Background Major infectious disease has become a serious threat to people’s health worldwide.As the world’s largest healthcare workforce and the core forces fighting against the epidemic,nurses are on the frontline ...Background Major infectious disease has become a serious threat to people’s health worldwide.As the world’s largest healthcare workforce and the core forces fighting against the epidemic,nurses are on the frontline of this battle.A number of ethical issues have given rise to numerous concerns that have largely affected nurses in different ways as they respond to the epidemic.In addition,excessive expectations from people can exert undue pressure,which can easily lead to burnout in nurses.Methods In this consensus,the expert panel method was used to develop and reach a consensus.The members involved in the formation of the consensus included an expert discussion panel and a consensus writing expert group,a methodologist,and four secretaries.After 16 rounds of online expert consultation and two rounds of expert panel meetings,the writing team analyzed and reviewed the 78 amendments suggested by the experts to develop a consensus on nursing ethics for prevention and control of major infectious disease outbreaks based on the ethical vision of life care.Results This expert consensus focuses on five essential domains:the responsibilities and rights of nurses,the nurse-patient relationship,the doctor-nurse relationship,and the relationship between society and nurses throughout the epidemic.Conclusions We hope this consensus can help nurses better understand and respond to the ethical issues and challenges in public health emergencies,and raise reasonable public expectations of the roles and responsibilities of nurses in these situations.展开更多
<strong>Background:</strong> Sudan has often faced outbreaks of malaria, the life-threatening waterborne disease. In 2019, the country experienced an outbreak of six different infectious diseases,<em>...<strong>Background:</strong> Sudan has often faced outbreaks of malaria, the life-threatening waterborne disease. In 2019, the country experienced an outbreak of six different infectious diseases,<em> i.e.</em>, cholera, chikungunya, dengue fever, diphtheria, malaria, and Rift Valley fever. Objectives: The aim of this study was to perform an epidemiological descriptive analysis of data of these disease outbreaks to determine the spatial and temporal patterns of outbreaks and to estimate the magnitude of the diseases. <strong>Methods:</strong> The data consisted of the number of cases and deaths due to disease outbreaks of cholera, chikungunya, dengue fever, diphtheria, malaria, and Rift Valley fever. We analyzed the reports of an investigation conducted by the World Health Organization and the Federal Ministry of Health, Sudan. Descriptive statistics and case fatality rate (CFR) were used in this study. <strong>Results:</strong> The frequency of disease occurrence was as follows: cholera (344 cases), chikungunya (308 cases), dengue fever (4236 cases), diphtheria (105 cases), malaria (5,188,135 cases) and River Valley fever (567 cases). The CFRs for cholera, chikungunya, are diphtheria were 4.3%, 2.05%, and 9.5%, respectively. The mortality rate of malaria was 0.0013. The states most affected by outbreaks of these diseases in Sudan were the western states. Women were at a higher risk for all diseases, except River Valley fever. <strong>Conclusions:</strong> This study highlights the patterns of the outbreak of these diseases in Sudan and provides a basis for future scientific research.展开更多
Resilience is widely discussed and applied across multiple disciplines,with its concept having evolved in the field of hazards and disasters over recent decades.However,there remains a lack of a resilience concept spe...Resilience is widely discussed and applied across multiple disciplines,with its concept having evolved in the field of hazards and disasters over recent decades.However,there remains a lack of a resilience concept specifically applicable to infectious disease outbreaks,which can lead to misidentification of key issues in outbreak prevention and control,hindering the effective application of this concept.This study aims to provide a clear definition of resilience against infectious disease outbreaks.Building on the fundamental meaning of resilience and its application to hazards and disasters,the research has identified and developed several essential elements for resilience against infectious disease outbreaks by comparing infectious diseases with other types of natural hazards.This study then proposes that resilience against infectious disease outbreaks is the capacity to effectively prevent,detect,respond to,and control outbreaks without seriously affecting essential functions of health and social systems,which could be measured by the intensity of infectious diseases that an area can effectively manage.The concept and scope of resilience proposed in this study provide a valuable framework for improving regional capacity to better prepare for potential epidemic and pandemic threats in the future.展开更多
Background:Chagas disease(CD)is transmitted by vectors but can also be transmitted orally through contaminated food,drinks,or meat.The One Health perspective aims to understand the complex interaction between human,an...Background:Chagas disease(CD)is transmitted by vectors but can also be transmitted orally through contaminated food,drinks,or meat.The One Health perspective aims to understand the complex interaction between human,animal,and environmental health in controlling disease.This study analyzed risk factors and drew lessons from past outbreaks of orally transmitted CD to develop effective preventive strategies.Methods:A simultaneous mixed methods study was conducted.The study consisted of two phases:an ecological epidemiological analysis at the municipal level using secondary data spanning from 1992 to 2023,and semistructured interviews with health providers and policymakers at the national level in Colombia.The results from both phases were triangulated to gain a comprehensive understanding of the topic.Results:A total of 64 outbreaks,infecting 302 individuals,were reported.Most of these outbreaks(89.2%)were classified as family-related,and they occurred most frequently during the months of April to June(46.6%).It is worth noting that a significant number of these outbreaks took place in municipalities that lacked vector control plans.Risk factors for oral transmission included the location of food preparation,poor housing quality,food preparation water source,the presence of vectors/marsupials,forest type,and climatic variables.Interviews conducted emphasized the importance of implementing outbreak plans and providing staff training to effectively address the issue.Conclusion:A One Health approach strengthening prevention,surveillance,case management and cross-sectoral collaboration is needed to control outbreaks and reduce transmission in Colombia.Preparedness plans and education of health professionals are also important.This study identified modifiable risk factors to guide public health interventions.展开更多
Objective:To introduce the emergency management of nursing human resources and supplies of a large general hospital when facing the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19).Method:The Nursing Department of the h...Objective:To introduce the emergency management of nursing human resources and supplies of a large general hospital when facing the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19).Method:The Nursing Department of the hospital fully executed its functional authority to establish a three-level echelon of sustainable support,allocate human recourses dynamically,organize pre-service training,supervise the key working steps,formulate positive incentive methods,and deploy medical supplies scientifically.Result:By taking these strategies,the hospital effectively improved the coping capacity of the nursing team and played a positive role in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19.Conclusion:The emergency management of nursing human resources and material resources for COVID-19 of the hospital is successful.But several deficiencies were identified as well,which indicated that the hospital needs to establish an efficient emergency management system,and pay attention to the practice of nursing emergency plans to enhance coping capacities in public health emergencies.展开更多
Objective: To identify the source of infection and determine the clinical features and laboratory finding of measles infection,Methods: In 27 measles patients,except for 3 adult patients,the rest of 24 pediatric measl...Objective: To identify the source of infection and determine the clinical features and laboratory finding of measles infection,Methods: In 27 measles patients,except for 3 adult patients,the rest of 24 pediatric measles cases were analyzed with regard to age,sex,immunization status,transmission routes and molecular genotyping of measles virus,Eighteen measles patients who admitted in isolation ward were set apart to investigate clinical findings and its correlation with laboratory characteristics,Retrospective analysis of cases was conducted in this study,Results: Of the 24 pediatric patients,23(95.8%) had not received any measles-containing vaccine(MCV),Sixteen of the patients(66.7%) were aged <12 months,The suspicious index case of a girl aged 34 months was not vaccinated with MCV1 and got measles after a trip to Philippines,and molecular genotype was revealed as B3,Measles outbreaks in the community such as a restaurant were followed by this one imported case,According to analysis of 18 patients admitted in isolation ward,the median level of C-reactive protein(CRP) was 0.38 mg/d L and that of lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) was 1 200 IU/L,All of the 18 patients had LDH levels above the normal range,Age correlated with CRP(ρ = 0.528,P = 0.024) and LDH(ρ = 0.501,P = 0.034),The duration of fever was correlated with the duration of fever before rash(ρ = 0.898,P < 0.01),The duration of hospitalization was correlated with CRP(ρ = 0.586,P = 0.011),The white blood cell counts were correlated with the levels of LDH(ρ = 0.505,P = 0.033),aspartate aminotransferase(ρ = 0.507,P = 0.032),and alanine aminotransferase(ρ = 0.481,P = 0.043),Conclusions: Early weaning of maternally derived measles antibodies therefore vaccination of MCV1 at a young age from 9 months to 12 months should be considered in situations of early exposure,Furthermore there is a call for consideration of scheduling an earlier age for the first dose of MMR vaccine in Europe,It is necessary for Korea to investigate the duration of the presence and quantitative analysis of maternal measles antibodies in infants and to reconsider the timing of MCV1.展开更多
There are many heroes in our lives who set great examples for us.One of them is Zhong Nanshan.Zhong Nanshan is a famous doctor in China.When there was a serious disease outbreak,he worked very hard to save people’s l...There are many heroes in our lives who set great examples for us.One of them is Zhong Nanshan.Zhong Nanshan is a famous doctor in China.When there was a serious disease outbreak,he worked very hard to save people’s lives.He didn’t care about his own safety and spent a lot of time and energy on treating patients.Another hero is Yuan Longping.展开更多
Hepatitis A,a vaccine-preventable liver infection caused by the hepatitis A virus,is undergoing significant epidemiological shifts worldwide.Traditionally considered a disease of childhood in endemic regions,improved ...Hepatitis A,a vaccine-preventable liver infection caused by the hepatitis A virus,is undergoing significant epidemiological shifts worldwide.Traditionally considered a disease of childhood in endemic regions,improved sanitation,economic development,and widespread vaccination have led to a decline in incidence,particularly in developed nations.However,this decline has resulted in a growing population of susceptible adults,increasing the risk of severe outbreaks.Additionally,changes in travel patterns,urbanization,and socioeconomic disparities have altered disease distribution,leading to sporadic outbreaks in low-endemicity regions and a rising burden in certain high-risk populations.This review explores the evolving epidemiology of hepatitis A,emphasizing the transition from endemic childhood infections to adult susceptibility.We examine the impact of changing risk factors,including shifting demographics,increased international travel,and regional disparities in vaccination coverage.Furthermore,the review highlights the emergence of new viral strains and their potential implications for disease control.Updated vaccination policies,including targeted immunization strategies and their role in preventing outbreaks,are also discussed.Given these dynamic changes,continued surveillance and public health preparedness tailored to evolving risk groups are crucial for sustained hepatitis A control.By synthesizing recent epidemiological data and policy updates,this review provides insights into the future of hepatitis A prevention and control,offering guidance for clinicians,researchers,and public health professionals.展开更多
AIM:To investigate the protective efficacy of H2 strain attenuated live hepatitis A vaccines (H2-strain vaccines) in hepatitis A (HA) outbreaks.METHODS:With the permission of their parents, 5551 pre-school and grade 1...AIM:To investigate the protective efficacy of H2 strain attenuated live hepatitis A vaccines (H2-strain vaccines) in hepatitis A (HA) outbreaks.METHODS:With the permission of their parents, 5551 pre-school and grade 1-3 primary school children were inoculated with 1 dose (10(6.5) TCID(50)) of H2 strain vaccines in a nonrandomized, controlled trial conducted in Fucheng County, Hebei Province in May 1997.Another 6485 children in the same grades and compatible in gender and age were enrolled as controls. Epidemiological and serological survey was conducted to evaluate the protective efficacy of the vaccines. ELISA was used to detect serum IgM anti-HAV.RESULTS:HA outbreak started in early May 1998, peaked in the middle of the same month, and lasted about 80 days. Overall 302 HA cases were found, 192(63.58%) were 5-9 years old. One vaccinee and 25 control cases were found to have hepatitis A, which account for 0.28% (1/356) and 5.92% (25/422) of all vaccinees and controls in the 14 villages, respectively. The protective efficacy of vaccines was 95.27% (95% CI: 85.83%-104.72%). In subjects tested for anti-HAV IgM from 13 villages, 1(0.40%) overt and 11(4.06%) asymptomatic HAV cases were found in 271 vaccinees but 21(6.69%) of overt and asymptomatic ones were found in 314 controls.CONCLUSION:H2 strain vaccines were excellent in preventing overt hepatitis A,but not so effective in preventing asymptomatic hepatitis A virus infection.A booster dose might be needed to get permanent reliable immunity.展开更多
The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)shocked the world as it spread rapidly from continent to continent,and finally,it became a pandemic resulting in many infected patients,with an increasing number of de...The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)shocked the world as it spread rapidly from continent to continent,and finally,it became a pandemic resulting in many infected patients,with an increasing number of deaths,and a devastating effect on worldwide economics.People only know that epidemic or pandemic is a rapid spread of infection,but in fact it can also be regarded as a biological disaster,which can be managed from a perspective of disaster management.This article discusses the current situation of the anti-epidemic response of COVID-19,and suggests using a disaster management approach to better handle this pandemic situation through mitigation,preparedness,response and recovery.展开更多
Introduction:Gastrointestinal disease outbreaks pose significant public health challenges,particularly in high-density settings such as schools.This study presents a rare co-infection outbreak caused by two enteric vi...Introduction:Gastrointestinal disease outbreaks pose significant public health challenges,particularly in high-density settings such as schools.This study presents a rare co-infection outbreak caused by two enteric viruses in a primary school.Methods:Active case searching was employed to identify all cases,and pathogens were identified using polymerase chain reaction(PCR)nucleic acid testing.Results:The outbreak affected 14 cases in 1 class,yielding a 38.9%attack rate with mild symptoms.Among 8 anal swab samples,3 cases tested positive for norovirus GI,2 cases(including the index case)tested positive for rotavirus A,and 1 case tested positive for both norovirus GI and rotavirus A.Among 8 environmental samples,4 samples tested positive for both norovirus GI and rotavirus A,1 sample tested positive for norovirus GI only,and 3 samples tested positive for rotavirus A only.The outbreak was initiated by the index case vomiting in the classroom;individuals with atypical symptoms and environmental contamination subsequently contributed to the coinfection transmission.Case numbers peaked within 3 days before the outbreak was successfully controlled.Notably,family-based active case searching identified 1 asymptomatic carrier of norovirus GI.Dining facilities and water hygiene were confirmed safe,ruling out foodborne or waterborne transmission.Conclusion:Timely and proactive intervention strategies are crucial for outbreak control in highdensity settings,particularly given that different pathogens possess varying transmission potentials and incubation periods.展开更多
Introduction:On September 11,2024,a foodborne disease outbreak occurred at a middle school.Upon receiving the report,investigators promptly arrived at the scene to verify the incident,identify suspicious food items an...Introduction:On September 11,2024,a foodborne disease outbreak occurred at a middle school.Upon receiving the report,investigators promptly arrived at the scene to verify the incident,identify suspicious food items and risk factors that contributed to the outbreak,providing a reference for the prevention and investigation of similar incidents in the future.Methods:Epidemiological methods were employed to characterize the clinical and epidemiological features of cases.A case-control study was conducted to identify suspicious meals and food items.Samples from cases,food products,and environmental sources were collected for laboratory testing.Results:A total of 112 cases met the case definition,with an attack rate of 3.20%.The predominant clinical manifestations included fever(100.00%),diarrhea(92.86%),and vomiting(34.82%).The case-control study indicated that egg cakes and soybean milk sold at window 17 of the Second canteen were the suspicious food items.By September 12,252 samples had been collected,with laboratory testing detecting Salmonella Newport in 26 samples.Conclusion:Based on epidemiological investigation,hygienic assessment,and laboratory testing results,this incident is classified as an outbreak of foodborne disease caused by Salmonella Newport contamination.The health and well-being of students is paramount,necessitating strengthened food hygiene supervision in schools,regular food safety knowledge training,and comprehensive measures to reduce the risk of foodborne disease in educational settings.展开更多
Guillain–Barrésyndrome(GBS)and transverse myelitis(TM)both represent immunologically mediated polyneuropathies of major clinical importance.Both are thought to have a genetic predisposition,but as of yet no spec...Guillain–Barrésyndrome(GBS)and transverse myelitis(TM)both represent immunologically mediated polyneuropathies of major clinical importance.Both are thought to have a genetic predisposition,but as of yet no specific genetic risk loci have been clearly defined.Both are considered autoimmune,but again the etiologies remain enigmatic.Both may be induced via molecular mimicry,particularly from infectious agents and vaccines,but clearly host factor and co-founding host responses will modulate disease susceptibility and natural history.GBS is an acute inflammatory immune-mediated polyradiculoneuropathy characterized by tingling,progressive weakness,autonomic dysfunction,and pain.Immune injury specifically takes place at the myelin sheath and related Schwann-cell components in acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy,whereas in acute motor axonal neuropathy membranes on the nerve axon(the axolemma)are the primary target for immune-related injury.Outbreaks of GBS have been reported,most frequently related to Campylobacter jejuni infection,however,other agents such as Zika Virus have been strongly associated.Patients with GBS related to infections frequently produce antibodies against human peripheral nerve gangliosides.In contrast,TM is an inflammatory disorder characterized by acute or subacute motor,sensory,and autonomic spinal cord dysfunction.There is interruption of ascending and descending neuroanatomical pathways on the transverse plane of the spinal cord similar to GBS.It has been suggested to be triggered by infectious agents and molecular mimicry.In this review,we will focus on the putative role of infectious agents as triggering factors of GBS and TM.展开更多
Monkeypox(mpox)is a rare viral zoonotic disease,endemic to Central and West Africa,caused by the monkeypox virus,an orthopoxvirus similar to the variola virus(smallpox).Although sporadic travel-associated cases have h...Monkeypox(mpox)is a rare viral zoonotic disease,endemic to Central and West Africa,caused by the monkeypox virus,an orthopoxvirus similar to the variola virus(smallpox).Although sporadic travel-associated cases have historically occurred outside Africa,in May 2022,mpox began spreading globally in multiple nonendemic countries across several continents.In 2024,there has been an increase in globally reported confirmed cases of mpox and deaths from mpox,making it a public health emergency of international concern.The reasons for the unusual global spread are under investigation but likely relate to increased travel and waning population immunity to orthopoxviruses.Transmission now appears to be mainly through close,intimate contact,especially among men who have sex with men.Mpox is usually a self-limited disease.Although limited approved antiviral treatments are available,such as tecovirimat,which the European Medicines Agency approved in January 2022 for the treatment of mpox,their widespread availability and effectiveness in the current outbreak remain to be investigated.Public health control measures include surveillance,case identification/isolation,contact tracing,and targeted vaccination of contacts at high risk of exposure.However,challenges remain in curtailing the current unprecedented outbreak.Critical knowledge gaps include animal reservoir(s)responsible for initial spillover events,viral mutations that may enhance transmissibility,optimal diagnostics for noninvasive specimens,effective antiviral therapies,next-generation vaccines providing longer-term immunity,and building global capacity for outbreak response.This review summarizes the current literature on mpox virology,epidemiology,pathogenesis,clinical manifestations,diagnostics,treatment,prevention,and public health control measures.Ongoing investigation and research are needed to better understand mpox’s evolving epidemiology,pathogenicity,transmissibility,and ecology to guide strategies for containing the outbreak and preventing future global emergence.展开更多
The Ebola virus is a zoonotic pathogen causing hemorrhagic fever disease with a high mortality rate.The distribution of this pathogen has been limited to woodlands from Central and West Africa and the forest-savannah ...The Ebola virus is a zoonotic pathogen causing hemorrhagic fever disease with a high mortality rate.The distribution of this pathogen has been limited to woodlands from Central and West Africa and the forest-savannah ecotone in East Africa.The likely reservoir species are frugivorous bats living in these areas.This pathogen is becoming an increasing threat to human populations since its distribution range is expanding faster than expected.The current Ebola outbreaks in Western Africa and in the Democratic Republic of Congo have rapidly spread infecting high numbers of individuals in five African countries.The disease has reached the United States and Spain.This expansion is due partly to increasing global connectivity.This situation represents a new challenge to control the spread of the disease.Experimental drugs have been used to treat a few infected people with promising results.This gives hope for an effective treatment against Ebola hemorrhagic fever in the near future,though thousands of people remain at risk of infection.The present review aims to give an update of the knowledge on the disease,including features of the Ebola virus,the history of disease outbreaks in Africa and the tools that are being developed in order to control this re-emergent disease.展开更多
Infectious disease outbreaks require effective emergency preparedness strategies,including the rapid deployment of community isolation centers.However,selecting suitable locations for these facilities is a complex dec...Infectious disease outbreaks require effective emergency preparedness strategies,including the rapid deployment of community isolation centers.However,selecting suitable locations for these facilities is a complex decision-making problem involving multiple criteria and significant uncertainty,especially regarding public acceptance and infrastructure readiness.This research proposes a fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making framework to support location selection that enhances both operational efficiency and community resilience.The framework defines community resilience not only as the ability to recover from health shocks but also as the capacity to engage with,support,and accept local public health interventions.The model integrates the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process and the fuzzy technique for order preference by similarity to the ideal solution using trapezoidal fuzzy numbers to better represent uncertainty in expert judgments and ambiguity in community feedback.A real-world case study from Chiang Mai,Thailand,evaluates six candidate sites based on criteria such as accessibility,environmental impact,community consent,and emergency readiness.The results demonstrate the model’s capacity to support context-sensitive,transparent,and resilient public health decision-making.This approach contributes to safety science by offering a reproducible and computationally efficient decision-support tool that improves the siting of health infrastructure in response to pandemics.It emphasizes the integration of technical and social dimensions to support emergency preparedness and long-term resilience in vulnerable communities.展开更多
Kyasanur Forest disease(KFD),a tick-borne viral hemorrhagic fever,is endemic in five districts of Karnataka state,India.Recent reports of the spread of disease to neighboring districts of the Western Ghats,namely Cham...Kyasanur Forest disease(KFD),a tick-borne viral hemorrhagic fever,is endemic in five districts of Karnataka state,India.Recent reports of the spread of disease to neighboring districts of the Western Ghats,namely Chamarajanagar district in Karnataka,Nilgiri district in Tamil Nadu,Wayanad and Malappuram districts in Kerala,and Pali village in Goa are a cause for concern.Besides vaccination of the affected population,establishing an event-based surveillance system for monkey deaths in the national parks,wildlife sanctuaries and reserve forests of the Western Ghats would help detect the disease early and thereby help implement appropriate control measures.展开更多
Introduction:Surveys from the China-Tanzania Malaria Control Project demonstrated that the 1,7-malaria Reactive Community-Based Testing and Response(1,7-mRCTR)approach significantly reduced malaria incidence rates.How...Introduction:Surveys from the China-Tanzania Malaria Control Project demonstrated that the 1,7-malaria Reactive Community-Based Testing and Response(1,7-mRCTR)approach significantly reduced malaria incidence rates.However,implementation was disrupted by security concerns,infectious disease outbreaks,and supply shortages.This study evaluates how these interruptions affected intervention effectiveness to inform future malaria control strategies.Methods:The study employed a two-phased design:Phase I(2016–2018)and Phase II(2019–2021).Weekly malaria incidence rates per 100 people were calculated from cases reported by local health facilities in the intervention areas during both phases.Seasonal and trend decomposition using loess(STL)and interrupted time series modeling with piecewise linear regression were used to evaluate the impact of disruptions on 1,7-mRCTR implementation effectiveness.Results:In Tanzania’s 1,7-mRCTR areas,malaria incidence peaked during November-December and June-July.Phase I’s 8-month interruption reversed the weekly trend from a 0.17%decline to a 0.58%increase(P=0.001).After resumption,incidence dropped 8.96%(P=0.039)and maintained a 0.39%long-term decline(P=0.003).Even with seasonal adjustment,the interruption slowed the weekly decline from 0.08%to 0.07%(P=0.003).Phase II showed a similar pattern:a one-week interruption caused a 0.70%drop(P=0.007)but shifted the trend from a 0.02%decline to a 0.08%increase(P=0.001).After resumption,interventions stabilized the decline at 0.11%weekly(P=0.001).Conclusions:This research demonstrates that Tanzania’s malaria incidence is closely linked to seasonal patterns and consistent intervention efforts.Phase I’s 8-month security-related interruption reduced 1,7-mRCTR effectiveness by 12.5%,while Phase II’s 3-month pandemic-induced interruption caused only short-term fluctuations with minimal long-term impact.Rapid resumption of interventions after disruptions allowed for prompt recovery,highlighting the importance of adaptive strategies to maintain progress toward malaria control goals.展开更多
Introduction:On September 16,2024,the Puyang City CDC received a report of a suspected foodborne disease outbreak involving 14 individuals who developed nausea,vomiting,and diarrhea following attendance at a hotel ban...Introduction:On September 16,2024,the Puyang City CDC received a report of a suspected foodborne disease outbreak involving 14 individuals who developed nausea,vomiting,and diarrhea following attendance at a hotel banquet.Upon notification,the District CDC immediately deployed a specialized investigation team to characterize the epidemiological features of the outbreak,identify the causative pathogen,assess potential transmission risks,and implement effective control and prevention measures.Methods:We integrated comprehensive on-site epidemiological investigations,clinical symptom analyses,and laboratory diagnostics to isolate and identify pathogenic agents from retained food samples,environmental specimens,and anal swabs collected from affected cases.The recovered isolates underwent enterotoxin-virulence-gene profiling,antimicrobialsusceptibility testing,and phylogenetic analyses.Additionally,we characterized the architecture of the enterotoxin-A-linked pathogenicity island vSaβ.Results:A total of 4 S.aureus strains were successfully isolated from 22 leftover food samples,2 environmental swabs,and 2 patient anal swabs.Contaminated donkey and goose meat was identified as the outbreak source.All isolates harbored sea and seb enterotoxin genes,exhibited PEN-OXA-ERY-CLI resistance patterns,and were identified as clonal ST59-spa t441-SCCmec IVa CA-MRSA strains.Phylogenetic analysis positioned the outbreak strains within the Asia-Pacific clade,distinguishing them from the North American ST59 sublineage.Comprehensive analysis of the sea-associated virulence island vSaβidentified a novel structural arrangement containing a type A IEC cluster(sea-sak-chp-scn).Conclusions:The detection of foodborne ST59 CAMRSA clones in this outbreak underscores the prevalence and transmission risks associated with this hypervirulent lineage.These findings emphasize the critical need to strengthen surveillance measures for CA-MRSA among food industry workers.展开更多
Measles outbreaks are increasingly being reported worldwide,posing a global health problem of pandemic potential.Europe was particularly affected in 2024,with a surge in cases linked to a decrease in herd immunity cau...Measles outbreaks are increasingly being reported worldwide,posing a global health problem of pandemic potential.Europe was particularly affected in 2024,with a surge in cases linked to a decrease in herd immunity caused by reduced vaccination rates.COVID-19 has worsened the already alarming situation due to the disruption of surveillance systems and access to vaccinations.Here,we discuss the issue of the global surge of measles,its clinical picture,and the role of vaccination,focusing in particular on the European region and describing the underlying causes and potential of a measles pandemic.The purpose of this review is to address current measles epidemiology,highlighting the risks of a potential measles pandemic and exploring possible strategies to address it.展开更多
基金Prevention&Control of COVID-19 Program of Soochow Securities,Grant/Award Number:JJ12700520Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province,Grant/Award Number:KYCX20_2684.
文摘Background Major infectious disease has become a serious threat to people’s health worldwide.As the world’s largest healthcare workforce and the core forces fighting against the epidemic,nurses are on the frontline of this battle.A number of ethical issues have given rise to numerous concerns that have largely affected nurses in different ways as they respond to the epidemic.In addition,excessive expectations from people can exert undue pressure,which can easily lead to burnout in nurses.Methods In this consensus,the expert panel method was used to develop and reach a consensus.The members involved in the formation of the consensus included an expert discussion panel and a consensus writing expert group,a methodologist,and four secretaries.After 16 rounds of online expert consultation and two rounds of expert panel meetings,the writing team analyzed and reviewed the 78 amendments suggested by the experts to develop a consensus on nursing ethics for prevention and control of major infectious disease outbreaks based on the ethical vision of life care.Results This expert consensus focuses on five essential domains:the responsibilities and rights of nurses,the nurse-patient relationship,the doctor-nurse relationship,and the relationship between society and nurses throughout the epidemic.Conclusions We hope this consensus can help nurses better understand and respond to the ethical issues and challenges in public health emergencies,and raise reasonable public expectations of the roles and responsibilities of nurses in these situations.
文摘<strong>Background:</strong> Sudan has often faced outbreaks of malaria, the life-threatening waterborne disease. In 2019, the country experienced an outbreak of six different infectious diseases,<em> i.e.</em>, cholera, chikungunya, dengue fever, diphtheria, malaria, and Rift Valley fever. Objectives: The aim of this study was to perform an epidemiological descriptive analysis of data of these disease outbreaks to determine the spatial and temporal patterns of outbreaks and to estimate the magnitude of the diseases. <strong>Methods:</strong> The data consisted of the number of cases and deaths due to disease outbreaks of cholera, chikungunya, dengue fever, diphtheria, malaria, and Rift Valley fever. We analyzed the reports of an investigation conducted by the World Health Organization and the Federal Ministry of Health, Sudan. Descriptive statistics and case fatality rate (CFR) were used in this study. <strong>Results:</strong> The frequency of disease occurrence was as follows: cholera (344 cases), chikungunya (308 cases), dengue fever (4236 cases), diphtheria (105 cases), malaria (5,188,135 cases) and River Valley fever (567 cases). The CFRs for cholera, chikungunya, are diphtheria were 4.3%, 2.05%, and 9.5%, respectively. The mortality rate of malaria was 0.0013. The states most affected by outbreaks of these diseases in Sudan were the western states. Women were at a higher risk for all diseases, except River Valley fever. <strong>Conclusions:</strong> This study highlights the patterns of the outbreak of these diseases in Sudan and provides a basis for future scientific research.
基金Supported by the Young Scientists Fund of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention(No.2022A101).
文摘Resilience is widely discussed and applied across multiple disciplines,with its concept having evolved in the field of hazards and disasters over recent decades.However,there remains a lack of a resilience concept specifically applicable to infectious disease outbreaks,which can lead to misidentification of key issues in outbreak prevention and control,hindering the effective application of this concept.This study aims to provide a clear definition of resilience against infectious disease outbreaks.Building on the fundamental meaning of resilience and its application to hazards and disasters,the research has identified and developed several essential elements for resilience against infectious disease outbreaks by comparing infectious diseases with other types of natural hazards.This study then proposes that resilience against infectious disease outbreaks is the capacity to effectively prevent,detect,respond to,and control outbreaks without seriously affecting essential functions of health and social systems,which could be measured by the intensity of infectious diseases that an area can effectively manage.The concept and scope of resilience proposed in this study provide a valuable framework for improving regional capacity to better prepare for potential epidemic and pandemic threats in the future.
文摘Background:Chagas disease(CD)is transmitted by vectors but can also be transmitted orally through contaminated food,drinks,or meat.The One Health perspective aims to understand the complex interaction between human,animal,and environmental health in controlling disease.This study analyzed risk factors and drew lessons from past outbreaks of orally transmitted CD to develop effective preventive strategies.Methods:A simultaneous mixed methods study was conducted.The study consisted of two phases:an ecological epidemiological analysis at the municipal level using secondary data spanning from 1992 to 2023,and semistructured interviews with health providers and policymakers at the national level in Colombia.The results from both phases were triangulated to gain a comprehensive understanding of the topic.Results:A total of 64 outbreaks,infecting 302 individuals,were reported.Most of these outbreaks(89.2%)were classified as family-related,and they occurred most frequently during the months of April to June(46.6%).It is worth noting that a significant number of these outbreaks took place in municipalities that lacked vector control plans.Risk factors for oral transmission included the location of food preparation,poor housing quality,food preparation water source,the presence of vectors/marsupials,forest type,and climatic variables.Interviews conducted emphasized the importance of implementing outbreak plans and providing staff training to effectively address the issue.Conclusion:A One Health approach strengthening prevention,surveillance,case management and cross-sectoral collaboration is needed to control outbreaks and reduce transmission in Colombia.Preparedness plans and education of health professionals are also important.This study identified modifiable risk factors to guide public health interventions.
文摘Objective:To introduce the emergency management of nursing human resources and supplies of a large general hospital when facing the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19).Method:The Nursing Department of the hospital fully executed its functional authority to establish a three-level echelon of sustainable support,allocate human recourses dynamically,organize pre-service training,supervise the key working steps,formulate positive incentive methods,and deploy medical supplies scientifically.Result:By taking these strategies,the hospital effectively improved the coping capacity of the nursing team and played a positive role in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19.Conclusion:The emergency management of nursing human resources and material resources for COVID-19 of the hospital is successful.But several deficiencies were identified as well,which indicated that the hospital needs to establish an efficient emergency management system,and pay attention to the practice of nursing emergency plans to enhance coping capacities in public health emergencies.
基金supported by the Soonchunhyang University Research Fund
文摘Objective: To identify the source of infection and determine the clinical features and laboratory finding of measles infection,Methods: In 27 measles patients,except for 3 adult patients,the rest of 24 pediatric measles cases were analyzed with regard to age,sex,immunization status,transmission routes and molecular genotyping of measles virus,Eighteen measles patients who admitted in isolation ward were set apart to investigate clinical findings and its correlation with laboratory characteristics,Retrospective analysis of cases was conducted in this study,Results: Of the 24 pediatric patients,23(95.8%) had not received any measles-containing vaccine(MCV),Sixteen of the patients(66.7%) were aged <12 months,The suspicious index case of a girl aged 34 months was not vaccinated with MCV1 and got measles after a trip to Philippines,and molecular genotype was revealed as B3,Measles outbreaks in the community such as a restaurant were followed by this one imported case,According to analysis of 18 patients admitted in isolation ward,the median level of C-reactive protein(CRP) was 0.38 mg/d L and that of lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) was 1 200 IU/L,All of the 18 patients had LDH levels above the normal range,Age correlated with CRP(ρ = 0.528,P = 0.024) and LDH(ρ = 0.501,P = 0.034),The duration of fever was correlated with the duration of fever before rash(ρ = 0.898,P < 0.01),The duration of hospitalization was correlated with CRP(ρ = 0.586,P = 0.011),The white blood cell counts were correlated with the levels of LDH(ρ = 0.505,P = 0.033),aspartate aminotransferase(ρ = 0.507,P = 0.032),and alanine aminotransferase(ρ = 0.481,P = 0.043),Conclusions: Early weaning of maternally derived measles antibodies therefore vaccination of MCV1 at a young age from 9 months to 12 months should be considered in situations of early exposure,Furthermore there is a call for consideration of scheduling an earlier age for the first dose of MMR vaccine in Europe,It is necessary for Korea to investigate the duration of the presence and quantitative analysis of maternal measles antibodies in infants and to reconsider the timing of MCV1.
文摘There are many heroes in our lives who set great examples for us.One of them is Zhong Nanshan.Zhong Nanshan is a famous doctor in China.When there was a serious disease outbreak,he worked very hard to save people’s lives.He didn’t care about his own safety and spent a lot of time and energy on treating patients.Another hero is Yuan Longping.
文摘Hepatitis A,a vaccine-preventable liver infection caused by the hepatitis A virus,is undergoing significant epidemiological shifts worldwide.Traditionally considered a disease of childhood in endemic regions,improved sanitation,economic development,and widespread vaccination have led to a decline in incidence,particularly in developed nations.However,this decline has resulted in a growing population of susceptible adults,increasing the risk of severe outbreaks.Additionally,changes in travel patterns,urbanization,and socioeconomic disparities have altered disease distribution,leading to sporadic outbreaks in low-endemicity regions and a rising burden in certain high-risk populations.This review explores the evolving epidemiology of hepatitis A,emphasizing the transition from endemic childhood infections to adult susceptibility.We examine the impact of changing risk factors,including shifting demographics,increased international travel,and regional disparities in vaccination coverage.Furthermore,the review highlights the emergence of new viral strains and their potential implications for disease control.Updated vaccination policies,including targeted immunization strategies and their role in preventing outbreaks,are also discussed.Given these dynamic changes,continued surveillance and public health preparedness tailored to evolving risk groups are crucial for sustained hepatitis A control.By synthesizing recent epidemiological data and policy updates,this review provides insights into the future of hepatitis A prevention and control,offering guidance for clinicians,researchers,and public health professionals.
基金national ninth five-year study program for tackling key scientific problems,No.03-01-01
文摘AIM:To investigate the protective efficacy of H2 strain attenuated live hepatitis A vaccines (H2-strain vaccines) in hepatitis A (HA) outbreaks.METHODS:With the permission of their parents, 5551 pre-school and grade 1-3 primary school children were inoculated with 1 dose (10(6.5) TCID(50)) of H2 strain vaccines in a nonrandomized, controlled trial conducted in Fucheng County, Hebei Province in May 1997.Another 6485 children in the same grades and compatible in gender and age were enrolled as controls. Epidemiological and serological survey was conducted to evaluate the protective efficacy of the vaccines. ELISA was used to detect serum IgM anti-HAV.RESULTS:HA outbreak started in early May 1998, peaked in the middle of the same month, and lasted about 80 days. Overall 302 HA cases were found, 192(63.58%) were 5-9 years old. One vaccinee and 25 control cases were found to have hepatitis A, which account for 0.28% (1/356) and 5.92% (25/422) of all vaccinees and controls in the 14 villages, respectively. The protective efficacy of vaccines was 95.27% (95% CI: 85.83%-104.72%). In subjects tested for anti-HAV IgM from 13 villages, 1(0.40%) overt and 11(4.06%) asymptomatic HAV cases were found in 271 vaccinees but 21(6.69%) of overt and asymptomatic ones were found in 314 controls.CONCLUSION:H2 strain vaccines were excellent in preventing overt hepatitis A,but not so effective in preventing asymptomatic hepatitis A virus infection.A booster dose might be needed to get permanent reliable immunity.
文摘The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)shocked the world as it spread rapidly from continent to continent,and finally,it became a pandemic resulting in many infected patients,with an increasing number of deaths,and a devastating effect on worldwide economics.People only know that epidemic or pandemic is a rapid spread of infection,but in fact it can also be regarded as a biological disaster,which can be managed from a perspective of disaster management.This article discusses the current situation of the anti-epidemic response of COVID-19,and suggests using a disaster management approach to better handle this pandemic situation through mitigation,preparedness,response and recovery.
基金Supported by the Key Discipline(GWVI-11.1-02 Infectious Diseases)of the three-year action plan for strengthening the construction of the public health system in Shanghai(2023-2025)the Pudong New Area Health System Outstanding Young Medical Talent Training Program(PWRq2022-14).
文摘Introduction:Gastrointestinal disease outbreaks pose significant public health challenges,particularly in high-density settings such as schools.This study presents a rare co-infection outbreak caused by two enteric viruses in a primary school.Methods:Active case searching was employed to identify all cases,and pathogens were identified using polymerase chain reaction(PCR)nucleic acid testing.Results:The outbreak affected 14 cases in 1 class,yielding a 38.9%attack rate with mild symptoms.Among 8 anal swab samples,3 cases tested positive for norovirus GI,2 cases(including the index case)tested positive for rotavirus A,and 1 case tested positive for both norovirus GI and rotavirus A.Among 8 environmental samples,4 samples tested positive for both norovirus GI and rotavirus A,1 sample tested positive for norovirus GI only,and 3 samples tested positive for rotavirus A only.The outbreak was initiated by the index case vomiting in the classroom;individuals with atypical symptoms and environmental contamination subsequently contributed to the coinfection transmission.Case numbers peaked within 3 days before the outbreak was successfully controlled.Notably,family-based active case searching identified 1 asymptomatic carrier of norovirus GI.Dining facilities and water hygiene were confirmed safe,ruling out foodborne or waterborne transmission.Conclusion:Timely and proactive intervention strategies are crucial for outbreak control in highdensity settings,particularly given that different pathogens possess varying transmission potentials and incubation periods.
基金Granted by Ethics Committee of Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention(Q2024-07).
文摘Introduction:On September 11,2024,a foodborne disease outbreak occurred at a middle school.Upon receiving the report,investigators promptly arrived at the scene to verify the incident,identify suspicious food items and risk factors that contributed to the outbreak,providing a reference for the prevention and investigation of similar incidents in the future.Methods:Epidemiological methods were employed to characterize the clinical and epidemiological features of cases.A case-control study was conducted to identify suspicious meals and food items.Samples from cases,food products,and environmental sources were collected for laboratory testing.Results:A total of 112 cases met the case definition,with an attack rate of 3.20%.The predominant clinical manifestations included fever(100.00%),diarrhea(92.86%),and vomiting(34.82%).The case-control study indicated that egg cakes and soybean milk sold at window 17 of the Second canteen were the suspicious food items.By September 12,252 samples had been collected,with laboratory testing detecting Salmonella Newport in 26 samples.Conclusion:Based on epidemiological investigation,hygienic assessment,and laboratory testing results,this incident is classified as an outbreak of foodborne disease caused by Salmonella Newport contamination.The health and well-being of students is paramount,necessitating strengthened food hygiene supervision in schools,regular food safety knowledge training,and comprehensive measures to reduce the risk of foodborne disease in educational settings.
基金This work was supported by Universidad del Rosario(ABN011)Colciencias(747-2016),Bogotá,Colombia.
文摘Guillain–Barrésyndrome(GBS)and transverse myelitis(TM)both represent immunologically mediated polyneuropathies of major clinical importance.Both are thought to have a genetic predisposition,but as of yet no specific genetic risk loci have been clearly defined.Both are considered autoimmune,but again the etiologies remain enigmatic.Both may be induced via molecular mimicry,particularly from infectious agents and vaccines,but clearly host factor and co-founding host responses will modulate disease susceptibility and natural history.GBS is an acute inflammatory immune-mediated polyradiculoneuropathy characterized by tingling,progressive weakness,autonomic dysfunction,and pain.Immune injury specifically takes place at the myelin sheath and related Schwann-cell components in acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy,whereas in acute motor axonal neuropathy membranes on the nerve axon(the axolemma)are the primary target for immune-related injury.Outbreaks of GBS have been reported,most frequently related to Campylobacter jejuni infection,however,other agents such as Zika Virus have been strongly associated.Patients with GBS related to infections frequently produce antibodies against human peripheral nerve gangliosides.In contrast,TM is an inflammatory disorder characterized by acute or subacute motor,sensory,and autonomic spinal cord dysfunction.There is interruption of ascending and descending neuroanatomical pathways on the transverse plane of the spinal cord similar to GBS.It has been suggested to be triggered by infectious agents and molecular mimicry.In this review,we will focus on the putative role of infectious agents as triggering factors of GBS and TM.
文摘Monkeypox(mpox)is a rare viral zoonotic disease,endemic to Central and West Africa,caused by the monkeypox virus,an orthopoxvirus similar to the variola virus(smallpox).Although sporadic travel-associated cases have historically occurred outside Africa,in May 2022,mpox began spreading globally in multiple nonendemic countries across several continents.In 2024,there has been an increase in globally reported confirmed cases of mpox and deaths from mpox,making it a public health emergency of international concern.The reasons for the unusual global spread are under investigation but likely relate to increased travel and waning population immunity to orthopoxviruses.Transmission now appears to be mainly through close,intimate contact,especially among men who have sex with men.Mpox is usually a self-limited disease.Although limited approved antiviral treatments are available,such as tecovirimat,which the European Medicines Agency approved in January 2022 for the treatment of mpox,their widespread availability and effectiveness in the current outbreak remain to be investigated.Public health control measures include surveillance,case identification/isolation,contact tracing,and targeted vaccination of contacts at high risk of exposure.However,challenges remain in curtailing the current unprecedented outbreak.Critical knowledge gaps include animal reservoir(s)responsible for initial spillover events,viral mutations that may enhance transmissibility,optimal diagnostics for noninvasive specimens,effective antiviral therapies,next-generation vaccines providing longer-term immunity,and building global capacity for outbreak response.This review summarizes the current literature on mpox virology,epidemiology,pathogenesis,clinical manifestations,diagnostics,treatment,prevention,and public health control measures.Ongoing investigation and research are needed to better understand mpox’s evolving epidemiology,pathogenicity,transmissibility,and ecology to guide strategies for containing the outbreak and preventing future global emergence.
文摘The Ebola virus is a zoonotic pathogen causing hemorrhagic fever disease with a high mortality rate.The distribution of this pathogen has been limited to woodlands from Central and West Africa and the forest-savannah ecotone in East Africa.The likely reservoir species are frugivorous bats living in these areas.This pathogen is becoming an increasing threat to human populations since its distribution range is expanding faster than expected.The current Ebola outbreaks in Western Africa and in the Democratic Republic of Congo have rapidly spread infecting high numbers of individuals in five African countries.The disease has reached the United States and Spain.This expansion is due partly to increasing global connectivity.This situation represents a new challenge to control the spread of the disease.Experimental drugs have been used to treat a few infected people with promising results.This gives hope for an effective treatment against Ebola hemorrhagic fever in the near future,though thousands of people remain at risk of infection.The present review aims to give an update of the knowledge on the disease,including features of the Ebola virus,the history of disease outbreaks in Africa and the tools that are being developed in order to control this re-emergent disease.
文摘Infectious disease outbreaks require effective emergency preparedness strategies,including the rapid deployment of community isolation centers.However,selecting suitable locations for these facilities is a complex decision-making problem involving multiple criteria and significant uncertainty,especially regarding public acceptance and infrastructure readiness.This research proposes a fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making framework to support location selection that enhances both operational efficiency and community resilience.The framework defines community resilience not only as the ability to recover from health shocks but also as the capacity to engage with,support,and accept local public health interventions.The model integrates the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process and the fuzzy technique for order preference by similarity to the ideal solution using trapezoidal fuzzy numbers to better represent uncertainty in expert judgments and ambiguity in community feedback.A real-world case study from Chiang Mai,Thailand,evaluates six candidate sites based on criteria such as accessibility,environmental impact,community consent,and emergency readiness.The results demonstrate the model’s capacity to support context-sensitive,transparent,and resilient public health decision-making.This approach contributes to safety science by offering a reproducible and computationally efficient decision-support tool that improves the siting of health infrastructure in response to pandemics.It emphasizes the integration of technical and social dimensions to support emergency preparedness and long-term resilience in vulnerable communities.
文摘Kyasanur Forest disease(KFD),a tick-borne viral hemorrhagic fever,is endemic in five districts of Karnataka state,India.Recent reports of the spread of disease to neighboring districts of the Western Ghats,namely Chamarajanagar district in Karnataka,Nilgiri district in Tamil Nadu,Wayanad and Malappuram districts in Kerala,and Pali village in Goa are a cause for concern.Besides vaccination of the affected population,establishing an event-based surveillance system for monkey deaths in the national parks,wildlife sanctuaries and reserve forests of the Western Ghats would help detect the disease early and thereby help implement appropriate control measures.
基金Supported by the UK Department for International Development(DFID)through the China-UK Global Health Support Programme(GHSP-CS-OP4-D02)the Bill&Melinda Gates Foundation(OPP1198779,OPP1213975).
文摘Introduction:Surveys from the China-Tanzania Malaria Control Project demonstrated that the 1,7-malaria Reactive Community-Based Testing and Response(1,7-mRCTR)approach significantly reduced malaria incidence rates.However,implementation was disrupted by security concerns,infectious disease outbreaks,and supply shortages.This study evaluates how these interruptions affected intervention effectiveness to inform future malaria control strategies.Methods:The study employed a two-phased design:Phase I(2016–2018)and Phase II(2019–2021).Weekly malaria incidence rates per 100 people were calculated from cases reported by local health facilities in the intervention areas during both phases.Seasonal and trend decomposition using loess(STL)and interrupted time series modeling with piecewise linear regression were used to evaluate the impact of disruptions on 1,7-mRCTR implementation effectiveness.Results:In Tanzania’s 1,7-mRCTR areas,malaria incidence peaked during November-December and June-July.Phase I’s 8-month interruption reversed the weekly trend from a 0.17%decline to a 0.58%increase(P=0.001).After resumption,incidence dropped 8.96%(P=0.039)and maintained a 0.39%long-term decline(P=0.003).Even with seasonal adjustment,the interruption slowed the weekly decline from 0.08%to 0.07%(P=0.003).Phase II showed a similar pattern:a one-week interruption caused a 0.70%drop(P=0.007)but shifted the trend from a 0.02%decline to a 0.08%increase(P=0.001).After resumption,interventions stabilized the decline at 0.11%weekly(P=0.001).Conclusions:This research demonstrates that Tanzania’s malaria incidence is closely linked to seasonal patterns and consistent intervention efforts.Phase I’s 8-month security-related interruption reduced 1,7-mRCTR effectiveness by 12.5%,while Phase II’s 3-month pandemic-induced interruption caused only short-term fluctuations with minimal long-term impact.Rapid resumption of interventions after disruptions allowed for prompt recovery,highlighting the importance of adaptive strategies to maintain progress toward malaria control goals.
文摘Introduction:On September 16,2024,the Puyang City CDC received a report of a suspected foodborne disease outbreak involving 14 individuals who developed nausea,vomiting,and diarrhea following attendance at a hotel banquet.Upon notification,the District CDC immediately deployed a specialized investigation team to characterize the epidemiological features of the outbreak,identify the causative pathogen,assess potential transmission risks,and implement effective control and prevention measures.Methods:We integrated comprehensive on-site epidemiological investigations,clinical symptom analyses,and laboratory diagnostics to isolate and identify pathogenic agents from retained food samples,environmental specimens,and anal swabs collected from affected cases.The recovered isolates underwent enterotoxin-virulence-gene profiling,antimicrobialsusceptibility testing,and phylogenetic analyses.Additionally,we characterized the architecture of the enterotoxin-A-linked pathogenicity island vSaβ.Results:A total of 4 S.aureus strains were successfully isolated from 22 leftover food samples,2 environmental swabs,and 2 patient anal swabs.Contaminated donkey and goose meat was identified as the outbreak source.All isolates harbored sea and seb enterotoxin genes,exhibited PEN-OXA-ERY-CLI resistance patterns,and were identified as clonal ST59-spa t441-SCCmec IVa CA-MRSA strains.Phylogenetic analysis positioned the outbreak strains within the Asia-Pacific clade,distinguishing them from the North American ST59 sublineage.Comprehensive analysis of the sea-associated virulence island vSaβidentified a novel structural arrangement containing a type A IEC cluster(sea-sak-chp-scn).Conclusions:The detection of foodborne ST59 CAMRSA clones in this outbreak underscores the prevalence and transmission risks associated with this hypervirulent lineage.These findings emphasize the critical need to strengthen surveillance measures for CA-MRSA among food industry workers.
文摘Measles outbreaks are increasingly being reported worldwide,posing a global health problem of pandemic potential.Europe was particularly affected in 2024,with a surge in cases linked to a decrease in herd immunity caused by reduced vaccination rates.COVID-19 has worsened the already alarming situation due to the disruption of surveillance systems and access to vaccinations.Here,we discuss the issue of the global surge of measles,its clinical picture,and the role of vaccination,focusing in particular on the European region and describing the underlying causes and potential of a measles pandemic.The purpose of this review is to address current measles epidemiology,highlighting the risks of a potential measles pandemic and exploring possible strategies to address it.
