Neutralizing antibodies are essential tools in antiviral therapy and epidemic preparedness,capable of directlyinhibiting viral entry and limiting disease progression.However,traditional antibody discovery strategies—...Neutralizing antibodies are essential tools in antiviral therapy and epidemic preparedness,capable of directlyinhibiting viral entry and limiting disease progression.However,traditional antibody discovery strategies—suchas animal immunization or B cell isolation from infected individuals—are often hindered by biosafety concerns,lengthy development timelines,and limited adaptability during outbreaks.In the present study,we aimed toestablish a robust and rapid in vitro platform for the efficient isolation of neutralizing antibodies targetingconserved viral epitopes.We developed an epitope-guided negative screening strategy that integrates phagedisplay technology with rational antigen mutagenesis to exclude antibodies against variable regions whileenriching for those that recognize functionally constrained epitopes.When applied to the receptor-binding domainof severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2,this method enabled the identification of six neutralizingantibodies(one IgG and five nanobodies)exhibiting broad-spectrum neutralizing activity across multiple viralvariants.Notably,antibodies recognizing distinct epitopes demonstrated significant synergistic neutralizationwhen used in combination(P<0.05).This screening approach facilitates the rapid discovery of potent andmutation-resistant antibodies and holds promise for application to other emerging pathogens.Our findingsunderscore the potential of epitope-guided,in vitro platforms in expediting therapeutic antibody developmentunder conditions of high biosafety requirements.展开更多
In an era dominated by visual information,the display interface serves as a critical gateway between the human and digital worlds.The relentless pursuit of visual immersion has driven display technology from cinema sc...In an era dominated by visual information,the display interface serves as a critical gateway between the human and digital worlds.The relentless pursuit of visual immersion has driven display technology from cinema screens to smart-phones and now to virtual and augmented reality(VR/AR)headsets,progressively moving closer to the human eye.This evolution places unprecedented demands on pixel density,power efficiency,and form factor,pushing up against funda-mental physical and physiological limits.展开更多
As the sunlight scattered on the sea of Guanyinshan in Xiamen,a space that bridges creativity and industry opened its door to the world.On December 15th,following a ribbon-cutting and unveiling ceremony,YKK Xiamen Gua...As the sunlight scattered on the sea of Guanyinshan in Xiamen,a space that bridges creativity and industry opened its door to the world.On December 15th,following a ribbon-cutting and unveiling ceremony,YKK Xiamen Guanyinshan Showroom,the brand's second and largest comprehensive showroom,was officially inaugurated.This showroom is more than a product display window,it is an"Inspiration Hub"integrating exhibition,co-creation,and service.Its launch signifies YKK's progression in the Chinese market from“building an efficient product proposal system”to a new stage of“deep collaborative co-creation.”展开更多
Detector and event visualization are crucial components of high-energy physics(HEP)experimental software.Virtual reality(VR)technologies and multimedia development platforms,such as Unity,offer enhanced display effect...Detector and event visualization are crucial components of high-energy physics(HEP)experimental software.Virtual reality(VR)technologies and multimedia development platforms,such as Unity,offer enhanced display effects and flexible extensibility for visualization in HEP experiments.In this study,we present a VR-based method for detector and event displays in the Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory(JUNO)experiment.This method shares the same detector geometry descriptions and event data model as those in the offline software and provides the necessary data conversion interfaces.The VR methodology facilitates an immersive exploration of the virtual environment in JUNO,enabling users to investigate the detector geometry,visualize event data,and tune the detector simulation and event reconstruction algorithms.Additionally,this approach supports applications in data monitoring,physics data analysis,and public outreach initiatives.展开更多
The advent of artificial intelligence(AI)has propelled augmented reality(AR)display technology to a pivotal juncture,positioning it as a contender for the next generation of mobile intelligent terminals.However,the pu...The advent of artificial intelligence(AI)has propelled augmented reality(AR)display technology to a pivotal juncture,positioning it as a contender for the next generation of mobile intelligent terminals.However,the pursuit of advanced AR displays,particularly those capable of delivering immersive 3D experiences,is significantly hindered by the performance limitations of current hardware and the complexity of system integration.In this study,we present an innovative multi-focal plane AR display system that integrates a non-orthogonal polarization-multiplexing metasurface,freeform optical elements,and an OLED display screen.All optical elements are integrated into a single solid-state architecture,based on a joint optimization design approach of ray tracing and diffraction theory.The multi-focal plane AR visual effect is realized by the compact and multiplexing metasurface,which performs distinct phase functions across diverse polarization channels.Meanwhile,freeform surfaces offer ample design flexibility for the collaborative optimization of multi-focal plane imaging and the see-through systems.Followed by a mechanical design and prototype assembly,we demonstrate the system's capabilities in real-time and multi-focal plane display.The digital images at all virtual image distances seamlessly integrate with the real environment,fully exhibiting the system's high parallelism and real-time interactivity.With the innovative design concept and joint design method,we believe that our work will spur more innovative and compact intelligent solutions for AR displays and inject new vitality into hybrid optical systems.展开更多
Head-up displays(HUDs)are emerging as key components of intelligent vehicles,requiring wide-depth,large-area,and high-efficiency dynamic imaging,which remains difficult to realize with traditional refractive optics.Co...Head-up displays(HUDs)are emerging as key components of intelligent vehicles,requiring wide-depth,large-area,and high-efficiency dynamic imaging,which remains difficult to realize with traditional refractive optics.Computer-generated holography(CGH)with diffraction optics offers a promising solution to these technical demands.However,CGH optimization based on the fast Fourier transform(FFT)faces limitations such as zero-padding redundancy,coupled sampling intervals,and incompatible near-and farfield propagation models.Here,we report a holography-based multiplane HUD using a matrix multiplication(MM)-assisted diffraction algorithm that restructures the Fresnel integral into two sequential matrix operations,thus eliminating zero-padding and enabling fully decoupled sampling between object and image planes.Compared with FFT-based angular spectrum methods,the MM approach significantly improves computational speed and memory efficiency for hologram design,which is validated by demonstrating dual-plane holography with a size ratio exceeding 100:1 and unified reconstruction across Fresnel and Fraunhofer regimes within a single computation.A prototype HUD system is demonstrated successfully to exhibit multiple-plane holographic virtual images that can be mixed with real-world objects at three independent planes.The technique might be one of the potential candidates for next-generation intelligent vehicle displays.展开更多
Unlike conventional electrochromic devices,Zinc anode-based electrochromic devices(ZECDs)ensure excellent charge balance between the electrochromic layer and Zn anode during the coloring/bleaching by reversible metal ...Unlike conventional electrochromic devices,Zinc anode-based electrochromic devices(ZECDs)ensure excellent charge balance between the electrochromic layer and Zn anode during the coloring/bleaching by reversible metal deposition/stripping on the Zn anode.Meanwhile,the inherent potential difference between the metal anode and the electrochromic layer can drive the spontaneous coloration/bleaching of ZECDs,featuring energy retrieval functionality.This review discusses the working mechanisms,performance indexes of ZECDs,and the impact of material selection on ZECD performance.Furthermore,we comprehensively summarize the latest research progress of ZECDs in energy storage,smart windows,and multicolor displays.We argue that using high-transparency zinc mesh,additive manufacturing processes,and self-healing electrochromic materials can significantly advance the commercialization of large-area ZECDs.Finally,“electrode-free”device structures,renewable or replaceable electrolytes,and strategies to suppress zinc dendrites are prospected to overcome cost-effectiveness and lifespan issues of ZECDs.This review aims at enabling more efficient and advanced ZECDs for multifunctional applications.展开更多
AIM:To evaluate 3%diquafosol ophthalmic solution on ocular surface parameters and the alterations of lipid and muco-aqueous layer in tear film of patients with visual display terminal(VDT)-associated dry eye disease(D...AIM:To evaluate 3%diquafosol ophthalmic solution on ocular surface parameters and the alterations of lipid and muco-aqueous layer in tear film of patients with visual display terminal(VDT)-associated dry eye disease(DED).METHODS:This study included patients with VDTassociated DED.It was a prospective single-arm interventional clinical trial.Patients were provided with 3%diquafosol ophthalmic solution for 3mo and were followed up in 1,2 and 3mo after treatment.Tear breakup time(TBUT),ocular surface staining score,and ocular surface disease index(OSDI)score were ocular surface characteristics.Lipid layer thickness(LLT),tear meniscus height(TMH),and mucin mRNA expression levels(MUC1,MUC4,MUC5AC,MUC16,and MUC20)were used to measure changes in the tear film.The LipiView interferometer was used to measure the partial blink rate(PBR).RESULTS:Sixty-eight eyes of 68 participants(54 females;mean age 25.12±4.10y;mean spherical equivalent-4.35±2.69 D)were enrolled.Compared with the pre-treatment,OSDI scores and TBUT improved significantly at all follow-up time points(all P<0.01),and TMH increased significantly at 1 and 3mo(P<0.01,P<0.001,respectively).Conjunctival lissamine green staining improved only at 2mo(P<0.05),while corneal fluorescein staining showed no significant changes.Overall LLT remained unchanged,but the PBR<1 subgroup exhibited significant LLT elevation at 3mo(P<0.05),unlike the PBR=1 subgroup.Conjunctival mRNA expression of MUC1,MUC5AC,MUC16,and MUC20 was significantly upregulated at 1 and 3mo(all P<0.01),and MUC4 expression increased significantly only at 1mo(P<0.001).CONCLUSION:In patients with VDT-associated DED,3%diquafosol ophthalmic solution dramatically reduced symptoms and enhanced tear film stability by promoting ocular surface muco-aqueous secretion.Patients with better blinking habits(PBR<1)demonstrate greater LLT improvement than those with poorer habits.展开更多
To address the challenges of complexity,power consumption,and cost constraints in traditional display driver integrated circuits(DDICs)caused by external NOR Flash and SRAM,this work proposes an embedded resistive ran...To address the challenges of complexity,power consumption,and cost constraints in traditional display driver integrated circuits(DDICs)caused by external NOR Flash and SRAM,this work proposes an embedded resistive random-access memory(RRAM)integration solution based on a 40 nm high-voltage CMOS logic platform.Targeting the yield fluctuations and stability challenges during RRAM mass production,systematic process optimizations are implemented to achieve synergistic improvements in RRAM performance and yield.Through modifications to the film sputtering and pre-deposition treatment,the withinwafer resistance uniformity(RSU)of the oxygen-deficient layer(ODL)thin film is improved from 11%to 8%,while inter-wafer process stability variation reduces from 23%to below 6%.Consequently,the yield of 8 Mb RRAM embedded mass production products increases from 87%to 98.5%.In terms of device performance,the RRAM demonstrates a fast 4.8 ns read speed,exceptional read disturb immunity of 3×10^(8) cycles at 95℃,10^(3) write/erase endurance cycles for the 1 Mb cells,and data retention of 12.5 years at 125℃.Post high-temperature operating life(HTOL)testing exhibits stable high/low resistance window.This study provides process optimization strategies and a reliability assurance framework for the mass production of highly integrated,low-power embedded RRAM display driver IC.展开更多
White Cyphochilus insulanus beetles,exhibiting both environmental camouflage display and radiative cooling functions,serve as a good prototype for biomimetic fabrication.As inspired,this work presents a femtosecond(fs...White Cyphochilus insulanus beetles,exhibiting both environmental camouflage display and radiative cooling functions,serve as a good prototype for biomimetic fabrication.As inspired,this work presents a femtosecond(fs)laser-based biomimetic fabrication strategy that takes full use of the synthesized radiative cooling nanomaterials for a groundbreaking stimuli-responsive infrared(IR)impressionistic camouflage display.The proposed technique is capable of readily transforming various substrates(quartz glass and metals including Ti,Al,Zr,and W)into self-assembled porous networks(aerogels)consisting of oxygen-vacancy-rich oxide nanoparticles.Surprisingly,the emissions of all as-prepared porous particle-networks in the radiative-cooling long-wavelength infrared(LWIR)band are above 95%,with the SiO_(2) aerogels reaching a maximum of 99.6%.Benefiting from the far-from-equilibrium thermodynamic kinetics,metastable phases of anatase TiO_(2),tetragonal zirconia(t-ZrO_(2)),and monoclinic WO_(3)(Pc)are synthesizable,opening up opportunities for exploring their optical applications.Taking the low-temperature metastable phase WO_(3)(Pc)as representative for systematic studies,it is found that(1)the ratio WO_(3)(Pc)phase to that of room-temperature phase of WO_(3)(P2_(1)/n)can be tailored by modulation of processing parameters;(2)laser synthesized aerogels with hybrid phases of WO_(3)(Pc)and WO_(3)(P2_(1)/n)have a brighter visible whiteness,higher visible/nearinfrared(NIR)spectral selectivity than the natural prototype of white Cyphochilus insulanus beetles but with comparable LWIR emittance.White WO_(3) aerogel in situ deposited during flexibly fs laser artistic patterning can blur the painting features due to its radiative cooling effect,allowing a colorful impressionistic IR display in the heating mode.What's more,invisible painting features concealed by the white deposited WO_(3) aerogel are clearly/faintly distinguishable by introducing external stimuli of a human hand and sample heating,respectively,catalyzing progress in optical encryption and selectively stimuli-responsive decryption display in the infrared band.展开更多
High-resolution non-emissive displays based on electrochromic tungsten oxides(WOx)are crucial for future near-eye virtual/augmented reality interactions,given their impressive attributes such as high environmental sta...High-resolution non-emissive displays based on electrochromic tungsten oxides(WOx)are crucial for future near-eye virtual/augmented reality interactions,given their impressive attributes such as high environmental stability,ideal outdoor readability,and low energy consumption.However,the limited intrinsic structure of inorganic materials has presented a significant challenge in achieving precise patterning/pixelation at the micron scale.Here,we successfully developed the direct photolithography for WOx nanoparticles based on in situ photo-induced ligand exchange.This strategy enabled us to achieve ultra-high resolution efficiently(line width<4μm,the best resolution for reported inorganic electrochromic materials).Additionally,the resulting device exhibited impressive electrochromic performance,such as fast response(<1 s at 0 V),high coloration efficiency(119.5 cm^(2) C^(−1)),good optical modulation(55.9%),and durability(>3600 cycles),as well as promising applications in electronic logos,pixelated displays,flexible electronics,etc.The success and advancements presented here are expected to inspire and accelerate research and development(R&D)in high-resolution non-emissive displays and other ultra-fine micro-electronics.展开更多
It is of great scientific significance to construct a 3D dynamic structural color with a special color effect based on the microlens array.However,the problems of imperfect mechanisms and poor color quality need to be...It is of great scientific significance to construct a 3D dynamic structural color with a special color effect based on the microlens array.However,the problems of imperfect mechanisms and poor color quality need to be solved.A method of 3D structural color turning on periodic metasurfaces fabricated by the microlens array and self-assembly technology was proposed in this study.In the experiment,Polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)flexible film was used as a substrate,and SiO2 microspheres were scraped into grooves of the PDMS film to form 3D photonic crystal structures.By adjusting the number of blade-coated times and microsphere concentrations,high-saturation structural color micropatterns were obtained.These films were then matched with microlens arrays to produce dynamic graphics with iridescent effects.The results showed that by blade-coated two times and SiO2 microsphere concentrations of 50%are the best conditions.This method demonstrates the potential for being widely applied in the anticounterfeiting printing and ultra-high-resolution display.展开更多
Super-fine electrohydrodynamic inkjet(SIJ)printing of perovskite nanocrystal(PNC)colloid ink exhibits significant potential in the fabrication of high-resolution color conversion microstructures arrays for fullcolor m...Super-fine electrohydrodynamic inkjet(SIJ)printing of perovskite nanocrystal(PNC)colloid ink exhibits significant potential in the fabrication of high-resolution color conversion microstructures arrays for fullcolor micro-LED displays.However,the impact of solvent on both the printing process and the morphology of SIJ-printed PNC color conversion microstructures remains underexplored.In this study,we prepared samples of CsPbBr3PNC colloid inks in various solvents and investigated the solvent's impact on SIJ printed PNC microstructures.Our findings reveal that the boiling point of the solvent is crucial to the SIJ printing process of PNC colloid inks.Only does the boiling point of the solvent fall in the optimal range,the regular positioned,micron-scaled,conical PNC microstructures can be successfully printed.Below this optimal range,the ink is unable to be ejected from the nozzle;while above this range,irregular positioned microstructures with nanoscale height and coffee-ring-like morphology are produced.Based on these observations,high-resolution color conversion PNC microstructures were effectively prepared using SIJ printing of PNC colloid ink dispersed in dimethylbenzene solvent.展开更多
In the field of holographic 3D display,generating a three-dimensional(3D)computergenerated hologram(CGH)from a single two-dimensional(2D)image has been a significant challenge due to the high-dimensionality of the pro...In the field of holographic 3D display,generating a three-dimensional(3D)computergenerated hologram(CGH)from a single two-dimensional(2D)image has been a significant challenge due to the high-dimensionality of the problem.In this paper,we introduce an end-to-end Convolutional Neural Network(CNN)framework,trained using a large dataset,which directly infers a full-color 3D CGH from a single 2D picture.The proposed method bypasses the need for depth or any other 3D information,facilitating the transformation of readily available 2D images into 3D holograms.We demonstrate that our end-to-end CNN can successfully convert either computer graphics(CG)generated 2D image or real-world captured 2D image into high-quality phase-only hologram,and experimentally achieving the effect of full-color 3D holographic display.Our work extends the horizons of lower-dimensional to higher-dimensional holographic wavefront information conversion,and therefore has potentials to advanced applications such as 3D display technology and metaverse development.展开更多
Augmented reality(AR)displays have gained significant attention for their ability to blend the real and virtual worlds seamlessly.However,they face challenges like the vergence-accommodation conflict and a limited eye...Augmented reality(AR)displays have gained significant attention for their ability to blend the real and virtual worlds seamlessly.However,they face challenges like the vergence-accommodation conflict and a limited eyebox.The AR community is actively seeking lightweight,integrative optical elements to overcome these limitations.In this study,we demonstrate a three-dimensional varifocal meta-device for AR display.The meta-device is composed of three cascaded metasurfaces with Moiréand off-center Fresnel lens phase profiles designed to dynamically manipulate the focus point in three-dimensional space.The cascaded metasurfaces are designed and fabricated by the TiO_(2)nanopillars with varying diameters,which are polarizationinsensitive for light field manipulation.The focal point position is precisely controlled by the relative rotation between the metasurfaces.The meta-device achieves an effective focal length ranging from 3.7 mm to 33.2 mm and can adjust the lateral focal point within the same range.The dynamic eyebox size varies from 4.2 mm to 5.8 mm.This lightweight,integrated meta-device is well-suited for various imaging applications,including AR displays,as it simultaneously addresses the vergence-accommodation conflict and expands the eyebox.展开更多
The popularity of deep learning has boosted computer-generated holography(CGH)as a vibrant research field,particularly physics-driven unsupervised learning.Nevertheless,present unsupervised CGH models have not yet exp...The popularity of deep learning has boosted computer-generated holography(CGH)as a vibrant research field,particularly physics-driven unsupervised learning.Nevertheless,present unsupervised CGH models have not yet explored the potential of generating full-color 3D holograms through a unified framework.In this study,we propose a lightweight multiwavelength network model capable of high-fidelity and efficient full-color hologram generation in both 2D and 3D display,called IncepHoloRGB.The high-speed simultaneous generation of RGB holograms at 191 frames per second(FPS)is based on Inception sampling blocks and multi-wavelength propagation module integrated with depth-traced superimposition,achieving an average structural similarity(SSIM)of 0.88 and peak signal-to-noise ratio(PSNR)of 29.00 on the DIV2K test set in reconstruction.Full-color reconstruction of numerical simulations and optical experiments shows that IncepHoloRGB is versatile to diverse scenarios and can obtain authentic full-color holographic 3D display within a unified network model,paving the way for applications towards real-time dynamic naked-eye 3D display,virtual and augmented reality(VR/AR)systems.展开更多
Liquid crystal Pacharatnam-Berry phase optical elements(PBOEs)have found promising applications in augmented reality and virtual reality because of their slim formfactor,lightweight,and high optical efficiency.However...Liquid crystal Pacharatnam-Berry phase optical elements(PBOEs)have found promising applications in augmented reality and virtual reality because of their slim formfactor,lightweight,and high optical efficiency.However,chromatic aberration remains a serious longstanding problem for diffractive optics,hindering their broader adoption.To overcome the chromatic aberrations for red,green and blue(RGB)light sources,in this paper,we propose a counterintuitive multi-twist structure to achieve narrowband PBOEs without crosstalk,which plays a vital role to eliminate the chromatic aberration.The performance of our designed and fabricated narrowband Pacharatnam-Berry lenses(PBLs)aligns well with our simulation results.Furthermore,in a feasibility demonstration experiment using a laser projector,our proposed PBL system indeed exhibits a diminished chromatic aberration as compared to a broadband PBL.Additionally,polarization raytracing is implemented to demonstrate the versatility of the multi-twist structure for designing any RGB wavelengths with high contrast ratios.This analysis explores the feasibility of using RGB laser lines and quantum dot light-emitting diodes.Overall,our approach enables high optical efficiency,low fabrication complexity,and high degree of design freedom to accommodate any liquid crystal material and RGB light sources,holding immense potential for widespread applications of achromatic PBOEs.展开更多
At present,the naked-eye three-dimensional(3D)display technology still has some drawbacks,such as low brightness uniformity,high crosstalk,low light efficiency,short viewing distance,and the manufacturing is difficult...At present,the naked-eye three-dimensional(3D)display technology still has some drawbacks,such as low brightness uniformity,high crosstalk,low light efficiency,short viewing distance,and the manufacturing is difficulty.Based on the principle of naked-eye 3D display and the Fresnel optical theory,this paper designs a Fresnel lens array and the star-shaped liquid crystal display(LCD)switch of unit LCD screen to achieve low-crosstalk and high brightness uniformity for the autostereoscopic 3D display.The unit parameters of a 139.7 cm 4K model autostereoscopic 3D displayer are provided and they are optimized by the TracePro software.The results show that when the pitch of the Fresnel lens on the exit surface is 0.304 mm,the width of each serration of Fresnel lens is 0.0234 mm,the length of the Fresnel lens is 2.87 mm,and the center height of star-shaped LCD switch is 0.030 mm,the center length is 0.040 mm,the width of star-shaped LCD switch is 0.050 mm,and the image crosstalk is less than 2%when the viewing distance is 2.50 m.The problem on the brightness of the image in different positions is improved.展开更多
Balancing high display performance with energy efficiency is crucial for global sustainability.Lowering operating frequencies—such as enabling 1 Hz operation in fringe-field switching(FFS)liquid crystal displays—red...Balancing high display performance with energy efficiency is crucial for global sustainability.Lowering operating frequencies—such as enabling 1 Hz operation in fringe-field switching(FFS)liquid crystal displays—reduces power consumption but is hindered by image flicker.While negative dielectric anisotropy liquid crystals(nLCs)mitigate flicker,their high driving voltages and production costs limit adoption.Positive dielectric anisotropy liquid crystals(pLCs)offer lower operating voltages,faster response times,and broader applicability,making them a more viable alternative.This study introduces a novel approach to minimizing flexoelectric effects in pLCs by investigating how single components influence flexoelectric behavior in mixtures through an effective experimental methodology.Two innovative measurement techniques—(1)flexoelectric coefficient difference analysis and(2)displacement-current measurement(DCM)—are presented,marking the first application of DCM for verifying flexoelectric effects.The proposed system eliminates uncertainties associated with previous methods,providing a reliable framework for selecting liquid crystal components with minimal flexoelectric effects while preserving key electro-optic properties.Given pLCs'higher reliability,lower production costs,and broader material selection,these advancements hold significant potential for low-power displays.We believe this work enhances flexoelectric analysis in nematic liquid crystals and contributes to sustainable innovation in the display industry,aligning with global energy-saving goals.展开更多
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China(Grant No.22KJB310001 to W.G.)the Special Project of the Jiangsu Provincial Department of Science and Technology(Grant No.BE2023603 to W.G.)the Nanjing Medical University Science and Technology Development Foundation(Grant No.NMUB20210006 to W.G.).
文摘Neutralizing antibodies are essential tools in antiviral therapy and epidemic preparedness,capable of directlyinhibiting viral entry and limiting disease progression.However,traditional antibody discovery strategies—suchas animal immunization or B cell isolation from infected individuals—are often hindered by biosafety concerns,lengthy development timelines,and limited adaptability during outbreaks.In the present study,we aimed toestablish a robust and rapid in vitro platform for the efficient isolation of neutralizing antibodies targetingconserved viral epitopes.We developed an epitope-guided negative screening strategy that integrates phagedisplay technology with rational antigen mutagenesis to exclude antibodies against variable regions whileenriching for those that recognize functionally constrained epitopes.When applied to the receptor-binding domainof severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2,this method enabled the identification of six neutralizingantibodies(one IgG and five nanobodies)exhibiting broad-spectrum neutralizing activity across multiple viralvariants.Notably,antibodies recognizing distinct epitopes demonstrated significant synergistic neutralizationwhen used in combination(P<0.05).This screening approach facilitates the rapid discovery of potent andmutation-resistant antibodies and holds promise for application to other emerging pathogens.Our findingsunderscore the potential of epitope-guided,in vitro platforms in expediting therapeutic antibody developmentunder conditions of high biosafety requirements.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.22105106)the Jiangsu Youth Science and Technology Talent Support Program(Grant No.JSTJ-2025-063)+1 种基金Nanjing Science and Technology Innovation Project for Overseas Students(Grant No.NJKCZYZZ2022-05)Start-up Funding from NUPTSF(Grant No.NY221003).
文摘In an era dominated by visual information,the display interface serves as a critical gateway between the human and digital worlds.The relentless pursuit of visual immersion has driven display technology from cinema screens to smart-phones and now to virtual and augmented reality(VR/AR)headsets,progressively moving closer to the human eye.This evolution places unprecedented demands on pixel density,power efficiency,and form factor,pushing up against funda-mental physical and physiological limits.
文摘As the sunlight scattered on the sea of Guanyinshan in Xiamen,a space that bridges creativity and industry opened its door to the world.On December 15th,following a ribbon-cutting and unveiling ceremony,YKK Xiamen Guanyinshan Showroom,the brand's second and largest comprehensive showroom,was officially inaugurated.This showroom is more than a product display window,it is an"Inspiration Hub"integrating exhibition,co-creation,and service.Its launch signifies YKK's progression in the Chinese market from“building an efficient product proposal system”to a new stage of“deep collaborative co-creation.”
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12175321,W2443004,11975021,11675275,U1932101)Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDA10010900)+2 种基金National Key Research and Development Program of China(Nos.2023YFA1606000 and 2020YFA0406400)National College Students Science and Technology Innovation ProjectUndergraduate Base Scientific Research Project of Sun Yat-sen University。
文摘Detector and event visualization are crucial components of high-energy physics(HEP)experimental software.Virtual reality(VR)technologies and multimedia development platforms,such as Unity,offer enhanced display effects and flexible extensibility for visualization in HEP experiments.In this study,we present a VR-based method for detector and event displays in the Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory(JUNO)experiment.This method shares the same detector geometry descriptions and event data model as those in the offline software and provides the necessary data conversion interfaces.The VR methodology facilitates an immersive exploration of the virtual environment in JUNO,enabling users to investigate the detector geometry,visualize event data,and tune the detector simulation and event reconstruction algorithms.Additionally,this approach supports applications in data monitoring,physics data analysis,and public outreach initiatives.
基金funding provided by National Natural Science Foundation of China(U21A20140)National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFA1401200)+2 种基金Beijing Natural Science Foundation(JQ24028)Beijing Nova Program(20240484557)Synergetic Extreme Condition User Facility(SECUF).
文摘The advent of artificial intelligence(AI)has propelled augmented reality(AR)display technology to a pivotal juncture,positioning it as a contender for the next generation of mobile intelligent terminals.However,the pursuit of advanced AR displays,particularly those capable of delivering immersive 3D experiences,is significantly hindered by the performance limitations of current hardware and the complexity of system integration.In this study,we present an innovative multi-focal plane AR display system that integrates a non-orthogonal polarization-multiplexing metasurface,freeform optical elements,and an OLED display screen.All optical elements are integrated into a single solid-state architecture,based on a joint optimization design approach of ray tracing and diffraction theory.The multi-focal plane AR visual effect is realized by the compact and multiplexing metasurface,which performs distinct phase functions across diverse polarization channels.Meanwhile,freeform surfaces offer ample design flexibility for the collaborative optimization of multi-focal plane imaging and the see-through systems.Followed by a mechanical design and prototype assembly,we demonstrate the system's capabilities in real-time and multi-focal plane display.The digital images at all virtual image distances seamlessly integrate with the real environment,fully exhibiting the system's high parallelism and real-time interactivity.With the innovative design concept and joint design method,we believe that our work will spur more innovative and compact intelligent solutions for AR displays and inject new vitality into hybrid optical systems.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2022YFB3607300)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.62322512,62225506,and 12134013)+7 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant Nos.WK2030000108 and WK2030000090)the CAS Project for Young Scientists in Basic Research(Grant No.YSBR-049)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12174260 and 12574326)the Shanghai Rising-Star Program(Grant No.21QA1406400)the Shanghai Science and Technology Development Fund(Grant Nos.21ZR1443500 and 21ZR1443600)the support from the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2023M743364)support from the Center for Micro and Nanoscale Research and Fabrication,University of Science and Technology of Chinasupported by the UPOLabs,which provided the experimental and technical support。
文摘Head-up displays(HUDs)are emerging as key components of intelligent vehicles,requiring wide-depth,large-area,and high-efficiency dynamic imaging,which remains difficult to realize with traditional refractive optics.Computer-generated holography(CGH)with diffraction optics offers a promising solution to these technical demands.However,CGH optimization based on the fast Fourier transform(FFT)faces limitations such as zero-padding redundancy,coupled sampling intervals,and incompatible near-and farfield propagation models.Here,we report a holography-based multiplane HUD using a matrix multiplication(MM)-assisted diffraction algorithm that restructures the Fresnel integral into two sequential matrix operations,thus eliminating zero-padding and enabling fully decoupled sampling between object and image planes.Compared with FFT-based angular spectrum methods,the MM approach significantly improves computational speed and memory efficiency for hologram design,which is validated by demonstrating dual-plane holography with a size ratio exceeding 100:1 and unified reconstruction across Fresnel and Fraunhofer regimes within a single computation.A prototype HUD system is demonstrated successfully to exhibit multiple-plane holographic virtual images that can be mixed with real-world objects at three independent planes.The technique might be one of the potential candidates for next-generation intelligent vehicle displays.
基金supports from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62105185,52202320)the“Qilu Young Scholar”program(62460082163097)of Shandong University,open foundation of the State Key Laboratory of Vanadium and Titanium Resources Comprehensive Utilization(2023P4FZG08A)+1 种基金Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.862201013153)Shandong Excellent Young Scientists Fund Program(Overseas)(2023HWYQ-060).
文摘Unlike conventional electrochromic devices,Zinc anode-based electrochromic devices(ZECDs)ensure excellent charge balance between the electrochromic layer and Zn anode during the coloring/bleaching by reversible metal deposition/stripping on the Zn anode.Meanwhile,the inherent potential difference between the metal anode and the electrochromic layer can drive the spontaneous coloration/bleaching of ZECDs,featuring energy retrieval functionality.This review discusses the working mechanisms,performance indexes of ZECDs,and the impact of material selection on ZECD performance.Furthermore,we comprehensively summarize the latest research progress of ZECDs in energy storage,smart windows,and multicolor displays.We argue that using high-transparency zinc mesh,additive manufacturing processes,and self-healing electrochromic materials can significantly advance the commercialization of large-area ZECDs.Finally,“electrode-free”device structures,renewable or replaceable electrolytes,and strategies to suppress zinc dendrites are prospected to overcome cost-effectiveness and lifespan issues of ZECDs.This review aims at enabling more efficient and advanced ZECDs for multifunctional applications.
文摘AIM:To evaluate 3%diquafosol ophthalmic solution on ocular surface parameters and the alterations of lipid and muco-aqueous layer in tear film of patients with visual display terminal(VDT)-associated dry eye disease(DED).METHODS:This study included patients with VDTassociated DED.It was a prospective single-arm interventional clinical trial.Patients were provided with 3%diquafosol ophthalmic solution for 3mo and were followed up in 1,2 and 3mo after treatment.Tear breakup time(TBUT),ocular surface staining score,and ocular surface disease index(OSDI)score were ocular surface characteristics.Lipid layer thickness(LLT),tear meniscus height(TMH),and mucin mRNA expression levels(MUC1,MUC4,MUC5AC,MUC16,and MUC20)were used to measure changes in the tear film.The LipiView interferometer was used to measure the partial blink rate(PBR).RESULTS:Sixty-eight eyes of 68 participants(54 females;mean age 25.12±4.10y;mean spherical equivalent-4.35±2.69 D)were enrolled.Compared with the pre-treatment,OSDI scores and TBUT improved significantly at all follow-up time points(all P<0.01),and TMH increased significantly at 1 and 3mo(P<0.01,P<0.001,respectively).Conjunctival lissamine green staining improved only at 2mo(P<0.05),while corneal fluorescein staining showed no significant changes.Overall LLT remained unchanged,but the PBR<1 subgroup exhibited significant LLT elevation at 3mo(P<0.05),unlike the PBR=1 subgroup.Conjunctival mRNA expression of MUC1,MUC5AC,MUC16,and MUC20 was significantly upregulated at 1 and 3mo(all P<0.01),and MUC4 expression increased significantly only at 1mo(P<0.001).CONCLUSION:In patients with VDT-associated DED,3%diquafosol ophthalmic solution dramatically reduced symptoms and enhanced tear film stability by promoting ocular surface muco-aqueous secretion.Patients with better blinking habits(PBR<1)demonstrate greater LLT improvement than those with poorer habits.
文摘To address the challenges of complexity,power consumption,and cost constraints in traditional display driver integrated circuits(DDICs)caused by external NOR Flash and SRAM,this work proposes an embedded resistive random-access memory(RRAM)integration solution based on a 40 nm high-voltage CMOS logic platform.Targeting the yield fluctuations and stability challenges during RRAM mass production,systematic process optimizations are implemented to achieve synergistic improvements in RRAM performance and yield.Through modifications to the film sputtering and pre-deposition treatment,the withinwafer resistance uniformity(RSU)of the oxygen-deficient layer(ODL)thin film is improved from 11%to 8%,while inter-wafer process stability variation reduces from 23%to below 6%.Consequently,the yield of 8 Mb RRAM embedded mass production products increases from 87%to 98.5%.In terms of device performance,the RRAM demonstrates a fast 4.8 ns read speed,exceptional read disturb immunity of 3×10^(8) cycles at 95℃,10^(3) write/erase endurance cycles for the 1 Mb cells,and data retention of 12.5 years at 125℃.Post high-temperature operating life(HTOL)testing exhibits stable high/low resistance window.This study provides process optimization strategies and a reliability assurance framework for the mass production of highly integrated,low-power embedded RRAM display driver IC.
基金financial support received from the Shanghai Pujiang Program(23PJ1406500)。
文摘White Cyphochilus insulanus beetles,exhibiting both environmental camouflage display and radiative cooling functions,serve as a good prototype for biomimetic fabrication.As inspired,this work presents a femtosecond(fs)laser-based biomimetic fabrication strategy that takes full use of the synthesized radiative cooling nanomaterials for a groundbreaking stimuli-responsive infrared(IR)impressionistic camouflage display.The proposed technique is capable of readily transforming various substrates(quartz glass and metals including Ti,Al,Zr,and W)into self-assembled porous networks(aerogels)consisting of oxygen-vacancy-rich oxide nanoparticles.Surprisingly,the emissions of all as-prepared porous particle-networks in the radiative-cooling long-wavelength infrared(LWIR)band are above 95%,with the SiO_(2) aerogels reaching a maximum of 99.6%.Benefiting from the far-from-equilibrium thermodynamic kinetics,metastable phases of anatase TiO_(2),tetragonal zirconia(t-ZrO_(2)),and monoclinic WO_(3)(Pc)are synthesizable,opening up opportunities for exploring their optical applications.Taking the low-temperature metastable phase WO_(3)(Pc)as representative for systematic studies,it is found that(1)the ratio WO_(3)(Pc)phase to that of room-temperature phase of WO_(3)(P2_(1)/n)can be tailored by modulation of processing parameters;(2)laser synthesized aerogels with hybrid phases of WO_(3)(Pc)and WO_(3)(P2_(1)/n)have a brighter visible whiteness,higher visible/nearinfrared(NIR)spectral selectivity than the natural prototype of white Cyphochilus insulanus beetles but with comparable LWIR emittance.White WO_(3) aerogel in situ deposited during flexibly fs laser artistic patterning can blur the painting features due to its radiative cooling effect,allowing a colorful impressionistic IR display in the heating mode.What's more,invisible painting features concealed by the white deposited WO_(3) aerogel are clearly/faintly distinguishable by introducing external stimuli of a human hand and sample heating,respectively,catalyzing progress in optical encryption and selectively stimuli-responsive decryption display in the infrared band.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFB3606501,2022YFB3602902)the Key projects of National Natural Science Foundation of China(62234004)+8 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U23A2092)Pioneer and Leading Goose R&D Program of Zhejiang(2024C01191,2024C01092)Innovation and Entrepreneurship Team of Zhejiang Province(2021R01003)Ningbo Key Technologies R&D Program(2022Z085),Ningbo 3315 Programme(2020A-01-B)YONGJIANG Talent Introduction Programme(2021A-038-B,2021A-159-G)“Innovation Yongjiang 2035”Key R&D Programme(2024Z146)Ningbo JiangBei District public welfare science and technology project(2022C07)the China National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents(grant no.BX20240391)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(grant no.2023M743623).
文摘High-resolution non-emissive displays based on electrochromic tungsten oxides(WOx)are crucial for future near-eye virtual/augmented reality interactions,given their impressive attributes such as high environmental stability,ideal outdoor readability,and low energy consumption.However,the limited intrinsic structure of inorganic materials has presented a significant challenge in achieving precise patterning/pixelation at the micron scale.Here,we successfully developed the direct photolithography for WOx nanoparticles based on in situ photo-induced ligand exchange.This strategy enabled us to achieve ultra-high resolution efficiently(line width<4μm,the best resolution for reported inorganic electrochromic materials).Additionally,the resulting device exhibited impressive electrochromic performance,such as fast response(<1 s at 0 V),high coloration efficiency(119.5 cm^(2) C^(−1)),good optical modulation(55.9%),and durability(>3600 cycles),as well as promising applications in electronic logos,pixelated displays,flexible electronics,etc.The success and advancements presented here are expected to inspire and accelerate research and development(R&D)in high-resolution non-emissive displays and other ultra-fine micro-electronics.
文摘It is of great scientific significance to construct a 3D dynamic structural color with a special color effect based on the microlens array.However,the problems of imperfect mechanisms and poor color quality need to be solved.A method of 3D structural color turning on periodic metasurfaces fabricated by the microlens array and self-assembly technology was proposed in this study.In the experiment,Polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)flexible film was used as a substrate,and SiO2 microspheres were scraped into grooves of the PDMS film to form 3D photonic crystal structures.By adjusting the number of blade-coated times and microsphere concentrations,high-saturation structural color micropatterns were obtained.These films were then matched with microlens arrays to produce dynamic graphics with iridescent effects.The results showed that by blade-coated two times and SiO2 microsphere concentrations of 50%are the best conditions.This method demonstrates the potential for being widely applied in the anticounterfeiting printing and ultra-high-resolution display.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.62374142)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Nos.20720220085 and 20720240064)+2 种基金External Cooperation Program of Fujian(No.2022I0004)Major Science and Technology Project of Xiamen in China(No.3502Z20191015)Xiamen Natural Science Foundation Youth Project(No.3502Z202471002)。
文摘Super-fine electrohydrodynamic inkjet(SIJ)printing of perovskite nanocrystal(PNC)colloid ink exhibits significant potential in the fabrication of high-resolution color conversion microstructures arrays for fullcolor micro-LED displays.However,the impact of solvent on both the printing process and the morphology of SIJ-printed PNC color conversion microstructures remains underexplored.In this study,we prepared samples of CsPbBr3PNC colloid inks in various solvents and investigated the solvent's impact on SIJ printed PNC microstructures.Our findings reveal that the boiling point of the solvent is crucial to the SIJ printing process of PNC colloid inks.Only does the boiling point of the solvent fall in the optimal range,the regular positioned,micron-scaled,conical PNC microstructures can be successfully printed.Below this optimal range,the ink is unable to be ejected from the nozzle;while above this range,irregular positioned microstructures with nanoscale height and coffee-ring-like morphology are produced.Based on these observations,high-resolution color conversion PNC microstructures were effectively prepared using SIJ printing of PNC colloid ink dispersed in dimethylbenzene solvent.
基金supported by Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(24511106500)Youth Innovation Promotion Association,Chinese Academy of Sciences(2022232)+1 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(62075040)National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFF0701100).
文摘In the field of holographic 3D display,generating a three-dimensional(3D)computergenerated hologram(CGH)from a single two-dimensional(2D)image has been a significant challenge due to the high-dimensionality of the problem.In this paper,we introduce an end-to-end Convolutional Neural Network(CNN)framework,trained using a large dataset,which directly infers a full-color 3D CGH from a single 2D picture.The proposed method bypasses the need for depth or any other 3D information,facilitating the transformation of readily available 2D images into 3D holograms.We demonstrate that our end-to-end CNN can successfully convert either computer graphics(CG)generated 2D image or real-world captured 2D image into high-quality phase-only hologram,and experimentally achieving the effect of full-color 3D holographic display.Our work extends the horizons of lower-dimensional to higher-dimensional holographic wavefront information conversion,and therefore has potentials to advanced applications such as 3D display technology and metaverse development.
基金The National Key R&D Program of China(Grant Nos.2022YFA1404700)the Major Key Project of PCL(PCL2024A01)+7 种基金Shenzhen Municipal Basic Research(Key Project)(JCY20241202123919027)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.62305184)Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province(2023A1515012932)Science,Technology and Innovation Commission of Shenzhen Municipality(WDZC20220818100259004)the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region,China[Project No.C5031-22GCityU11310522CityU11300123]City University of Hong Kong[Project No.9610628].
文摘Augmented reality(AR)displays have gained significant attention for their ability to blend the real and virtual worlds seamlessly.However,they face challenges like the vergence-accommodation conflict and a limited eyebox.The AR community is actively seeking lightweight,integrative optical elements to overcome these limitations.In this study,we demonstrate a three-dimensional varifocal meta-device for AR display.The meta-device is composed of three cascaded metasurfaces with Moiréand off-center Fresnel lens phase profiles designed to dynamically manipulate the focus point in three-dimensional space.The cascaded metasurfaces are designed and fabricated by the TiO_(2)nanopillars with varying diameters,which are polarizationinsensitive for light field manipulation.The focal point position is precisely controlled by the relative rotation between the metasurfaces.The meta-device achieves an effective focal length ranging from 3.7 mm to 33.2 mm and can adjust the lateral focal point within the same range.The dynamic eyebox size varies from 4.2 mm to 5.8 mm.This lightweight,integrated meta-device is well-suited for various imaging applications,including AR displays,as it simultaneously addresses the vergence-accommodation conflict and expands the eyebox.
基金supports from National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.62205117,52275429)National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2021YFF0502700)+2 种基金Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST(Grant No.2022QNRC001)West Light Foundation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.xbzg-zdsys-202206)Hubei Natural Science Foundation Innovative Research Group Project(2024AFA025).
文摘The popularity of deep learning has boosted computer-generated holography(CGH)as a vibrant research field,particularly physics-driven unsupervised learning.Nevertheless,present unsupervised CGH models have not yet explored the potential of generating full-color 3D holograms through a unified framework.In this study,we propose a lightweight multiwavelength network model capable of high-fidelity and efficient full-color hologram generation in both 2D and 3D display,called IncepHoloRGB.The high-speed simultaneous generation of RGB holograms at 191 frames per second(FPS)is based on Inception sampling blocks and multi-wavelength propagation module integrated with depth-traced superimposition,achieving an average structural similarity(SSIM)of 0.88 and peak signal-to-noise ratio(PSNR)of 29.00 on the DIV2K test set in reconstruction.Full-color reconstruction of numerical simulations and optical experiments shows that IncepHoloRGB is versatile to diverse scenarios and can obtain authentic full-color holographic 3D display within a unified network model,paving the way for applications towards real-time dynamic naked-eye 3D display,virtual and augmented reality(VR/AR)systems.
基金supports from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFB2806803)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62075127).
文摘Liquid crystal Pacharatnam-Berry phase optical elements(PBOEs)have found promising applications in augmented reality and virtual reality because of their slim formfactor,lightweight,and high optical efficiency.However,chromatic aberration remains a serious longstanding problem for diffractive optics,hindering their broader adoption.To overcome the chromatic aberrations for red,green and blue(RGB)light sources,in this paper,we propose a counterintuitive multi-twist structure to achieve narrowband PBOEs without crosstalk,which plays a vital role to eliminate the chromatic aberration.The performance of our designed and fabricated narrowband Pacharatnam-Berry lenses(PBLs)aligns well with our simulation results.Furthermore,in a feasibility demonstration experiment using a laser projector,our proposed PBL system indeed exhibits a diminished chromatic aberration as compared to a broadband PBL.Additionally,polarization raytracing is implemented to demonstrate the versatility of the multi-twist structure for designing any RGB wavelengths with high contrast ratios.This analysis explores the feasibility of using RGB laser lines and quantum dot light-emitting diodes.Overall,our approach enables high optical efficiency,low fabrication complexity,and high degree of design freedom to accommodate any liquid crystal material and RGB light sources,holding immense potential for widespread applications of achromatic PBOEs.
基金supported by the 2022 Fujian Provincial Young and Middle-aged Teacher Education and Research Project(Science and Technology)(No.JAT220468)the Xiamen Natural Science Foundation(No.3502Z20227334).
文摘At present,the naked-eye three-dimensional(3D)display technology still has some drawbacks,such as low brightness uniformity,high crosstalk,low light efficiency,short viewing distance,and the manufacturing is difficulty.Based on the principle of naked-eye 3D display and the Fresnel optical theory,this paper designs a Fresnel lens array and the star-shaped liquid crystal display(LCD)switch of unit LCD screen to achieve low-crosstalk and high brightness uniformity for the autostereoscopic 3D display.The unit parameters of a 139.7 cm 4K model autostereoscopic 3D displayer are provided and they are optimized by the TracePro software.The results show that when the pitch of the Fresnel lens on the exit surface is 0.304 mm,the width of each serration of Fresnel lens is 0.0234 mm,the length of the Fresnel lens is 2.87 mm,and the center height of star-shaped LCD switch is 0.030 mm,the center length is 0.040 mm,the width of star-shaped LCD switch is 0.050 mm,and the image crosstalk is less than 2%when the viewing distance is 2.50 m.The problem on the brightness of the image in different positions is improved.
基金supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation(NRF)of Korea,funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT(MSIT),Korea[2022R1A2C2091671]by ITECH R&D Program of MOTIE/KEIT(Ministry of Trade,Industry&Energy/Korea Evaluation Institute of Industrial Technology)[20016808].
文摘Balancing high display performance with energy efficiency is crucial for global sustainability.Lowering operating frequencies—such as enabling 1 Hz operation in fringe-field switching(FFS)liquid crystal displays—reduces power consumption but is hindered by image flicker.While negative dielectric anisotropy liquid crystals(nLCs)mitigate flicker,their high driving voltages and production costs limit adoption.Positive dielectric anisotropy liquid crystals(pLCs)offer lower operating voltages,faster response times,and broader applicability,making them a more viable alternative.This study introduces a novel approach to minimizing flexoelectric effects in pLCs by investigating how single components influence flexoelectric behavior in mixtures through an effective experimental methodology.Two innovative measurement techniques—(1)flexoelectric coefficient difference analysis and(2)displacement-current measurement(DCM)—are presented,marking the first application of DCM for verifying flexoelectric effects.The proposed system eliminates uncertainties associated with previous methods,providing a reliable framework for selecting liquid crystal components with minimal flexoelectric effects while preserving key electro-optic properties.Given pLCs'higher reliability,lower production costs,and broader material selection,these advancements hold significant potential for low-power displays.We believe this work enhances flexoelectric analysis in nematic liquid crystals and contributes to sustainable innovation in the display industry,aligning with global energy-saving goals.
