A polarization-maintaining （PM） fiber Mach-Zehnder （MZ） interferometer has been established to measure the EO effect of very thin film materials with optical anisotropy. Unlike a common MZ interferometer, all the ...A polarization-maintaining （PM） fiber Mach-Zehnder （MZ） interferometer has been established to measure the EO effect of very thin film materials with optical anisotropy. Unlike a common MZ interferometer, all the components are connected via polarization-maintaining fibers. At the same time, a polarized DFB laser with a maximum power output of 10mW is adopted as the light source to induce a large extinction ratio. Here,we take it to determine the electro-optical coefficients of a very thin superlattice structure with GaAs, KTP, and GaN as comparative samples. The measured EO coefficients show good comparability with the others.展开更多
Electro-Optic Sampling(EOS)detection technique has been widely used in terahertz science and tech⁃nology,and it also can measure the field time waveform of the few-cycle laser pulse.Its frequency response and band lim...Electro-Optic Sampling(EOS)detection technique has been widely used in terahertz science and tech⁃nology,and it also can measure the field time waveform of the few-cycle laser pulse.Its frequency response and band limitation are determined directly by the electro-optic crystal and duration of the probe laser pulse.Here,we investigate the performance of the EOS with thin GaSe crystal in the measurement of the mid-infrared few-cycle la⁃ser pulse.The shift of the central frequency and change of the bandwidth induced by the EOS detection are calcu⁃lated,and then the pulse distortions induced in this detection process are discussed.It is found that this technique produces a red-shift of the central frequency and narrowing of the bandwidth.These changings decrease when the laser wavelength increases from 2μm to 10μm.This work can help to estimate the performance of the EOS de⁃tection technique in the mid-infrared band and offer a reference for the related experiment as well.展开更多
Transparent electro-optic(EO)ceramics of La-doped 0.75Pb(Mg_(1/3)Nb_(2/3))O_(3)-0.25PbTiO_(3)(0.75PMN-0.25PT)were prepared successfully.High transparency of 69%in the near-infrared(IR)wavelength(1550 nm)was achieved a...Transparent electro-optic(EO)ceramics of La-doped 0.75Pb(Mg_(1/3)Nb_(2/3))O_(3)-0.25PbTiO_(3)(0.75PMN-0.25PT)were prepared successfully.High transparency of 69%in the near-infrared(IR)wavelength(1550 nm)was achieved at 2 mo1%La doping,meanwhile it shows an extremely high quadratic EO coeficient of 45.4×10^(-16)m^(2)·V^(-2),which s indispensable for applications in EO devices.The distribution of a polar nanodomain structure of the samples experiences disorder-order-disorder evolution in a La doping range.It is found that a parallelly-stacked polar nanodomain structure with an easier and faster polarization switching in the 2 mol%La-doped sample suggests that an ordering distribution of polar nanoregions would be critical to inducing large EO effect,transparency,and piezoelectric response.A triple-cavity tunable optical filter(TOF)with a single transmission peak and a tuning voltage below 30 V in a tuning range of 190-197 THz was designed based on our ceramics.The work is believed to bridge the relationship among doping-engineering,EO properties,and polarization behavior,which would guide the further optimization of transparent EO ceramics.展开更多
We present a theoretical study of the one-dimensional modulational instability of a broad optical beam propagating in a biased photorefractive crystal with both linear and quadratic electro-optic effects(Kerr effect)u...We present a theoretical study of the one-dimensional modulational instability of a broad optical beam propagating in a biased photorefractive crystal with both linear and quadratic electro-optic effects(Kerr effect)under steadystate conditions.One-dimensional modulational instability growth rates are obtained by treating the space-charge field equation globally and locally.Both theoretical reasoning and numerical simulation show that both the global and local modulational instability gains are governed simultaneously by the strength and the polarity of external bias field and by the ratio of the intensity of the broad beam to that of the dark irradiance.Under a strong bias field,the results obtained using these two methods are in good agreement in the low spatial frequency regime.Moreover,the instability growth rate increases with the bias field,and the maximum instability growth occurs when ratio of light intensity to dark irradiance is 0.88.展开更多
The magnetic proximity effect enables interfacial modulation of excitonic and spin-valley properties in transition metal dichalcogenides(TMDs),offering a versatile route toward next-generation spintronic and valleytro...The magnetic proximity effect enables interfacial modulation of excitonic and spin-valley properties in transition metal dichalcogenides(TMDs),offering a versatile route toward next-generation spintronic and valleytronic devices.However,the inherently weak photoluminescence(PL)of bright excitons—suppressed by proximity-induced darkening mechanisms—hinders the optical detection of magnetic interactions.Here,we demonstrate substantial exciton emission enhancement in CrOCl/WSe_(2)(HS)and twisted 90°-CrOCl/CrOCl/WSe_(2)(THS)heterostructures by employing plasmonic Au nanopillar arrays to activate surface plasmon polariton(SPP)coupling.The neutral exciton emission intensity is enhanced by factors of 5 and 18 for HS/Au and THS/Au,respectively,with enhancements persisting under high magnetic fields and elevated temperatures(~10-fold in THS/Au).Enabled by this amplification,we observe pronounced Zeeman splitting and modified intervalley relaxation pathways,indicating significant magnetic proximity interactions.Finite-element simulations and first-principles calculations reveal that the enhancement arises from local electromagnetic field concentration and layer-dependent interfacial coupling.Our results establish SPP-assisted PL enhancement as an effective strategy for probing weak magneto-optical signatures,paving the way for detailed exploration of exciton-magnon coupling and interface-driven quantum phenomena in twodimensional(2D)magnetic heterostructures.展开更多
Rechargeable Zn/Sn-air batteries have received considerable attention as promising energy storage devices.However,the electrochemical performance of these batteries is significantly constrained by the sluggish electro...Rechargeable Zn/Sn-air batteries have received considerable attention as promising energy storage devices.However,the electrochemical performance of these batteries is significantly constrained by the sluggish electrocatalytic reaction kinetics at the cathode.The integration of light energy into Zn/Sn-air batteries is a promising strategy for enhancing their performance.However,the photothermal and photoelectric effects generate heat in the battery under prolonged solar irradiation,leading to air cathode instability.This paper presents the first design and synthesis of Ni_(2)-1,5-diamino-4,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone(Ni_(2)DDA),an electronically conductiveπ-d conjugated metal-organic framework(MOF).Ni_(2)DDA exhibits both photoelectric and photothermal effects,with an optical band gap of~1.14 eV.Under illumination,Ni_(2)DDA achieves excellent oxygen evolution reaction performance(with an overpotential of 245 mV vs.reversible hydrogen electrode at 10 mA cm^(−2))and photothermal stability.These properties result from the synergy between the photoelectric and photothermal effects of Ni_(2)DDA.Upon integration into Zn/Sn-air batteries,Ni_(2)DDA ensures excellent cycling stability under light and exhibits remarkable performance in high-temperature environments up to 80℃.This study experimentally confirms the stable operation of photo-assisted Zn/Sn-air batteries under high-temperature conditions for the first time and provides novel insights into the application of electronically conductive MOFs in photoelectrocatalysis and photothermal catalysis.展开更多
Beam-tracking simulations have been extensively utilized in the study of collective beam instabilities in circular accelerators.Traditionally,many simulation codes have relied on central processing unit(CPU)-based met...Beam-tracking simulations have been extensively utilized in the study of collective beam instabilities in circular accelerators.Traditionally,many simulation codes have relied on central processing unit(CPU)-based methods,tracking on a single CPU core,or parallelizing the computation across multiple cores via the message passing interface(MPI).Although these approaches work well for single-bunch tracking,scaling them to multiple bunches significantly increases the computational load,which often necessitates the use of a dedicated multi-CPU cluster.To address this challenge,alternative methods leveraging General-Purpose computing on Graphics Processing Units(GPGPU)have been proposed,enabling tracking studies on a standalone desktop personal computer(PC).However,frequent CPU-GPU interactions,including data transfers and synchronization operations during tracking,can introduce communication overheads,potentially reducing the overall effectiveness of GPU-based computations.In this study,we propose a novel approach that eliminates this overhead by performing the entire tracking simulation process exclusively on the GPU,thereby enabling the simultaneous processing of all bunches and their macro-particles.Specifically,we introduce MBTRACK2-CUDA,a Compute Unified Device Architecture(CUDA)ported version of MBTRACK2,which facilitates efficient tracking of single-and multi-bunch collective effects by leveraging the full GPU-resident computation.展开更多
Benzalkonium chloride(BAC)is widely employed as a broad-spectrum biocide and has emerged as a significant environmental pollutant.Polymyxin B(PB)serves as the last-line defense for the treatment of Gram-negative patho...Benzalkonium chloride(BAC)is widely employed as a broad-spectrum biocide and has emerged as a significant environmental pollutant.Polymyxin B(PB)serves as the last-line defense for the treatment of Gram-negative pathogens.Previous studies reported that BAC-adapted Pseudomonas aeruginosa increased the tolerance to PB.Herein,we present the novel finding that the combination of BAC and PB exhibited synergistic antibacterial effects against P.aeruginosa.Time-killing assay demonstrated a significant reduction in bacterial cell viability.Scanning electron microscopy,zeta potential analysis,hydrophobicity measurements,and fluorescence probe analyses collectively revealed severe disruption of the cell envelope and membrane potential induced by the combination of BAC and PB.Transcriptomic analysis revealed that the BAC-PB combination notably downreg-ulated the expression of genes involved in lipid A modification and cell envelope production,including phoPQ,pmrAB,bamABCDE,lptABCDEG,lolB,yidC,and murJ.Additionally,the combination group exhibited augmented production of reactive oxygen species and diminished ATP synthesis.The expression of the genes associated with substance metabolism and energy generation was significantly impeded.This study provides significant implica-tions for the interactions of biocides and antibiotics on Gram-negative pathogens,while also addressing antibiotic resistance and developing the external treatment strategy for Pseudomonas-infected wounds and burns.展开更多
AIM:To evaluate and compare alterations in the effective lens position(ELP)and refractive outcomes among three distinct intraocular lens(IOL)types.METHODS:Patients with cataracts were enrolled and allocated to 3 group...AIM:To evaluate and compare alterations in the effective lens position(ELP)and refractive outcomes among three distinct intraocular lens(IOL)types.METHODS:Patients with cataracts were enrolled and allocated to 3 groups:Group A(implanted with the SN6CWS),Group B(implanted with the MI60),and Group C(implanted with the Aspira-aA).ELP measurements were obtained with swept-source optical coherence tomography(SS-OCT)at 1d,1wk,1mo,and 3mo postoperatively.Subjective refraction assessments were conducted at 1wk,1mo,and 3mo following surgery.RESULTS:The study included 189 eyes of 150 cataract patients(66 males).There were 77 eyes in Group A,55 eyes in Group B,and 57 eyes in Group C.The root mean square of the ELP(ELPRMS)within the initial 3mo was significantly lower for Group A than for Groups B and C.Refractive changes within Group A were not significant across the time points of 1wk,1mo,and 3mo.Conversely,both Group B and Group C demonstrated statistically significant shifts toward hyperopia from 1wk to 3mo postsurgery.CONCLUSION:Among the three IOLs examined,the SN6CWS IOL showes the greatest stability during the first 3mo postoperatively.Between 1wk and 3mo after surgery,notable hyperopic shifts are evident in eyes implanted with the MI60 and Aspira-aA IOLs,whereas refractive outcomes remain relatively constant in eyes implanted with SN6CWS IOLs.展开更多
Electrical and electronic devices face significant challenges in heatmanagement due to their compact size and high heat flux,which negatively impact performance and reliability.Conventional coolingmethods,such as forc...Electrical and electronic devices face significant challenges in heatmanagement due to their compact size and high heat flux,which negatively impact performance and reliability.Conventional coolingmethods,such as forced air cooling,often struggle to transfer heat efficiently.In contrast,thermoelectric coolers(TECs)provide an innovative active cooling solution to meet growing thermal management demands.In this research,a refrigerant based on mono ethylene glycol and distilled water was used instead of using gases,in addition to using thermoelectric cooling units instead of using a compressor in traditional refrigeration systems.This study evaluates the performance of a Peltierbased thermalmanagement systemby analyzing the effects of using two,three,and four Peltiermodules on cooling rates,power consumption,temperature reduction,and system efficiency.Experimental results indicate that increasing the number of Peltier modules significantly enhances cooling performance.The four-module system achieved an optimal balance between cooling speed and energy efficiency,reducing the temperature of a liquidmixture(30% mono ethylene glycol+70% distilled water plus laser dyes)to 8℃ in just 17 min.It demonstrated a cooling rate of 0.794℃/min and a high coefficient of performance(COP)of 1.2 while consuming less energy than the two-and three-module systems.Furthermore,the study revealed that increasing the number of modules led to faster air cooling and improved temperature reduction.These findings highlight the importance of selecting the optimal number of Peltier modules to enhance efficiency and cooling speed whileminimizing energy consumption.This makes TEC technology a sustainable and effective solution for applications requiring rapid and reliable thermal management.展开更多
The magnetic properties and Kondo effect in Ce3TiBi5 with a quasi-one-dimensional structure were investigated using in situ high-pressure resistivity measurements up to 48 GPa.At ambient pressure,Ce_(3)TiBi_(5) underg...The magnetic properties and Kondo effect in Ce3TiBi5 with a quasi-one-dimensional structure were investigated using in situ high-pressure resistivity measurements up to 48 GPa.At ambient pressure,Ce_(3)TiBi_(5) undergoes an antiferromagnetic(AFM)transition at T_(N)∼5 K.Under high pressures within 8.9 GPa,we find that Kondo scattering contributes differently to the high-temperature resistance,R(T),depending on the applied current direction,demonstrating a significantly anisotropic Kondo effect.The complete P–T phase diagram has been constructed,in which the pressure dependence of T_(N) exhibits a dome-like shape.The AFM order remains robust under pressure,even when the coherence temperature T^(*) far exceeds 300 K.We attribute the observed anisotropic Kondo effect and the robust AFM to the underlying anisotropy in electronic hybridization under high pressure.展开更多
In winter 2018,an aerosol physicochemical experiment was conducted in the Western Pacific Ocean(WPO)aboard the Research Vessel KEXUE of Chinese Academy of Sciences.This study systematically investigated both natural a...In winter 2018,an aerosol physicochemical experiment was conducted in the Western Pacific Ocean(WPO)aboard the Research Vessel KEXUE of Chinese Academy of Sciences.This study systematically investigated both natural and anthropogenic effects on marine aerosols optical properties,as well as the applicability of multi-satellite products and IMPROVE equation.The averaged aerosol optical depth(AOD500 nm)was 0.31±0.16 andÅngström exponent440–675 nm was 0.29±0.30.In offshore China,significant anthropogenic emissions affected the marine environment.In remote WPO,dust aerosols transported from northern China,Siberia,Central Asia,and those settling from the upper troposphere originating from north Africa,Arabian peninsula,and western India,were dominant.The spatial trends of AOD were opposite in the mid-latitude and southern seas of WPO.The highest AOD,0.32±0.23,appeared along the coast of South Asia at mid-latitude,decreasing from offshore seas to remote oceans.In low-latitude and equatorial seas,AOD significantly increased from coast to remote oceans.Ångström exponent dropped significantly from the coast to remote oceans as anthropogenic influence diminished across the entire WPO.Correlation analysis showed that both MODIS-C6 and Himawari AOD prod-ucts showed similar applicability in coastal urban areas,while Himawari AOD is highly recommended for coastal background and marine environment due to its finer resolution.The extinction coefficient derived from PM_(2.5) chemical compositions using IMPROVE algorithm exhibited a significant correlation(R^(2)=0.58)with the con-currently measured AOD in the absence of long-distance transport,suggesting that the IMPROVE is a reasonable proxy of the columnar average of marine aerosol extinctions free from transport influences.展开更多
This paper prepared a novel as-cast W-Zr-Ti metallic ESM using high-frequency vacuum induction melting technique.The above ESM performs a typical elastic-brittle material feature and strain rate strengthening behavior...This paper prepared a novel as-cast W-Zr-Ti metallic ESM using high-frequency vacuum induction melting technique.The above ESM performs a typical elastic-brittle material feature and strain rate strengthening behavior.The specimens exhibit violent chemical reaction during the fracture process under the impact loading,and the size distribution of their residual debris follows Rosin-Rammler model.The dynamic fracture toughness is obtained by the fitting of debris length scale,approximately 1.87 MPa·m~(1/2).Microstructure observation on residual debris indicates that the failure process is determined by primary crack propagation under quasi-static compression,while it is affected by multiple cracks propagation in both particle and matrix in the case of dynamic impact.Impact test demonstrates that the novel energetic fragment performs brilliant penetration and combustion effect behind the front target,leading to the effective ignition of fuel tank.For the brittleness of as-cast W-ZrTi ESM,further study conducted bond-based peridynamic(BB-PD)C++computational code to simulate its fracture behavior during penetration.The BB-PD method successfully captured the fracture process and debris cloud formation of the energetic fragment.This paper explores a novel as-cast metallic ESM,and provides an available numerical avenue to the simulation of brittle energetic fragment.展开更多
Background:While the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma(mRCC)is evolving due to immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs),optimal strategies for later lines of therapy have yet to be defined.The combination of lenv...Background:While the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma(mRCC)is evolving due to immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs),optimal strategies for later lines of therapy have yet to be defined.The combination of lenvatinib and everolimus represents a viable option,and the present review aimed to summarize its activity,effectiveness,and safety.Methods:A systematic review of the literature was conducted using PubMed,targeting studies published between 2018 and 2025.Eligible studies included English-language prospective and retrospective trials reporting survival outcomes in mRCC patients treated with lenvatinib and everolimus after at least one ICI-containing regimen.Results:Nine studies met the inclusion criteria,encompassing a total of 441 patients.The lenvatinib and everolimus combination was primarily used in the third and subsequent lines of therapy.Median overall survival ranged from 7.5 to 24.5 months,while median progression-free survival was more consistent,between 6.1 and 6.7 months,except for one study reporting 12.9 months.Objective response rates varied widely(14.0%–55.7%).Adverse events of grade≥3 did not exceed the expected rate,with diarrhoea and proteinuria as the most reported events.Dose reductions and treatment discontinuations due to toxicity occurred but were generally lower than in prior pivotal trials.Conclusions:Real-world evidence suggests that lenvatinib and everolimus represent an effective and safe option after ICI failure in mRCC patients.Nevertheless,the lack of randomized phase III trials and the heterogeneity of existing studies highlight the need for more robust prospective research to guide post-ICI therapeutic strategies.展开更多
Lithium metal batteries(LMBs)have been regarded as one of the most promising alternatives in the post-lithium battery era due to their high energy density,which meets the needs of light-weight electronic devices and l...Lithium metal batteries(LMBs)have been regarded as one of the most promising alternatives in the post-lithium battery era due to their high energy density,which meets the needs of light-weight electronic devices and long-range electric vehicles.However,technical barriers such as dendrite growth and poor Li plating/stripping reversibility severely hinder the practical application of LMBs.However,lithium nitrate(LiNO_(3))is found to be able to stabilize the Li/electrolyte interface and has been used to address the above challenges.To date,considerable research efforts have been devoted toward understanding the roles of LiNO_(3) in regulating the surface properties of Li anodes and toward the development of many effective strategies.These research efforts are partially mentioned in some articles on LMBs and yet have not been reviewed systematically.To fill this gap,we discuss the recent advances in fundamental and technological research on LiNO_(3) and its derivatives for improving the performances of LMBs,particularly for Li-sulfur(S),Li-oxygen(O),and Li-Li-containing transition-metal oxide(LTMO)batteries,as well as LiNO_(3)-containing recipes for precursors in battery materials and interphase fabrication.This review pays attention to the effects of LiNO_(3) in lithium-based batteries,aiming to provide scientific guidance for the optimization of electrode/electrolyte interfaces and enrich the design of advanced LMBs.展开更多
We propose and analyze a novel Si-based electro-optic modulator with an improved metal-oxide-semiconductor （MOS） capacitor configuration integrated into silicon-on-insulator （SOl）. Three gate-oxide layers embedded...We propose and analyze a novel Si-based electro-optic modulator with an improved metal-oxide-semiconductor （MOS） capacitor configuration integrated into silicon-on-insulator （SOl）. Three gate-oxide layers embedded in the silicon waveguide constitute a triple MOS capacitor structure, which boosts the modulation efficiency compared with a single MOS capacitor. The simulation results demonstrate that the Vπ Lπ product is 2. 4V · cm. The rise time and fall time of the proposed device are calculated to be 80 and 40ps from the transient response curve, respectively,indicating a bandwidth of 8GHz. The phase shift efficiency and bandwidth can be enhanced by rib width scaling.展开更多
The fluorine-containing organic polymer was synthesized from 3, 3＇, 4, 4＇-Bisphenyltetracarboxylic （BPDA）, and 2,2-Bis （3-amino-4-hydroxyyphenyl） hexafluoropropane （6FHP）. It is a first-step preparation of a p...The fluorine-containing organic polymer was synthesized from 3, 3＇, 4, 4＇-Bisphenyltetracarboxylic （BPDA）, and 2,2-Bis （3-amino-4-hydroxyyphenyl） hexafluoropropane （6FHP）. It is a first-step preparation of a preimided hydroxy-containing polyimide, followed by the covalent bonding of an active chromophore, dispersed red 19 （DR19）, onto the backbone of the polyimide via the Mitsunobu reaction. The nonlinear optical （NLO） containing polyimide was synthesized. The differential scanning calorimeter （DSC）and thermal gravimetric analysis （TGA） exhibited Tg and the temperature Tg at which 5 % mass losses occurring of polymer were 248 and 309 ℃, respectively. A reflective electro-optic （EO） modulator using this polymer was fabricated. The optical nonlinearities were determined to be d33 = 5. 209×10^-9 esu （poling voltage of 3.6 kV, 205 ℃） and d33 =7. 418×10^-9esu （poling voltage of 3. 8 kV, 210 ℃） by the second harmonic generation method in in-situ condition at a fundamental wavelength of 1 064 nm. The EO coefficients 733 of the polymer layer in the EO modulator were determined to be 2. 182 pm/V （poling voltage of 3.6 kV, 205 ℃） and 3. 107 pm/V （poling voltage of 3.8 kV, 210 ℃） at 1064 nm by an attenuated-total-reflection （ATR） method.展开更多
A Mach-Zehnder(MZ) electro-optic(EO) modulator are real iz ed,with three optical layers as polymer materials.The functional layer is the co rona poled crosslinkable polyurethane.The ridge waveguide is fabricated by us...A Mach-Zehnder(MZ) electro-optic(EO) modulator are real iz ed,with three optical layers as polymer materials.The functional layer is the co rona poled crosslinkable polyurethane.The ridge waveguide is fabricated by using the spin-coating,poling,photolithography and oxygen reactive ion etching(RIE) techniques.The mode and the modulation properties of these devices are demonstra ted in a micron control system,while the light source works at the wavelength of 1 31 or 1 55 micron.展开更多
A 2 × 2 electro-optic switch is experimentally demonstrated using the optical structure of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer （MZI） based on a submicron rib waveguide and the electrical structure of a PIN diode on s...A 2 × 2 electro-optic switch is experimentally demonstrated using the optical structure of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer （MZI） based on a submicron rib waveguide and the electrical structure of a PIN diode on silicon-on-insulator （SOI）. The switch behaviour is achieved through the plasma dispersion effect of silicon. The device has a modulation arm of 1 mm in length and cross-section of 400 nm×340 nm. The measurement results show that the switch has a VπLπ figure of merit of 0.145 V.cm and the extinction ratios of two output ports and cross talk are 40 dB, 28 dB and -28 dB, respectively. A 3 dB modulation bandwidth of 90 MHz and a switch time of 6.8 ns for the rise edge and 2.7 ns for the fall edge are also demonstrated.展开更多
A novel high-power polarization-independent electro-optic switch technology based on a reciprocal structtire Sagnac interferometer and a transparent quadratic electro-optic ceramic is proposed and analyzed theoretical...A novel high-power polarization-independent electro-optic switch technology based on a reciprocal structtire Sagnac interferometer and a transparent quadratic electro-optic ceramic is proposed and analyzed theoretically and experimentally. The electro-optic ceramic is used as a phase retarder for the clockwise and counter-clockwise polarized light, and their po- larization directions are adjusted to their orthogonal positions by using two half-wave plates. The output light then becomes polarization-independent with respect to the polarization direction of the input light. The switch characteristics, including splitter ratios and polarization states, are theoretically analyzed and simulated in detail by the matrix multiplication method. An experimental setup is built to verify the analysis and experimental results. A new component ceramic is used and a non- polarizing cube beam splitter （NPBS） replaces the beam splitter （BS） to lower the ON/OFF voltage to 305 V and improve the extinction ratio by 2 dB. Finally, the laser-induced damage threshold for the proposed switch is measured and discussed. It is believed that potential applications of this novel polarization-independent electro-optic switch technology will be wide, especially for ultrafast high-power laser systems.展开更多
文摘A polarization-maintaining （PM） fiber Mach-Zehnder （MZ） interferometer has been established to measure the EO effect of very thin film materials with optical anisotropy. Unlike a common MZ interferometer, all the components are connected via polarization-maintaining fibers. At the same time, a polarized DFB laser with a maximum power output of 10mW is adopted as the light source to induce a large extinction ratio. Here,we take it to determine the electro-optical coefficients of a very thin superlattice structure with GaAs, KTP, and GaN as comparative samples. The measured EO coefficients show good comparability with the others.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(12064028)Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation(20232BAB201045).
文摘Electro-Optic Sampling(EOS)detection technique has been widely used in terahertz science and tech⁃nology,and it also can measure the field time waveform of the few-cycle laser pulse.Its frequency response and band limitation are determined directly by the electro-optic crystal and duration of the probe laser pulse.Here,we investigate the performance of the EOS with thin GaSe crystal in the measurement of the mid-infrared few-cycle la⁃ser pulse.The shift of the central frequency and change of the bandwidth induced by the EOS detection are calcu⁃lated,and then the pulse distortions induced in this detection process are discussed.It is found that this technique produces a red-shift of the central frequency and narrowing of the bandwidth.These changings decrease when the laser wavelength increases from 2μm to 10μm.This work can help to estimate the performance of the EOS de⁃tection technique in the mid-infrared band and offer a reference for the related experiment as well.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.61971459)the Fund from Science,Technology and Innovation Commission of Shenzhen Municipality(Grant No.JCYJ2019080909-5009521)+2 种基金the Innovation Team Program of Hubei Province,China(Grant No.2019CFA004)the Innovation Fund of Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics&Optical Valley Laboratory(WNLO)2022 Shenzhen Central Leading Local Science and Technology Development Special Funding Program Virtual University Park Laboratory Project.
文摘Transparent electro-optic(EO)ceramics of La-doped 0.75Pb(Mg_(1/3)Nb_(2/3))O_(3)-0.25PbTiO_(3)(0.75PMN-0.25PT)were prepared successfully.High transparency of 69%in the near-infrared(IR)wavelength(1550 nm)was achieved at 2 mo1%La doping,meanwhile it shows an extremely high quadratic EO coeficient of 45.4×10^(-16)m^(2)·V^(-2),which s indispensable for applications in EO devices.The distribution of a polar nanodomain structure of the samples experiences disorder-order-disorder evolution in a La doping range.It is found that a parallelly-stacked polar nanodomain structure with an easier and faster polarization switching in the 2 mol%La-doped sample suggests that an ordering distribution of polar nanoregions would be critical to inducing large EO effect,transparency,and piezoelectric response.A triple-cavity tunable optical filter(TOF)with a single transmission peak and a tuning voltage below 30 V in a tuning range of 190-197 THz was designed based on our ceramics.The work is believed to bridge the relationship among doping-engineering,EO properties,and polarization behavior,which would guide the further optimization of transparent EO ceramics.
文摘We present a theoretical study of the one-dimensional modulational instability of a broad optical beam propagating in a biased photorefractive crystal with both linear and quadratic electro-optic effects(Kerr effect)under steadystate conditions.One-dimensional modulational instability growth rates are obtained by treating the space-charge field equation globally and locally.Both theoretical reasoning and numerical simulation show that both the global and local modulational instability gains are governed simultaneously by the strength and the polarity of external bias field and by the ratio of the intensity of the broad beam to that of the dark irradiance.Under a strong bias field,the results obtained using these two methods are in good agreement in the low spatial frequency regime.Moreover,the instability growth rate increases with the bias field,and the maximum instability growth occurs when ratio of light intensity to dark irradiance is 0.88.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52373311)the Innovation Program for Quantum Science and Technology(No.2021ZD0301605)+3 种基金provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.92263202 and 12374020)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2020YFA0711502)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDB33000000)support from the Australian Research Council(ARC Discovery Project,No.DP180102976).
文摘The magnetic proximity effect enables interfacial modulation of excitonic and spin-valley properties in transition metal dichalcogenides(TMDs),offering a versatile route toward next-generation spintronic and valleytronic devices.However,the inherently weak photoluminescence(PL)of bright excitons—suppressed by proximity-induced darkening mechanisms—hinders the optical detection of magnetic interactions.Here,we demonstrate substantial exciton emission enhancement in CrOCl/WSe_(2)(HS)and twisted 90°-CrOCl/CrOCl/WSe_(2)(THS)heterostructures by employing plasmonic Au nanopillar arrays to activate surface plasmon polariton(SPP)coupling.The neutral exciton emission intensity is enhanced by factors of 5 and 18 for HS/Au and THS/Au,respectively,with enhancements persisting under high magnetic fields and elevated temperatures(~10-fold in THS/Au).Enabled by this amplification,we observe pronounced Zeeman splitting and modified intervalley relaxation pathways,indicating significant magnetic proximity interactions.Finite-element simulations and first-principles calculations reveal that the enhancement arises from local electromagnetic field concentration and layer-dependent interfacial coupling.Our results establish SPP-assisted PL enhancement as an effective strategy for probing weak magneto-optical signatures,paving the way for detailed exploration of exciton-magnon coupling and interface-driven quantum phenomena in twodimensional(2D)magnetic heterostructures.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.62464010)Spring City Plan-Special Program for Young Talents(K202005007)+2 种基金Yunnan Talents Support Plan for Young Talents(XDYC-QNRC-2022-0482)Yunnan Local Colleges Applied Basic Research Projects(202101BA070001-138)Frontier Research Team of Kunming University 2023.
文摘Rechargeable Zn/Sn-air batteries have received considerable attention as promising energy storage devices.However,the electrochemical performance of these batteries is significantly constrained by the sluggish electrocatalytic reaction kinetics at the cathode.The integration of light energy into Zn/Sn-air batteries is a promising strategy for enhancing their performance.However,the photothermal and photoelectric effects generate heat in the battery under prolonged solar irradiation,leading to air cathode instability.This paper presents the first design and synthesis of Ni_(2)-1,5-diamino-4,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone(Ni_(2)DDA),an electronically conductiveπ-d conjugated metal-organic framework(MOF).Ni_(2)DDA exhibits both photoelectric and photothermal effects,with an optical band gap of~1.14 eV.Under illumination,Ni_(2)DDA achieves excellent oxygen evolution reaction performance(with an overpotential of 245 mV vs.reversible hydrogen electrode at 10 mA cm^(−2))and photothermal stability.These properties result from the synergy between the photoelectric and photothermal effects of Ni_(2)DDA.Upon integration into Zn/Sn-air batteries,Ni_(2)DDA ensures excellent cycling stability under light and exhibits remarkable performance in high-temperature environments up to 80℃.This study experimentally confirms the stable operation of photo-assisted Zn/Sn-air batteries under high-temperature conditions for the first time and provides novel insights into the application of electronically conductive MOFs in photoelectrocatalysis and photothermal catalysis.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT(MSIT)(No.RS-2022-00143178)the Ministry of Education(MOE)(Nos.2022R1A6A3A13053896 and 2022R1F1A1074616),Republic of Korea.
文摘Beam-tracking simulations have been extensively utilized in the study of collective beam instabilities in circular accelerators.Traditionally,many simulation codes have relied on central processing unit(CPU)-based methods,tracking on a single CPU core,or parallelizing the computation across multiple cores via the message passing interface(MPI).Although these approaches work well for single-bunch tracking,scaling them to multiple bunches significantly increases the computational load,which often necessitates the use of a dedicated multi-CPU cluster.To address this challenge,alternative methods leveraging General-Purpose computing on Graphics Processing Units(GPGPU)have been proposed,enabling tracking studies on a standalone desktop personal computer(PC).However,frequent CPU-GPU interactions,including data transfers and synchronization operations during tracking,can introduce communication overheads,potentially reducing the overall effectiveness of GPU-based computations.In this study,we propose a novel approach that eliminates this overhead by performing the entire tracking simulation process exclusively on the GPU,thereby enabling the simultaneous processing of all bunches and their macro-particles.Specifically,we introduce MBTRACK2-CUDA,a Compute Unified Device Architecture(CUDA)ported version of MBTRACK2,which facilitates efficient tracking of single-and multi-bunch collective effects by leveraging the full GPU-resident computation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32170121).
文摘Benzalkonium chloride(BAC)is widely employed as a broad-spectrum biocide and has emerged as a significant environmental pollutant.Polymyxin B(PB)serves as the last-line defense for the treatment of Gram-negative pathogens.Previous studies reported that BAC-adapted Pseudomonas aeruginosa increased the tolerance to PB.Herein,we present the novel finding that the combination of BAC and PB exhibited synergistic antibacterial effects against P.aeruginosa.Time-killing assay demonstrated a significant reduction in bacterial cell viability.Scanning electron microscopy,zeta potential analysis,hydrophobicity measurements,and fluorescence probe analyses collectively revealed severe disruption of the cell envelope and membrane potential induced by the combination of BAC and PB.Transcriptomic analysis revealed that the BAC-PB combination notably downreg-ulated the expression of genes involved in lipid A modification and cell envelope production,including phoPQ,pmrAB,bamABCDE,lptABCDEG,lolB,yidC,and murJ.Additionally,the combination group exhibited augmented production of reactive oxygen species and diminished ATP synthesis.The expression of the genes associated with substance metabolism and energy generation was significantly impeded.This study provides significant implica-tions for the interactions of biocides and antibiotics on Gram-negative pathogens,while also addressing antibiotic resistance and developing the external treatment strategy for Pseudomonas-infected wounds and burns.
基金Supported by the Zhejiang Medical Health Science and Technology Project(No.2021KY217)the Basic Public Welfare Research Project of Wenzhou Municipal Science and Technology Bureau(No.2024Y1221).
文摘AIM:To evaluate and compare alterations in the effective lens position(ELP)and refractive outcomes among three distinct intraocular lens(IOL)types.METHODS:Patients with cataracts were enrolled and allocated to 3 groups:Group A(implanted with the SN6CWS),Group B(implanted with the MI60),and Group C(implanted with the Aspira-aA).ELP measurements were obtained with swept-source optical coherence tomography(SS-OCT)at 1d,1wk,1mo,and 3mo postoperatively.Subjective refraction assessments were conducted at 1wk,1mo,and 3mo following surgery.RESULTS:The study included 189 eyes of 150 cataract patients(66 males).There were 77 eyes in Group A,55 eyes in Group B,and 57 eyes in Group C.The root mean square of the ELP(ELPRMS)within the initial 3mo was significantly lower for Group A than for Groups B and C.Refractive changes within Group A were not significant across the time points of 1wk,1mo,and 3mo.Conversely,both Group B and Group C demonstrated statistically significant shifts toward hyperopia from 1wk to 3mo postsurgery.CONCLUSION:Among the three IOLs examined,the SN6CWS IOL showes the greatest stability during the first 3mo postoperatively.Between 1wk and 3mo after surgery,notable hyperopic shifts are evident in eyes implanted with the MI60 and Aspira-aA IOLs,whereas refractive outcomes remain relatively constant in eyes implanted with SN6CWS IOLs.
文摘Electrical and electronic devices face significant challenges in heatmanagement due to their compact size and high heat flux,which negatively impact performance and reliability.Conventional coolingmethods,such as forced air cooling,often struggle to transfer heat efficiently.In contrast,thermoelectric coolers(TECs)provide an innovative active cooling solution to meet growing thermal management demands.In this research,a refrigerant based on mono ethylene glycol and distilled water was used instead of using gases,in addition to using thermoelectric cooling units instead of using a compressor in traditional refrigeration systems.This study evaluates the performance of a Peltierbased thermalmanagement systemby analyzing the effects of using two,three,and four Peltiermodules on cooling rates,power consumption,temperature reduction,and system efficiency.Experimental results indicate that increasing the number of Peltier modules significantly enhances cooling performance.The four-module system achieved an optimal balance between cooling speed and energy efficiency,reducing the temperature of a liquidmixture(30% mono ethylene glycol+70% distilled water plus laser dyes)to 8℃ in just 17 min.It demonstrated a cooling rate of 0.794℃/min and a high coefficient of performance(COP)of 1.2 while consuming less energy than the two-and three-module systems.Furthermore,the study revealed that increasing the number of modules led to faster air cooling and improved temperature reduction.These findings highlight the importance of selecting the optimal number of Peltier modules to enhance efficiency and cooling speed whileminimizing energy consumption.This makes TEC technology a sustainable and effective solution for applications requiring rapid and reliable thermal management.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of Chinathe National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.2024YFA1408000,12474097,and2023YFA1406001)+2 种基金the Guangdong Provincial Quantum Science Strategic Initiative (Grant No.GDZX2201001)the Center for Computational Science and Engineering at Southern University of Science and Technology,the Major Science and Technology Infrastructure Project of Material Genome Big-science Facilities Platform supported by Municipal Development and Reform Commission of Shenzhen(for J.L.Z.and Y.L.)the Chinese funding sources applied via HPSTAR。
文摘The magnetic properties and Kondo effect in Ce3TiBi5 with a quasi-one-dimensional structure were investigated using in situ high-pressure resistivity measurements up to 48 GPa.At ambient pressure,Ce_(3)TiBi_(5) undergoes an antiferromagnetic(AFM)transition at T_(N)∼5 K.Under high pressures within 8.9 GPa,we find that Kondo scattering contributes differently to the high-temperature resistance,R(T),depending on the applied current direction,demonstrating a significantly anisotropic Kondo effect.The complete P–T phase diagram has been constructed,in which the pressure dependence of T_(N) exhibits a dome-like shape.The AFM order remains robust under pressure,even when the coherence temperature T^(*) far exceeds 300 K.We attribute the observed anisotropic Kondo effect and the robust AFM to the underlying anisotropy in electronic hybridization under high pressure.
基金supported by the CAS Strategic Priority Research Program(No.XDB0760102),the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(No.2022YFF0802501)the Major Science and Technology Infrastructure Maintenance and Transformation Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,Shanghai Science and Technology Innovation Action Plan-Phospherus Project(No.23YF1426200)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2024YFE0212200).
文摘In winter 2018,an aerosol physicochemical experiment was conducted in the Western Pacific Ocean(WPO)aboard the Research Vessel KEXUE of Chinese Academy of Sciences.This study systematically investigated both natural and anthropogenic effects on marine aerosols optical properties,as well as the applicability of multi-satellite products and IMPROVE equation.The averaged aerosol optical depth(AOD500 nm)was 0.31±0.16 andÅngström exponent440–675 nm was 0.29±0.30.In offshore China,significant anthropogenic emissions affected the marine environment.In remote WPO,dust aerosols transported from northern China,Siberia,Central Asia,and those settling from the upper troposphere originating from north Africa,Arabian peninsula,and western India,were dominant.The spatial trends of AOD were opposite in the mid-latitude and southern seas of WPO.The highest AOD,0.32±0.23,appeared along the coast of South Asia at mid-latitude,decreasing from offshore seas to remote oceans.In low-latitude and equatorial seas,AOD significantly increased from coast to remote oceans.Ångström exponent dropped significantly from the coast to remote oceans as anthropogenic influence diminished across the entire WPO.Correlation analysis showed that both MODIS-C6 and Himawari AOD prod-ucts showed similar applicability in coastal urban areas,while Himawari AOD is highly recommended for coastal background and marine environment due to its finer resolution.The extinction coefficient derived from PM_(2.5) chemical compositions using IMPROVE algorithm exhibited a significant correlation(R^(2)=0.58)with the con-currently measured AOD in the absence of long-distance transport,suggesting that the IMPROVE is a reasonable proxy of the columnar average of marine aerosol extinctions free from transport influences.
文摘This paper prepared a novel as-cast W-Zr-Ti metallic ESM using high-frequency vacuum induction melting technique.The above ESM performs a typical elastic-brittle material feature and strain rate strengthening behavior.The specimens exhibit violent chemical reaction during the fracture process under the impact loading,and the size distribution of their residual debris follows Rosin-Rammler model.The dynamic fracture toughness is obtained by the fitting of debris length scale,approximately 1.87 MPa·m~(1/2).Microstructure observation on residual debris indicates that the failure process is determined by primary crack propagation under quasi-static compression,while it is affected by multiple cracks propagation in both particle and matrix in the case of dynamic impact.Impact test demonstrates that the novel energetic fragment performs brilliant penetration and combustion effect behind the front target,leading to the effective ignition of fuel tank.For the brittleness of as-cast W-ZrTi ESM,further study conducted bond-based peridynamic(BB-PD)C++computational code to simulate its fracture behavior during penetration.The BB-PD method successfully captured the fracture process and debris cloud formation of the energetic fragment.This paper explores a novel as-cast metallic ESM,and provides an available numerical avenue to the simulation of brittle energetic fragment.
文摘Background:While the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma(mRCC)is evolving due to immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs),optimal strategies for later lines of therapy have yet to be defined.The combination of lenvatinib and everolimus represents a viable option,and the present review aimed to summarize its activity,effectiveness,and safety.Methods:A systematic review of the literature was conducted using PubMed,targeting studies published between 2018 and 2025.Eligible studies included English-language prospective and retrospective trials reporting survival outcomes in mRCC patients treated with lenvatinib and everolimus after at least one ICI-containing regimen.Results:Nine studies met the inclusion criteria,encompassing a total of 441 patients.The lenvatinib and everolimus combination was primarily used in the third and subsequent lines of therapy.Median overall survival ranged from 7.5 to 24.5 months,while median progression-free survival was more consistent,between 6.1 and 6.7 months,except for one study reporting 12.9 months.Objective response rates varied widely(14.0%–55.7%).Adverse events of grade≥3 did not exceed the expected rate,with diarrhoea and proteinuria as the most reported events.Dose reductions and treatment discontinuations due to toxicity occurred but were generally lower than in prior pivotal trials.Conclusions:Real-world evidence suggests that lenvatinib and everolimus represent an effective and safe option after ICI failure in mRCC patients.Nevertheless,the lack of randomized phase III trials and the heterogeneity of existing studies highlight the need for more robust prospective research to guide post-ICI therapeutic strategies.
基金supported by the Yunnan Fundamental Research Projects(Grant Nos.202401AU070163 and 202501AT070298)the Yunnan Engineering Research Center Innovation Ability Construction and Enhancement Projects(Grant No.2023-XMDJ-00617107)+5 种基金the University Service Key Industry Project of Yunnan Province(Grant No.FWCY-ZD2024005)the Expert Workstation Support Project of Yunnan Province(Grant No.202405AF140069)the Scientific Research Foundation of Kunming University of Science and Technology(Grant No.20220122)the Analysis and Test Foundation of Kunming University of Science and Technology(Grant No.2023T20220122)the Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China(Grant No.2025QN02057)the Ordos City Strategic Pioneering Science and Technology Special Program for New Energy(Grant No.DC2400003365).
文摘Lithium metal batteries(LMBs)have been regarded as one of the most promising alternatives in the post-lithium battery era due to their high energy density,which meets the needs of light-weight electronic devices and long-range electric vehicles.However,technical barriers such as dendrite growth and poor Li plating/stripping reversibility severely hinder the practical application of LMBs.However,lithium nitrate(LiNO_(3))is found to be able to stabilize the Li/electrolyte interface and has been used to address the above challenges.To date,considerable research efforts have been devoted toward understanding the roles of LiNO_(3) in regulating the surface properties of Li anodes and toward the development of many effective strategies.These research efforts are partially mentioned in some articles on LMBs and yet have not been reviewed systematically.To fill this gap,we discuss the recent advances in fundamental and technological research on LiNO_(3) and its derivatives for improving the performances of LMBs,particularly for Li-sulfur(S),Li-oxygen(O),and Li-Li-containing transition-metal oxide(LTMO)batteries,as well as LiNO_(3)-containing recipes for precursors in battery materials and interphase fabrication.This review pays attention to the effects of LiNO_(3) in lithium-based batteries,aiming to provide scientific guidance for the optimization of electrode/electrolyte interfaces and enrich the design of advanced LMBs.
文摘We propose and analyze a novel Si-based electro-optic modulator with an improved metal-oxide-semiconductor （MOS） capacitor configuration integrated into silicon-on-insulator （SOl）. Three gate-oxide layers embedded in the silicon waveguide constitute a triple MOS capacitor structure, which boosts the modulation efficiency compared with a single MOS capacitor. The simulation results demonstrate that the Vπ Lπ product is 2. 4V · cm. The rise time and fall time of the proposed device are calculated to be 80 and 40ps from the transient response curve, respectively,indicating a bandwidth of 8GHz. The phase shift efficiency and bandwidth can be enhanced by rib width scaling.
基金Jiangsu Planned Projects for Postdoctoral ResearchFunds(No0602037B)the Natural Science Foundation of Higher Edu-cation Institutions of Jiangsu Province (No05KJB150016)+1 种基金the Nation-al Natural Science Foundation of China (No50377005)the Fund ofJiangsu University (No06JDG015)
文摘The fluorine-containing organic polymer was synthesized from 3, 3＇, 4, 4＇-Bisphenyltetracarboxylic （BPDA）, and 2,2-Bis （3-amino-4-hydroxyyphenyl） hexafluoropropane （6FHP）. It is a first-step preparation of a preimided hydroxy-containing polyimide, followed by the covalent bonding of an active chromophore, dispersed red 19 （DR19）, onto the backbone of the polyimide via the Mitsunobu reaction. The nonlinear optical （NLO） containing polyimide was synthesized. The differential scanning calorimeter （DSC）and thermal gravimetric analysis （TGA） exhibited Tg and the temperature Tg at which 5 % mass losses occurring of polymer were 248 and 309 ℃, respectively. A reflective electro-optic （EO） modulator using this polymer was fabricated. The optical nonlinearities were determined to be d33 = 5. 209×10^-9 esu （poling voltage of 3.6 kV, 205 ℃） and d33 =7. 418×10^-9esu （poling voltage of 3. 8 kV, 210 ℃） by the second harmonic generation method in in-situ condition at a fundamental wavelength of 1 064 nm. The EO coefficients 733 of the polymer layer in the EO modulator were determined to be 2. 182 pm/V （poling voltage of 3.6 kV, 205 ℃） and 3. 107 pm/V （poling voltage of 3.8 kV, 210 ℃） at 1064 nm by an attenuated-total-reflection （ATR） method.
文摘A Mach-Zehnder(MZ) electro-optic(EO) modulator are real iz ed,with three optical layers as polymer materials.The functional layer is the co rona poled crosslinkable polyurethane.The ridge waveguide is fabricated by using the spin-coating,poling,photolithography and oxygen reactive ion etching(RIE) techniques.The mode and the modulation properties of these devices are demonstra ted in a micron control system,while the light source works at the wavelength of 1 31 or 1 55 micron.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No 60577044)the State Key Development Program for Basic Research of China (Grant No 2007CB613405)the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (Grant No 2006AA032424)
文摘A 2 × 2 electro-optic switch is experimentally demonstrated using the optical structure of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer （MZI） based on a submicron rib waveguide and the electrical structure of a PIN diode on silicon-on-insulator （SOI）. The switch behaviour is achieved through the plasma dispersion effect of silicon. The device has a modulation arm of 1 mm in length and cross-section of 400 nm×340 nm. The measurement results show that the switch has a VπLπ figure of merit of 0.145 V.cm and the extinction ratios of two output ports and cross talk are 40 dB, 28 dB and -28 dB, respectively. A 3 dB modulation bandwidth of 90 MHz and a switch time of 6.8 ns for the rise edge and 2.7 ns for the fall edge are also demonstrated.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.61137004,61405218,and 61535014)
文摘A novel high-power polarization-independent electro-optic switch technology based on a reciprocal structtire Sagnac interferometer and a transparent quadratic electro-optic ceramic is proposed and analyzed theoretically and experimentally. The electro-optic ceramic is used as a phase retarder for the clockwise and counter-clockwise polarized light, and their po- larization directions are adjusted to their orthogonal positions by using two half-wave plates. The output light then becomes polarization-independent with respect to the polarization direction of the input light. The switch characteristics, including splitter ratios and polarization states, are theoretically analyzed and simulated in detail by the matrix multiplication method. An experimental setup is built to verify the analysis and experimental results. A new component ceramic is used and a non- polarizing cube beam splitter （NPBS） replaces the beam splitter （BS） to lower the ON/OFF voltage to 305 V and improve the extinction ratio by 2 dB. Finally, the laser-induced damage threshold for the proposed switch is measured and discussed. It is believed that potential applications of this novel polarization-independent electro-optic switch technology will be wide, especially for ultrafast high-power laser systems.
