The effects of long-term moisture changes on the migration,release,and bioavailability of selenium in soil are complex.Due to the lack of effective monitoring methods for precise quantification,its dynamic behavior is...The effects of long-term moisture changes on the migration,release,and bioavailability of selenium in soil are complex.Due to the lack of effective monitoring methods for precise quantification,its dynamic behavior is still unclear.Based on the DGT(Diffusive Gradients in Thin-films)technology,this study sets up three moisture control scenarios:continuous wet,wet-dry alternating,and continuous dry,and carries out a 6-month soil moisture control experiment.In the experiment,the DGT device collected the diffusion gradient data of soil selenium under different scenarios,and analyzed the migration characteristics of selenium in combination with the adsorption isotherm.Meanwhile,the release rate,migration coefficient,and bioavailability parameters of selenium are calculated by fitting the first-order kinetic model,further verifying the reliability and applicability of the DGT data.The experimental results demonstrate that under continuous wet conditions,the release rate of soil selenium reaches 1.85µg·cm^(-2)·h^(-1),with a migration coefficient of 0.012 cm^(2)·h^(-1)and a bioavailability parameter of 0.74;under wet-dry alternating conditions,they are 1.42µg·cm^(-2)·h^(-1),0.01 cm^(2)·h^(-1),and 0.68,respectively;under continuous dry conditions,the release rate of soil selenium is the smallest,at 0.88µg·cm^(-2)·h^(-1),with a migration coefficient of 0.004 cm^(-2)·h^(-1)and a bioavailability parameter of 0.5.The results of this experiment reveal the dynamic behavior of soil selenium under different moisture conditions and reflect the high efficiency of DGT technology in dynamic monitoring and quantitative analysis of soil selenium behavior,providing a scientific basis for the optimal management of rhizosphere soil selenium.展开更多
An aqueous solution containing sodium polyacrylate（PAAS） was used in diffusive gradient in thin-films technique（DGT） to measure DGT-labile Ni2＋ concentrations.The DGT devices（PAAS DGT） were validated in four ty...An aqueous solution containing sodium polyacrylate（PAAS） was used in diffusive gradient in thin-films technique（DGT） to measure DGT-labile Ni2＋ concentrations.The DGT devices（PAAS DGT） were validated in four types of solutions,including synthetic river water containing metal ions with complexing EDTA or that without complexing EDTA,natural river water（Ling River,Jinzhou,China） spiked with Ni2＋,and an industrial wastewater （Jinzhou,China）.Results show that only free metal ions were measured by PAAS DGT,recovery=97.36% in the solutions containing only free metal ions,recovery=49.62% in a solution with metal/EDTA molar ratio of 2：1 and recovery=0 in the solutions with metal/EDTA molar ratios of 1：1 and 1：2.These indicated that the complexes of Ni-EDTA were DGT-inert.The DGT performance in spiked river water（recovery=18.24%） and in industrial wastewater（recovery=12.25%） were investigated,which indicated that the measurement of metals by this DGT device did not include the humic substances complexed fractions of metals.The binding properties of PAAS DGT for Ni2＋ were investigated under different conditions of pH value and ionic strength.Conditional stability constants（lgK） of PAAS-Ni complexes were also evaluated.展开更多
The effect of non-uniform basic concentration gradient on the onset of double diffusive convection in a micropolar fluid layer heated and saluted from below and cooled from above has been studied. The linear stability...The effect of non-uniform basic concentration gradient on the onset of double diffusive convection in a micropolar fluid layer heated and saluted from below and cooled from above has been studied. The linear stability analysis is performed. The eigen value of the problem is obtained using Galerkian method. The eigen values are obtained for 1) free-free 2) rigid-free 3) rigid-rigid velocity boundary combination with isothermal temperature condition on spin-vanishing permeable boundaries. The influence of various micropolar parameters on the onset of convection has been analyzed. One linear and five non linear concentration profiles are considered and their comparative influence on onset is discussed and results are depicted graphically. It is observed that fluid layer with suspended particles heated and soluted from below is more stable compare to the classical fluid without suspended particles.展开更多
Cadmium(Cd)uptake by plants or benthic organisms largely depends on its bioavailability in sediments,so it is necessary to understand Cd bio availability for determining its ecological risks in riverine sediments.Pore...Cadmium(Cd)uptake by plants or benthic organisms largely depends on its bioavailability in sediments,so it is necessary to understand Cd bio availability for determining its ecological risks in riverine sediments.Pore water is easily disturbed during sample collection,indicating that there was a shortage of traditional methods for investigating Cd bio availability.Here,sediment cores were collected from rivers,after which sequential extraction and diffusive gradients in thin films(DGT)method were employed to determine Cd potential bio availability in the sediments and pore water.We found that Cd concentrations measured by DGT were lower than that in pore water profiles,and Cd distribution in various fractions changed remarkably.Pearson correlation analysis showed significant positive correlations between Cd concentrations measured by DGT and total Cd concentrations(r^2=0.76),exchangeable and weak acid soluble fraction(r^2=0.68),ferromanganese fraction(r^2=0.72)and bound organic matter or oxidizable fraction(r^2=0.54).However,the correlation was relatively low between Cd concentrations measured by DGT and that in pore water profiles(r^2=0.26).These results demonstrated that DGT method could provide more accurate information of Cd bio availability in sediment profiles than traditional methods.展开更多
The developed technique of diffusive gradients in thin film( DGT) has been suggested as a promising tool for evaluation of cadmium( Cd) availability in soils,but there exists considerable debate on its suitability. In...The developed technique of diffusive gradients in thin film( DGT) has been suggested as a promising tool for evaluation of cadmium( Cd) availability in soils,but there exists considerable debate on its suitability. In this study,Cd bioavailability in soils was systemically investigated by comparing this technique with seven traditional methods, including soil solution concentration and six commonly used extraction methods( HAc,EDTA,Na c,NH4Ac,CaCl2 and MgCl2). Two typical plants( wheat and maize) were examined for Cd uptake. Maize was more sensitive to increasing exposure to Cd in soils than wheat when the added amounts of Cd ranged from 3. 5 to 5. 0 mg · kg-1,accompanied by the significant decreases of shoot and root biomasses. Cd concentrations in shoots and roots of two plants increased continuously with increasing levels of Cd in soils. Cd uptake was higher in wheat than that in maize. The bioavailable concentrations of Cd measured by all methods increased nearly linearly with increasing addition of Cd in soils. Positive correlations were observed between various bioavailable indicators of Cd in soils and Cd concentrations in two plants. The extractable Cd by six chemical extractants was considerably higher for maize than for wheat,while the DGT-measured and soil solution concentrations of Cd were lower for maize than for wheat,following the same trend as plant Cd uptake. The results imply that DGT measurement can effectively predict the bioavailable levels of Cd in soil solutions and that it is an ideal tool for prediction of Cd bioavailability in soils.展开更多
Metal pollution has become an major issue governing the wetland ecosystem health.The southern coastal wetland of the Qiangtang Estuary are facing unusual perturbation due to rapid development along the embayment in re...Metal pollution has become an major issue governing the wetland ecosystem health.The southern coastal wetland of the Qiangtang Estuary are facing unusual perturbation due to rapid development along the embayment in recent decades.This study evaluated the bioavailability of metals(Cu,Pb,Cd,Cr and Zn)in the sediment of the southern coastal wetland of the Qiangtang Es-tuary using diffusive gradients in thin films(DGT)techniques and compared with several methods based on total metal content.The results showed that the contents of Cr,Pb,Cd and Cu in sediment,as detected using DGT,were considerably correlated with the exchangeable fraction and the content in Phragmites australis roots,while a weak correlation was observed for Zn.Therefore,DGT analysis could be used to evaluate the bioavailability and potential risk of Cr,Cd,Pb and Cu for P.australis.Quantitative indices,such as DGT concentration,bioaccumulation in P.australis,geoaccumulation index(Igeo)and potential ecological risk index(RI),revealed that Cd was a major potential ecological risk factor along the southern coast wetland of the Qiantang Estuary,especially in the upstream region,which is potentially more vulnerable to the anthropogenic pollution.展开更多
The passive sampling technique, diffusive gradients in thin films(DGT) has attracted increasing interests as an in-situ sampler for organic contaminants including per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFAS). However, its...The passive sampling technique, diffusive gradients in thin films(DGT) has attracted increasing interests as an in-situ sampler for organic contaminants including per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFAS). However, its effectiveness has been questioned because of the small effective sampling area(3.1 cm^(2)). In this study, we developed a DGT probe for rapid sampling of eight PFAS in waters and applied it to a water-sediment system. It has a much larger sampling area(27 cm^(2)) and as a result lower method quantification limits(0.15 –0.21 ng/L for one-day deployment and 0.02 – 0.03 ng/L for one-week deployment) and much higher(by > 10 factors) sampling rate(100 m L/day) compared to the standard DGT(piston configuration). The sampler could linearly accumulate PFAS from wastewater, was sensitive enough even for a 24 hr deployment with performance comparable to grab sampling(500m L). The DGT probe provided homogeneous sampling performance along the large exposure area. The use of the probe to investigate distributions of dissolved PFAS around the sediment-water interface was demonstrated. This work, for the first time, demonstrated that the DGT probe is a promising monitoring tool for trace levels of PFAS and a research tool for studying their distribution, migration, and fate in aquatic environments including the sediment-water interface.展开更多
Nanolaminated structures composed of low-angle grain boundaries(LAGBs) possess high thermal stability. In this paper, a gradient nanolaminated(GNL) surface layer with smooth finish was fabricated on an interstitial-fr...Nanolaminated structures composed of low-angle grain boundaries(LAGBs) possess high thermal stability. In this paper, a gradient nanolaminated(GNL) surface layer with smooth finish was fabricated on an interstitial-free steel by means of surface mechanical rolling treatment. Microstructural observations demonstrated that the average lamellar thickness is about 80 nm in the topmost surface layer and increases with increasing depth. High thermal stability was confirmed in the GNL surface layer after annealing at 500℃. Diffusion measurements showed that effective diffusivity of Cr in GNL layer is 4–6 orders of magnitude higher than lattice diffusivity within the temperature range from 400 to 500℃. This might be attributed to numerous LAGBs or dislocation structures with a higher energy state in the GNL surface layer. This work demonstrates the possibility to advanced chromizing(or other surface alloying)processes of steels with formation of GNL surface layer, so that a thicker alloyed surface layer with a stable nanostructure is achieved.展开更多
The temporal interface microstructures and diffusions in the diffusion couples with the mutual interactions of the temperature gradient, concentration difference and initial aging time of the alloys are studied by pha...The temporal interface microstructures and diffusions in the diffusion couples with the mutual interactions of the temperature gradient, concentration difference and initial aging time of the alloys are studied by phase-field simulation, and the diffusion couples are produced by the initial aged spinodal alloys with different compositions. Temporal composition evolution and volume fraction of the separated phase indicate the element diffusion direction through the interface under the temperature gradient. The increased temperature gradient induces a wide single-phase region on two sides of the interface.The uphill diffusion proceeds through the interface, no matter whether the diffusion direction is up or down with respect to the temperature gradient. For an alloy with short initial aging time, phase transformation accompanying the interdiffusion results in the straight interface with the single-phase regions on both sides. Compared with the temperature gradient,composition difference of diffusion couple and initial aging time of the alloy show greater effects on diffusion and interface microstructure.展开更多
Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is mainly applied to white matter fiber tracking in human brain, but there is still a debate on how many diffusion gradient directions should be used to get the best results. In this pap...Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is mainly applied to white matter fiber tracking in human brain, but there is still a debate on how many diffusion gradient directions should be used to get the best results. In this paper, the performance of 7 protocols corresponding to 6, 9, 12, 15, 20, 25, and 30 noncollinear number of diffusion gradi-ent directions (NDGD) were discussed by com-paring signal-noise ratio (SNR) of tensor- de-rived measurement maps and fractional ani-sotropy (FA) values. All DTI data (eight healthy volunteers) were downloaded from the website of Johns Hopkins Medical Institute Laboratory of Brain Anatomi-cal MRI with permission. FA, apparent diffusion constant mean (ADC-mean), the largest eigen-value (LEV), and eigenvector orientation (EVO) maps associated with LEV of all subjects were calculated derived from tensor in the 7 proto-cols via DTI Studio. A method to estimate the variance was presented to calculate SNR of these tensor-derived maps. Mean ±standard deviation of the SNR and FA values within re-gion of interest (ROI) selected in the white mat-ter were compared among the 7 protocols. The SNR were improved significantly with NDGD increasing from 6 to 20 (P<0.05). From 20 to 30, SNR were improved significantly for LEV and EVO maps (P<0.05), but no significant dif-ferences for FA and ADC-mean maps (P>0.05). There were no significant variances in FA val-ues within ROI between any two protocols (P>0.05). The SNR could be improved with NDGD in-creasing, but an optimum protocol is needed because of clinical limitations.展开更多
In this note, we obtain the elliptic estimate for diffusion operator L = △＋△Ф·△ on complete, noncompact Riemannian manifolds, under the curvature condition CD（K, m）, which generalizes B. L. Kotschwar＇s wo...In this note, we obtain the elliptic estimate for diffusion operator L = △＋△Ф·△ on complete, noncompact Riemannian manifolds, under the curvature condition CD（K, m）, which generalizes B. L. Kotschwar＇s work [5]. As an application, we get estimate on the heat kernel. The Bernstein-type gradient estimate for SchrSdinger-type gradient is also derived.展开更多
A theoretical model is developed for predicting both conduction and diffusion in thin-film ionic conductors or cables. With the linearized Poisson-Nernst-Planck(PNP)theory, the two-dimensional(2D) equations for thin i...A theoretical model is developed for predicting both conduction and diffusion in thin-film ionic conductors or cables. With the linearized Poisson-Nernst-Planck(PNP)theory, the two-dimensional(2D) equations for thin ionic conductor films are obtained from the three-dimensional(3D) equations by power series expansions in the film thickness coordinate, retaining the lower-order equations. The thin-film equations for ionic conductors are combined with similar equations for one thin dielectric film to derive the 2D equations of thin sandwich films composed of a dielectric layer and two ionic conductor layers. A sandwich film in the literature, as an ionic cable, is analyzed as an example of the equations obtained in this paper. The numerical results show the effect of diffusion in addition to the conduction treated in the literature. The obtained theoretical model including both conduction and diffusion phenomena can be used to investigate the performance of ionic-conductor devices with any frequency.展开更多
The triple-diffusive convection in a micropolar ferromagnetic fluid layer heated and soluted from below is considered in the presence of a transverse uniform magnetic field. An exact solution is obtained for a flat fl...The triple-diffusive convection in a micropolar ferromagnetic fluid layer heated and soluted from below is considered in the presence of a transverse uniform magnetic field. An exact solution is obtained for a flat fluid layer contained between two free boundaries. A linear stability analysis and a normal mode analysis method are carried out to study the onset convection. For stationary convection, various parameters such as the medium permeability, the solute gradients, the non-buoyancy magnetization, and the micropolar parameters （i.e., the coupling parameter, the spin diffusion parameter, and the micropolar heat conduction parameter） are analyzed. The critical magnetic thermal Rayleigh number for the onset of instability is determined numerically for a sufficiently large value of the buoyancy magnetization parameter M1. The principle of exchange of stabilities is found to be true for the micropolar fluid heated from below in the absence of the micropolar viscous effect, the microinertia, and the solute gradients. The micropolar viscous effect, the microinertia, and the solute gradient introduce oscillatory modes, which are non-existent in their absence. Sufficient conditions for the non-existence of overstability are also obtained.展开更多
In this paper, we establish the existence of solutions for gradient systems ofevolution under some type （M） and semi-coerciveness conditions. The main result is appliedin order to solve nonlinear diffusion equations...In this paper, we establish the existence of solutions for gradient systems ofevolution under some type （M） and semi-coerciveness conditions. The main result is appliedin order to solve nonlinear diffusion equations involving nonconvex energies.展开更多
Functionally gradient samples are prepared by getting metal Ni or Cu bonded with Ni-matrix composites reinforced by TiB2 particles by field activated diffusion bonding process. The intermetallic compound of Ni3Al has ...Functionally gradient samples are prepared by getting metal Ni or Cu bonded with Ni-matrix composites reinforced by TiB2 particles by field activated diffusion bonding process. The intermetallic compound of Ni3Al has been applied as a mediate layer in order to reduce residual stress. The microstracture, phase composition of the interfaces between the metal and Ni3Al are determined and the mechanical properties of the gradient materials are characterized. Elemental concentration profiles across the interfaces between layers showed significant diffusion dissolution and formation of firm bonds. Measured micro-hardness values of the sample increased monotonically from the metal substrate to the surface layer of composites. The values for the surface composite layer ranged from about 2 000 HK to 3 300 HK. The results of this investigation demonstrate the feasibility of field activated diffusion bonding process for rapid preparation of FGMs.展开更多
The self-similar singular solution of the fast diffusion equation with nonlinear gradient absorption terms are studied. By a self-similar transformation, the self-similar solutions satisfy a boundary value problem of ...The self-similar singular solution of the fast diffusion equation with nonlinear gradient absorption terms are studied. By a self-similar transformation, the self-similar solutions satisfy a boundary value problem of nonlinear ordinary differential equation （ODE）. Using the shooting arguments, the existence and uniqueness of the solution to the initial data problem of the nonlinear ODE are investigated, and the solutions are classified by the region of the initial data. The necessary and sufficient condition for the existence and uniqueness of self-similar very singular solutions is obtained by investigation of the classification of the solutions. In case of existence, the self-similar singular solution is very singular solution.展开更多
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is an excellent analytical tool for precise structural characterization of organic and bio-molecules. Though NMR is often used to characterize a single compound in solutio...Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is an excellent analytical tool for precise structural characterization of organic and bio-molecules. Though NMR is often used to characterize a single compound in solution, emerging experimental methods using pulsed-field-gradients (PFGs) allow structural dynamic characterization of several compounds, simultaneously in the same solution. NMR as a chromatography tool is often an overlooked application by analytical chemists. Therefore, in this article we introduce the concept of NMR based diffusion measurements, basic operational methods and novel applications. We expect this article to increase the overall use and appreciation of NMR-based diffusion measurements in general and in particular, in analytical chemistry applications.展开更多
The liquid-film solution-diffusion bonding of ZCuBe2.5 alloys was conducted using Cu-based alloy powders. The tensile strength of the joint is up to 318 MPa. With the increase of temperature gradient, the bonding time...The liquid-film solution-diffusion bonding of ZCuBe2.5 alloys was conducted using Cu-based alloy powders. The tensile strength of the joint is up to 318 MPa. With the increase of temperature gradient, the bonding time decreases and the interface migration velocity increases remarkably. The appropriate temperature gradient is 5-40 K/cm. Under fixed bonding time, the thickness of diffusion layer increases with the increase of temperature gradient, and this tendency becomes more remarkable with the prolonging of bonding time.展开更多
The Gaussian phase distribution approximation enables analysis of restricted diffusion encoded by general gradient waveforms but fails to account for the diffraction-like features that may occur for simple pore geomet...The Gaussian phase distribution approximation enables analysis of restricted diffusion encoded by general gradient waveforms but fails to account for the diffraction-like features that may occur for simple pore geometries.We investigate the range of validity of the approximation by random walk simulations of restricted diffusion in a cylinder using isotropic diffusion encoding sequences as well as conventional single gradient pulse pairs and oscillating gradient waveforms.The results show that clear deviations from the approximation may be observed at relative signal attenuations below 0.1 for onedimensional sequences with few oscillation periods.Increasing the encoding dimensionality and/or number of oscillations while extending the total duration of the waveform diminishes the non-Gaussian effects while preserving the low apparent diffusivities characteristic of restriction.展开更多
文摘The effects of long-term moisture changes on the migration,release,and bioavailability of selenium in soil are complex.Due to the lack of effective monitoring methods for precise quantification,its dynamic behavior is still unclear.Based on the DGT(Diffusive Gradients in Thin-films)technology,this study sets up three moisture control scenarios:continuous wet,wet-dry alternating,and continuous dry,and carries out a 6-month soil moisture control experiment.In the experiment,the DGT device collected the diffusion gradient data of soil selenium under different scenarios,and analyzed the migration characteristics of selenium in combination with the adsorption isotherm.Meanwhile,the release rate,migration coefficient,and bioavailability parameters of selenium are calculated by fitting the first-order kinetic model,further verifying the reliability and applicability of the DGT data.The experimental results demonstrate that under continuous wet conditions,the release rate of soil selenium reaches 1.85µg·cm^(-2)·h^(-1),with a migration coefficient of 0.012 cm^(2)·h^(-1)and a bioavailability parameter of 0.74;under wet-dry alternating conditions,they are 1.42µg·cm^(-2)·h^(-1),0.01 cm^(2)·h^(-1),and 0.68,respectively;under continuous dry conditions,the release rate of soil selenium is the smallest,at 0.88µg·cm^(-2)·h^(-1),with a migration coefficient of 0.004 cm^(-2)·h^(-1)and a bioavailability parameter of 0.5.The results of this experiment reveal the dynamic behavior of soil selenium under different moisture conditions and reflect the high efficiency of DGT technology in dynamic monitoring and quantitative analysis of soil selenium behavior,providing a scientific basis for the optimal management of rhizosphere soil selenium.
文摘An aqueous solution containing sodium polyacrylate（PAAS） was used in diffusive gradient in thin-films technique（DGT） to measure DGT-labile Ni2＋ concentrations.The DGT devices（PAAS DGT） were validated in four types of solutions,including synthetic river water containing metal ions with complexing EDTA or that without complexing EDTA,natural river water（Ling River,Jinzhou,China） spiked with Ni2＋,and an industrial wastewater （Jinzhou,China）.Results show that only free metal ions were measured by PAAS DGT,recovery=97.36% in the solutions containing only free metal ions,recovery=49.62% in a solution with metal/EDTA molar ratio of 2：1 and recovery=0 in the solutions with metal/EDTA molar ratios of 1：1 and 1：2.These indicated that the complexes of Ni-EDTA were DGT-inert.The DGT performance in spiked river water（recovery=18.24%） and in industrial wastewater（recovery=12.25%） were investigated,which indicated that the measurement of metals by this DGT device did not include the humic substances complexed fractions of metals.The binding properties of PAAS DGT for Ni2＋ were investigated under different conditions of pH value and ionic strength.Conditional stability constants（lgK） of PAAS-Ni complexes were also evaluated.
文摘The effect of non-uniform basic concentration gradient on the onset of double diffusive convection in a micropolar fluid layer heated and saluted from below and cooled from above has been studied. The linear stability analysis is performed. The eigen value of the problem is obtained using Galerkian method. The eigen values are obtained for 1) free-free 2) rigid-free 3) rigid-rigid velocity boundary combination with isothermal temperature condition on spin-vanishing permeable boundaries. The influence of various micropolar parameters on the onset of convection has been analyzed. One linear and five non linear concentration profiles are considered and their comparative influence on onset is discussed and results are depicted graphically. It is observed that fluid layer with suspended particles heated and soluted from below is more stable compare to the classical fluid without suspended particles.
基金supported by the Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS(Wenzhong Tang,2017059)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41877368)
文摘Cadmium(Cd)uptake by plants or benthic organisms largely depends on its bioavailability in sediments,so it is necessary to understand Cd bio availability for determining its ecological risks in riverine sediments.Pore water is easily disturbed during sample collection,indicating that there was a shortage of traditional methods for investigating Cd bio availability.Here,sediment cores were collected from rivers,after which sequential extraction and diffusive gradients in thin films(DGT)method were employed to determine Cd potential bio availability in the sediments and pore water.We found that Cd concentrations measured by DGT were lower than that in pore water profiles,and Cd distribution in various fractions changed remarkably.Pearson correlation analysis showed significant positive correlations between Cd concentrations measured by DGT and total Cd concentrations(r^2=0.76),exchangeable and weak acid soluble fraction(r^2=0.68),ferromanganese fraction(r^2=0.72)and bound organic matter or oxidizable fraction(r^2=0.54).However,the correlation was relatively low between Cd concentrations measured by DGT and that in pore water profiles(r^2=0.26).These results demonstrated that DGT method could provide more accurate information of Cd bio availability in sediment profiles than traditional methods.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41001334)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(No.2009B00814)+1 种基金the Project of Knowledge Innovation for the 3rd period,the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.KZCX2-YW-JS304)Project of the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD),China
文摘The developed technique of diffusive gradients in thin film( DGT) has been suggested as a promising tool for evaluation of cadmium( Cd) availability in soils,but there exists considerable debate on its suitability. In this study,Cd bioavailability in soils was systemically investigated by comparing this technique with seven traditional methods, including soil solution concentration and six commonly used extraction methods( HAc,EDTA,Na c,NH4Ac,CaCl2 and MgCl2). Two typical plants( wheat and maize) were examined for Cd uptake. Maize was more sensitive to increasing exposure to Cd in soils than wheat when the added amounts of Cd ranged from 3. 5 to 5. 0 mg · kg-1,accompanied by the significant decreases of shoot and root biomasses. Cd concentrations in shoots and roots of two plants increased continuously with increasing levels of Cd in soils. Cd uptake was higher in wheat than that in maize. The bioavailable concentrations of Cd measured by all methods increased nearly linearly with increasing addition of Cd in soils. Positive correlations were observed between various bioavailable indicators of Cd in soils and Cd concentrations in two plants. The extractable Cd by six chemical extractants was considerably higher for maize than for wheat,while the DGT-measured and soil solution concentrations of Cd were lower for maize than for wheat,following the same trend as plant Cd uptake. The results imply that DGT measurement can effectively predict the bioavailable levels of Cd in soil solutions and that it is an ideal tool for prediction of Cd bioavailability in soils.
基金the Natural Science Foun-dation of China(No.41776119)Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(No.LY15D060004)for the financial support.
文摘Metal pollution has become an major issue governing the wetland ecosystem health.The southern coastal wetland of the Qiangtang Estuary are facing unusual perturbation due to rapid development along the embayment in recent decades.This study evaluated the bioavailability of metals(Cu,Pb,Cd,Cr and Zn)in the sediment of the southern coastal wetland of the Qiangtang Es-tuary using diffusive gradients in thin films(DGT)techniques and compared with several methods based on total metal content.The results showed that the contents of Cr,Pb,Cd and Cu in sediment,as detected using DGT,were considerably correlated with the exchangeable fraction and the content in Phragmites australis roots,while a weak correlation was observed for Zn.Therefore,DGT analysis could be used to evaluate the bioavailability and potential risk of Cr,Cd,Pb and Cu for P.australis.Quantitative indices,such as DGT concentration,bioaccumulation in P.australis,geoaccumulation index(Igeo)and potential ecological risk index(RI),revealed that Cd was a major potential ecological risk factor along the southern coast wetland of the Qiantang Estuary,especially in the upstream region,which is potentially more vulnerable to the anthropogenic pollution.
基金supported by the Key Deployment Project of Centre for Ocean Mega-Research of Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. COMS2019J08)the Guangzhou Municipal Science and Technology Project (No. 201904010291)+1 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21806042)Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety (No. 2019B030301008)。
文摘The passive sampling technique, diffusive gradients in thin films(DGT) has attracted increasing interests as an in-situ sampler for organic contaminants including per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFAS). However, its effectiveness has been questioned because of the small effective sampling area(3.1 cm^(2)). In this study, we developed a DGT probe for rapid sampling of eight PFAS in waters and applied it to a water-sediment system. It has a much larger sampling area(27 cm^(2)) and as a result lower method quantification limits(0.15 –0.21 ng/L for one-day deployment and 0.02 – 0.03 ng/L for one-week deployment) and much higher(by > 10 factors) sampling rate(100 m L/day) compared to the standard DGT(piston configuration). The sampler could linearly accumulate PFAS from wastewater, was sensitive enough even for a 24 hr deployment with performance comparable to grab sampling(500m L). The DGT probe provided homogeneous sampling performance along the large exposure area. The use of the probe to investigate distributions of dissolved PFAS around the sediment-water interface was demonstrated. This work, for the first time, demonstrated that the DGT probe is a promising monitoring tool for trace levels of PFAS and a research tool for studying their distribution, migration, and fate in aquatic environments including the sediment-water interface.
基金Financial supports from the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2017YFA0204401)Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science (No. 2015RP04)
文摘Nanolaminated structures composed of low-angle grain boundaries(LAGBs) possess high thermal stability. In this paper, a gradient nanolaminated(GNL) surface layer with smooth finish was fabricated on an interstitial-free steel by means of surface mechanical rolling treatment. Microstructural observations demonstrated that the average lamellar thickness is about 80 nm in the topmost surface layer and increases with increasing depth. High thermal stability was confirmed in the GNL surface layer after annealing at 500℃. Diffusion measurements showed that effective diffusivity of Cr in GNL layer is 4–6 orders of magnitude higher than lattice diffusivity within the temperature range from 400 to 500℃. This might be attributed to numerous LAGBs or dislocation structures with a higher energy state in the GNL surface layer. This work demonstrates the possibility to advanced chromizing(or other surface alloying)processes of steels with formation of GNL surface layer, so that a thicker alloyed surface layer with a stable nanostructure is achieved.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51571122)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central UniversitiesChina(Grant No.30920130121012)
文摘The temporal interface microstructures and diffusions in the diffusion couples with the mutual interactions of the temperature gradient, concentration difference and initial aging time of the alloys are studied by phase-field simulation, and the diffusion couples are produced by the initial aged spinodal alloys with different compositions. Temporal composition evolution and volume fraction of the separated phase indicate the element diffusion direction through the interface under the temperature gradient. The increased temperature gradient induces a wide single-phase region on two sides of the interface.The uphill diffusion proceeds through the interface, no matter whether the diffusion direction is up or down with respect to the temperature gradient. For an alloy with short initial aging time, phase transformation accompanying the interdiffusion results in the straight interface with the single-phase regions on both sides. Compared with the temperature gradient,composition difference of diffusion couple and initial aging time of the alloy show greater effects on diffusion and interface microstructure.
文摘Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is mainly applied to white matter fiber tracking in human brain, but there is still a debate on how many diffusion gradient directions should be used to get the best results. In this paper, the performance of 7 protocols corresponding to 6, 9, 12, 15, 20, 25, and 30 noncollinear number of diffusion gradi-ent directions (NDGD) were discussed by com-paring signal-noise ratio (SNR) of tensor- de-rived measurement maps and fractional ani-sotropy (FA) values. All DTI data (eight healthy volunteers) were downloaded from the website of Johns Hopkins Medical Institute Laboratory of Brain Anatomi-cal MRI with permission. FA, apparent diffusion constant mean (ADC-mean), the largest eigen-value (LEV), and eigenvector orientation (EVO) maps associated with LEV of all subjects were calculated derived from tensor in the 7 proto-cols via DTI Studio. A method to estimate the variance was presented to calculate SNR of these tensor-derived maps. Mean ±standard deviation of the SNR and FA values within re-gion of interest (ROI) selected in the white mat-ter were compared among the 7 protocols. The SNR were improved significantly with NDGD increasing from 6 to 20 (P<0.05). From 20 to 30, SNR were improved significantly for LEV and EVO maps (P<0.05), but no significant dif-ferences for FA and ADC-mean maps (P>0.05). There were no significant variances in FA val-ues within ROI between any two protocols (P>0.05). The SNR could be improved with NDGD in-creasing, but an optimum protocol is needed because of clinical limitations.
基金China Scholarship Council for financial support(2007U13020)
文摘In this note, we obtain the elliptic estimate for diffusion operator L = △＋△Ф·△ on complete, noncompact Riemannian manifolds, under the curvature condition CD（K, m）, which generalizes B. L. Kotschwar＇s work [5]. As an application, we get estimate on the heat kernel. The Bernstein-type gradient estimate for SchrSdinger-type gradient is also derived.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.11672265,11202182,and 11621062)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Nos.2016QNA4026 and2016XZZX001-05)the Open Foundation of Zhejiang Provincial Top Key Discipline of Mechanical Engineering
文摘A theoretical model is developed for predicting both conduction and diffusion in thin-film ionic conductors or cables. With the linearized Poisson-Nernst-Planck(PNP)theory, the two-dimensional(2D) equations for thin ionic conductor films are obtained from the three-dimensional(3D) equations by power series expansions in the film thickness coordinate, retaining the lower-order equations. The thin-film equations for ionic conductors are combined with similar equations for one thin dielectric film to derive the 2D equations of thin sandwich films composed of a dielectric layer and two ionic conductor layers. A sandwich film in the literature, as an ionic cable, is analyzed as an example of the equations obtained in this paper. The numerical results show the effect of diffusion in addition to the conduction treated in the literature. The obtained theoretical model including both conduction and diffusion phenomena can be used to investigate the performance of ionic-conductor devices with any frequency.
文摘The triple-diffusive convection in a micropolar ferromagnetic fluid layer heated and soluted from below is considered in the presence of a transverse uniform magnetic field. An exact solution is obtained for a flat fluid layer contained between two free boundaries. A linear stability analysis and a normal mode analysis method are carried out to study the onset convection. For stationary convection, various parameters such as the medium permeability, the solute gradients, the non-buoyancy magnetization, and the micropolar parameters （i.e., the coupling parameter, the spin diffusion parameter, and the micropolar heat conduction parameter） are analyzed. The critical magnetic thermal Rayleigh number for the onset of instability is determined numerically for a sufficiently large value of the buoyancy magnetization parameter M1. The principle of exchange of stabilities is found to be true for the micropolar fluid heated from below in the absence of the micropolar viscous effect, the microinertia, and the solute gradients. The micropolar viscous effect, the microinertia, and the solute gradient introduce oscillatory modes, which are non-existent in their absence. Sufficient conditions for the non-existence of overstability are also obtained.
文摘In this paper, we establish the existence of solutions for gradient systems ofevolution under some type （M） and semi-coerciveness conditions. The main result is appliedin order to solve nonlinear diffusion equations involving nonconvex energies.
基金Acknowledgment The authors wish to thank the financial support for this research from the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant No. 50975190） and the Army Office of Research （ZAM）.
文摘Functionally gradient samples are prepared by getting metal Ni or Cu bonded with Ni-matrix composites reinforced by TiB2 particles by field activated diffusion bonding process. The intermetallic compound of Ni3Al has been applied as a mediate layer in order to reduce residual stress. The microstracture, phase composition of the interfaces between the metal and Ni3Al are determined and the mechanical properties of the gradient materials are characterized. Elemental concentration profiles across the interfaces between layers showed significant diffusion dissolution and formation of firm bonds. Measured micro-hardness values of the sample increased monotonically from the metal substrate to the surface layer of composites. The values for the surface composite layer ranged from about 2 000 HK to 3 300 HK. The results of this investigation demonstrate the feasibility of field activated diffusion bonding process for rapid preparation of FGMs.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 10471022)the Science and Technology Foundation of Ministry of Education of China (Major Projects) (No.104090)
文摘The self-similar singular solution of the fast diffusion equation with nonlinear gradient absorption terms are studied. By a self-similar transformation, the self-similar solutions satisfy a boundary value problem of nonlinear ordinary differential equation （ODE）. Using the shooting arguments, the existence and uniqueness of the solution to the initial data problem of the nonlinear ODE are investigated, and the solutions are classified by the region of the initial data. The necessary and sufficient condition for the existence and uniqueness of self-similar very singular solutions is obtained by investigation of the classification of the solutions. In case of existence, the self-similar singular solution is very singular solution.
文摘Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is an excellent analytical tool for precise structural characterization of organic and bio-molecules. Though NMR is often used to characterize a single compound in solution, emerging experimental methods using pulsed-field-gradients (PFGs) allow structural dynamic characterization of several compounds, simultaneously in the same solution. NMR as a chromatography tool is often an overlooked application by analytical chemists. Therefore, in this article we introduce the concept of NMR based diffusion measurements, basic operational methods and novel applications. We expect this article to increase the overall use and appreciation of NMR-based diffusion measurements in general and in particular, in analytical chemistry applications.
文摘The liquid-film solution-diffusion bonding of ZCuBe2.5 alloys was conducted using Cu-based alloy powders. The tensile strength of the joint is up to 318 MPa. With the increase of temperature gradient, the bonding time decreases and the interface migration velocity increases remarkably. The appropriate temperature gradient is 5-40 K/cm. Under fixed bonding time, the thickness of diffusion layer increases with the increase of temperature gradient, and this tendency becomes more remarkable with the prolonging of bonding time.
基金financially supported by the Swedish Research Council(2022-04422_VR)。
文摘The Gaussian phase distribution approximation enables analysis of restricted diffusion encoded by general gradient waveforms but fails to account for the diffraction-like features that may occur for simple pore geometries.We investigate the range of validity of the approximation by random walk simulations of restricted diffusion in a cylinder using isotropic diffusion encoding sequences as well as conventional single gradient pulse pairs and oscillating gradient waveforms.The results show that clear deviations from the approximation may be observed at relative signal attenuations below 0.1 for onedimensional sequences with few oscillation periods.Increasing the encoding dimensionality and/or number of oscillations while extending the total duration of the waveform diminishes the non-Gaussian effects while preserving the low apparent diffusivities characteristic of restriction.
