The economic dispatch problem(EDP) of microgrids operating in both grid-connected and isolated modes within an energy internet framework is addressed in this paper. The multi-agent leader-following consensus algorithm...The economic dispatch problem(EDP) of microgrids operating in both grid-connected and isolated modes within an energy internet framework is addressed in this paper. The multi-agent leader-following consensus algorithm is employed to address the EDP of microgrids in grid-connected mode, while the push-pull algorithm with a fixed step size is introduced for the isolated mode. The proposed algorithm of isolated mode is proven to converge to the optimum when the interaction digraph of microgrids is strongly connected. A unified algorithmic framework is proposed to handle the two modes of operation of microgrids simultaneously, enabling our algorithm to achieve optimal power allocation and maintain the balance between power supply and demand in any mode and any mode switching. Due to the push-pull structure of the algorithm and the use of fixed step size,the proposed algorithm can better handle the case of unbalanced graphs, and the convergence speed is improved. It is documented that when the transmission topology is strongly connected and there is bi-directional communication between the energy router and its neighbors, the proposed algorithm in composite mode achieves economic dispatch even with arbitrary mode switching.Finally, we demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of our algorithm through numerical simulations.展开更多
This article investigates the robust current tracking control problem of three-phase grid-connected inverters with LCL filter under external disturbance by a dynamic state feedback control method.First,this paper cons...This article investigates the robust current tracking control problem of three-phase grid-connected inverters with LCL filter under external disturbance by a dynamic state feedback control method.First,this paper constructs an internal model to learn the information of the states and input of the grid-connected inverter under steady state.Second,by utilizing the internal model principle,the paper turns the tracking control problem into the robust stabilization control problem based on some appropriate coordinate transformations.Then,The paper designs a dynamics state feedback control law to deal with this robust stabilization problem,and thus the solution of the robust current tracking control problem of three-phase grid-connected inverters can be obtained.This control method can ensure the asymptotic stability of the closedloop system.Finally,the paper illustrates the effectiveness of the proposed control approach through several groups of simulations,and compares it with the feedforward control method to verify the robustness of the proposed control method to uncertain parameters.展开更多
This paper investigates the distributed continuoustime aggregative optimization problem for second-order multiagent systems,where the local cost function is not only related to its own decision variables,but also to t...This paper investigates the distributed continuoustime aggregative optimization problem for second-order multiagent systems,where the local cost function is not only related to its own decision variables,but also to the aggregation of the decision variables of all the agents.By using the gradient descent method,the distributed average tracking(DAT)technique and the time-base generator(TBG)technique,a distributed continuous-time aggregative optimization algorithm is proposed.Subsequently,the optimality of the system's equilibrium point is analyzed,and the convergence of the closed-loop system is proved using the Lyapunov stability theory.Finally,the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is validated through case studies on multirobot systems and power generation systems.展开更多
With the growing complexity and decentralization of network systems,the attack surface has expanded,which has led to greater concerns over network threats.In this context,artificial intelligence(AI)-based network intr...With the growing complexity and decentralization of network systems,the attack surface has expanded,which has led to greater concerns over network threats.In this context,artificial intelligence(AI)-based network intrusion detection systems(NIDS)have been extensively studied,and recent efforts have shifted toward integrating distributed learning to enable intelligent and scalable detection mechanisms.However,most existing works focus on individual distributed learning frameworks,and there is a lack of systematic evaluations that compare different algorithms under consistent conditions.In this paper,we present a comprehensive evaluation of representative distributed learning frameworks—Federated Learning(FL),Split Learning(SL),hybrid collaborative learning(SFL),and fully distributed learning—in the context of AI-driven NIDS.Using recent benchmark intrusion detection datasets,a unified model backbone,and controlled distributed scenarios,we assess these frameworks across multiple criteria,including detection performance,communication cost,computational efficiency,and convergence behavior.Our findings highlight distinct trade-offs among the distributed learning frameworks,demonstrating that the optimal choice depends strongly on systemconstraints such as bandwidth availability,node resources,and data distribution.This work provides the first holistic analysis of distributed learning approaches for AI-driven NIDS and offers practical guidelines for designing secure and efficient intrusion detection systems in decentralized environments.展开更多
With the rapid development of generative artificial intelligence(GenAI),the task of story visualization,which transforms natural language narratives into coherent and consistent image sequences,has attracted growing r...With the rapid development of generative artificial intelligence(GenAI),the task of story visualization,which transforms natural language narratives into coherent and consistent image sequences,has attracted growing research attention.However,existing methods still face limitations in balancing multi-frame character consistency and generation efficiency,which restricts their feasibility for large-scale practical applications.To address this issue,this study proposes a modular cloud-based distributed system built on Stable Diffusion.By separating the character generation and story generation processes,and integratingmulti-feature control techniques,a cachingmechanism,and an asynchronous task queue architecture,the system enhances generation efficiency and scalability.The experimental design includes both automated and human evaluations of character consistency,performance testing,and multinode simulation.The results show that the proposed system outperforms the baseline model StoryGen in both CLIP-I and human evaluation metrics.In terms of performance,under the experimental environment of this study,dual-node deployment reduces average waiting time by approximately 19%,while the four-node simulation further reduces it by up to 65%.Overall,this study demonstrates the advantages of cloud-distributed GenAI in maintaining character consistency and reducing generation latency,highlighting its potential value inmulti-user collaborative story visualization applications.展开更多
The focus of this paper is on distributed average tracking(DAT)in the context of external disturbances,utilizing an event-triggered control mechanism.First,an event-triggered anti-disturbance DAT(ETAD-DAT)algorithm is...The focus of this paper is on distributed average tracking(DAT)in the context of external disturbances,utilizing an event-triggered control mechanism.First,an event-triggered anti-disturbance DAT(ETAD-DAT)algorithm is proposed to reduce communication load in networked control systems by redesigning existing anti-disturbance DAT algorithms and disturbance observers.Furthermore,a fully distributed event-triggering condition is employed to schedule event times for each agent.Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed ETAD-DAT algorithm is able to achieve accurate average tracking of multiple time-varying reference signals despite the presence of external disturbances,while the communication efficiency can be improved obviously.展开更多
The hybrid series-parallel microgrid attracts more attention by combining the advantages of both the series-stacked voltage and parallel-expanded capacity.Low-voltage distributed generations(DGs)are connected in serie...The hybrid series-parallel microgrid attracts more attention by combining the advantages of both the series-stacked voltage and parallel-expanded capacity.Low-voltage distributed generations(DGs)are connected in series to form the intra-string,and then multiple strings are interconnected in parallel.For the existing control strategies,both intra-string and inter-string depend on the centralized or distributed control with high communication reliance.It has limited scalability and redundancy under abnormal conditions.Alternatively,in this study,an intra-string distributed and inter-string decentralized control framework is proposed.Within the string,a few DGs close to the AC bus are the leaders to get the string power information and the rest DGs are the followers to acquire the synchronization information through the droop-based distributed consistency.Specifically,the output of the entire string has the active power−angular frequency(ω-P)droop characteristic,and the decentralized control among strings can be autonomously guaranteed.Moreover,the secondary control is designed to realize multi-mode objectives,including on/off-grid mode switching,grid-connected power interactive management,and off-grid voltage quality regulation.As a result,the proposed method has the ability of plug-and-play capabilities,single-point failure redundancy,and seamless mode-switching.Experimental results are provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed practical solution.展开更多
Nonlinear static procedures are widely adopted in structural engineering practice for seismic performance assessment due to their simplicity and computational efficiency.However,their reliability depends heavily on ho...Nonlinear static procedures are widely adopted in structural engineering practice for seismic performance assessment due to their simplicity and computational efficiency.However,their reliability depends heavily on how the nonlinear behaviour of structural components is represented.The recent earthquakes in Albania(2019)and Türkiye(2023)have underscored the need for accurate assessment techniques,particularly for older reinforced concrete buildings with poor detailing.This study quantifies the discrepancies between default and user-defined component modelling in pushover analysis of pre-modern reinforced concrete structures,analysing two representative low-and mid-rise reinforced concrete frame buildings.The lumped plasticity approach incorporates moment-rotation relationships derived from actual member properties and reinforcement configurations,while the distributed plasticity approach uses software-generated default properties based on modern codes.Results show that the distributed plasticity models systematically overestimate both the strength and the deformation capacity by up to 35%compared to lumped plasticity models,especially in buildings with poor detailing and low concrete strength.These findings demonstrate that default software procedures,widely used in practice but not validated for pre-modern structures,produce dangerously unconservative seismic performance estimates.The study provides quantitative evidence of the critical need for tailored modelling strategies that reflect the actual conditions of the existing building stock.展开更多
This study examined non-uniform loading in goaf cantilever rock masses via testing,modeling,and mechanical analysis to solve instantaneous fracture and section buckling from mining abutment pressure.The study investig...This study examined non-uniform loading in goaf cantilever rock masses via testing,modeling,and mechanical analysis to solve instantaneous fracture and section buckling from mining abutment pressure.The study investigates the non-uniform load gradient effect on fracture characteristics,including load characteristics,fracture location,fracture distribution,and section roughness.A digital model for fracture interface buckling analysis was developed,elucidating the influence of non-uniform load gradients on Fracture Interface Curvature(FIC),Buckling Rate of Change(BRC),and Buckling Domain Field(BDF).The findings reveal that nonlinear tensile stress concentration and abrupt tensile-compressive-shear strain mutations under non-uniform loading are fundamental mechanisms driving fracture path buckling in cantilever rock mass structures.The buckling process of rock mass under non-uniform load can be divided into two stages:low load gradient and high gradient load.In the stage of low gradient load,the buckling behavior is mainly reflected in the compression-shear fracture of the edge.In the stage of high gradient load,a buckling band along the loading direction is gradually formed in the rock mass.These buckling principles establish a theoretical basis for accurately characterizing bearing fractures,fracture interface instability,and vibration sources within overlying cantilever rock masses in goaf.展开更多
In recent years,distributed photovoltaics(DPV)has ushered in a good development situation due to the advantages of pollution-free power generation,full utilization of the ground or roof of the installation site,and ba...In recent years,distributed photovoltaics(DPV)has ushered in a good development situation due to the advantages of pollution-free power generation,full utilization of the ground or roof of the installation site,and balancing a large number of loads nearby.However,under the background of a large-scale DPV grid-connected to the county distribution network,an effective analysis method is needed to analyze its impact on the voltage of the distribution network in the early development stage of DPV.Therefore,a DPV orderly grid-connected method based on photovoltaics grid-connected order degree(PGOD)is proposed.This method aims to orderly analyze the change of voltage in the distribution network when large-scale DPV will be connected.Firstly,based on the voltagemagnitude sensitivity(VMS)index of the photovoltaics permitted grid-connected node and the acceptance of grid-connected node(AoGCN)index of other nodes in the network,thePGODindex is constructed to determine the photovoltaics permitted grid-connected node of the current photovoltaics grid-connected state network.Secondly,a photovoltaics orderly grid-connected model with a continuous updating state is constructed to obtain an orderly DPV grid-connected order.The simulation results illustrate that the photovoltaics grid-connected order determined by this method based on PGOD can effectively analyze the voltage impact of large-scale photovoltaics grid-connected,and explore the internal factors and characteristics of the impact.展开更多
This paper presents a control strategy of a hybrid fuel cell/battery distributed generation (HDG) system in distribution systems. The overall structure of the HDG system is given, dynamic models for the solid oxide fu...This paper presents a control strategy of a hybrid fuel cell/battery distributed generation (HDG) system in distribution systems. The overall structure of the HDG system is given, dynamic models for the solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) power plant, battery bank and its power electronic interfacing are briefly described, and controller design methodologies for the power conditioning units and fuel cell to control the power flow from the hybrid power plant to the utility grid are presented. To distribute the power between the fuel cell power plant and the battery energy storage, a neuro-fuzzy controller has been developed. Also, for controlling the active and reactive power independently in distribution systems, the current control strategy based on two fuzzy logic controllers has been presented. A Matlab/Simulink simulation model is developed for the HDG system by combining the individual component models and their controllers. Simulation results show the overall system performance including load-following and power management of the HDG system.展开更多
To effectively quantify the impact of distributed photovoltaic(PV)access on the distribution network,this paper proposes a comprehensive evaluation method of distributed PV grid connection combining subjective and obj...To effectively quantify the impact of distributed photovoltaic(PV)access on the distribution network,this paper proposes a comprehensive evaluation method of distributed PV grid connection combining subjective and objective combination of assignment and technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution(TOPSIS)—rank sum ratio(RSR)(TOPSIS-RSR)method.Based on the traditional distribution network evaluation system,a comprehensive evaluation system has been constructed.It fully considers the new development requirements of distributed PV access on the environmental friendliness and absorptive capacity of the distribution grid and comprehensively reflects the impact of distributed PV grid connection.The analytic hierarchy process(AHP)was used to determine the subjective weights of the primary indicators,and the Spearman consistency test was combined to determine the weights of the secondary indicators based on three objective assignment methods.The subjective and objective combination weights of each assessment indicator were calculated through the principle of minimum entropy.Calculate the distance between the indicators to be evaluated and the positive and negative ideal solutions,the relative closeness ranking,and qualitative binning by TOPSIS-RSR method to obtain the comprehensive evaluation results of different scenarios.By setting up different PV grid-connected scenarios and utilizing the IEEE33 node simulation algorithm,the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed subject-object combination assignment and integrated assessment method are verified.展开更多
The complexity of distribution network model mainly depends on the model scale of grid-connected distributed photovoltaic (PV) power generation. Therefore, the simulation performance of multi-scale PV model is the key...The complexity of distribution network model mainly depends on the model scale of grid-connected distributed photovoltaic (PV) power generation. Therefore, the simulation performance of multi-scale PV model is the key factor of the simulation accuracy in the specific operating scenarios of distribution network. In this paper, a multi-scale model of grid connected PV distributed generation system is proposed based on the mathematical model of grid-connected distributed PV power generation. It is analyzed that differences of simulation performance, such as adaptability of simulation step size, accuracy of output and the effect on voltage profile of distribution network, between PV models with different scales in IEEE 33 node example. Simulation results indicate that the multi-scale model is effective in improving the accuracy and efficiency of simulation under different operating conditions of distribution network.展开更多
Nowadays, electric energy has become one of the most important energy sources in the development of the world. Countries all over the world are vigorously developing their economies, and the demand for electric power ...Nowadays, electric energy has become one of the most important energy sources in the development of the world. Countries all over the world are vigorously developing their economies, and the demand for electric power is further increasing. Photovoltaic power generation technology mainly uses solar energy, which effectively reduces the pollution generated in the process of power operation. Solar power generation is generally divided into two access ways, low-voltage line and high-voltage line. However, the phenomenon of voltage exceeding the limit often occurs, which may also affect the voltage problem of the power grid. Therefore, it is very important to control the voltage over-limit phenomenon and avoid the distributed photovoltaic power generation affecting the voltage condition of the power grid as much as possible. Next, the article discusses the influence of grid-connected voltage of distributed photovoltaic power generation.展开更多
With the increasing popularity of blockchain applications, the security of data sources on the blockchain is gradually receiving attention. Providing reliable data for the blockchain safely and efficiently has become ...With the increasing popularity of blockchain applications, the security of data sources on the blockchain is gradually receiving attention. Providing reliable data for the blockchain safely and efficiently has become a research hotspot, and the security of the oracle responsible for providing reliable data has attracted much attention. The most widely used centralized oracles in blockchain, such as Provable and Town Crier, all rely on a single oracle to obtain data, which suffers from a single point of failure and limits the large-scale development of blockchain. To this end, the distributed oracle scheme is put forward, but the existing distributed oracle schemes such as Chainlink and Augur generally have low execution efficiency and high communication overhead, which leads to their poor applicability. To solve the above problems, this paper proposes a trusted distributed oracle scheme based on a share recovery threshold signature. First, a data verification method of distributed oracles is designed based on threshold signature. By aggregating the signatures of oracles, data from different data sources can be mutually verified, leading to a more efficient data verification and aggregation process. Then, a credibility-based cluster head election algorithm is designed, which reduces the communication overhead by clarifying the function distribution and building a hierarchical structure. Considering the good performance of the BLS threshold signature in large-scale applications, this paper combines it with distributed oracle technology and proposes a BLS threshold signature algorithm that supports share recovery in distributed oracles. The share recovery mechanism enables the proposed scheme to solve the key loss issue, and the setting of the threshold value enables the proposed scheme to complete signature aggregation with only a threshold number of oracles, making the scheme more robust. Finally, experimental results indicate that, by using the threshold signature technology and the cluster head election algorithm, our scheme effectively improves the execution efficiency of oracles and solves the problem of a single point of failure, leading to higher scalability and robustness.展开更多
With the advent of in-wheel motors and corner modules,the structure of vehicle chassis subsystems has shifted from traditionally centralized to distributed.This review focuses on the distributed chassis system(DCS)equ...With the advent of in-wheel motors and corner modules,the structure of vehicle chassis subsystems has shifted from traditionally centralized to distributed.This review focuses on the distributed chassis system(DCS)equipped with corner modules.It first provides a comprehensive summary and description of the revolution of the structure and control methods of vehicle chassis systems(including driving,braking,suspension,and steering systems).Given that DCS integrates various chassis subsystems,this review moves beyond individual subsystem analysis and delves into the coordination of these subsystems at the vehicle level.It provides a detailed summary of the methods and architectures used for integrated coordination and control,ensuring that multiple subsystems can function seamlessly as an integrated whole.Finally,this review summarizes the latest distributed control architecture for DCS.It also examines current control theories in the fields of control and information technology for distributed systems,such as multi-agent systems and cyber-physical systems.Based on these two control approaches,a multi-domain cooperative control framework for DCS is proposed.展开更多
This paper designs distributed Nash equilibrium seeking strategies for heterogeneous dynamic cyber-physical systems.In particular, we are concerned with parametric uncertainties in the control channel of the players. ...This paper designs distributed Nash equilibrium seeking strategies for heterogeneous dynamic cyber-physical systems.In particular, we are concerned with parametric uncertainties in the control channel of the players. Moreover, the weights on communication links can be compromised by time-varying uncertainties, which can result from possibly malicious attacks,faults and disturbances. To deal with the unavailability of measurement of optimization errors, an output observer is constructed,based on which adaptive laws are designed to compensate for physical uncertainties. With adaptive laws, a new distributed Nash equilibrium seeking strategy is designed by further integrating consensus protocols and gradient search algorithms.Moreover, to further accommodate compromised communication weights resulting from cyber-uncertainties, the coupling strengths of the consensus module are designed to be adaptive. As a byproduct, the coupling strengths are independent of any global information. With theoretical investigations, it is proven that the proposed strategies are resilient to these uncertainties and players' actions are convergent to the Nash equilibrium. Simulation examples are given to numerically validate the effectiveness of the proposed strategies.展开更多
The word“spatial”fundamentally relates to human existence,evolution,and activity in terrestrial and even celestial spaces.After reviewing the spatial features of many areas,the paper describes basics of high level m...The word“spatial”fundamentally relates to human existence,evolution,and activity in terrestrial and even celestial spaces.After reviewing the spatial features of many areas,the paper describes basics of high level model and technology called Spatial Grasp for dealing with large distributed systems,which can provide spatial vision,awareness,management,control,and even consciousness.The technology description includes its key Spatial Grasp Language(SGL),self-evolution of recursive SGL scenarios,and implementation of SGL interpreter converting distributed networked systems into powerful spatial engines.Examples of typical spatial scenarios in SGL include finding shortest path tree and shortest path between network nodes,collecting proper information throughout the whole world,elimination of multiple targets by intelligent teams of chasers,and withstanding cyber attacks in distributed networked systems.Also this paper compares Spatial Grasp model with traditional algorithms,confirming universality of the former for any spatial systems,while the latter just tools for concrete applications.展开更多
Responding to the stochasticity and uncertainty in the power height of distributed photovoltaic power generation.This paper presents a distributed photovoltaic ultra-short-term power forecasting method based on Variat...Responding to the stochasticity and uncertainty in the power height of distributed photovoltaic power generation.This paper presents a distributed photovoltaic ultra-short-term power forecasting method based on Variational Mode Decomposition(VMD)and Channel Attention Mechanism.First,Pearson’s correlation coefficient was utilized to filter out the meteorological factors that had a high impact on historical power.Second,the distributed PV power data were decomposed into a relatively smooth power series with different fluctuation patterns using variational modal decomposition(VMD).Finally,the reconstructed distributed PV power as well as other features are input into the combined CNN-SENet-BiLSTM model.In this model,the convolutional neural network(CNN)and channel attention mechanism dynamically adjust the weights while capturing the spatial features of the input data to improve the discriminative ability of key features.The extracted data is then fed into the bidirectional long short-term memory network(BiLSTM)to capture the time-series features,and the final output is the prediction result.The verification is conducted using a dataset from a distributed photovoltaic power station in the Northwest region of China.The results show that compared with other prediction methods,the method proposed in this paper has a higher prediction accuracy,which helps to improve the proportion of distributed PV access to the grid,and can guarantee the safe and stable operation of the power grid.展开更多
After a century of relative stability in the electricity sector,the widespread adoption of distributed energy resources,along with recent advancements in computing and communication technologies,has fundamentally alte...After a century of relative stability in the electricity sector,the widespread adoption of distributed energy resources,along with recent advancements in computing and communication technologies,has fundamentally altered how energy is consumed,traded,and utilized.This change signifies a crucial shift as the power system evolves from its traditional hierarchical organization to a more decentralized approach.At the heart of this transformation are innovative energy distribution models,like peer-to-peer(P2P)sharing,which enable communities to collaboratively manage their energy resources.The effectiveness of P2P sharing not only improves the economic prospects for prosumers,who generate and consume energy,but also enhances energy resilience and sustainability.This allows communities to better leverage local resources while fostering a sense of collective responsibility and collaboration in energy management.However,there is still no extensive implementation of such sharing models in today’s electricitymarkets.Research on distributed energy P2P trading is still in the exploratory stage,and it is particularly important to comprehensively understand and analyze the existing distributed energy P2P trading market.This paper contributes with an overview of the P2P markets that starts with the network framework,market structure,technical approach for trading mechanism,and blockchain technology,moving to the outlook in this field.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62103203)
文摘The economic dispatch problem(EDP) of microgrids operating in both grid-connected and isolated modes within an energy internet framework is addressed in this paper. The multi-agent leader-following consensus algorithm is employed to address the EDP of microgrids in grid-connected mode, while the push-pull algorithm with a fixed step size is introduced for the isolated mode. The proposed algorithm of isolated mode is proven to converge to the optimum when the interaction digraph of microgrids is strongly connected. A unified algorithmic framework is proposed to handle the two modes of operation of microgrids simultaneously, enabling our algorithm to achieve optimal power allocation and maintain the balance between power supply and demand in any mode and any mode switching. Due to the push-pull structure of the algorithm and the use of fixed step size,the proposed algorithm can better handle the case of unbalanced graphs, and the convergence speed is improved. It is documented that when the transmission topology is strongly connected and there is bi-directional communication between the energy router and its neighbors, the proposed algorithm in composite mode achieves economic dispatch even with arbitrary mode switching.Finally, we demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of our algorithm through numerical simulations.
基金Supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2024ZYGXZR047)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62373156)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2024A1515011736)。
文摘This article investigates the robust current tracking control problem of three-phase grid-connected inverters with LCL filter under external disturbance by a dynamic state feedback control method.First,this paper constructs an internal model to learn the information of the states and input of the grid-connected inverter under steady state.Second,by utilizing the internal model principle,the paper turns the tracking control problem into the robust stabilization control problem based on some appropriate coordinate transformations.Then,The paper designs a dynamics state feedback control law to deal with this robust stabilization problem,and thus the solution of the robust current tracking control problem of three-phase grid-connected inverters can be obtained.This control method can ensure the asymptotic stability of the closedloop system.Finally,the paper illustrates the effectiveness of the proposed control approach through several groups of simulations,and compares it with the feedforward control method to verify the robustness of the proposed control method to uncertain parameters.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2025YFE0213100)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62422315,62573348)+1 种基金the Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi(2025JC-YBMS-667)the“Shuang Yi Liu”Construction Foundation(25GH02010366)。
文摘This paper investigates the distributed continuoustime aggregative optimization problem for second-order multiagent systems,where the local cost function is not only related to its own decision variables,but also to the aggregation of the decision variables of all the agents.By using the gradient descent method,the distributed average tracking(DAT)technique and the time-base generator(TBG)technique,a distributed continuous-time aggregative optimization algorithm is proposed.Subsequently,the optimality of the system's equilibrium point is analyzed,and the convergence of the closed-loop system is proved using the Lyapunov stability theory.Finally,the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is validated through case studies on multirobot systems and power generation systems.
基金supported by the Research year project of the KongjuNational University in 2025 and the Institute of Information&Communications Technology Planning&Evaluation(IITP)grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT)(No.RS-2024-00444170,Research and International Collaboration on Trust Model-Based Intelligent Incident Response Technologies in 6G Open Network Environment).
文摘With the growing complexity and decentralization of network systems,the attack surface has expanded,which has led to greater concerns over network threats.In this context,artificial intelligence(AI)-based network intrusion detection systems(NIDS)have been extensively studied,and recent efforts have shifted toward integrating distributed learning to enable intelligent and scalable detection mechanisms.However,most existing works focus on individual distributed learning frameworks,and there is a lack of systematic evaluations that compare different algorithms under consistent conditions.In this paper,we present a comprehensive evaluation of representative distributed learning frameworks—Federated Learning(FL),Split Learning(SL),hybrid collaborative learning(SFL),and fully distributed learning—in the context of AI-driven NIDS.Using recent benchmark intrusion detection datasets,a unified model backbone,and controlled distributed scenarios,we assess these frameworks across multiple criteria,including detection performance,communication cost,computational efficiency,and convergence behavior.Our findings highlight distinct trade-offs among the distributed learning frameworks,demonstrating that the optimal choice depends strongly on systemconstraints such as bandwidth availability,node resources,and data distribution.This work provides the first holistic analysis of distributed learning approaches for AI-driven NIDS and offers practical guidelines for designing secure and efficient intrusion detection systems in decentralized environments.
文摘With the rapid development of generative artificial intelligence(GenAI),the task of story visualization,which transforms natural language narratives into coherent and consistent image sequences,has attracted growing research attention.However,existing methods still face limitations in balancing multi-frame character consistency and generation efficiency,which restricts their feasibility for large-scale practical applications.To address this issue,this study proposes a modular cloud-based distributed system built on Stable Diffusion.By separating the character generation and story generation processes,and integratingmulti-feature control techniques,a cachingmechanism,and an asynchronous task queue architecture,the system enhances generation efficiency and scalability.The experimental design includes both automated and human evaluations of character consistency,performance testing,and multinode simulation.The results show that the proposed system outperforms the baseline model StoryGen in both CLIP-I and human evaluation metrics.In terms of performance,under the experimental environment of this study,dual-node deployment reduces average waiting time by approximately 19%,while the four-node simulation further reduces it by up to 65%.Overall,this study demonstrates the advantages of cloud-distributed GenAI in maintaining character consistency and reducing generation latency,highlighting its potential value inmulti-user collaborative story visualization applications.
基金part supported by the National Natural Science Foundation(62203034,62273126,62203035)the Ling-Yan Research and Development Project of Zhejiang Province of China(2023C03185)。
文摘The focus of this paper is on distributed average tracking(DAT)in the context of external disturbances,utilizing an event-triggered control mechanism.First,an event-triggered anti-disturbance DAT(ETAD-DAT)algorithm is proposed to reduce communication load in networked control systems by redesigning existing anti-disturbance DAT algorithms and disturbance observers.Furthermore,a fully distributed event-triggering condition is employed to schedule event times for each agent.Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed ETAD-DAT algorithm is able to achieve accurate average tracking of multiple time-varying reference signals despite the presence of external disturbances,while the communication efficiency can be improved obviously.
基金supported by the Smart Grid-National Science and Technology Major Project(2025ZD0804500)the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 52307232the Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 2024JJ4055.
文摘The hybrid series-parallel microgrid attracts more attention by combining the advantages of both the series-stacked voltage and parallel-expanded capacity.Low-voltage distributed generations(DGs)are connected in series to form the intra-string,and then multiple strings are interconnected in parallel.For the existing control strategies,both intra-string and inter-string depend on the centralized or distributed control with high communication reliance.It has limited scalability and redundancy under abnormal conditions.Alternatively,in this study,an intra-string distributed and inter-string decentralized control framework is proposed.Within the string,a few DGs close to the AC bus are the leaders to get the string power information and the rest DGs are the followers to acquire the synchronization information through the droop-based distributed consistency.Specifically,the output of the entire string has the active power−angular frequency(ω-P)droop characteristic,and the decentralized control among strings can be autonomously guaranteed.Moreover,the secondary control is designed to realize multi-mode objectives,including on/off-grid mode switching,grid-connected power interactive management,and off-grid voltage quality regulation.As a result,the proposed method has the ability of plug-and-play capabilities,single-point failure redundancy,and seamless mode-switching.Experimental results are provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed practical solution.
文摘Nonlinear static procedures are widely adopted in structural engineering practice for seismic performance assessment due to their simplicity and computational efficiency.However,their reliability depends heavily on how the nonlinear behaviour of structural components is represented.The recent earthquakes in Albania(2019)and Türkiye(2023)have underscored the need for accurate assessment techniques,particularly for older reinforced concrete buildings with poor detailing.This study quantifies the discrepancies between default and user-defined component modelling in pushover analysis of pre-modern reinforced concrete structures,analysing two representative low-and mid-rise reinforced concrete frame buildings.The lumped plasticity approach incorporates moment-rotation relationships derived from actual member properties and reinforcement configurations,while the distributed plasticity approach uses software-generated default properties based on modern codes.Results show that the distributed plasticity models systematically overestimate both the strength and the deformation capacity by up to 35%compared to lumped plasticity models,especially in buildings with poor detailing and low concrete strength.These findings demonstrate that default software procedures,widely used in practice but not validated for pre-modern structures,produce dangerously unconservative seismic performance estimates.The study provides quantitative evidence of the critical need for tailored modelling strategies that reflect the actual conditions of the existing building stock.
基金support provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52274077)the Natural Science Foundation of Henan(No.242300421072)+2 种基金the Youth Elite Teachers Cultivation Program for Higher Education Institutions in Henan Province(No.2024GGJS036)the Funds for Distinguished Young Scholars of Henan Polytechnic University(No.J2023-3)the Young Core Teacher Funding Scheme of Henan Polytechnic University(No.2023XQG-09).
文摘This study examined non-uniform loading in goaf cantilever rock masses via testing,modeling,and mechanical analysis to solve instantaneous fracture and section buckling from mining abutment pressure.The study investigates the non-uniform load gradient effect on fracture characteristics,including load characteristics,fracture location,fracture distribution,and section roughness.A digital model for fracture interface buckling analysis was developed,elucidating the influence of non-uniform load gradients on Fracture Interface Curvature(FIC),Buckling Rate of Change(BRC),and Buckling Domain Field(BDF).The findings reveal that nonlinear tensile stress concentration and abrupt tensile-compressive-shear strain mutations under non-uniform loading are fundamental mechanisms driving fracture path buckling in cantilever rock mass structures.The buckling process of rock mass under non-uniform load can be divided into two stages:low load gradient and high gradient load.In the stage of low gradient load,the buckling behavior is mainly reflected in the compression-shear fracture of the edge.In the stage of high gradient load,a buckling band along the loading direction is gradually formed in the rock mass.These buckling principles establish a theoretical basis for accurately characterizing bearing fractures,fracture interface instability,and vibration sources within overlying cantilever rock masses in goaf.
基金supported by North China Electric Power Research Institute’s Self-Funded Science and Technology Project“Research on Distributed Energy Storage Optimal Configuration and Operation Control Technology for Photovoltaic Promotion in the Entire County”(KJZ2022049).
文摘In recent years,distributed photovoltaics(DPV)has ushered in a good development situation due to the advantages of pollution-free power generation,full utilization of the ground or roof of the installation site,and balancing a large number of loads nearby.However,under the background of a large-scale DPV grid-connected to the county distribution network,an effective analysis method is needed to analyze its impact on the voltage of the distribution network in the early development stage of DPV.Therefore,a DPV orderly grid-connected method based on photovoltaics grid-connected order degree(PGOD)is proposed.This method aims to orderly analyze the change of voltage in the distribution network when large-scale DPV will be connected.Firstly,based on the voltagemagnitude sensitivity(VMS)index of the photovoltaics permitted grid-connected node and the acceptance of grid-connected node(AoGCN)index of other nodes in the network,thePGODindex is constructed to determine the photovoltaics permitted grid-connected node of the current photovoltaics grid-connected state network.Secondly,a photovoltaics orderly grid-connected model with a continuous updating state is constructed to obtain an orderly DPV grid-connected order.The simulation results illustrate that the photovoltaics grid-connected order determined by this method based on PGOD can effectively analyze the voltage impact of large-scale photovoltaics grid-connected,and explore the internal factors and characteristics of the impact.
文摘This paper presents a control strategy of a hybrid fuel cell/battery distributed generation (HDG) system in distribution systems. The overall structure of the HDG system is given, dynamic models for the solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) power plant, battery bank and its power electronic interfacing are briefly described, and controller design methodologies for the power conditioning units and fuel cell to control the power flow from the hybrid power plant to the utility grid are presented. To distribute the power between the fuel cell power plant and the battery energy storage, a neuro-fuzzy controller has been developed. Also, for controlling the active and reactive power independently in distribution systems, the current control strategy based on two fuzzy logic controllers has been presented. A Matlab/Simulink simulation model is developed for the HDG system by combining the individual component models and their controllers. Simulation results show the overall system performance including load-following and power management of the HDG system.
基金support of the project“State Grid Corporation Headquarters Science and Technology Program(5108-202299258A-1-0-ZB)”.
文摘To effectively quantify the impact of distributed photovoltaic(PV)access on the distribution network,this paper proposes a comprehensive evaluation method of distributed PV grid connection combining subjective and objective combination of assignment and technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution(TOPSIS)—rank sum ratio(RSR)(TOPSIS-RSR)method.Based on the traditional distribution network evaluation system,a comprehensive evaluation system has been constructed.It fully considers the new development requirements of distributed PV access on the environmental friendliness and absorptive capacity of the distribution grid and comprehensively reflects the impact of distributed PV grid connection.The analytic hierarchy process(AHP)was used to determine the subjective weights of the primary indicators,and the Spearman consistency test was combined to determine the weights of the secondary indicators based on three objective assignment methods.The subjective and objective combination weights of each assessment indicator were calculated through the principle of minimum entropy.Calculate the distance between the indicators to be evaluated and the positive and negative ideal solutions,the relative closeness ranking,and qualitative binning by TOPSIS-RSR method to obtain the comprehensive evaluation results of different scenarios.By setting up different PV grid-connected scenarios and utilizing the IEEE33 node simulation algorithm,the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed subject-object combination assignment and integrated assessment method are verified.
文摘The complexity of distribution network model mainly depends on the model scale of grid-connected distributed photovoltaic (PV) power generation. Therefore, the simulation performance of multi-scale PV model is the key factor of the simulation accuracy in the specific operating scenarios of distribution network. In this paper, a multi-scale model of grid connected PV distributed generation system is proposed based on the mathematical model of grid-connected distributed PV power generation. It is analyzed that differences of simulation performance, such as adaptability of simulation step size, accuracy of output and the effect on voltage profile of distribution network, between PV models with different scales in IEEE 33 node example. Simulation results indicate that the multi-scale model is effective in improving the accuracy and efficiency of simulation under different operating conditions of distribution network.
文摘Nowadays, electric energy has become one of the most important energy sources in the development of the world. Countries all over the world are vigorously developing their economies, and the demand for electric power is further increasing. Photovoltaic power generation technology mainly uses solar energy, which effectively reduces the pollution generated in the process of power operation. Solar power generation is generally divided into two access ways, low-voltage line and high-voltage line. However, the phenomenon of voltage exceeding the limit often occurs, which may also affect the voltage problem of the power grid. Therefore, it is very important to control the voltage over-limit phenomenon and avoid the distributed photovoltaic power generation affecting the voltage condition of the power grid as much as possible. Next, the article discusses the influence of grid-connected voltage of distributed photovoltaic power generation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.62102449)the Central Plains Talent Program under Grant No.224200510003.
文摘With the increasing popularity of blockchain applications, the security of data sources on the blockchain is gradually receiving attention. Providing reliable data for the blockchain safely and efficiently has become a research hotspot, and the security of the oracle responsible for providing reliable data has attracted much attention. The most widely used centralized oracles in blockchain, such as Provable and Town Crier, all rely on a single oracle to obtain data, which suffers from a single point of failure and limits the large-scale development of blockchain. To this end, the distributed oracle scheme is put forward, but the existing distributed oracle schemes such as Chainlink and Augur generally have low execution efficiency and high communication overhead, which leads to their poor applicability. To solve the above problems, this paper proposes a trusted distributed oracle scheme based on a share recovery threshold signature. First, a data verification method of distributed oracles is designed based on threshold signature. By aggregating the signatures of oracles, data from different data sources can be mutually verified, leading to a more efficient data verification and aggregation process. Then, a credibility-based cluster head election algorithm is designed, which reduces the communication overhead by clarifying the function distribution and building a hierarchical structure. Considering the good performance of the BLS threshold signature in large-scale applications, this paper combines it with distributed oracle technology and proposes a BLS threshold signature algorithm that supports share recovery in distributed oracles. The share recovery mechanism enables the proposed scheme to solve the key loss issue, and the setting of the threshold value enables the proposed scheme to complete signature aggregation with only a threshold number of oracles, making the scheme more robust. Finally, experimental results indicate that, by using the threshold signature technology and the cluster head election algorithm, our scheme effectively improves the execution efficiency of oracles and solves the problem of a single point of failure, leading to higher scalability and robustness.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52072072,52025121,52394263).
文摘With the advent of in-wheel motors and corner modules,the structure of vehicle chassis subsystems has shifted from traditionally centralized to distributed.This review focuses on the distributed chassis system(DCS)equipped with corner modules.It first provides a comprehensive summary and description of the revolution of the structure and control methods of vehicle chassis systems(including driving,braking,suspension,and steering systems).Given that DCS integrates various chassis subsystems,this review moves beyond individual subsystem analysis and delves into the coordination of these subsystems at the vehicle level.It provides a detailed summary of the methods and architectures used for integrated coordination and control,ensuring that multiple subsystems can function seamlessly as an integrated whole.Finally,this review summarizes the latest distributed control architecture for DCS.It also examines current control theories in the fields of control and information technology for distributed systems,such as multi-agent systems and cyber-physical systems.Based on these two control approaches,a multi-domain cooperative control framework for DCS is proposed.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2022ZD0119604)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(62173181,62222308,62221004)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20220139)
文摘This paper designs distributed Nash equilibrium seeking strategies for heterogeneous dynamic cyber-physical systems.In particular, we are concerned with parametric uncertainties in the control channel of the players. Moreover, the weights on communication links can be compromised by time-varying uncertainties, which can result from possibly malicious attacks,faults and disturbances. To deal with the unavailability of measurement of optimization errors, an output observer is constructed,based on which adaptive laws are designed to compensate for physical uncertainties. With adaptive laws, a new distributed Nash equilibrium seeking strategy is designed by further integrating consensus protocols and gradient search algorithms.Moreover, to further accommodate compromised communication weights resulting from cyber-uncertainties, the coupling strengths of the consensus module are designed to be adaptive. As a byproduct, the coupling strengths are independent of any global information. With theoretical investigations, it is proven that the proposed strategies are resilient to these uncertainties and players' actions are convergent to the Nash equilibrium. Simulation examples are given to numerically validate the effectiveness of the proposed strategies.
文摘The word“spatial”fundamentally relates to human existence,evolution,and activity in terrestrial and even celestial spaces.After reviewing the spatial features of many areas,the paper describes basics of high level model and technology called Spatial Grasp for dealing with large distributed systems,which can provide spatial vision,awareness,management,control,and even consciousness.The technology description includes its key Spatial Grasp Language(SGL),self-evolution of recursive SGL scenarios,and implementation of SGL interpreter converting distributed networked systems into powerful spatial engines.Examples of typical spatial scenarios in SGL include finding shortest path tree and shortest path between network nodes,collecting proper information throughout the whole world,elimination of multiple targets by intelligent teams of chasers,and withstanding cyber attacks in distributed networked systems.Also this paper compares Spatial Grasp model with traditional algorithms,confirming universality of the former for any spatial systems,while the latter just tools for concrete applications.
基金supported by the Inner Mongolia Power Company 2024 Staff Innovation Studio Innovation Project“Research on Cluster Output Prediction and Group Control Technology for County-Wide Distributed Photovoltaic Construction”.
文摘Responding to the stochasticity and uncertainty in the power height of distributed photovoltaic power generation.This paper presents a distributed photovoltaic ultra-short-term power forecasting method based on Variational Mode Decomposition(VMD)and Channel Attention Mechanism.First,Pearson’s correlation coefficient was utilized to filter out the meteorological factors that had a high impact on historical power.Second,the distributed PV power data were decomposed into a relatively smooth power series with different fluctuation patterns using variational modal decomposition(VMD).Finally,the reconstructed distributed PV power as well as other features are input into the combined CNN-SENet-BiLSTM model.In this model,the convolutional neural network(CNN)and channel attention mechanism dynamically adjust the weights while capturing the spatial features of the input data to improve the discriminative ability of key features.The extracted data is then fed into the bidirectional long short-term memory network(BiLSTM)to capture the time-series features,and the final output is the prediction result.The verification is conducted using a dataset from a distributed photovoltaic power station in the Northwest region of China.The results show that compared with other prediction methods,the method proposed in this paper has a higher prediction accuracy,which helps to improve the proportion of distributed PV access to the grid,and can guarantee the safe and stable operation of the power grid.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52167013)the Key Program of Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province(24JRRA225)Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province(23JRRA891).
文摘After a century of relative stability in the electricity sector,the widespread adoption of distributed energy resources,along with recent advancements in computing and communication technologies,has fundamentally altered how energy is consumed,traded,and utilized.This change signifies a crucial shift as the power system evolves from its traditional hierarchical organization to a more decentralized approach.At the heart of this transformation are innovative energy distribution models,like peer-to-peer(P2P)sharing,which enable communities to collaboratively manage their energy resources.The effectiveness of P2P sharing not only improves the economic prospects for prosumers,who generate and consume energy,but also enhances energy resilience and sustainability.This allows communities to better leverage local resources while fostering a sense of collective responsibility and collaboration in energy management.However,there is still no extensive implementation of such sharing models in today’s electricitymarkets.Research on distributed energy P2P trading is still in the exploratory stage,and it is particularly important to comprehensively understand and analyze the existing distributed energy P2P trading market.This paper contributes with an overview of the P2P markets that starts with the network framework,market structure,technical approach for trading mechanism,and blockchain technology,moving to the outlook in this field.
