WANG Shi-zhen,the scholar in Ming Dynasty,has been studied by followers of many generations.His remarkable achievements in literature,history,painting and even opera have been much learnt,but his contributions to gard...WANG Shi-zhen,the scholar in Ming Dynasty,has been studied by followers of many generations.His remarkable achievements in literature,history,painting and even opera have been much learnt,but his contributions to gardening have been rarely mentioned.Thus Yanshan Garden as the material carrier of WANG's gardening achievements is worthy of further study.Yanshan Garden is the representative of private gardens owned by scholars and officials in Ming Dynasty,enjoying the fame of "City Forest".Either from garden construction,including natural landscapes,architectural landscapes as well as animal and plant landscapes,or from gardening thoughts and theories,Yanshan Garden has its own outstanding and particular features.Through reviewing On Yanshan Garden,this study elaborated the architectural idea of "panoramic view" and "ecological" landscaping consciousness in Yanshan Garden,which supplemented the blank page in this field and provided support for future studies.展开更多
Produced in China’s physical environment, traditional Chinese residential architecture is restrained by socialfactors and adapts itself to the natural economy. Physical geographical environment does not solely shape ...Produced in China’s physical environment, traditional Chinese residential architecture is restrained by socialfactors and adapts itself to the natural economy. Physical geographical environment does not solely shape architecturalstyles. However, in the self-sufficient economy era, it deeply influenced the culture of traditional Chinese residential architecture. This thesis discuss ragional influence of climate on the spatial patterns and styles of residential architecture; italso analyzes the influence of landforms and water systems on architectural landscapes and local housing selections. Geologyand botany play another important role in forming local features and improving microenvironment around builidings. Withthe comprehensive effects of all elements that take climate as the key one, architectural styles differ evidently in various regions. On the above basis, analysis is made to find the view of nature of traditional residential architecture culture with theconnotative views of utility, aesthetic perception and ecology. By analyzing the effects of physical geographical factors onChina’s residential architecture and exploring the natural view in its cultural and spiritual aspects, some enlightenmentmay be gained to protect protecal environment and realize harmony among man, architecture and environment, thus developing the culture of modern residential architecture with local flavor and characteristics.展开更多
Complex structured documents can be intentionally represented as a tree structure decorated with attributes. Ignoring attributes (these are related to semantic aspects that can be treated separately from purely struct...Complex structured documents can be intentionally represented as a tree structure decorated with attributes. Ignoring attributes (these are related to semantic aspects that can be treated separately from purely structural aspects which interest us here), in the context of a cooperative edition, legal structures are characterized by a document model (an abstract grammar) and each intentional representation can be manipulated independently and eventually asynchronously by several co-authors through various editing tools that operate on its “partial replicas”. For unsynchronized edition of a partial replica, considered co-author must have a syntactic document local model that constraints him to ensure minimum consistency of local representation that handles with respect to the global model. This consistency is synonymous with the existence of one or more (global) intentional representations towards the global model, assuming the current local representation as her/their partial replica. The purpose of this paper is to present the grammatical structures which are grammars that permit not only to specify a (global) model for documents published in a cooperative manner, but also to derive automatically via a so call projection operation, consistent (local) models for each co-authors involved in the cooperative edition. We also show some properties that meet these grammatical structures.展开更多
基金Supported by Special Foundation of National Forestry Nonprofit Industries (200804003)~~
文摘WANG Shi-zhen,the scholar in Ming Dynasty,has been studied by followers of many generations.His remarkable achievements in literature,history,painting and even opera have been much learnt,but his contributions to gardening have been rarely mentioned.Thus Yanshan Garden as the material carrier of WANG's gardening achievements is worthy of further study.Yanshan Garden is the representative of private gardens owned by scholars and officials in Ming Dynasty,enjoying the fame of "City Forest".Either from garden construction,including natural landscapes,architectural landscapes as well as animal and plant landscapes,or from gardening thoughts and theories,Yanshan Garden has its own outstanding and particular features.Through reviewing On Yanshan Garden,this study elaborated the architectural idea of "panoramic view" and "ecological" landscaping consciousness in Yanshan Garden,which supplemented the blank page in this field and provided support for future studies.
文摘Produced in China’s physical environment, traditional Chinese residential architecture is restrained by socialfactors and adapts itself to the natural economy. Physical geographical environment does not solely shape architecturalstyles. However, in the self-sufficient economy era, it deeply influenced the culture of traditional Chinese residential architecture. This thesis discuss ragional influence of climate on the spatial patterns and styles of residential architecture; italso analyzes the influence of landforms and water systems on architectural landscapes and local housing selections. Geologyand botany play another important role in forming local features and improving microenvironment around builidings. Withthe comprehensive effects of all elements that take climate as the key one, architectural styles differ evidently in various regions. On the above basis, analysis is made to find the view of nature of traditional residential architecture culture with theconnotative views of utility, aesthetic perception and ecology. By analyzing the effects of physical geographical factors onChina’s residential architecture and exploring the natural view in its cultural and spiritual aspects, some enlightenmentmay be gained to protect protecal environment and realize harmony among man, architecture and environment, thus developing the culture of modern residential architecture with local flavor and characteristics.
文摘Complex structured documents can be intentionally represented as a tree structure decorated with attributes. Ignoring attributes (these are related to semantic aspects that can be treated separately from purely structural aspects which interest us here), in the context of a cooperative edition, legal structures are characterized by a document model (an abstract grammar) and each intentional representation can be manipulated independently and eventually asynchronously by several co-authors through various editing tools that operate on its “partial replicas”. For unsynchronized edition of a partial replica, considered co-author must have a syntactic document local model that constraints him to ensure minimum consistency of local representation that handles with respect to the global model. This consistency is synonymous with the existence of one or more (global) intentional representations towards the global model, assuming the current local representation as her/their partial replica. The purpose of this paper is to present the grammatical structures which are grammars that permit not only to specify a (global) model for documents published in a cooperative manner, but also to derive automatically via a so call projection operation, consistent (local) models for each co-authors involved in the cooperative edition. We also show some properties that meet these grammatical structures.
