This paper reports the results of the visual observations and micro-analysis of concrete core samples after 6 and 12 months of their exposure to sodium, ammonium and magnesium sulfate solutions with the same concentra...This paper reports the results of the visual observations and micro-analysis of concrete core samples after 6 and 12 months of their exposure to sodium, ammonium and magnesium sulfate solutions with the same concentration of sulfate ions. XRD, SEM and EDS were used for micro-analysis of the mi-crostructure and the composition of the interface zone in the samples. The results indicate that the deterioration of concrete by different sulfate solutions could proceed differently with regard to the mechanism and the mode of damage caused. The damage of concrete exposed to sodium sulfate solution is mainly caused by the gypsum crystals formed in the interface zone, which lead to expansion and cracking. In the case of concrete immersed in magnesium sulfate solutions, a layer of brucite (magnesium hydroxide) and gypsum was produced in the interface zone, which reduces the cohesiveness of the interface zone in concrete. For the concrete immersed in ammonium sulfate solutions, the conversation of mortar to some mush mass by ammonium ions and the formation of a large of gypsum occurred in the interface zone, consequently, serious softening of hydrated cement pastes and expansion and cracking of concrete are the characteristics of the attack by ammonium sulfate solutions. Also, it is considered that using drilled concrete core as samples to evaluate the sulfate resistance of concrete is a good and accelerated method.展开更多
The sufficient bond between concrete and rock is an important prerequisite to ensure the effect of shotcrete support. However, in cold regions engineering protection system, the bond condition of rock and concrete sur...The sufficient bond between concrete and rock is an important prerequisite to ensure the effect of shotcrete support. However, in cold regions engineering protection system, the bond condition of rock and concrete surface is easily affected by freeze-thaw cycles, resulting in interface damage, debonding and even supporting failure. Understanding the micromechanisms of the damage and debonding of the rock-concrete interface is essential for improving the interface protection.Therefore, the micromorphology, micromechanical properties, and microdebonding evolution of the sandstone-concrete interface transition zone(ITZ) under varying freeze-thaw cycles(0, 5, 10, 15, 20) were studied using scanning electron microscope, stereoscopic microscope, and nano-indentation. Furthermore, the distribution range and evolution process of ITZ affected by freeze-thaw cycles were defined. Major findings of this study are as follows:(1) The microdamage evolution law of the ITZ under increasing freeze-thaw cycles is clarified, and the relationship between the number of cracks in the ITZ and freeze-thaw cycles is established;(2) As the number of freeze-thaw cycles increases, the ITZ's micromechanical strength decreases, and its development width tends to increase;(3) The damage and debonding evolution mechanisms of sandstone-concrete ITZ under freeze-thaw cycles is revealed, and its micromechanical evolution model induced by freeze-thaw cycles is proposed.展开更多
Al-Ti diffusion couples were made by embedded technology and treated at the temperature between the melting points of Al and Ti. The microstructure evolution and growth mechanism of the Al-Ti DRZ were investigated. Th...Al-Ti diffusion couples were made by embedded technology and treated at the temperature between the melting points of Al and Ti. The microstructure evolution and growth mechanism of the Al-Ti DRZ were investigated. The result shows that the DRZ, the mixture of TiAl3 and Al, grows layer by layer along their chemical equilibrium zone. In the course, the growth interface moves toward the aluminum side. TiAl3 is the only new phase which forms earliest in the course of heat-treatment. The growth mechanism of the DRZ changes after the phase transition of titanium. Before the phase transition of titanium, the growth of the DRZ is controlled by the dissolution speed of the titanium to the molten aluminum, while after the phase transition of titanium, the growth is controlled by the chemical reaction speed of Al and Ti atoms, and consequently, its growth rate is greatly increased.展开更多
A cohesive zone model is employed to simulate the fiber/matrix interface damage of composites with ductile matrix. The study is carried out to investigate the dependence of the interface damage and the composite tensi...A cohesive zone model is employed to simulate the fiber/matrix interface damage of composites with ductile matrix. The study is carried out to investigate the dependence of the interface damage and the composite tensile strength on the micro parameters of the composite. These parameters contain fiber packing pattern, fiber volume fraction, and the modulus ratio of the fiber to the matrix. The investigation reveals that though the high fiber vo lume fraction, the high fiber′s modulus and the square fiber packing can supply strong reinforcement to the composite, the interface damage is susceptible in these cases. The tensile strength of the composite is dominated by the interface strength when the interface debonding occurs.展开更多
Interface debonding between particle and matrix in composite propellant influences its macroscopic mechanical properties greatly. For this, the laws of interface cohesive damage and failure were analyzed. Then, its mi...Interface debonding between particle and matrix in composite propellant influences its macroscopic mechanical properties greatly. For this, the laws of interface cohesive damage and failure were analyzed. Then, its microscopic computational model was established. The interface mechanical response was modeled by the bilinear cohesive zone model. The effects of interface properties and particle sizes on the macroscopic mechanical behavior were investigated. Numerical simulation of debonding damage evolution of composite propellant under finite deformation was carried out. The debonding damage nucleation, propagation mechanism and non-uniform distribution of microscopic stress-strain fields were discussed. The results show that the finite element simulation method based on microstructure model can effectively predict the trend of macroscopic mechanical behavior and particle/matrix debonding evolution process. It can be used for damage simulation and failure assessment of composite propellants.展开更多
The shock tube experiments of inclined air/SF6 interface instability under the shock wave with the Mach numbers 1.23 and 1.41 are conducted. The numerical simulation is done with the parallel algorithm and the multi-v...The shock tube experiments of inclined air/SF6 interface instability under the shock wave with the Mach numbers 1.23 and 1.41 are conducted. The numerical simulation is done with the parallel algorithm and the multi-viscous-fluid and turbulence （MVFT） code of the large-eddy simulation （LES）. The developing process of the interface accelerated by the shock wave is reproduced by the simulations. The complex wave structures, e.g., the propagation, refraction, and reflection of the shock wave, are clearly revealed in the flows. The simulated evolving images of the interface are consistent with the experimental ones. The simulated width of the turbulent mixing zone （TMZ） and the displacements of the bubble and the spike also agree well with the experimental data. Also, the reliability and effectiveness of the MVFT in simulating the problem of interface instability are validated. The more energies are injected into the TMZ when the shock wave has a larger Mach number. Therefore, the perturbed interface develops faster.展开更多
A trial test method is introduced to form and magnify regular interface. Through researching on the carbonation of the magnifying interfacial transition zone （ITZ）, the practical carbonation of the concrete can be s...A trial test method is introduced to form and magnify regular interface. Through researching on the carbonation of the magnifying interfacial transition zone （ITZ）, the practical carbonation of the concrete can be simulated. Because the diffusion rate of CO2 in the ITZ is several times greater than that in the bulk paste, the diffusion rate and direction of CO2 will change and form a new carbonation front line. An interfacial effect zone caused by the ITZ will change the distribution of the complete carbonation zone and the partial carbonation zone. One of the important reasons for the formation of the partial carbonation zone was the existence of the interfacial effect zone. Consequently, the method mentioned in this paper provides a new way for researching on the microstructure of the cement based materials during the carbonation process.展开更多
The grout-rock interfacial property is one of the key factors associated with the strength of grouted rock masses.In this study,direct shear tests and nanoindentation tests were adopted to investigate the mechanical p...The grout-rock interfacial property is one of the key factors associated with the strength of grouted rock masses.In this study,direct shear tests and nanoindentation tests were adopted to investigate the mechanical properties of the grout-rock interface at both the macroscale and microscale.The cohesion of the cement specimens was higher than that of the grout-infilled joint specimens,while their internal friction angle was lower than that of the grout-infilled joint specimens.A“separation method”for identifying the different phases according to the qualitative and quantitative estimations was introduced,and the irregular interfacial transition zone(ITZ)thickness and elastic modulus were estimated.The ITZ thickness of the grout-infilled sandstone specimen ranged from 0 to 30μm,whereas it was within the range of 10-40μm for the grout-infilled mudstone specimen.The average elastic modulus of the ITZ in grout-infilled sandstone and mudstone specimens was approximately 58.2%and 54.1%lower than that of the bulk grout,respectively.Regarding the incidence of the rock type,the interlacing between the grout and sandstone was better developed.The ITZ with a higher porosity and lower modulus had a significant effect on the mechanical properties of the grout-infilled specimens.展开更多
In order to investigate the bonding behavior and mechanism of the interface prepared by explosive welding, the bonding interfaces of 0 Crl 8Ni9/16MnR were observed and analyzed by means of optical microscope （OM） , ...In order to investigate the bonding behavior and mechanism of the interface prepared by explosive welding, the bonding interfaces of 0 Crl 8Ni9/16MnR were observed and analyzed by means of optical microscope （OM） , scanning electron microscope （SEM） and electron probe microanalysis （ EPMA ）. It is found that the welding interfaces are wavy due to the wavy explosive loading. There are three kinds of bonding interfaces i. e. big wave, small wave and micro wave. There are a few seam defects and all elements contents are less than both of the base and .flyer plate in the transition zone of big wavy interface. Moreover, some ＂holes＂ result in the lowest bonding strength of big wavy interface nearby the interface in the base plate. All elements contents of the small wavy interface are between two metals, and there are few seam and hole defects, so it is the higher for the bonding strength of small wavy interface. There is no transition zone and defects in the micro wavy interface, so the interface is the best. To gain the high quality small and micro wavy bonding interface the explosive charge should be controlled.展开更多
The interface of slab track laid in cold regions is prone to debonding under the coupling of freeze-thaw cyclesand temperature loads.Based on the composite specimen tests,the parameters of cohesive zone model were obt...The interface of slab track laid in cold regions is prone to debonding under the coupling of freeze-thaw cyclesand temperature loads.Based on the composite specimen tests,the parameters of cohesive zone model were obtained andused in a simulation model of CRTS III prefabricated slab track to study the interlayer damage.The results show that 1)the digital image correlation(DIC)technique can accurately capture the strain field changes on the interface of compositespecimens under splitting and shear loading;2)when the temperature gradient is−40℃/m−60℃/m,the interfacedamage of the slab track is minimal and presents different patterns of expansion under positive and negative temperaturegradients,each corresponding to damage of the cohesive element dominated by shear stress and normal tensile stress,respectively;3)the reduction of the elastic modulus at the concrete base after freeze-thaw inhibits interface damage andleads to a higher starting temperature gradient load,but cracking can occur on the concrete base after 150 freeze-thaws.For this reason,in the light of damage control of both the interface and concrete base,the elastic modulus of the concretebase is 54%or over that without freeze-thaw cycles.展开更多
The microstructure of ITZ (Interfacial Transition Zone) in single glass fibre-cement was investigated by SEM ( Scanning Electron Microscope), EPXM ( Electron Probe X-ray Microanalyzer) and ESEM (Environmental Scanning...The microstructure of ITZ (Interfacial Transition Zone) in single glass fibre-cement was investigated by SEM ( Scanning Electron Microscope), EPXM ( Electron Probe X-ray Microanalyzer) and ESEM (Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope) . The surface morphology of glass fibres and the hydration products in the vicinity of the interfaces were observed. Chemical element (Zr, Ca and Si) distributions over the ITZ thickness were determined by line-scanning with EPXM. The results show that a low-density transition zone existed in the vicinity of glass fibres . The shape of the fibre-cement ITZ was non-symmetrical and its thickness was variable . In the present study, the width of the zone ranged from 1 - 5 μm. Locally, it came to 10μm. Occasionally , some hydration products with high alkalinity were embedded inside the ITZ, and attached on the glass surface , making the ITZ denser and causing local glass to corrode. The test results are helpful for the further understanding of the GRC degradation .展开更多
This paper studies the computation method of two step inversion of interface and velocity in a region. The 3 D interface is described by a segmented incomplete polynomial; while the reconstruction of 3 D velocity i...This paper studies the computation method of two step inversion of interface and velocity in a region. The 3 D interface is described by a segmented incomplete polynomial; while the reconstruction of 3 D velocity is accomplished by the principle of least squares in functional space. The computation is carried out in two steps. The first step is to inverse the shape of 3 D interface; while the second step is to do 3 D velocity inversion by distributing the remaining residual errors of travel time in accordance with their weights. The data of seismic sounding in the Tangshan Luanxian seismic region are processed, from which the 3 D structural form in depth of the Tangshan seismic region and the 3 D velocity distribution in the crust below the Tangshan Luanxian seismic region are obtained. The result shows that the deep 3 D structure in the Tangshan seismic region trends NE on the whole and the structure sandwiched between the NE trending Fengtai Yejituo fault and the NE trending Tangshan fault is an uplifted zone of the Moho. In the 3 D velocity structure of middle lower crust below that region, there is an obvious belt of low velocity anomaly to exist along the NE trending Tangshan fault, the position of which tallies with that of the Tangshan seismicity belt. The larger block of low velocity anomaly near Shaheyi corresponds to a denser earthquake distribution. In that region, there is an NW trending belt of high velocity anomaly, probably a buried fault zone. The lower crust below the epicentral region of the Tangshan M S=7.8 earthquake is a place where the NE trending belt of low velocity anomaly meets the NW trending belt of high velocity anomaly. The two sets of structures had played an important role in controlling the preparation and occurrence of the M S=7.8 Tangshan earthquake.展开更多
The softening-melting characteristics of ferrous burden play a crucial role in the thickness and position of the cohesive zone.The influence of the basicity and experimental atmosphere on the softening-melting behavio...The softening-melting characteristics of ferrous burden play a crucial role in the thickness and position of the cohesive zone.The influence of the basicity and experimental atmosphere on the softening-melting behavior of primary slag under slag-coke interaction was investigated using in situ visualization method.The mechanism was analyzed using the FactSage software,X-ray diffraction,and electron probe microanalysis.The softening and melting temperatures of the samples increased with increasing basicity under different atmospheres.The difference between softening and melting temperatures is smaller in a H_(2) atmosphere than in a CO atmosphere;in H_(2) atmosphere,the range of softening zone in the cohesive zone was significantly thinner.The formed low-melting-point FeO-bearing phases decrease when H_(2) was used as the reducing agent.In addition,according to FactSage calculations,the high content of metallic iron reduced in the H_(2) atmosphere raised the softening temperature of the primary slag.It also narrowed and moved downward the cohesive zone due to an increase in softening and melting temperatures.Meanwhile,the increase in basicity promoted the decrease in liquid ratio and improved the permeability of cohesive zone.展开更多
The depletion rate of phosphate in the soil-root interface zone increased along with growth and phosphateuptake of wheat or maize, which indicated that the phosphate distribution in soil near the root surfaceagreed we...The depletion rate of phosphate in the soil-root interface zone increased along with growth and phosphateuptake of wheat or maize, which indicated that the phosphate distribution in soil near the root surfaceagreed well with the phosphate movement in rhizosphere and phosphate uptake by plant. The relativeaccumulation zone of phosphate within 0.5 mm apart from the root surface developed at the 15th day or soafter cultivating wheat or maize since the root phosphate secretion increased gradually in this stage. Thephosphate distribution in the soil-root interface zone against the growing time (t) and the distance from theroot plane (x) could be described by the non-linear regression equation with the third powers of x and t.展开更多
Peel test measurements and simulations of the interfacial mechanical parameters for the Al/Epoxy/Al2O3 system are performed in the present investigation. A series of Al film thicknesses between 20 and 250 microns and ...Peel test measurements and simulations of the interfacial mechanical parameters for the Al/Epoxy/Al2O3 system are performed in the present investigation. A series of Al film thicknesses between 20 and 250 microns and three peel angles of 90, 135 and 180 degrees are considered. Two types of epoxy adhesives are adopted to obtain both strong and weak interface adhesions. A finite element model with cohesive zone elements is used to identify the interfacial parameters and simulate the peel test process. By simulating and recording normal stress near the crack tip, the separation strength is obtained, Furthermore, the cohesive energy is identified by comparing the simulated steady-state peel force and the experimental result. It is found from the research that both the cohesive energy and the separation strength can be taken as the intrinsic interfacial parameters which are dependent on the thickness of the adhesive layer and independent of the film thickness and peel angle.展开更多
Interfacial transition zones （ITZs） between aggregates and mortar are the weakest parts in concrete. The random aggregate generation and packing algorithm was utilized to create a two-phase concrete model, and the z...Interfacial transition zones （ITZs） between aggregates and mortar are the weakest parts in concrete. The random aggregate generation and packing algorithm was utilized to create a two-phase concrete model, and the zero-thickness cohesive elements with different normal distribution parameters were used to model the ITZs with random mechanical properties. A number of uniaxial tension-induced fracture simulations were carried out, and the effects of the random parameters on the fracture behavior of concrete were statistically analyzed. The results show that, different from the dissipated fracture energy, the peak load of concrete does not always obey a normal distribution, when the elastic stiffness, tensile strength, or fracture energy of ITZs is normally distributed. The tensile strength of the ITZs has a significant effect on the fracture behavior of concrete, and its large standard deviation leads to obvious diversity of the fracture path in both location and shape.展开更多
We modeled the effect of the deformation of a Density Gradient Zone （DGZ） on a local gravity field using a cubical model and introduced a new method to simulate a complex DGZ （CDGZ）. Then, we analyzed the features...We modeled the effect of the deformation of a Density Gradient Zone （DGZ） on a local gravity field using a cubical model and introduced a new method to simulate a complex DGZ （CDGZ）. Then, we analyzed the features of the model for the influence of the deformation of the DGZ on the local gravity field. We concluded that land-based gravity is not sensitive to the thickness of the DGZ and that the magnitude of the contribution of the DGZ is one order less than that of the volume strain with the same displacement.展开更多
The experiments were conducted in the artificial climate laboratory using ￣(32)P labelled soil and soil-rootplane system to investigate phosphate distribution and its movement in the soil-root interface zone andtheir...The experiments were conducted in the artificial climate laboratory using ￣(32)P labelled soil and soil-rootplane system to investigate phosphate distribution and its movement in the soil-root interface zone andtheir relations with phosphate uptake by plant as well as transpiration rate (atmosphere humidity). It wasfound that although the phosphate in the soilroot interface zone was of depletive distribution as a functionC/Co = ax￣b(C/Co is the relative content of fertilizer phosphate in a distance from the root surface x, aand b are the regression constants), and a relative accumulation zone of phosphate within 0.5 mm near theroot surface was often observed especially in the heavier texture soils because of root phosphate secretion.The depletion intensity of phosphate in the soil-root interface zone was in agreement with the phosphateuptake by plants under two humidities very well. However, the effects of air humidity on characteristics ofthe phosphate distribution near wheat or maize root surface were different. Wheat grew better under loweratmosphere humidity while maize, under higher humidity, which caused a more intensive uptake and thusa stronger depletion of phosphate in the rhizosphere. Moreover, the depletion intensity was greater by thebottom or the middle part of wheat roots and by the top or the middle part of maize roots. The depletivedistribution of phosphate in the rhizosphere soil and the relative contribution of phosphate diffusion to plant,which was more than 98% in the cultural experiments, indicated that diffusion was a major process forphosphorus supply to plants.展开更多
The changes in the softening and melting behaviors of ferrous burden in the cohesive zone and the characteristics of the slag–iron–coke interface in a blast furnace were investigated by simulating an actual blast fu...The changes in the softening and melting behaviors of ferrous burden in the cohesive zone and the characteristics of the slag–iron–coke interface in a blast furnace were investigated by simulating an actual blast furnace under hydrogen-rich conditions.According to the variation in the transient shrinkage of the burden under different atmospheres,the shrinkage start temperature of the sinter was higher than that of the pellets.The negative shrinkage rate of the pellets was greater than that of the sinter.Additionally,the softening start temperature in the blast furnace decreased under hydrogen-rich conditions,giving the blast furnace a broader range of softening zones.The softening start temperatures of the pellets and sinter decreased from 1102 to 949℃ and 1152 to 1080℃,respectively.The hydrogen-rich traditional blast furnace conditions narrowed the melting zone temperature range and shifted it toward the high-temperature zone,significantly improving the burden layer permeability.However,under the hydrogen-rich oxygen blast furnace conditions,there were a decrease in the melting start temperature,a shift of the melting zone location to the low-temperature zone,and an increase in the burden layer permeability and pressure difference.A comparison of the slag–iron–coke interface characteristics under different atmospheric conditions showed that the carbon content in metallic iron decreased under hydrogen-rich traditional blast furnace conditions compared with traditional blast furnace conditions.Contrastingly,under hydrogen-rich oxygen blast furnace conditions,the carbon content in metallic iron increased compared with oxygen blast furnace conditions.These findings provide guidance for the development of low-carbon ironmaking processes in blast furnaces.展开更多
The phosphate in the soil-root interface zone under various soil water contents and application rates ofphosphate was still of depletion distribution which could be described by a power function in the form ofC/Co= ax...The phosphate in the soil-root interface zone under various soil water contents and application rates ofphosphate was still of depletion distribution which could be described by a power function in the form ofC/Co= ax￣b(C/Co is the relative content of fertilized phosphate in a distance from the root surface x, a andb are the regression constants). The depletion rate of phosphate in soil near the root surface was higher andthe depletion range was narrower under lower soil moisture. On the contrary, at higher soil water content thedepletion range was wider, generally The application rate of phosphate led to the greater depletion intensityof phosphorus was higher in the heavier texture soils. In general, the depletion intensity in the soils, whichdecreased with increasing clay content or increa.sing buffering power of soil, decreased in the order as loessalsoil and black fou soil> lou soil> yellow cinnamon soil when 50 or 100 mg of phosphorus were applied in theform of KH_2PO_4. This result indicated that the phosphate distribution and its movement in the soil-rootinterface zone closely related with the buffering capacity of soil.展开更多
基金Funded by the Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 50378092)
文摘This paper reports the results of the visual observations and micro-analysis of concrete core samples after 6 and 12 months of their exposure to sodium, ammonium and magnesium sulfate solutions with the same concentration of sulfate ions. XRD, SEM and EDS were used for micro-analysis of the mi-crostructure and the composition of the interface zone in the samples. The results indicate that the deterioration of concrete by different sulfate solutions could proceed differently with regard to the mechanism and the mode of damage caused. The damage of concrete exposed to sodium sulfate solution is mainly caused by the gypsum crystals formed in the interface zone, which lead to expansion and cracking. In the case of concrete immersed in magnesium sulfate solutions, a layer of brucite (magnesium hydroxide) and gypsum was produced in the interface zone, which reduces the cohesiveness of the interface zone in concrete. For the concrete immersed in ammonium sulfate solutions, the conversation of mortar to some mush mass by ammonium ions and the formation of a large of gypsum occurred in the interface zone, consequently, serious softening of hydrated cement pastes and expansion and cracking of concrete are the characteristics of the attack by ammonium sulfate solutions. Also, it is considered that using drilled concrete core as samples to evaluate the sulfate resistance of concrete is a good and accelerated method.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.41772333)the National Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province, China (Grant No.2018JQ5124)the New-Star Talents Promotion Project of Science and Technology of Shaanxi Province, China (Grant No.2019KJXX049)。
文摘The sufficient bond between concrete and rock is an important prerequisite to ensure the effect of shotcrete support. However, in cold regions engineering protection system, the bond condition of rock and concrete surface is easily affected by freeze-thaw cycles, resulting in interface damage, debonding and even supporting failure. Understanding the micromechanisms of the damage and debonding of the rock-concrete interface is essential for improving the interface protection.Therefore, the micromorphology, micromechanical properties, and microdebonding evolution of the sandstone-concrete interface transition zone(ITZ) under varying freeze-thaw cycles(0, 5, 10, 15, 20) were studied using scanning electron microscope, stereoscopic microscope, and nano-indentation. Furthermore, the distribution range and evolution process of ITZ affected by freeze-thaw cycles were defined. Major findings of this study are as follows:(1) The microdamage evolution law of the ITZ under increasing freeze-thaw cycles is clarified, and the relationship between the number of cracks in the ITZ and freeze-thaw cycles is established;(2) As the number of freeze-thaw cycles increases, the ITZ's micromechanical strength decreases, and its development width tends to increase;(3) The damage and debonding evolution mechanisms of sandstone-concrete ITZ under freeze-thaw cycles is revealed, and its micromechanical evolution model induced by freeze-thaw cycles is proposed.
基金Project (ZR2011EL023) supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province,ChinaProject (12CX04057A) supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China
文摘Al-Ti diffusion couples were made by embedded technology and treated at the temperature between the melting points of Al and Ti. The microstructure evolution and growth mechanism of the Al-Ti DRZ were investigated. The result shows that the DRZ, the mixture of TiAl3 and Al, grows layer by layer along their chemical equilibrium zone. In the course, the growth interface moves toward the aluminum side. TiAl3 is the only new phase which forms earliest in the course of heat-treatment. The growth mechanism of the DRZ changes after the phase transition of titanium. Before the phase transition of titanium, the growth of the DRZ is controlled by the dissolution speed of the titanium to the molten aluminum, while after the phase transition of titanium, the growth is controlled by the chemical reaction speed of Al and Ti atoms, and consequently, its growth rate is greatly increased.
文摘A cohesive zone model is employed to simulate the fiber/matrix interface damage of composites with ductile matrix. The study is carried out to investigate the dependence of the interface damage and the composite tensile strength on the micro parameters of the composite. These parameters contain fiber packing pattern, fiber volume fraction, and the modulus ratio of the fiber to the matrix. The investigation reveals that though the high fiber vo lume fraction, the high fiber′s modulus and the square fiber packing can supply strong reinforcement to the composite, the interface damage is susceptible in these cases. The tensile strength of the composite is dominated by the interface strength when the interface debonding occurs.
基金Sponsored by the General Armament Department Advanced Research Project (20101019)
文摘Interface debonding between particle and matrix in composite propellant influences its macroscopic mechanical properties greatly. For this, the laws of interface cohesive damage and failure were analyzed. Then, its microscopic computational model was established. The interface mechanical response was modeled by the bilinear cohesive zone model. The effects of interface properties and particle sizes on the macroscopic mechanical behavior were investigated. Numerical simulation of debonding damage evolution of composite propellant under finite deformation was carried out. The debonding damage nucleation, propagation mechanism and non-uniform distribution of microscopic stress-strain fields were discussed. The results show that the finite element simulation method based on microstructure model can effectively predict the trend of macroscopic mechanical behavior and particle/matrix debonding evolution process. It can be used for damage simulation and failure assessment of composite propellants.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 11072228 and 11002129)
文摘The shock tube experiments of inclined air/SF6 interface instability under the shock wave with the Mach numbers 1.23 and 1.41 are conducted. The numerical simulation is done with the parallel algorithm and the multi-viscous-fluid and turbulence （MVFT） code of the large-eddy simulation （LES）. The developing process of the interface accelerated by the shock wave is reproduced by the simulations. The complex wave structures, e.g., the propagation, refraction, and reflection of the shock wave, are clearly revealed in the flows. The simulated evolving images of the interface are consistent with the experimental ones. The simulated width of the turbulent mixing zone （TMZ） and the displacements of the bubble and the spike also agree well with the experimental data. Also, the reliability and effectiveness of the MVFT in simulating the problem of interface instability are validated. The more energies are injected into the TMZ when the shock wave has a larger Mach number. Therefore, the perturbed interface develops faster.
基金Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51178103)
文摘A trial test method is introduced to form and magnify regular interface. Through researching on the carbonation of the magnifying interfacial transition zone （ITZ）, the practical carbonation of the concrete can be simulated. Because the diffusion rate of CO2 in the ITZ is several times greater than that in the bulk paste, the diffusion rate and direction of CO2 will change and form a new carbonation front line. An interfacial effect zone caused by the ITZ will change the distribution of the complete carbonation zone and the partial carbonation zone. One of the important reasons for the formation of the partial carbonation zone was the existence of the interfacial effect zone. Consequently, the method mentioned in this paper provides a new way for researching on the microstructure of the cement based materials during the carbonation process.
基金Project(52004144)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject supported by the Shandong Province Higher Educational Young Innovative Talent Introduction and Cultivation Team,China。
文摘The grout-rock interfacial property is one of the key factors associated with the strength of grouted rock masses.In this study,direct shear tests and nanoindentation tests were adopted to investigate the mechanical properties of the grout-rock interface at both the macroscale and microscale.The cohesion of the cement specimens was higher than that of the grout-infilled joint specimens,while their internal friction angle was lower than that of the grout-infilled joint specimens.A“separation method”for identifying the different phases according to the qualitative and quantitative estimations was introduced,and the irregular interfacial transition zone(ITZ)thickness and elastic modulus were estimated.The ITZ thickness of the grout-infilled sandstone specimen ranged from 0 to 30μm,whereas it was within the range of 10-40μm for the grout-infilled mudstone specimen.The average elastic modulus of the ITZ in grout-infilled sandstone and mudstone specimens was approximately 58.2%and 54.1%lower than that of the bulk grout,respectively.Regarding the incidence of the rock type,the interlacing between the grout and sandstone was better developed.The ITZ with a higher porosity and lower modulus had a significant effect on the mechanical properties of the grout-infilled specimens.
文摘In order to investigate the bonding behavior and mechanism of the interface prepared by explosive welding, the bonding interfaces of 0 Crl 8Ni9/16MnR were observed and analyzed by means of optical microscope （OM） , scanning electron microscope （SEM） and electron probe microanalysis （ EPMA ）. It is found that the welding interfaces are wavy due to the wavy explosive loading. There are three kinds of bonding interfaces i. e. big wave, small wave and micro wave. There are a few seam defects and all elements contents are less than both of the base and .flyer plate in the transition zone of big wavy interface. Moreover, some ＂holes＂ result in the lowest bonding strength of big wavy interface nearby the interface in the base plate. All elements contents of the small wavy interface are between two metals, and there are few seam and hole defects, so it is the higher for the bonding strength of small wavy interface. There is no transition zone and defects in the micro wavy interface, so the interface is the best. To gain the high quality small and micro wavy bonding interface the explosive charge should be controlled.
基金Project(52425213)supported by the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of ChinaProjects(52278461,52308467)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China+1 种基金Projects(2021YFF0502100,2021YFB2600900)supported by the National Key R&D Program of ChinaProject(2022JDTD0015)supported by the Sichuan Province Youth Science and Technology Innovation Team,China。
文摘The interface of slab track laid in cold regions is prone to debonding under the coupling of freeze-thaw cyclesand temperature loads.Based on the composite specimen tests,the parameters of cohesive zone model were obtained andused in a simulation model of CRTS III prefabricated slab track to study the interlayer damage.The results show that 1)the digital image correlation(DIC)technique can accurately capture the strain field changes on the interface of compositespecimens under splitting and shear loading;2)when the temperature gradient is−40℃/m−60℃/m,the interfacedamage of the slab track is minimal and presents different patterns of expansion under positive and negative temperaturegradients,each corresponding to damage of the cohesive element dominated by shear stress and normal tensile stress,respectively;3)the reduction of the elastic modulus at the concrete base after freeze-thaw inhibits interface damage andleads to a higher starting temperature gradient load,but cracking can occur on the concrete base after 150 freeze-thaws.For this reason,in the light of damage control of both the interface and concrete base,the elastic modulus of the concretebase is 54%or over that without freeze-thaw cycles.
基金Funded by a Chinese-Dutch Cooperation Project "Concrete Composite Technology
文摘The microstructure of ITZ (Interfacial Transition Zone) in single glass fibre-cement was investigated by SEM ( Scanning Electron Microscope), EPXM ( Electron Probe X-ray Microanalyzer) and ESEM (Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope) . The surface morphology of glass fibres and the hydration products in the vicinity of the interfaces were observed. Chemical element (Zr, Ca and Si) distributions over the ITZ thickness were determined by line-scanning with EPXM. The results show that a low-density transition zone existed in the vicinity of glass fibres . The shape of the fibre-cement ITZ was non-symmetrical and its thickness was variable . In the present study, the width of the zone ranged from 1 - 5 μm. Locally, it came to 10μm. Occasionally , some hydration products with high alkalinity were embedded inside the ITZ, and attached on the glass surface , making the ITZ denser and causing local glass to corrode. The test results are helpful for the further understanding of the GRC degradation .
文摘This paper studies the computation method of two step inversion of interface and velocity in a region. The 3 D interface is described by a segmented incomplete polynomial; while the reconstruction of 3 D velocity is accomplished by the principle of least squares in functional space. The computation is carried out in two steps. The first step is to inverse the shape of 3 D interface; while the second step is to do 3 D velocity inversion by distributing the remaining residual errors of travel time in accordance with their weights. The data of seismic sounding in the Tangshan Luanxian seismic region are processed, from which the 3 D structural form in depth of the Tangshan seismic region and the 3 D velocity distribution in the crust below the Tangshan Luanxian seismic region are obtained. The result shows that the deep 3 D structure in the Tangshan seismic region trends NE on the whole and the structure sandwiched between the NE trending Fengtai Yejituo fault and the NE trending Tangshan fault is an uplifted zone of the Moho. In the 3 D velocity structure of middle lower crust below that region, there is an obvious belt of low velocity anomaly to exist along the NE trending Tangshan fault, the position of which tallies with that of the Tangshan seismicity belt. The larger block of low velocity anomaly near Shaheyi corresponds to a denser earthquake distribution. In that region, there is an NW trending belt of high velocity anomaly, probably a buried fault zone. The lower crust below the epicentral region of the Tangshan M S=7.8 earthquake is a place where the NE trending belt of low velocity anomaly meets the NW trending belt of high velocity anomaly. The two sets of structures had played an important role in controlling the preparation and occurrence of the M S=7.8 Tangshan earthquake.
基金The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U1960205 and 51804024).
文摘The softening-melting characteristics of ferrous burden play a crucial role in the thickness and position of the cohesive zone.The influence of the basicity and experimental atmosphere on the softening-melting behavior of primary slag under slag-coke interaction was investigated using in situ visualization method.The mechanism was analyzed using the FactSage software,X-ray diffraction,and electron probe microanalysis.The softening and melting temperatures of the samples increased with increasing basicity under different atmospheres.The difference between softening and melting temperatures is smaller in a H_(2) atmosphere than in a CO atmosphere;in H_(2) atmosphere,the range of softening zone in the cohesive zone was significantly thinner.The formed low-melting-point FeO-bearing phases decrease when H_(2) was used as the reducing agent.In addition,according to FactSage calculations,the high content of metallic iron reduced in the H_(2) atmosphere raised the softening temperature of the primary slag.It also narrowed and moved downward the cohesive zone due to an increase in softening and melting temperatures.Meanwhile,the increase in basicity promoted the decrease in liquid ratio and improved the permeability of cohesive zone.
文摘The depletion rate of phosphate in the soil-root interface zone increased along with growth and phosphateuptake of wheat or maize, which indicated that the phosphate distribution in soil near the root surfaceagreed well with the phosphate movement in rhizosphere and phosphate uptake by plant. The relativeaccumulation zone of phosphate within 0.5 mm apart from the root surface developed at the 15th day or soafter cultivating wheat or maize since the root phosphate secretion increased gradually in this stage. Thephosphate distribution in the soil-root interface zone against the growing time (t) and the distance from theroot plane (x) could be described by the non-linear regression equation with the third powers of x and t.
基金the Chinese Academy of Sciences (No.KJCX2-YW-M04) the National Science Foundationof China (Nos.10432050, 10672163 and 10721202).
文摘Peel test measurements and simulations of the interfacial mechanical parameters for the Al/Epoxy/Al2O3 system are performed in the present investigation. A series of Al film thicknesses between 20 and 250 microns and three peel angles of 90, 135 and 180 degrees are considered. Two types of epoxy adhesives are adopted to obtain both strong and weak interface adhesions. A finite element model with cohesive zone elements is used to identify the interfacial parameters and simulate the peel test process. By simulating and recording normal stress near the crack tip, the separation strength is obtained, Furthermore, the cohesive energy is identified by comparing the simulated steady-state peel force and the experimental result. It is found from the research that both the cohesive energy and the separation strength can be taken as the intrinsic interfacial parameters which are dependent on the thickness of the adhesive layer and independent of the film thickness and peel angle.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program:2011CB013800)
文摘Interfacial transition zones （ITZs） between aggregates and mortar are the weakest parts in concrete. The random aggregate generation and packing algorithm was utilized to create a two-phase concrete model, and the zero-thickness cohesive elements with different normal distribution parameters were used to model the ITZs with random mechanical properties. A number of uniaxial tension-induced fracture simulations were carried out, and the effects of the random parameters on the fracture behavior of concrete were statistically analyzed. The results show that, different from the dissipated fracture energy, the peak load of concrete does not always obey a normal distribution, when the elastic stiffness, tensile strength, or fracture energy of ITZs is normally distributed. The tensile strength of the ITZs has a significant effect on the fracture behavior of concrete, and its large standard deviation leads to obvious diversity of the fracture path in both location and shape.
基金supported by the Special Earthquake Research Project of China Earthquake Administration(201208009)and the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41274083)
文摘We modeled the effect of the deformation of a Density Gradient Zone （DGZ） on a local gravity field using a cubical model and introduced a new method to simulate a complex DGZ （CDGZ）. Then, we analyzed the features of the model for the influence of the deformation of the DGZ on the local gravity field. We concluded that land-based gravity is not sensitive to the thickness of the DGZ and that the magnitude of the contribution of the DGZ is one order less than that of the volume strain with the same displacement.
文摘The experiments were conducted in the artificial climate laboratory using ￣(32)P labelled soil and soil-rootplane system to investigate phosphate distribution and its movement in the soil-root interface zone andtheir relations with phosphate uptake by plant as well as transpiration rate (atmosphere humidity). It wasfound that although the phosphate in the soilroot interface zone was of depletive distribution as a functionC/Co = ax￣b(C/Co is the relative content of fertilizer phosphate in a distance from the root surface x, aand b are the regression constants), and a relative accumulation zone of phosphate within 0.5 mm near theroot surface was often observed especially in the heavier texture soils because of root phosphate secretion.The depletion intensity of phosphate in the soil-root interface zone was in agreement with the phosphateuptake by plants under two humidities very well. However, the effects of air humidity on characteristics ofthe phosphate distribution near wheat or maize root surface were different. Wheat grew better under loweratmosphere humidity while maize, under higher humidity, which caused a more intensive uptake and thusa stronger depletion of phosphate in the rhizosphere. Moreover, the depletion intensity was greater by thebottom or the middle part of wheat roots and by the top or the middle part of maize roots. The depletivedistribution of phosphate in the rhizosphere soil and the relative contribution of phosphate diffusion to plant,which was more than 98% in the cultural experiments, indicated that diffusion was a major process forphosphorus supply to plants.
基金support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U1960205 and 51804024)China Baowu Low Carbon Metallurgy Innovation Foundation(BWLCF202101 and BWLCF202104)China Minmetals Science and Technology Special Plan Foundation(2020ZXA01).
文摘The changes in the softening and melting behaviors of ferrous burden in the cohesive zone and the characteristics of the slag–iron–coke interface in a blast furnace were investigated by simulating an actual blast furnace under hydrogen-rich conditions.According to the variation in the transient shrinkage of the burden under different atmospheres,the shrinkage start temperature of the sinter was higher than that of the pellets.The negative shrinkage rate of the pellets was greater than that of the sinter.Additionally,the softening start temperature in the blast furnace decreased under hydrogen-rich conditions,giving the blast furnace a broader range of softening zones.The softening start temperatures of the pellets and sinter decreased from 1102 to 949℃ and 1152 to 1080℃,respectively.The hydrogen-rich traditional blast furnace conditions narrowed the melting zone temperature range and shifted it toward the high-temperature zone,significantly improving the burden layer permeability.However,under the hydrogen-rich oxygen blast furnace conditions,there were a decrease in the melting start temperature,a shift of the melting zone location to the low-temperature zone,and an increase in the burden layer permeability and pressure difference.A comparison of the slag–iron–coke interface characteristics under different atmospheric conditions showed that the carbon content in metallic iron decreased under hydrogen-rich traditional blast furnace conditions compared with traditional blast furnace conditions.Contrastingly,under hydrogen-rich oxygen blast furnace conditions,the carbon content in metallic iron increased compared with oxygen blast furnace conditions.These findings provide guidance for the development of low-carbon ironmaking processes in blast furnaces.
文摘The phosphate in the soil-root interface zone under various soil water contents and application rates ofphosphate was still of depletion distribution which could be described by a power function in the form ofC/Co= ax￣b(C/Co is the relative content of fertilized phosphate in a distance from the root surface x, a andb are the regression constants). The depletion rate of phosphate in soil near the root surface was higher andthe depletion range was narrower under lower soil moisture. On the contrary, at higher soil water content thedepletion range was wider, generally The application rate of phosphate led to the greater depletion intensityof phosphorus was higher in the heavier texture soils. In general, the depletion intensity in the soils, whichdecreased with increasing clay content or increa.sing buffering power of soil, decreased in the order as loessalsoil and black fou soil> lou soil> yellow cinnamon soil when 50 or 100 mg of phosphorus were applied in theform of KH_2PO_4. This result indicated that the phosphate distribution and its movement in the soil-rootinterface zone closely related with the buffering capacity of soil.
