-infrared few-cycle la⁃ser pulse.The shift of the central frequency and change of the bandwidth induced by the EOS detection are calcu⁃lated,and then the pulse distortions induced in this detection process are discussed.It is found that this technique produces a red-shift of the central frequency and narrowing of the bandwidth.These changings decrease when the laser wavelength increases from 2μm to 10μm.This work can help to estimate the performance of the EOS de⁃tection technique in the mid-infrared band and offer a reference for the related experiment as well.展开更多
Regard to the real-time dynamic digital twin modelling problem of a new-type distribution network that includes distributed resources such as distributed photovoltaic,energy storage,charging pile,and electric vehicle,...Regard to the real-time dynamic digital twin modelling problem of a new-type distribution network that includes distributed resources such as distributed photovoltaic,energy storage,charging pile,and electric vehicle,a new-type distribution network digital twin topology modeling method based on Common Information Model(CIM)specifications and spectral clustering is proposed.Firstly,according to the specifications of the CIM standard,the digital twin topology models of distributed resources are extended and established.Secondly,based on the digital twin topology models of distributed resources,a digital twin aggregation modelling method for new-type distribution network is proposed based on spectral clustering.Furthermore,an online linked update strategy for the digital twin model of new-type distribution network that integrates real-time topology states is proposed.Finally,a case study is conducted on a distribution network in a certain demonstration area in China,and the results verify the practicability and effectiveness of the method proposed in this paper.This lays the foundation for the application of electrical network twin analysis,such as power flow calculation,optimal power flow,economic dispatch,and safety check,in a new-type distribution network that includes diversified distributed resources.展开更多
This article outlines the technical specifications of super minimally invasive stepwise full-thickness resection surgery for colorectal cancer(sft-SMIR).sft-SMIR is a super minimally invasive surgery performed through...This article outlines the technical specifications of super minimally invasive stepwise full-thickness resection surgery for colorectal cancer(sft-SMIR).sft-SMIR is a super minimally invasive surgery performed through natural orifices,combining endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD)and full-thickness resection(EFTR)techniques,aimed at curing the disease while maximizing the preservation of the structure and function of the colorectal organs.The article specifies that this technique is suitable for early colon cancer,early rectal cancer,and locally advanced low rectal cancer after neoadjuvant therapy,detailing its indications and contraindications.It emphasizes the importance of multidisciplinary team(MDT)assessment,meticulous preoperative imaging and endoscopic evaluation,standardized intraoperative procedures(including marking,dissection,traction,full-thickness resection,and wound closure),as well as rigorous postoperative management and follow-up processes.Additionally,the expert consensus highlights the need for a strong focus on infection prevention and the establishment of standardized training and quality control systems to promote the safe and standardized application of this difficult endoscopic technique.展开更多
Probiotics can regulate the body’s immune system through both non-specific and specific immunity,thereby regulating host health.In terms of non-specific immune regulation,probiotics can activate the intrinsic immune ...Probiotics can regulate the body’s immune system through both non-specific and specific immunity,thereby regulating host health.In terms of non-specific immune regulation,probiotics can activate the intrinsic immune system,regulate the mucosal barrier function,and play an immune role by influencing the activity of intrinsic immune cells such as macrophages,dendritic cells and natural killer cells,as well as their differentiation and maturation;in terms of specific immune regulation,probiotics play a role in regulating the immunoglobulin level and the maturation of B cells.Probiotics can also regulate T-cell differentiation according to the condition of the body,thus regulating specific immunity.Many studies have focused on the role of probiotics in metabolism and nutrition,and the mechanisms involved in the immunomodulatory role of probiotics have only been partially described.This review summarises the role of common probiotics such as Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus rhamnosus in immunomodulation as well as their mechanisms,describing the currently known mechanisms of immunomodulation by probiotics in improving the host immune system.A deeper understanding of probiotics and their specific mechanisms of action will facilitate the use of probiotics for immunomodulation in clinical medicine,functional foods,and other areas.This will also contribute to the development and research of engineered probiotics,next-generation probiotics,and other new functional probiotics with immunomodulatory effects.展开更多
The genus Actinidia is primarily functionally dioecious,and early sex identification plays a crucial role in improving breeding efficiency and reducing production costs.In this study,the accuracy of three sex-linked m...The genus Actinidia is primarily functionally dioecious,and early sex identification plays a crucial role in improving breeding efficiency and reducing production costs.In this study,the accuracy of three sex-linked molecular markers(SyGI[Shy Girl],FrBy[Friendly Boy],and SmY1)in sex identification was evaluated in various Actinidia species.The selected marker products were subsequently cloned and sequenced in six wild Actinidia species.Ninety-six wild A.chinensis chinensis accessions and 74 A.chinensis deliciosa accessions,most of which were wild,with only one cultivated,were used for comprehensive primer validation.Thirty-three juvenile A.chinensis chinensis hybrid seedlings were used for practical application tests.The results showed that the marker SyGI accurately identified the sex of 20 samples from six Actinidia species and 96 A.chinensis chinensis accessions with 100%reliability.For Actinidia chinensis deliciosa,the identification accuracy reached 98.65%.Sequence analysis revealed that SyGI shared the highest similarity with the male-specific genomic region.Furthermore,SyGI achieved 100%accuracy in identifying the sex of 33 juvenile A.chinensis chinensis individuals.The findings confirm that the SyGI marker possesses high accuracy,strong specificity,and broad applicability,making it a valuable tool for kiwifruit breeding programs.The cloned sequences from wild Actinidia species also provide important references for future research on the mechanisms of sexual evolution and determination.展开更多
With the rapid development of Internet technology,REST APIs(Representational State Transfer Application Programming Interfaces)have become the primary communication standard in modern microservice architectures,raisin...With the rapid development of Internet technology,REST APIs(Representational State Transfer Application Programming Interfaces)have become the primary communication standard in modern microservice architectures,raising increasing concerns about their security.Existing fuzz testing methods include random or dictionary-based input generation,which often fail to ensure both syntactic and semantic correctness,and OpenAPIbased approaches,which offer better accuracy but typically lack detailed descriptions of endpoints,parameters,or data formats.To address these issues,this paper proposes the APIDocX fuzz testing framework.It introduces a crawler tailored for dynamic web pages that automatically simulates user interactions to trigger APIs,capturing and extracting parameter information from communication packets.A multi-endpoint parameter adaptation method based on improved Jaccard similarity is then used to generalize these parameters to other potential API endpoints,filling in gaps in OpenAPI specifications.Experimental results demonstrate that the extracted parameters can be generalized with 79.61%accuracy.Fuzz testing using the enriched OpenAPI documents leads to improvements in test coverage,the number of valid test cases generated,and fault detection capabilities.This approach offers an effective enhancement to automated REST API security testing.展开更多
The brain's functions are governed by molecular metabolic networks.However,due to the sophisticated spatial organization and diverse activities of the brain,characterizing both the minute and large-scale metabolic...The brain's functions are governed by molecular metabolic networks.However,due to the sophisticated spatial organization and diverse activities of the brain,characterizing both the minute and large-scale metabolic activity across the entire brain and its numerous micro-regions remains incredibly challenging.Here,we offer a high-definition spatially resolved metabolomics technique to better understand the metabolic specialization and interconnection throughout the mouse brain using improved ambient mass spectrometry imaging.This method allows for the simultaneous mapping of thousands of metabolites at a 30 μm spatial resolution across the mouse brain,ranging from structural lipids to functional neurotransmitters.This approach effectively reveals the distribution patterns of delicate microregions and their distinctive metabolic characteristics.Using an integrated database,we annotated 259 metabolites,demonstrating that the metabolome and metabolic pathways are unique to each brain microregion.The distribution of metabolites,closely linked to functionally connected brain regions and their interactions,offers profound insights into the complexity of chemical processes and their roles in brain function.An initial dataset for future metabolomics research might be obtained from the high-definition mouse brain's spatial metabolome atlas.展开更多
Biological sex is increasingly recognized as a crucial factor in evaluating the translational value of preclinical spinal cord injury(SCI)studies.The rising incidence of SCI in females challenges the historical preced...Biological sex is increasingly recognized as a crucial factor in evaluating the translational value of preclinical spinal cord injury(SCI)studies.The rising incidence of SCI in females challenges the historical precedent of SCI being a male-dominated condition.In contrast,most basic science researchers utilize single-sex studies to minimize complications associated with bladder care in males(Stewart et al.,2020).The findings of our recent publication identify sexually dimorphic immune responses to SCI in both mice and pigs(Kumari et al.,2025).Here,we will highlight these findings and discuss the impact of sex on SCI inflammation and recovery.展开更多
Prostate-specific membrane antigen(PSMA)is a surface membrane antigen that is highly overexpressed in prostate cancer,with heterogenous expression throughout the natural history of the disease.This has generated signi...Prostate-specific membrane antigen(PSMA)is a surface membrane antigen that is highly overexpressed in prostate cancer,with heterogenous expression throughout the natural history of the disease.This has generated significant interest as a potential biomarker for use in early diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer.We reviewed the literature surrounding PSMA and its current clinical applications in diagnosing and managing early prostate cancer that is confined to the prostate and local lymph nodes.A search on PubMed,Medline,and Web of Science was performed using the following keywords:“PSMA”,“Prostate Specific Membrane Antigen”,“Prostate cancer”,“Biomarker”,“Diagnosis”.We considered all available articles relevant to the topic of PSMA as a biomarker in early prostate cancer when developing this narrative review.Key articles assessing the biology of PSMA,as well as its use as a potential diagnostic and therapeutic target in early prostate cancer,were assessed.The role of PSMA PET as a potential diagnostic and risk stratification tool was assessed.The current use of antibody-drug conjugates and radioligand therapy targeting PSMA was assessed,along with any current evidence to support their use in early prostate cancer.PSMA is heavily expressed throughout the early stages of prostate cancer,and this has significant therapeutic implications.There is a growing body of evidence that shows PSMA PET can play a role in the diagnosis,risk stratification,and prognostication of localised prostate cancer.PSMA-targeted therapies such as Lu-177 currently do not have any proven benefit in treating early prostate cancer;however,this remains an area of ongoing research.展开更多
Amylose content(AC)is a key determinant of rice eating and cooking quality(ECQ).Lower AC is generally associated with improved palatability and is therefore a desirable trait in rice breeding;however,effective manipul...Amylose content(AC)is a key determinant of rice eating and cooking quality(ECQ).Lower AC is generally associated with improved palatability and is therefore a desirable trait in rice breeding;however,effective manipulation of AC remains a challenge.In this study,we identified AC6,a novel endosperm-specific early nodulin-like(ENODL)gene,belonging to a 32-member ENODL family.Using CRISPR/Cas9 technology,we generated an ac6 knockout allele,which exhibited a significant decrease in AC and produced improved ECQ without compromising grain appearance or yield.Subcellular localization analysis demonstrated that AC6 is a plastid-localized protein that likely regulates AC by interacting with the Waxy(Wx)protein.Moreover,expression of starch metabolism-related genes was markedly altered in developing ac6 endosperm.Our study highlights AC6 as a novel target gene for engineering rice germplasm with enhanced ECQ.展开更多
Dear Editor,Social anxiety disorder(SAD)is a prevalent psychiatric disorder,characterized by persistent and excessive fear of social situations in which the individual may be scrutinized by others[1].Typically emergin...Dear Editor,Social anxiety disorder(SAD)is a prevalent psychiatric disorder,characterized by persistent and excessive fear of social situations in which the individual may be scrutinized by others[1].Typically emerging in late childhood or adolescence with potential lifelong persistence,SAD significantly impairs interpersonal relationships,educational attainment,and occupational performance[2].Furthermore,SAD demonstrates high comorbidity rates with other mental disorders,including anxiety disorders,substanceuse disorder,and major depressive disorder[3].Current therapeutic interventions remain limited,with suboptimal response to existing psychological and pharmacological treatments in many patients,while the pathological mechanisms underlying SAD continue to elude comprehensive understanding[4].Establishing appropriate animal models is essential to investigating SAD's neural mechanisms and pathological underpinnings and developing effective therapeutic interventions.展开更多
Coconut(Cocos nucifera L.),a major oil and fruit crop of the Arecaceae family,is extensively cultivated across the Asia—Pacific region.Despite its agricultural importance,genome assembly in coconut remains challengin...Coconut(Cocos nucifera L.),a major oil and fruit crop of the Arecaceae family,is extensively cultivated across the Asia—Pacific region.Despite its agricultural importance,genome assembly in coconut remains challenging due to its large genome size and high proportion of repetitive sequences.Allele-specific expression(ASE)plays a key role in regulating plant development and evolution,yet research on ASE in coconut is limited(Shao et al.,2019;Li et al.,2021;Zhang et al.,2021;Hu et al.,2022).Among phenotypic traits,fruit color is especially important as an indicator of maturity,guiding harvest timing and post-harvest processes(Kapoor et al.,2022).While prior studies have explored various coconut traits such as salt tolerance,fiber content,and plant height(Wang et al.,2021;Yang et al.,2021),investigations into ASE and fruit color remain scarce.展开更多
The fluorine-containing organic polymer was synthesized from 3, 3＇, 4, 4＇-Bisphenyltetracarboxylic （BPDA）, and 2,2-Bis （3-amino-4-hydroxyyphenyl） hexafluoropropane （6FHP）. It is a first-step preparation of a p...The fluorine-containing organic polymer was synthesized from 3, 3＇, 4, 4＇-Bisphenyltetracarboxylic （BPDA）, and 2,2-Bis （3-amino-4-hydroxyyphenyl） hexafluoropropane （6FHP）. It is a first-step preparation of a preimided hydroxy-containing polyimide, followed by the covalent bonding of an active chromophore, dispersed red 19 （DR19）, onto the backbone of the polyimide via the Mitsunobu reaction. The nonlinear optical （NLO） containing polyimide was synthesized. The differential scanning calorimeter （DSC）and thermal gravimetric analysis （TGA） exhibited Tg and the temperature Tg at which 5 % mass losses occurring of polymer were 248 and 309 ℃, respectively. A reflective electro-optic （EO） modulator using this polymer was fabricated. The optical nonlinearities were determined to be d33 = 5. 209×10^-9 esu （poling voltage of 3.6 kV, 205 ℃） and d33 =7. 418×10^-9esu （poling voltage of 3. 8 kV, 210 ℃） by the second harmonic generation method in in-situ condition at a fundamental wavelength of 1 064 nm. The EO coefficients 733 of the polymer layer in the EO modulator were determined to be 2. 182 pm/V （poling voltage of 3.6 kV, 205 ℃） and 3. 107 pm/V （poling voltage of 3.8 kV, 210 ℃） at 1064 nm by an attenuated-total-reflection （ATR） method.展开更多
We propose and analyze a novel Si-based electro-optic modulator with an improved metal-oxide-semiconductor （MOS） capacitor configuration integrated into silicon-on-insulator （SOl）. Three gate-oxide layers embedded...We propose and analyze a novel Si-based electro-optic modulator with an improved metal-oxide-semiconductor （MOS） capacitor configuration integrated into silicon-on-insulator （SOl）. Three gate-oxide layers embedded in the silicon waveguide constitute a triple MOS capacitor structure, which boosts the modulation efficiency compared with a single MOS capacitor. The simulation results demonstrate that the Vπ Lπ product is 2. 4V · cm. The rise time and fall time of the proposed device are calculated to be 80 and 40ps from the transient response curve, respectively,indicating a bandwidth of 8GHz. The phase shift efficiency and bandwidth can be enhanced by rib width scaling.展开更多
s: The farmland shelterbelts in Northeastern Plain of China have formed relatively complete net system. The func-tions of shelterbelt net in omnibearing wind check and prevention of frostbite as well as the field of ...s: The farmland shelterbelts in Northeastern Plain of China have formed relatively complete net system. The func-tions of shelterbelt net in omnibearing wind check and prevention of frostbite as well as the field of integrated climate effect within shelterbelt net were analyzed, through located observation of meteorological factors. Within the shelterbelt net, the area with more than 10% efficiency of omnibearing wind check was determined as benefited area. The analysis of yield and quality of crops indicated that the sheltering range of shelterbelt net was 25 times tree height. The mature heights of the various varieties of poplar composed the shelterbelts were determined according to their height growth. Based on the comprehensive analysis above, the suitable size of farmland shelterbelt net in Northeastern Plain of China was decided to be 400 m×400 m.展开更多
A Mach-Zehnder(MZ) electro-optic(EO) modulator are real iz ed,with three optical layers as polymer materials.The functional layer is the co rona poled crosslinkable polyurethane.The ridge waveguide is fabricated by us...A Mach-Zehnder(MZ) electro-optic(EO) modulator are real iz ed,with three optical layers as polymer materials.The functional layer is the co rona poled crosslinkable polyurethane.The ridge waveguide is fabricated by using the spin-coating,poling,photolithography and oxygen reactive ion etching(RIE) techniques.The mode and the modulation properties of these devices are demonstra ted in a micron control system,while the light source works at the wavelength of 1 31 or 1 55 micron.展开更多
A polarization-maintaining （PM） fiber Mach-Zehnder （MZ） interferometer has been established to measure the EO effect of very thin film materials with optical anisotropy. Unlike a common MZ interferometer, all the ...A polarization-maintaining （PM） fiber Mach-Zehnder （MZ） interferometer has been established to measure the EO effect of very thin film materials with optical anisotropy. Unlike a common MZ interferometer, all the components are connected via polarization-maintaining fibers. At the same time, a polarized DFB laser with a maximum power output of 10mW is adopted as the light source to induce a large extinction ratio. Here,we take it to determine the electro-optical coefficients of a very thin superlattice structure with GaAs, KTP, and GaN as comparative samples. The measured EO coefficients show good comparability with the others.展开更多
A novel high-power polarization-independent electro-optic switch technology based on a reciprocal structtire Sagnac interferometer and a transparent quadratic electro-optic ceramic is proposed and analyzed theoretical...A novel high-power polarization-independent electro-optic switch technology based on a reciprocal structtire Sagnac interferometer and a transparent quadratic electro-optic ceramic is proposed and analyzed theoretically and experimentally. The electro-optic ceramic is used as a phase retarder for the clockwise and counter-clockwise polarized light, and their po- larization directions are adjusted to their orthogonal positions by using two half-wave plates. The output light then becomes polarization-independent with respect to the polarization direction of the input light. The switch characteristics, including splitter ratios and polarization states, are theoretically analyzed and simulated in detail by the matrix multiplication method. An experimental setup is built to verify the analysis and experimental results. A new component ceramic is used and a non- polarizing cube beam splitter （NPBS） replaces the beam splitter （BS） to lower the ON/OFF voltage to 305 V and improve the extinction ratio by 2 dB. Finally, the laser-induced damage threshold for the proposed switch is measured and discussed. It is believed that potential applications of this novel polarization-independent electro-optic switch technology will be wide, especially for ultrafast high-power laser systems.展开更多
Liquid crystals （LCs） and polymers are extensively used in various electro-optical applications. In this paper, normal mode polymer stabilized cholesteric LC film is prepared and studied. The effects of chiral dopan...Liquid crystals （LCs） and polymers are extensively used in various electro-optical applications. In this paper, normal mode polymer stabilized cholesteric LC film is prepared and studied. The effects of chiral dopant and monomer concentrations on the electro-optical properties, such as contrast ratio, driving voltage, hysteresis width and response time, are investigated. The reasons of electro-optical properties influenced by the concentrations of the materials are discussed. Through the proper material recipe, the electro-optical properties of polymer stabilized cholesteric LC film can be optimized.展开更多
High performance electro-optic modulator,as the key device of integrated ultra-wideband optical systems,have be-come the focus of research.Meanwhile,the organic-based hybrid electro-optic modulators,which make full us...High performance electro-optic modulator,as the key device of integrated ultra-wideband optical systems,have be-come the focus of research.Meanwhile,the organic-based hybrid electro-optic modulators,which make full use of the advant-ages of organic electro-optic(OEO)materials(e.g.high electro-optic coefficient,fast response speed,high bandwidth,easy pro-cessing/integration and low cost)have attracted considerable attention.In this paper,we introduce a series of high-perform-ance OEO materials that exhibit good properties in electro-optic activity and thermal stability.In addition,the recent progress of organic-based hybrid electro-optic devices is reviewed,including photonic crystal-organic hybrid(PCOH),silicon-organic hy-brid(SOH)and plasmonic-organic hybrid(POH)modulators.A high-performance integrated optical platform based on OEO ma-terials is a promising solution for growing high speeds and low power consumption in compact sizes.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(12064028)Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation(20232BAB201045).
文摘Electro-Optic Sampling(EOS)detection technique has been widely used in terahertz science and tech⁃nology,and it also can measure the field time waveform of the few-cycle laser pulse.Its frequency response and band limitation are determined directly by the electro-optic crystal and duration of the probe laser pulse.Here,we investigate the performance of the EOS with thin GaSe crystal in the measurement of the mid-infrared few-cycle la⁃ser pulse.The shift of the central frequency and change of the bandwidth induced by the EOS detection are calcu⁃lated,and then the pulse distortions induced in this detection process are discussed.It is found that this technique produces a red-shift of the central frequency and narrowing of the bandwidth.These changings decrease when the laser wavelength increases from 2μm to 10μm.This work can help to estimate the performance of the EOS de⁃tection technique in the mid-infrared band and offer a reference for the related experiment as well.
基金Supported by Science and Technology Project of State Grid Corporation of China(5108-202218280A-2-396-XG).
文摘Regard to the real-time dynamic digital twin modelling problem of a new-type distribution network that includes distributed resources such as distributed photovoltaic,energy storage,charging pile,and electric vehicle,a new-type distribution network digital twin topology modeling method based on Common Information Model(CIM)specifications and spectral clustering is proposed.Firstly,according to the specifications of the CIM standard,the digital twin topology models of distributed resources are extended and established.Secondly,based on the digital twin topology models of distributed resources,a digital twin aggregation modelling method for new-type distribution network is proposed based on spectral clustering.Furthermore,an online linked update strategy for the digital twin model of new-type distribution network that integrates real-time topology states is proposed.Finally,a case study is conducted on a distribution network in a certain demonstration area in China,and the results verify the practicability and effectiveness of the method proposed in this paper.This lays the foundation for the application of electrical network twin analysis,such as power flow calculation,optimal power flow,economic dispatch,and safety check,in a new-type distribution network that includes diversified distributed resources.
基金National Key Research and Development Program of China(Project No.:2022YFC2503600)。
文摘This article outlines the technical specifications of super minimally invasive stepwise full-thickness resection surgery for colorectal cancer(sft-SMIR).sft-SMIR is a super minimally invasive surgery performed through natural orifices,combining endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD)and full-thickness resection(EFTR)techniques,aimed at curing the disease while maximizing the preservation of the structure and function of the colorectal organs.The article specifies that this technique is suitable for early colon cancer,early rectal cancer,and locally advanced low rectal cancer after neoadjuvant therapy,detailing its indications and contraindications.It emphasizes the importance of multidisciplinary team(MDT)assessment,meticulous preoperative imaging and endoscopic evaluation,standardized intraoperative procedures(including marking,dissection,traction,full-thickness resection,and wound closure),as well as rigorous postoperative management and follow-up processes.Additionally,the expert consensus highlights the need for a strong focus on infection prevention and the establishment of standardized training and quality control systems to promote the safe and standardized application of this difficult endoscopic technique.
基金funded by Ausnutria-kabrita Research Fund(RS2022-14).
文摘Probiotics can regulate the body’s immune system through both non-specific and specific immunity,thereby regulating host health.In terms of non-specific immune regulation,probiotics can activate the intrinsic immune system,regulate the mucosal barrier function,and play an immune role by influencing the activity of intrinsic immune cells such as macrophages,dendritic cells and natural killer cells,as well as their differentiation and maturation;in terms of specific immune regulation,probiotics play a role in regulating the immunoglobulin level and the maturation of B cells.Probiotics can also regulate T-cell differentiation according to the condition of the body,thus regulating specific immunity.Many studies have focused on the role of probiotics in metabolism and nutrition,and the mechanisms involved in the immunomodulatory role of probiotics have only been partially described.This review summarises the role of common probiotics such as Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus rhamnosus in immunomodulation as well as their mechanisms,describing the currently known mechanisms of immunomodulation by probiotics in improving the host immune system.A deeper understanding of probiotics and their specific mechanisms of action will facilitate the use of probiotics for immunomodulation in clinical medicine,functional foods,and other areas.This will also contribute to the development and research of engineered probiotics,next-generation probiotics,and other new functional probiotics with immunomodulatory effects.
基金funded by Sichuan Science and Technology Program,grant numbers 2021YFYZ0010,2023YFH0006,2025YFHZ0295The Basic Research Program of Sichuan Provincial Research Institutes,grant numbers 2024JDKY0001 and 2023JDKY0001.
文摘The genus Actinidia is primarily functionally dioecious,and early sex identification plays a crucial role in improving breeding efficiency and reducing production costs.In this study,the accuracy of three sex-linked molecular markers(SyGI[Shy Girl],FrBy[Friendly Boy],and SmY1)in sex identification was evaluated in various Actinidia species.The selected marker products were subsequently cloned and sequenced in six wild Actinidia species.Ninety-six wild A.chinensis chinensis accessions and 74 A.chinensis deliciosa accessions,most of which were wild,with only one cultivated,were used for comprehensive primer validation.Thirty-three juvenile A.chinensis chinensis hybrid seedlings were used for practical application tests.The results showed that the marker SyGI accurately identified the sex of 20 samples from six Actinidia species and 96 A.chinensis chinensis accessions with 100%reliability.For Actinidia chinensis deliciosa,the identification accuracy reached 98.65%.Sequence analysis revealed that SyGI shared the highest similarity with the male-specific genomic region.Furthermore,SyGI achieved 100%accuracy in identifying the sex of 33 juvenile A.chinensis chinensis individuals.The findings confirm that the SyGI marker possesses high accuracy,strong specificity,and broad applicability,making it a valuable tool for kiwifruit breeding programs.The cloned sequences from wild Actinidia species also provide important references for future research on the mechanisms of sexual evolution and determination.
基金supported by the Open Foundation of Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Security,Ministry of Education of China(KLCS20240211)。
文摘With the rapid development of Internet technology,REST APIs(Representational State Transfer Application Programming Interfaces)have become the primary communication standard in modern microservice architectures,raising increasing concerns about their security.Existing fuzz testing methods include random or dictionary-based input generation,which often fail to ensure both syntactic and semantic correctness,and OpenAPIbased approaches,which offer better accuracy but typically lack detailed descriptions of endpoints,parameters,or data formats.To address these issues,this paper proposes the APIDocX fuzz testing framework.It introduces a crawler tailored for dynamic web pages that automatically simulates user interactions to trigger APIs,capturing and extracting parameter information from communication packets.A multi-endpoint parameter adaptation method based on improved Jaccard similarity is then used to generalize these parameters to other potential API endpoints,filling in gaps in OpenAPI specifications.Experimental results demonstrate that the extracted parameters can be generalized with 79.61%accuracy.Fuzz testing using the enriched OpenAPI documents leads to improvements in test coverage,the number of valid test cases generated,and fault detection capabilities.This approach offers an effective enhancement to automated REST API security testing.
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.82473887 and 21927808)the Scientific and Technological Innovation Program of Shanghai (No.23DZ2202500)the CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (No.2021-1-I2M-026)。
文摘The brain's functions are governed by molecular metabolic networks.However,due to the sophisticated spatial organization and diverse activities of the brain,characterizing both the minute and large-scale metabolic activity across the entire brain and its numerous micro-regions remains incredibly challenging.Here,we offer a high-definition spatially resolved metabolomics technique to better understand the metabolic specialization and interconnection throughout the mouse brain using improved ambient mass spectrometry imaging.This method allows for the simultaneous mapping of thousands of metabolites at a 30 μm spatial resolution across the mouse brain,ranging from structural lipids to functional neurotransmitters.This approach effectively reveals the distribution patterns of delicate microregions and their distinctive metabolic characteristics.Using an integrated database,we annotated 259 metabolites,demonstrating that the metabolome and metabolic pathways are unique to each brain microregion.The distribution of metabolites,closely linked to functionally connected brain regions and their interactions,offers profound insights into the complexity of chemical processes and their roles in brain function.An initial dataset for future metabolomics research might be obtained from the high-definition mouse brain's spatial metabolome atlas.
基金supported by University of Kentucky-SCoBIRC Endowed Chair#5Craig H.Neilsen 1173493 and NIH RF1NS135504(to JCG).
文摘Biological sex is increasingly recognized as a crucial factor in evaluating the translational value of preclinical spinal cord injury(SCI)studies.The rising incidence of SCI in females challenges the historical precedent of SCI being a male-dominated condition.In contrast,most basic science researchers utilize single-sex studies to minimize complications associated with bladder care in males(Stewart et al.,2020).The findings of our recent publication identify sexually dimorphic immune responses to SCI in both mice and pigs(Kumari et al.,2025).Here,we will highlight these findings and discuss the impact of sex on SCI inflammation and recovery.
文摘Prostate-specific membrane antigen(PSMA)is a surface membrane antigen that is highly overexpressed in prostate cancer,with heterogenous expression throughout the natural history of the disease.This has generated significant interest as a potential biomarker for use in early diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer.We reviewed the literature surrounding PSMA and its current clinical applications in diagnosing and managing early prostate cancer that is confined to the prostate and local lymph nodes.A search on PubMed,Medline,and Web of Science was performed using the following keywords:“PSMA”,“Prostate Specific Membrane Antigen”,“Prostate cancer”,“Biomarker”,“Diagnosis”.We considered all available articles relevant to the topic of PSMA as a biomarker in early prostate cancer when developing this narrative review.Key articles assessing the biology of PSMA,as well as its use as a potential diagnostic and therapeutic target in early prostate cancer,were assessed.The role of PSMA PET as a potential diagnostic and risk stratification tool was assessed.The current use of antibody-drug conjugates and radioligand therapy targeting PSMA was assessed,along with any current evidence to support their use in early prostate cancer.PSMA is heavily expressed throughout the early stages of prostate cancer,and this has significant therapeutic implications.There is a growing body of evidence that shows PSMA PET can play a role in the diagnosis,risk stratification,and prognostication of localised prostate cancer.PSMA-targeted therapies such as Lu-177 currently do not have any proven benefit in treating early prostate cancer;however,this remains an area of ongoing research.
基金supported by the Government of Jiangsu Province,China(Grant Nos.23KJA210001,BE2023331,KYCX21_3247,and BE2021334)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.31971914 and 32472072).
文摘Amylose content(AC)is a key determinant of rice eating and cooking quality(ECQ).Lower AC is generally associated with improved palatability and is therefore a desirable trait in rice breeding;however,effective manipulation of AC remains a challenge.In this study,we identified AC6,a novel endosperm-specific early nodulin-like(ENODL)gene,belonging to a 32-member ENODL family.Using CRISPR/Cas9 technology,we generated an ac6 knockout allele,which exhibited a significant decrease in AC and produced improved ECQ without compromising grain appearance or yield.Subcellular localization analysis demonstrated that AC6 is a plastid-localized protein that likely regulates AC by interacting with the Waxy(Wx)protein.Moreover,expression of starch metabolism-related genes was markedly altered in developing ac6 endosperm.Our study highlights AC6 as a novel target gene for engineering rice germplasm with enhanced ECQ.
基金the support of the research platform provided by Professor Zhi-Ying Wu’s research group at the Nanhu Brain-computer Interface Institutesupported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32200822).
文摘Dear Editor,Social anxiety disorder(SAD)is a prevalent psychiatric disorder,characterized by persistent and excessive fear of social situations in which the individual may be scrutinized by others[1].Typically emerging in late childhood or adolescence with potential lifelong persistence,SAD significantly impairs interpersonal relationships,educational attainment,and occupational performance[2].Furthermore,SAD demonstrates high comorbidity rates with other mental disorders,including anxiety disorders,substanceuse disorder,and major depressive disorder[3].Current therapeutic interventions remain limited,with suboptimal response to existing psychological and pharmacological treatments in many patients,while the pathological mechanisms underlying SAD continue to elude comprehensive understanding[4].Establishing appropriate animal models is essential to investigating SAD's neural mechanisms and pathological underpinnings and developing effective therapeutic interventions.
基金supported by Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund(CATAS-Nos.1630152023007,1630152023011,1630152023012,1630152023013)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32071805).
文摘Coconut(Cocos nucifera L.),a major oil and fruit crop of the Arecaceae family,is extensively cultivated across the Asia—Pacific region.Despite its agricultural importance,genome assembly in coconut remains challenging due to its large genome size and high proportion of repetitive sequences.Allele-specific expression(ASE)plays a key role in regulating plant development and evolution,yet research on ASE in coconut is limited(Shao et al.,2019;Li et al.,2021;Zhang et al.,2021;Hu et al.,2022).Among phenotypic traits,fruit color is especially important as an indicator of maturity,guiding harvest timing and post-harvest processes(Kapoor et al.,2022).While prior studies have explored various coconut traits such as salt tolerance,fiber content,and plant height(Wang et al.,2021;Yang et al.,2021),investigations into ASE and fruit color remain scarce.
基金Jiangsu Planned Projects for Postdoctoral ResearchFunds(No0602037B)the Natural Science Foundation of Higher Edu-cation Institutions of Jiangsu Province (No05KJB150016)+1 种基金the Nation-al Natural Science Foundation of China (No50377005)the Fund ofJiangsu University (No06JDG015)
文摘The fluorine-containing organic polymer was synthesized from 3, 3＇, 4, 4＇-Bisphenyltetracarboxylic （BPDA）, and 2,2-Bis （3-amino-4-hydroxyyphenyl） hexafluoropropane （6FHP）. It is a first-step preparation of a preimided hydroxy-containing polyimide, followed by the covalent bonding of an active chromophore, dispersed red 19 （DR19）, onto the backbone of the polyimide via the Mitsunobu reaction. The nonlinear optical （NLO） containing polyimide was synthesized. The differential scanning calorimeter （DSC）and thermal gravimetric analysis （TGA） exhibited Tg and the temperature Tg at which 5 % mass losses occurring of polymer were 248 and 309 ℃, respectively. A reflective electro-optic （EO） modulator using this polymer was fabricated. The optical nonlinearities were determined to be d33 = 5. 209×10^-9 esu （poling voltage of 3.6 kV, 205 ℃） and d33 =7. 418×10^-9esu （poling voltage of 3. 8 kV, 210 ℃） by the second harmonic generation method in in-situ condition at a fundamental wavelength of 1 064 nm. The EO coefficients 733 of the polymer layer in the EO modulator were determined to be 2. 182 pm/V （poling voltage of 3.6 kV, 205 ℃） and 3. 107 pm/V （poling voltage of 3.8 kV, 210 ℃） at 1064 nm by an attenuated-total-reflection （ATR） method.
文摘We propose and analyze a novel Si-based electro-optic modulator with an improved metal-oxide-semiconductor （MOS） capacitor configuration integrated into silicon-on-insulator （SOl）. Three gate-oxide layers embedded in the silicon waveguide constitute a triple MOS capacitor structure, which boosts the modulation efficiency compared with a single MOS capacitor. The simulation results demonstrate that the Vπ Lπ product is 2. 4V · cm. The rise time and fall time of the proposed device are calculated to be 80 and 40ps from the transient response curve, respectively,indicating a bandwidth of 8GHz. The phase shift efficiency and bandwidth can be enhanced by rib width scaling.
文摘s: The farmland shelterbelts in Northeastern Plain of China have formed relatively complete net system. The func-tions of shelterbelt net in omnibearing wind check and prevention of frostbite as well as the field of integrated climate effect within shelterbelt net were analyzed, through located observation of meteorological factors. Within the shelterbelt net, the area with more than 10% efficiency of omnibearing wind check was determined as benefited area. The analysis of yield and quality of crops indicated that the sheltering range of shelterbelt net was 25 times tree height. The mature heights of the various varieties of poplar composed the shelterbelts were determined according to their height growth. Based on the comprehensive analysis above, the suitable size of farmland shelterbelt net in Northeastern Plain of China was decided to be 400 m×400 m.
文摘A Mach-Zehnder(MZ) electro-optic(EO) modulator are real iz ed,with three optical layers as polymer materials.The functional layer is the co rona poled crosslinkable polyurethane.The ridge waveguide is fabricated by using the spin-coating,poling,photolithography and oxygen reactive ion etching(RIE) techniques.The mode and the modulation properties of these devices are demonstra ted in a micron control system,while the light source works at the wavelength of 1 31 or 1 55 micron.
文摘A polarization-maintaining （PM） fiber Mach-Zehnder （MZ） interferometer has been established to measure the EO effect of very thin film materials with optical anisotropy. Unlike a common MZ interferometer, all the components are connected via polarization-maintaining fibers. At the same time, a polarized DFB laser with a maximum power output of 10mW is adopted as the light source to induce a large extinction ratio. Here,we take it to determine the electro-optical coefficients of a very thin superlattice structure with GaAs, KTP, and GaN as comparative samples. The measured EO coefficients show good comparability with the others.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.61137004,61405218,and 61535014)
文摘A novel high-power polarization-independent electro-optic switch technology based on a reciprocal structtire Sagnac interferometer and a transparent quadratic electro-optic ceramic is proposed and analyzed theoretically and experimentally. The electro-optic ceramic is used as a phase retarder for the clockwise and counter-clockwise polarized light, and their po- larization directions are adjusted to their orthogonal positions by using two half-wave plates. The output light then becomes polarization-independent with respect to the polarization direction of the input light. The switch characteristics, including splitter ratios and polarization states, are theoretically analyzed and simulated in detail by the matrix multiplication method. An experimental setup is built to verify the analysis and experimental results. A new component ceramic is used and a non- polarizing cube beam splitter （NPBS） replaces the beam splitter （BS） to lower the ON/OFF voltage to 305 V and improve the extinction ratio by 2 dB. Finally, the laser-induced damage threshold for the proposed switch is measured and discussed. It is believed that potential applications of this novel polarization-independent electro-optic switch technology will be wide, especially for ultrafast high-power laser systems.
基金Project partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant Nos. 60736042, 60578035 and 50703039） and the Science Foundation of Jilin Province of China （Grant Nos. 20050520 and 20050321-2）.
文摘Liquid crystals （LCs） and polymers are extensively used in various electro-optical applications. In this paper, normal mode polymer stabilized cholesteric LC film is prepared and studied. The effects of chiral dopant and monomer concentrations on the electro-optical properties, such as contrast ratio, driving voltage, hysteresis width and response time, are investigated. The reasons of electro-optical properties influenced by the concentrations of the materials are discussed. Through the proper material recipe, the electro-optical properties of polymer stabilized cholesteric LC film can be optimized.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.62175267)the Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation(No.4192061)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2020MDJC13)the Beijing Talents Foundation(2018000021223ZK45)for the financial support.
文摘High performance electro-optic modulator,as the key device of integrated ultra-wideband optical systems,have be-come the focus of research.Meanwhile,the organic-based hybrid electro-optic modulators,which make full use of the advant-ages of organic electro-optic(OEO)materials(e.g.high electro-optic coefficient,fast response speed,high bandwidth,easy pro-cessing/integration and low cost)have attracted considerable attention.In this paper,we introduce a series of high-perform-ance OEO materials that exhibit good properties in electro-optic activity and thermal stability.In addition,the recent progress of organic-based hybrid electro-optic devices is reviewed,including photonic crystal-organic hybrid(PCOH),silicon-organic hy-brid(SOH)and plasmonic-organic hybrid(POH)modulators.A high-performance integrated optical platform based on OEO ma-terials is a promising solution for growing high speeds and low power consumption in compact sizes.
