To fully exploit the technical advantages of the large-depth and high-precision artificial source electromagnetic method in the complex structure area of southern Sichuan and compensate for the shortcomings of the con...To fully exploit the technical advantages of the large-depth and high-precision artificial source electromagnetic method in the complex structure area of southern Sichuan and compensate for the shortcomings of the conventional electromagnetic method in exploration depth,precision,and accuracy,the large-depth and high-precision wide field electromagnetic method is applied to the complex structure test area of the Luochang syncline and Yuhe nose anticline in the southern Sichuan.The advantages of the wide field electromagnetic method in detecting deep,low-resistivity thin layers are demonstrated.First,on the basis of the analysis of physical property data,a geological–geoelectric model is established in the test area,and the wide field electromagnetic method is numerically simulated to analyze and evaluate the response characteristics of deep thin shale gas layers on wide field electromagnetic curves.Second,a wide field electromagnetic test is conducted in the complex structure area of southern Sichuan.After data processing and inversion imaging,apparent resistivity logging data are used for calibration to develop an apparent resistivity interpretation model suitable for the test area.On the basis of the results,the characteristics of the electrical structure change in the shallow longitudinal formation of 6 km are implemented,and the transverse electrical distribution characteristics of the deep shale gas layer are delineated.In the prediction area near the well,the subsequent data verification shows that the apparent resistivity obtained using the inversion of the wide field electromagnetic method is consistent with the trend of apparent resistivity revealed by logging,which proves that this method can effectively identify the weak response characteristics of deep shale gas formations in complex structural areas.This experiment,it is shown shows that the wide field electromagnetic method with a large depth and high precision can effectively characterize the electrical characteristics of deep,low-resistivity thin layers in complex structural areas,and a new set of low-cost evaluation technologies for shale gas target layers based on the wide field electromagnetic method is explored.展开更多
The electrical resistivity method is a geophysical tool used to characterize the subsoil and can provide an important information for precision agriculture. The lack of knowledge about agronomic properties of the soil...The electrical resistivity method is a geophysical tool used to characterize the subsoil and can provide an important information for precision agriculture. The lack of knowledge about agronomic properties of the soil tends to affect the agricultural coffee production system. Therefore, research related to geoelectrical properties of soil such as resistivity for characterization the region of the study for coffee cultivation purposes can improve and optimize the production. This resistivity method allows to investigate the subsurface through different techniques: 1D vertical electrical sounding and electrical imaging. The acquisition of data using these techniques permitted the creation of 2D resistivity cross section from the study area. The geoelectrical data was acquired by using a resistivity meter equipment and was processed in different softwares. The results of the geoelectrical characterization from 1D resistivity model and 2D resistivity electrical sections show that in the study area of Kabiri, there are 8 varieties of geoelectrical layers with different resistivity or conductivity. Near survey in the study area, the lowest resistivity is around 0.322 Ω·m, while the highest is about 92.1 Ω·m. These values illustrated where is possible to plant coffee for suggestion of specific fertilization plan for some area to improve the cultivation.展开更多
This paper presents a microdevice developed to measure the electrical conductivity of a liquid or a saturated porous medium using Wenner method.It is developed in the context of biocementation as soil improvement tech...This paper presents a microdevice developed to measure the electrical conductivity of a liquid or a saturated porous medium using Wenner method.It is developed in the context of biocementation as soil improvement technique,which is used in Civil Engineering applications to produce calcium carbonate through bacterial or enzymatic activity,replacing the use of other binder materials such as cement or resins,and therefore reducing carbon footprint.The microdevice was used to measure urease activity in the soil interstitial fluid,to investigate if bacterial activity could be affected by the presence of the particles and tortuosity from pore geometry.Such analysis is important to understand biocementation mechanism inside the soil and helps to improve the design of such treatment solutions.The device is basically a squared reservoir printed in polypropylene using a 3D printing machine,incorporating stainless steel electrodes in its base.The electrical resistivity was computed adopting Wenner method,by connecting 4 PCB electrodes to a signal generator and an oscilloscope for measuring the voltage when a AC current of 1 mA was applied.Both square and sinusoidal waves with 5 kHz frequency were selected among other frequencies.The measurements were adjusted during the calibration of the microdevice,done using standard salt solutions with known electrical conductivity measured using an electrical conductivity probe.For the bacterial activity measurements,the bacterial and urea solutions were added to a uniform-graded size quarzitic sand(average diameter 0.3 mm)placed inside the microdevice and covering completely the electrodes.Bacterial activity was not affected by the presence of the sand,which confirms that this treatment is effective for this type of soils.展开更多
Ferromagnetic materials play an important role in memory materials,but conventional control methods are often limited by issues such as high power consumption and volatility.Multiferroic heterostructures provide a pro...Ferromagnetic materials play an important role in memory materials,but conventional control methods are often limited by issues such as high power consumption and volatility.Multiferroic heterostructures provide a promising alternative to achieve low power consumption and nonvolatile electric control of magnetic properties.In this paper,a two-dimensional multiferroic van der Waals heterostructure OsCl_(2)/Sc_(2)CO_(2),which is composed of ferromagnetic monolayer OsCl_(2)and ferroelectric monolayer Sc_(2)CO_(2),is studied by first-principles density functional theory.The results show that by reversing the direction of the electric polarization of Sc_(2)CO_(2),OsCl_(2)can be transformed from a semiconductor to a half-metal,demonstrating a nonvolatile electrical manipulation of the heterostructure through ferroelectric polarization.The underlying physical mechanism is explained by band alignments and charge density differences.Furthermore,based on the heterostructure,we construct a multiferroic tunnel junction with a tunnel electroresistance ratio of 3.38×10^(14)%and a tunnel magnetoresistance ratio of 5.04×10^(6)%,allowing control of conduction states via instantaneous electric or magnetic fields.The findings provide a feasible strategy for designing advanced nanodevices based on the giant tunnel electroresistance and tunnel magnetoresistance effects.展开更多
Non-technical losses(NTL)of electric power are a serious problem for electric distribution companies.The solution determines the cost,stability,reliability,and quality of the supplied electricity.The widespread use of...Non-technical losses(NTL)of electric power are a serious problem for electric distribution companies.The solution determines the cost,stability,reliability,and quality of the supplied electricity.The widespread use of advanced metering infrastructure(AMI)and Smart Grid allows all participants in the distribution grid to store and track electricity consumption.During the research,a machine learning model is developed that allows analyzing and predicting the probability of NTL for each consumer of the distribution grid based on daily electricity consumption readings.This model is an ensemble meta-algorithm(stacking)that generalizes the algorithms of random forest,LightGBM,and a homogeneous ensemble of artificial neural networks.The best accuracy of the proposed meta-algorithm in comparison to basic classifiers is experimentally confirmed on the test sample.Such a model,due to good accuracy indicators(ROC-AUC-0.88),can be used as a methodological basis for a decision support system,the purpose of which is to form a sample of suspected NTL sources.The use of such a sample will allow the top management of electric distribution companies to increase the efficiency of raids by performers,making them targeted and accurate,which should contribute to the fight against NTL and the sustainable development of the electric power industry.展开更多
Electric desalting wastewater(EDW)is one of the petrochemical wastewater generated in the production process of petrochemical industry,due to the instability of its water quality,the traditional wastewater treatment t...Electric desalting wastewater(EDW)is one of the petrochemical wastewater generated in the production process of petrochemical industry,due to the instability of its water quality,the traditional wastewater treatment technology is complex,high energy consumption,and will produce waste causing secondary pollution,posing challenges in terms of environmental protection,technology,and economy.This study utilized an on-site test to investigate the possibility of a new short-process physical method to replace traditional electro-chemical,oil-separation,and two-stage air floating physical chemistry processes,in response to optimizing the treatment effect,thus reducing the cost of treatment and carbon emissions.Following this test,this new short-flow physical method process could improve the efficiency of oil and suspend solid(SS)removal by 15.48%and 58.72%,and providing 78.37%and 75.55%the operating costs and carbon emissions savings,respectively.This system also reduced the production of waste solids,volatile organic compounds,and other three-waste compared with the traditional process.These benefits offer environmental and economic advantages,and this process serves as an efficient strategy to treat wastewater for electric desalination,and can be served as a completely new technological and process option for the treatment of EDW.展开更多
In the past,the lightning strike risk assessment of wind farms mainly referred to the Lightning Protection Part 2:Risk Management(IEC 62305-2-2010)and the Lightning Protection of Wind Energy System(IEC 61400-24-2019)b...In the past,the lightning strike risk assessment of wind farms mainly referred to the Lightning Protection Part 2:Risk Management(IEC 62305-2-2010)and the Lightning Protection of Wind Energy System(IEC 61400-24-2019)based on protection angle method.In fact,the basic idea of the two is the same,that is,the source of the lightning fan is replaced by S1-S4 of the former lightning building with the latter ND-NDJ.According to the above method of wind farm evaluation,it has been proved that the practice can not achieve good results.Taking offshore wind farm as an example,this paper introduces a new method of establishing six evaluation indicators to determine the risk level according to the new technology and compliance principle of regional lightning protection(semi-circular method),which can be used for reference by wind farm technicians.展开更多
The optimization of micro milling electrical discharge machining（EDM） process parameters of Inconel 718 alloy to achieve multiple performance characteristics such as low electrode wear,high material removal rate and...The optimization of micro milling electrical discharge machining（EDM） process parameters of Inconel 718 alloy to achieve multiple performance characteristics such as low electrode wear,high material removal rate and low working gap was investigated by the Grey-Taguchi method.The influences of peak current,pulse on-time,pulse off-time and spark gap on electrode wear（EW）,material removal rate（MRR） and working gap（WG） in the micro milling electrical discharge machining of Inconel 718 were analyzed.The experimental results show that the electrode wear decreases from 5.6×10-9 to 5.2×10-9 mm3/min,the material removal rate increases from 0.47×10-8 to 1.68×10-8 mm3/min,and the working gap decreases from 1.27 to 1.19 μm under optimal micro milling electrical discharge machining process parameters.Hence,it is clearly shown that multiple performance characteristics can be improved by using the Grey-Taguchi method.展开更多
Electrical measurement was employed to investigate the early hydration characteristics of cement pastes with different dosages of superplasticizer in the same W/C ratio. The hyperbolic method was applied to analyze th...Electrical measurement was employed to investigate the early hydration characteristics of cement pastes with different dosages of superplasticizer in the same W/C ratio. The hyperbolic method was applied to analyze the electrical resistivity development. The peak point （Ph） on the hyperbolic curve could be easily read. The time （th） to reach the point Ph had strong relations with the setting time. th was delayed with the increment of the dosage of superplasticizer. The time th was used to plot the relationship between the initial setting time and final setting time. The hyperbolic equation was established to predict the ultimate resistivity. The retardation effect of the superplasticizer was confirmed in the same W/C ratio by setting time and isothermal heat evolution.展开更多
The compressive strength development of Portland cement pastes was investigated by the electrical resistivity method and the maturity method.The experiments were carried out on the cement pastes with different water-c...The compressive strength development of Portland cement pastes was investigated by the electrical resistivity method and the maturity method.The experiments were carried out on the cement pastes with different water-cement ratios at different curing temperatures.The results show that the application of the maturity method has limitation to obtain the strength.It is found that both of the compressive strength and the electrical resistivity follow hyperbolic trend for all the mixes.The hyperbolic equation of each mix is obtained to estimate the ultimate resistivity value which can probably be reached.The relationship between electrical resistivity and compressive strength of the cement pastes is established based on the test results and interpreted by the empirical Archie equation and a strength-porosity equation.The relationship between the electrical resistivity after temperature correction and the compressive strength was linear and independent of curing temperature and water-cement ratio.展开更多
Electrical capacitance tomography(ECT)has been applied to two-phase flow measurement in recent years.Image reconstruction algorithms play an important role in the successful applications of ECT.To solve the ill-posed ...Electrical capacitance tomography(ECT)has been applied to two-phase flow measurement in recent years.Image reconstruction algorithms play an important role in the successful applications of ECT.To solve the ill-posed and nonlinear inverse problem of ECT image reconstruction,a new ECT image reconstruction method based on fast linearized alternating direction method of multipliers(FLADMM)is proposed in this paper.On the basis of theoretical analysis of compressed sensing(CS),the data acquisition of ECT is regarded as a linear measurement process of permittivity distribution signal of pipe section.A new measurement matrix is designed and L1 regularization method is used to convert ECT inverse problem to a convex relaxation problem which contains prior knowledge.A new fast alternating direction method of multipliers which contained linearized idea is employed to minimize the objective function.Simulation data and experimental results indicate that compared with other methods,the quality and speed of reconstructed images are markedly improved.Also,the dynamic experimental results indicate that the proposed algorithm can ful fill the real-time requirement of ECT systems in the application.展开更多
The model of electrically driven jet is governed by a series of quasi 1D dimensionless partial differential equations(PDEs).Following the method of lines,the Chebyshev collocation method is employed to discretize the ...The model of electrically driven jet is governed by a series of quasi 1D dimensionless partial differential equations(PDEs).Following the method of lines,the Chebyshev collocation method is employed to discretize the PDEs and obtain a system of differential-algebraic equations(DAEs).By differentiating constrains in DAEs twice,the system is transformed into a set of ordinary differential equations(ODEs) with invariants.Then the implicit differential equations solver 'ddaskr' is used to solve the ODEs and post-stabilization is executed at the end of each step.Results show the distributions of radius,linear charge density,stretching ratio and also the horizontal velocity at a time point.Meanwhile,the spiral and expanding projections to X-Y plane of the jet centerline suggest the occurring of bending instability.展开更多
Electrical discharge machining（EDM） is a promising non-traditional micro machining technology that offers a vast array of applications in the manufacturing industry. However, scale effects occur when machining at th...Electrical discharge machining（EDM） is a promising non-traditional micro machining technology that offers a vast array of applications in the manufacturing industry. However, scale effects occur when machining at the micro-scale, which can make it difficult to predict and optimize the machining performances of micro EDM. A new concept of ＂scale effects＂ in micro EDM is proposed, the scale effects can reveal the difference in machining performances between micro EDM and conventional macro EDM. Similarity theory is presented to evaluate the scale effects in micro EDM. Single factor experiments are conducted and the experimental results are analyzed by discussing the similarity difference and similarity precision. The results show that the output results of scale effects in micro EDM do not change linearly with discharge parameters. The values of similarity precision of machining time significantly increase when scaling-down the capacitance or open-circuit voltage. It is indicated that the lower the scale of the discharge parameter, the greater the deviation of non-geometrical similarity degree over geometrical similarity degree, which means that the micro EDM system with lower discharge energy experiences more scale effects. The largest similarity difference is 5.34 while the largest similarity precision can be as high as 114.03. It is suggested that the similarity precision is more effective in reflecting the scale effects and their fluctuation than similarity difference. Consequently, similarity theory is suitable for evaluating the scale effects in micro EDM. This proposed research offers engineering values for optimizing the machining parameters and improving the machining performances of micro EDM.展开更多
The transient plane source(TPS)method is developed recently to measure the thermal conductivity of materials.In the measurement,the heating power is influenced by the heat which is transferred via the probe electrical...The transient plane source(TPS)method is developed recently to measure the thermal conductivity of materials.In the measurement,the heating power is influenced by the heat which is transferred via the probe electrical leads.This fact further influences the measurement accuracy of thermal conductivity.To solve this problem,the influence of heat loss through the electrical leads on the heating power is studied theoretically.The mathematical formula of heat loss is deduced,and the corresponding correction model is presented.A series of measurement experiments on different materials have been conducted by using the hot disk thermal constant analyzer.The results show that the influence of the heat loss on the measurement is sensitive to different test materials and probes with different sizes.When the thermal conductivity of the material is greater than 0.2 W/(m·K),the influence of the heat loss is less than 0.16%,which can be ignored.As to the lower thermal conductivity materials,it is necessary to compensate the heat loss through the electrical leads,and the accuracy of thermal conductivity measurement can be effectively improved.展开更多
In this paper, the MHD peristaltic flow inside wavy walls of an asymmetric channel is investigated, where the walls of the channel are moving with peristaltic wave velocity along the channel length. During this invest...In this paper, the MHD peristaltic flow inside wavy walls of an asymmetric channel is investigated, where the walls of the channel are moving with peristaltic wave velocity along the channel length. During this investigation,the electrical conductivity both in Lorentz force and Joule heating is taken to be temperature dependent. Also, the long wavelength and low Reynolds number assumptions are utilized to reduce the governing partial differential equations into a set of coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The new set of obtained equations is then numerically solved using the generalized differential quadrature method(GDQM). This is the first attempt to solve the nonlinear equations arising in the peristaltic flows using this method in combination with the Newton-Raphson technique. Moreover, in order to check the accuracy of the proposed numerical method, our results are compared with the results of built-in Mathematica command NDSolve. Taking Joule heating and viscous dissipation into account, the effects of various parameters appearing in the problem are used to discuss the fluid flow characteristics and heat transfer in the electrically conducting fluids graphically. In presence of variable electrical conductivity, velocity and temperature profiles are highly decreasing in nature when the intensity of the electrical conductivity parameter is strengthened.展开更多
As an important geophysical tool,high density electrical technique infers the underground geological structures by processing and inverting the apparent resistivity data.Currently,the false anomalies have been frequen...As an important geophysical tool,high density electrical technique infers the underground geological structures by processing and inverting the apparent resistivity data.Currently,the false anomalies have been frequently occurred in the graph of apparent resistivity pseudo-section or inverted geoelectrical section obtained from high-density electrical technique,and are difficult to remove.In this study,the authors explain the mechanism of the false anomalies and put forward the horizontal differential field method to identify the false anomalies.Based on the analysis of modeling results,this method is applied in the surveying data in Xinlei Quarry of Jiuquan,and the results confirm the effectiveness of the horizontal differential field method.展开更多
Solution to impedance distribution in electrical impedance tomography （EIT） is an ill-posed nonlinear inverse problem. It is especially difficult to reconstruct an EIT image in the center area of a measured object. ...Solution to impedance distribution in electrical impedance tomography （EIT） is an ill-posed nonlinear inverse problem. It is especially difficult to reconstruct an EIT image in the center area of a measured object. Tikhonov regularization with some prior information is a sound regnlarization method for static electrical impedance tomography under the condition that some true impedance distribution information is known a priori. This paper presents a direct search method （DSM） as pretreatment of image reconstruction through which one not only can construct a regularization matrix which may locate in areas of impedance change, but also can obtain an initial impedance distribution more similar to the true impedance distribution, as well as better current modes which can better distinguish the initial distribution and the true distribution. Simulation results indicate that, by using DSM, resolution in the center area of the measured object can be improved significantly.展开更多
<div style="text-align:justify;"> Rainfall infiltration is a porous medium flow problem with variable saturation. Based on the theoretical analysis of the flow field, electrical conductivity of rocks, ...<div style="text-align:justify;"> Rainfall infiltration is a porous medium flow problem with variable saturation. Based on the theoretical analysis of the flow field, electrical conductivity of rocks, the electrical field, the paper simulates the coupling relationship between the water saturation in soil and the apparent resistivity distribution. It combines the Richards equation, the Archie formula and the Laplace equation. The experiment simulates the potential field data by the Wenner setting in electrical exploration on a two-layer geologic model with continuous rainfall during 5 days, which shows that the effective saturation in soil is increasing with the rainfall time, while the apparent resistivity is decreasing. This can provide a theoretical basis for the analyzing the rainfall infiltration and porosity of the soil by using high-density electrical method in the future. </div>展开更多
Single-crystalline samples of Eu/Ba-filled Sn-based type-Ⅷ clathrate are prepared by the Ga flux method with different stoichiometric ratios. The electrical transport properties of the samples are optimized by Eu dop...Single-crystalline samples of Eu/Ba-filled Sn-based type-Ⅷ clathrate are prepared by the Ga flux method with different stoichiometric ratios. The electrical transport properties of the samples are optimized by Eu doping. Results indicate that Eu atoms tend to replace Ba atoms. With the increase of the Eu initial content, the carrier density increases and the carrier mobility decreases, which leads to an increase of the Seebeck coefficient. By contrast, the electrical conductivity decreases. Finally, the sample with Eu initial content of x = 0.75 behaves with excellent electrical properties, which shows a maximal power factor of 1.51 mW·m^-1K^-2 at 480K, and the highest ZT achieved is 0.87 near the temperature of 483K.展开更多
This study prepares a group of single crystalline β-Zn_4Sb_3 with Ge and Sn codoped by the Sn-flux method according to the nominal stoichiometric ratios of Zn_（4.4）Sb_3 Ge_xSn_3（x = 0–0.15）. The prepared samples...This study prepares a group of single crystalline β-Zn_4Sb_3 with Ge and Sn codoped by the Sn-flux method according to the nominal stoichiometric ratios of Zn_（4.4）Sb_3 Ge_xSn_3（x = 0–0.15）. The prepared samples possess a metallic luster surface with perfect appearance and large crystal sizes. The microscopic cracks or defects are invisible in the samples from the back-scattered electron image. Except for the heavily Ge-doped sample of x = 0.15, all the samples are single phase with space group R3c. The thermal analysis results show that the samples doped with Ge exhibit an excellent thermal stability.Compared with the polycrystalline Ge-substituted β-Zn_4Sb_3, the present single crystals have higher carrier mobility, and hence the electrical conductivity is improved, which reaches 7.48×10~4S·m^（-1） at room temperature for the x = 0.1 sample.The change of Ge and Sn contents does not improve the Seebeck coefficient significantly. Benefiting from the increased electrical conductivity, the sample with x = 0.075 gets the highest power factor of 1.45×10^（-3）W·m^（-1）·K^（-2） at 543 K.展开更多
文摘To fully exploit the technical advantages of the large-depth and high-precision artificial source electromagnetic method in the complex structure area of southern Sichuan and compensate for the shortcomings of the conventional electromagnetic method in exploration depth,precision,and accuracy,the large-depth and high-precision wide field electromagnetic method is applied to the complex structure test area of the Luochang syncline and Yuhe nose anticline in the southern Sichuan.The advantages of the wide field electromagnetic method in detecting deep,low-resistivity thin layers are demonstrated.First,on the basis of the analysis of physical property data,a geological–geoelectric model is established in the test area,and the wide field electromagnetic method is numerically simulated to analyze and evaluate the response characteristics of deep thin shale gas layers on wide field electromagnetic curves.Second,a wide field electromagnetic test is conducted in the complex structure area of southern Sichuan.After data processing and inversion imaging,apparent resistivity logging data are used for calibration to develop an apparent resistivity interpretation model suitable for the test area.On the basis of the results,the characteristics of the electrical structure change in the shallow longitudinal formation of 6 km are implemented,and the transverse electrical distribution characteristics of the deep shale gas layer are delineated.In the prediction area near the well,the subsequent data verification shows that the apparent resistivity obtained using the inversion of the wide field electromagnetic method is consistent with the trend of apparent resistivity revealed by logging,which proves that this method can effectively identify the weak response characteristics of deep shale gas formations in complex structural areas.This experiment,it is shown shows that the wide field electromagnetic method with a large depth and high precision can effectively characterize the electrical characteristics of deep,low-resistivity thin layers in complex structural areas,and a new set of low-cost evaluation technologies for shale gas target layers based on the wide field electromagnetic method is explored.
文摘The electrical resistivity method is a geophysical tool used to characterize the subsoil and can provide an important information for precision agriculture. The lack of knowledge about agronomic properties of the soil tends to affect the agricultural coffee production system. Therefore, research related to geoelectrical properties of soil such as resistivity for characterization the region of the study for coffee cultivation purposes can improve and optimize the production. This resistivity method allows to investigate the subsurface through different techniques: 1D vertical electrical sounding and electrical imaging. The acquisition of data using these techniques permitted the creation of 2D resistivity cross section from the study area. The geoelectrical data was acquired by using a resistivity meter equipment and was processed in different softwares. The results of the geoelectrical characterization from 1D resistivity model and 2D resistivity electrical sections show that in the study area of Kabiri, there are 8 varieties of geoelectrical layers with different resistivity or conductivity. Near survey in the study area, the lowest resistivity is around 0.322 Ω·m, while the highest is about 92.1 Ω·m. These values illustrated where is possible to plant coffee for suggestion of specific fertilization plan for some area to improve the cultivation.
基金FCT I.P,for the funding through CALCITE Project(ref.PTDC/ECI-EGC/1086/2021).
文摘This paper presents a microdevice developed to measure the electrical conductivity of a liquid or a saturated porous medium using Wenner method.It is developed in the context of biocementation as soil improvement technique,which is used in Civil Engineering applications to produce calcium carbonate through bacterial or enzymatic activity,replacing the use of other binder materials such as cement or resins,and therefore reducing carbon footprint.The microdevice was used to measure urease activity in the soil interstitial fluid,to investigate if bacterial activity could be affected by the presence of the particles and tortuosity from pore geometry.Such analysis is important to understand biocementation mechanism inside the soil and helps to improve the design of such treatment solutions.The device is basically a squared reservoir printed in polypropylene using a 3D printing machine,incorporating stainless steel electrodes in its base.The electrical resistivity was computed adopting Wenner method,by connecting 4 PCB electrodes to a signal generator and an oscilloscope for measuring the voltage when a AC current of 1 mA was applied.Both square and sinusoidal waves with 5 kHz frequency were selected among other frequencies.The measurements were adjusted during the calibration of the microdevice,done using standard salt solutions with known electrical conductivity measured using an electrical conductivity probe.For the bacterial activity measurements,the bacterial and urea solutions were added to a uniform-graded size quarzitic sand(average diameter 0.3 mm)placed inside the microdevice and covering completely the electrodes.Bacterial activity was not affected by the presence of the sand,which confirms that this treatment is effective for this type of soils.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12074213,11574108,and 12104253)the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2022YFA1403103)+2 种基金the Major Basic Program of the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(Grant No.ZR2021ZD01)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Provincial(Grant No.ZR2023MA082)the Project of Introduction and Cultivation for Young Innovative Talents in Colleges and Universities of Shandong Province。
文摘Ferromagnetic materials play an important role in memory materials,but conventional control methods are often limited by issues such as high power consumption and volatility.Multiferroic heterostructures provide a promising alternative to achieve low power consumption and nonvolatile electric control of magnetic properties.In this paper,a two-dimensional multiferroic van der Waals heterostructure OsCl_(2)/Sc_(2)CO_(2),which is composed of ferromagnetic monolayer OsCl_(2)and ferroelectric monolayer Sc_(2)CO_(2),is studied by first-principles density functional theory.The results show that by reversing the direction of the electric polarization of Sc_(2)CO_(2),OsCl_(2)can be transformed from a semiconductor to a half-metal,demonstrating a nonvolatile electrical manipulation of the heterostructure through ferroelectric polarization.The underlying physical mechanism is explained by band alignments and charge density differences.Furthermore,based on the heterostructure,we construct a multiferroic tunnel junction with a tunnel electroresistance ratio of 3.38×10^(14)%and a tunnel magnetoresistance ratio of 5.04×10^(6)%,allowing control of conduction states via instantaneous electric or magnetic fields.The findings provide a feasible strategy for designing advanced nanodevices based on the giant tunnel electroresistance and tunnel magnetoresistance effects.
文摘Non-technical losses(NTL)of electric power are a serious problem for electric distribution companies.The solution determines the cost,stability,reliability,and quality of the supplied electricity.The widespread use of advanced metering infrastructure(AMI)and Smart Grid allows all participants in the distribution grid to store and track electricity consumption.During the research,a machine learning model is developed that allows analyzing and predicting the probability of NTL for each consumer of the distribution grid based on daily electricity consumption readings.This model is an ensemble meta-algorithm(stacking)that generalizes the algorithms of random forest,LightGBM,and a homogeneous ensemble of artificial neural networks.The best accuracy of the proposed meta-algorithm in comparison to basic classifiers is experimentally confirmed on the test sample.Such a model,due to good accuracy indicators(ROC-AUC-0.88),can be used as a methodological basis for a decision support system,the purpose of which is to form a sample of suspected NTL sources.The use of such a sample will allow the top management of electric distribution companies to increase the efficiency of raids by performers,making them targeted and accurate,which should contribute to the fight against NTL and the sustainable development of the electric power industry.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52300086 and 52025103)the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF(No.GZB20230215).
文摘Electric desalting wastewater(EDW)is one of the petrochemical wastewater generated in the production process of petrochemical industry,due to the instability of its water quality,the traditional wastewater treatment technology is complex,high energy consumption,and will produce waste causing secondary pollution,posing challenges in terms of environmental protection,technology,and economy.This study utilized an on-site test to investigate the possibility of a new short-process physical method to replace traditional electro-chemical,oil-separation,and two-stage air floating physical chemistry processes,in response to optimizing the treatment effect,thus reducing the cost of treatment and carbon emissions.Following this test,this new short-flow physical method process could improve the efficiency of oil and suspend solid(SS)removal by 15.48%and 58.72%,and providing 78.37%and 75.55%the operating costs and carbon emissions savings,respectively.This system also reduced the production of waste solids,volatile organic compounds,and other three-waste compared with the traditional process.These benefits offer environmental and economic advantages,and this process serves as an efficient strategy to treat wastewater for electric desalination,and can be served as a completely new technological and process option for the treatment of EDW.
基金Supported by Research on Key Technologies of Lightning Intelligent Protection System for Guangdong Energy Hehe Sea Wind Farm(SFC/QZW-ZX-XF-24-020).
文摘In the past,the lightning strike risk assessment of wind farms mainly referred to the Lightning Protection Part 2:Risk Management(IEC 62305-2-2010)and the Lightning Protection of Wind Energy System(IEC 61400-24-2019)based on protection angle method.In fact,the basic idea of the two is the same,that is,the source of the lightning fan is replaced by S1-S4 of the former lightning building with the latter ND-NDJ.According to the above method of wind farm evaluation,it has been proved that the practice can not achieve good results.Taking offshore wind farm as an example,this paper introduces a new method of establishing six evaluation indicators to determine the risk level according to the new technology and compliance principle of regional lightning protection(semi-circular method),which can be used for reference by wind farm technicians.
文摘The optimization of micro milling electrical discharge machining（EDM） process parameters of Inconel 718 alloy to achieve multiple performance characteristics such as low electrode wear,high material removal rate and low working gap was investigated by the Grey-Taguchi method.The influences of peak current,pulse on-time,pulse off-time and spark gap on electrode wear（EW）,material removal rate（MRR） and working gap（WG） in the micro milling electrical discharge machining of Inconel 718 were analyzed.The experimental results show that the electrode wear decreases from 5.6×10-9 to 5.2×10-9 mm3/min,the material removal rate increases from 0.47×10-8 to 1.68×10-8 mm3/min,and the working gap decreases from 1.27 to 1.19 μm under optimal micro milling electrical discharge machining process parameters.Hence,it is clearly shown that multiple performance characteristics can be improved by using the Grey-Taguchi method.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.50778078)
文摘Electrical measurement was employed to investigate the early hydration characteristics of cement pastes with different dosages of superplasticizer in the same W/C ratio. The hyperbolic method was applied to analyze the electrical resistivity development. The peak point （Ph） on the hyperbolic curve could be easily read. The time （th） to reach the point Ph had strong relations with the setting time. th was delayed with the increment of the dosage of superplasticizer. The time th was used to plot the relationship between the initial setting time and final setting time. The hyperbolic equation was established to predict the ultimate resistivity. The retardation effect of the superplasticizer was confirmed in the same W/C ratio by setting time and isothermal heat evolution.
基金Funding by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.50778078 and 51178202)the Doctoral Research Fund from Wuhan Institute of Technology
文摘The compressive strength development of Portland cement pastes was investigated by the electrical resistivity method and the maturity method.The experiments were carried out on the cement pastes with different water-cement ratios at different curing temperatures.The results show that the application of the maturity method has limitation to obtain the strength.It is found that both of the compressive strength and the electrical resistivity follow hyperbolic trend for all the mixes.The hyperbolic equation of each mix is obtained to estimate the ultimate resistivity value which can probably be reached.The relationship between electrical resistivity and compressive strength of the cement pastes is established based on the test results and interpreted by the empirical Archie equation and a strength-porosity equation.The relationship between the electrical resistivity after temperature correction and the compressive strength was linear and independent of curing temperature and water-cement ratio.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61203021)the Key Science and Technology Program of Liaoning Province(2011216011)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province(2013020024)the Program for Liaoning Excellent Talents in Universities(LJQ2015061)
文摘Electrical capacitance tomography(ECT)has been applied to two-phase flow measurement in recent years.Image reconstruction algorithms play an important role in the successful applications of ECT.To solve the ill-posed and nonlinear inverse problem of ECT image reconstruction,a new ECT image reconstruction method based on fast linearized alternating direction method of multipliers(FLADMM)is proposed in this paper.On the basis of theoretical analysis of compressed sensing(CS),the data acquisition of ECT is regarded as a linear measurement process of permittivity distribution signal of pipe section.A new measurement matrix is designed and L1 regularization method is used to convert ECT inverse problem to a convex relaxation problem which contains prior knowledge.A new fast alternating direction method of multipliers which contained linearized idea is employed to minimize the objective function.Simulation data and experimental results indicate that compared with other methods,the quality and speed of reconstructed images are markedly improved.Also,the dynamic experimental results indicate that the proposed algorithm can ful fill the real-time requirement of ECT systems in the application.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(10772136)Shanghai Leading Academic Discipline Project(B302)The authors wish to thank Dr.Guyue Jiao for the literary suggestions on the manuscript
文摘The model of electrically driven jet is governed by a series of quasi 1D dimensionless partial differential equations(PDEs).Following the method of lines,the Chebyshev collocation method is employed to discretize the PDEs and obtain a system of differential-algebraic equations(DAEs).By differentiating constrains in DAEs twice,the system is transformed into a set of ordinary differential equations(ODEs) with invariants.Then the implicit differential equations solver 'ddaskr' is used to solve the ODEs and post-stabilization is executed at the end of each step.Results show the distributions of radius,linear charge density,stretching ratio and also the horizontal velocity at a time point.Meanwhile,the spiral and expanding projections to X-Y plane of the jet centerline suggest the occurring of bending instability.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51375274)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2014M561920)
文摘Electrical discharge machining（EDM） is a promising non-traditional micro machining technology that offers a vast array of applications in the manufacturing industry. However, scale effects occur when machining at the micro-scale, which can make it difficult to predict and optimize the machining performances of micro EDM. A new concept of ＂scale effects＂ in micro EDM is proposed, the scale effects can reveal the difference in machining performances between micro EDM and conventional macro EDM. Similarity theory is presented to evaluate the scale effects in micro EDM. Single factor experiments are conducted and the experimental results are analyzed by discussing the similarity difference and similarity precision. The results show that the output results of scale effects in micro EDM do not change linearly with discharge parameters. The values of similarity precision of machining time significantly increase when scaling-down the capacitance or open-circuit voltage. It is indicated that the lower the scale of the discharge parameter, the greater the deviation of non-geometrical similarity degree over geometrical similarity degree, which means that the micro EDM system with lower discharge energy experiences more scale effects. The largest similarity difference is 5.34 while the largest similarity precision can be as high as 114.03. It is suggested that the similarity precision is more effective in reflecting the scale effects and their fluctuation than similarity difference. Consequently, similarity theory is suitable for evaluating the scale effects in micro EDM. This proposed research offers engineering values for optimizing the machining parameters and improving the machining performances of micro EDM.
文摘The transient plane source(TPS)method is developed recently to measure the thermal conductivity of materials.In the measurement,the heating power is influenced by the heat which is transferred via the probe electrical leads.This fact further influences the measurement accuracy of thermal conductivity.To solve this problem,the influence of heat loss through the electrical leads on the heating power is studied theoretically.The mathematical formula of heat loss is deduced,and the corresponding correction model is presented.A series of measurement experiments on different materials have been conducted by using the hot disk thermal constant analyzer.The results show that the influence of the heat loss on the measurement is sensitive to different test materials and probes with different sizes.When the thermal conductivity of the material is greater than 0.2 W/(m·K),the influence of the heat loss is less than 0.16%,which can be ignored.As to the lower thermal conductivity materials,it is necessary to compensate the heat loss through the electrical leads,and the accuracy of thermal conductivity measurement can be effectively improved.
文摘In this paper, the MHD peristaltic flow inside wavy walls of an asymmetric channel is investigated, where the walls of the channel are moving with peristaltic wave velocity along the channel length. During this investigation,the electrical conductivity both in Lorentz force and Joule heating is taken to be temperature dependent. Also, the long wavelength and low Reynolds number assumptions are utilized to reduce the governing partial differential equations into a set of coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The new set of obtained equations is then numerically solved using the generalized differential quadrature method(GDQM). This is the first attempt to solve the nonlinear equations arising in the peristaltic flows using this method in combination with the Newton-Raphson technique. Moreover, in order to check the accuracy of the proposed numerical method, our results are compared with the results of built-in Mathematica command NDSolve. Taking Joule heating and viscous dissipation into account, the effects of various parameters appearing in the problem are used to discuss the fluid flow characteristics and heat transfer in the electrically conducting fluids graphically. In presence of variable electrical conductivity, velocity and temperature profiles are highly decreasing in nature when the intensity of the electrical conductivity parameter is strengthened.
文摘As an important geophysical tool,high density electrical technique infers the underground geological structures by processing and inverting the apparent resistivity data.Currently,the false anomalies have been frequently occurred in the graph of apparent resistivity pseudo-section or inverted geoelectrical section obtained from high-density electrical technique,and are difficult to remove.In this study,the authors explain the mechanism of the false anomalies and put forward the horizontal differential field method to identify the false anomalies.Based on the analysis of modeling results,this method is applied in the surveying data in Xinlei Quarry of Jiuquan,and the results confirm the effectiveness of the horizontal differential field method.
文摘Solution to impedance distribution in electrical impedance tomography （EIT） is an ill-posed nonlinear inverse problem. It is especially difficult to reconstruct an EIT image in the center area of a measured object. Tikhonov regularization with some prior information is a sound regnlarization method for static electrical impedance tomography under the condition that some true impedance distribution information is known a priori. This paper presents a direct search method （DSM） as pretreatment of image reconstruction through which one not only can construct a regularization matrix which may locate in areas of impedance change, but also can obtain an initial impedance distribution more similar to the true impedance distribution, as well as better current modes which can better distinguish the initial distribution and the true distribution. Simulation results indicate that, by using DSM, resolution in the center area of the measured object can be improved significantly.
文摘<div style="text-align:justify;"> Rainfall infiltration is a porous medium flow problem with variable saturation. Based on the theoretical analysis of the flow field, electrical conductivity of rocks, the electrical field, the paper simulates the coupling relationship between the water saturation in soil and the apparent resistivity distribution. It combines the Richards equation, the Archie formula and the Laplace equation. The experiment simulates the potential field data by the Wenner setting in electrical exploration on a two-layer geologic model with continuous rainfall during 5 days, which shows that the effective saturation in soil is increasing with the rainfall time, while the apparent resistivity is decreasing. This can provide a theoretical basis for the analyzing the rainfall infiltration and porosity of the soil by using high-density electrical method in the future. </div>
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No 51262032
文摘Single-crystalline samples of Eu/Ba-filled Sn-based type-Ⅷ clathrate are prepared by the Ga flux method with different stoichiometric ratios. The electrical transport properties of the samples are optimized by Eu doping. Results indicate that Eu atoms tend to replace Ba atoms. With the increase of the Eu initial content, the carrier density increases and the carrier mobility decreases, which leads to an increase of the Seebeck coefficient. By contrast, the electrical conductivity decreases. Finally, the sample with Eu initial content of x = 0.75 behaves with excellent electrical properties, which shows a maximal power factor of 1.51 mW·m^-1K^-2 at 480K, and the highest ZT achieved is 0.87 near the temperature of 483K.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51262032)
文摘This study prepares a group of single crystalline β-Zn_4Sb_3 with Ge and Sn codoped by the Sn-flux method according to the nominal stoichiometric ratios of Zn_（4.4）Sb_3 Ge_xSn_3（x = 0–0.15）. The prepared samples possess a metallic luster surface with perfect appearance and large crystal sizes. The microscopic cracks or defects are invisible in the samples from the back-scattered electron image. Except for the heavily Ge-doped sample of x = 0.15, all the samples are single phase with space group R3c. The thermal analysis results show that the samples doped with Ge exhibit an excellent thermal stability.Compared with the polycrystalline Ge-substituted β-Zn_4Sb_3, the present single crystals have higher carrier mobility, and hence the electrical conductivity is improved, which reaches 7.48×10~4S·m^（-1） at room temperature for the x = 0.1 sample.The change of Ge and Sn contents does not improve the Seebeck coefficient significantly. Benefiting from the increased electrical conductivity, the sample with x = 0.075 gets the highest power factor of 1.45×10^（-3）W·m^（-1）·K^（-2） at 543 K.
