In-situ observation of microstructural evolution during heating and soaking process was carded out for a high nickel steel using HTCLSM. Dark phases were observed when soaking at 900℃. Results showed that the number ...In-situ observation of microstructural evolution during heating and soaking process was carded out for a high nickel steel using HTCLSM. Dark phases were observed when soaking at 900℃. Results showed that the number of the dark phases culminated in about 50 s during soaking at 900℃. With the increase of soaking time the area proportion of the dark phases increased and reached the maximum value in about 3 min, When temperature rose from 900 ℃, the dark phases remained steady initially, but started to dissolve into the matrix at about 1 060 ℃ and completely disappeared at 1 132℃. When the specimen soaked at 900 ℃ was cooled down to room temperature （RT）, the dark phases kept stable. Energy spectrum analysis results showed that the dark phases contained much more Cr and Mn elements than the matrix and,were also rich in V. Tensile test results showed that the dark phase strengthened the steel with the maximum tensile strength obtained after soaking at 900 ℃ for 3 minutes.展开更多
The phase transformation of θ’’→θ’ in an Al-5.7 Cu alloy was investigated by aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy, and the tranformation mode of θ’’→θ’ during aging treatment was ...The phase transformation of θ’’→θ’ in an Al-5.7 Cu alloy was investigated by aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy, and the tranformation mode of θ’’→θ’ during aging treatment was clarified. In the presence of the θ’ phases, θ’ was found to be formed by in-situ transformation fromθ’’ with the same plate shape, size and broad faces. The transformation starts from multiple sites within the θ’ precipitate and the whole θ’ phase finally forms as the preferential θ’ sections grow and connect with each other. Antiphase domain boundaries are also found in some θ’ precipitates when the disregistry exists between different θ’ sections.展开更多
We present a model of the universe based on the theory that space consists of energy quanta. We use the thermodynamics of an ideal gas to elucidate the composition, accelerated expansion, and the nature of dark energy...We present a model of the universe based on the theory that space consists of energy quanta. We use the thermodynamics of an ideal gas to elucidate the composition, accelerated expansion, and the nature of dark energy and dark matter without an Inflation stage. From wave-particle duality, the space quanta can be treated as an ideal gas. The universe started from an atomic size volume at very high temperature and pressure. Upon expansion and cooling, phase transitions occurred to form fundamental particles, and matter. These nucleate and grew into stars, galaxies, and clusters due to gravity. From cooling data, a thermodynamic phase diagram of cosmic composition was constructed which yielded a correlation between dark energy and the energy of space. Using Friedmann’s equations, our model fits well the Williamson Microwave Anisotropy Platform (WMAP) data on cosmic composition with an equation of state parameter, <em>w</em> = -0.7. The dominance of dark energy started at 7.25 × 10<sup>9</sup> years, in good agreement with Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS) measurements. The expansion of space can be attributed to a scalar space field. Dark Matter is identified as a plasma form of matter similar to that which existed before recombination and during the reionization epoch. The expansion of the universe was adiabatic and decelerating during the first 7 billion years after the Big Bang;it accelerated thereafter. A negative pressure for Dark Energy is required to sustain it;this is consistent with the theory of General Relativity and energy conservation. We propose a mechanism for the acceleration as due to the consolidation of matter to form Black Holes and other massive compact objects. The resulting reduction in gravitational potential energy feeds back energy for the acceleration. It is not due to a repulsive form of gravity. Our Quantum Space model fits well the observed behavior of the universe and resolves the outstanding questions in Inflationary Big Bang Theory.展开更多
The vacuum component of the Universe is investigated in both the quantum and the classical regimes of its evolution. The associated vacuum energy density was reduced by more than 78 orders of magnitude in 10-6 sec in ...The vacuum component of the Universe is investigated in both the quantum and the classical regimes of its evolution. The associated vacuum energy density was reduced by more than 78 orders of magnitude in 10-6 sec in the quantum regime and by nearly 45 orders of magnitude in 4 × 1017 sec in the classical regime. The vacuum energy was spent for the organization of new microstates during the expansion of the Universe. In the quantum regime, phase transitions were more effective in reducing the vacuum energy than in producing new microstates. Both of these phenomena have been recorded in the history of the Universe. Herein, the need for the evolution of the Universe’s vacuum component is discussed. Indeed, through this evolution, all 123 crisis orders of dark energy are reduced by conventional physical processes. A table of the vacuum energy’s evolution as the function of red shift and a short discussion about vacuum stability are presented.展开更多
The nature and properties of dark matter and dark energy in the universe are among the outstanding open issues of modern cosmology. Despite extensive theoretical and empirical efforts, the question “what is dark matt...The nature and properties of dark matter and dark energy in the universe are among the outstanding open issues of modern cosmology. Despite extensive theoretical and empirical efforts, the question “what is dark matter made of?” has not been answered satisfactorily. Candidates proposed to identify particle dark matter span over ninety orders of magnitude in mass, from ultra-light bosons, to massive black holes. Dark energy is a greater enigma. It is believed to be some kind of negative vacuum energy, responsible for driving galaxies apart in accelerated motion. In this article we take a relativistic approach in theorizing about dark matter and dark energy. Our approach is based on our recently proposed Information Relativity theory. Rather than theorizing about the identities of particle dark matter candidates, we investigate the relativistic effects on large scale celestial structures at their recession from an observer on Earth. We analyze a simplified model of the universe, in which large scale celestial bodies, like galaxies and galaxy clusters, are non-charged compact bodies that recede rectilinearly along the line-of-sight of an observer on Earth. We neglect contributions to dark matter caused by the rotation of celestial structures (e.g., the rotation of galaxies) and of their constituents (e.g., rotations of stars inside galaxies). We define the mass of dark matter as the complimentary portion of the derived relativistic mass, such that at any given recession velocity the sum of the two is equal to the Newtonian mass. The emerging picture from our analysis could be summarized as follows: 1) At any given redshift, the dark matter of a receding body exists in duality to its observable matter. 2) The dynamical interaction between the dark and the observed matter is determined by the body’s recession velocity (or redshift). 3) The observable matter mass density decreases with its recession velocity, with matter transforming to dark matter. 4) For redshifts z 0.5 the universe is dominated by dark matter. 5) Consistent with observational data, at redshift z = 0.5, the densities of matter and dark matter in the universe are predicted to be equal. 6) At redshift equaling the Golden Ratio (z ≈ 1.618), baryonic matter undergoes a quantum phase transition. The universe at higher redshifts is comprised of a dominant dark matter alongside with quantum matter. 7) Contrary to the current conjecture that dark energy is a negative vacuum energy that might interact with dark matter, comparisons of our theoretical results with observational results of ΛCDM cosmologies, and with observations of the relative densities of matter and dark energy at redshift z ≈ 0.55, allow us to conclude that dark energy is the energy carried by dark matter. 8) Application of the model to the case of rotating bodies, which will be discussed in detail in a subsequent paper, raises the intriguing possibility that the gravitational force between two bodies of mass is mediated by the entanglement of their dark matter components.展开更多
基金Shougang Research Institute of Technology for the financial support to this project
文摘In-situ observation of microstructural evolution during heating and soaking process was carded out for a high nickel steel using HTCLSM. Dark phases were observed when soaking at 900℃. Results showed that the number of the dark phases culminated in about 50 s during soaking at 900℃. With the increase of soaking time the area proportion of the dark phases increased and reached the maximum value in about 3 min, When temperature rose from 900 ℃, the dark phases remained steady initially, but started to dissolve into the matrix at about 1 060 ℃ and completely disappeared at 1 132℃. When the specimen soaked at 900 ℃ was cooled down to room temperature （RT）, the dark phases kept stable. Energy spectrum analysis results showed that the dark phases contained much more Cr and Mn elements than the matrix and,were also rich in V. Tensile test results showed that the dark phase strengthened the steel with the maximum tensile strength obtained after soaking at 900 ℃ for 3 minutes.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 11227403)Cyrus Tang Center for Sensor Materials and Applications
文摘The phase transformation of θ’’→θ’ in an Al-5.7 Cu alloy was investigated by aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy, and the tranformation mode of θ’’→θ’ during aging treatment was clarified. In the presence of the θ’ phases, θ’ was found to be formed by in-situ transformation fromθ’’ with the same plate shape, size and broad faces. The transformation starts from multiple sites within the θ’ precipitate and the whole θ’ phase finally forms as the preferential θ’ sections grow and connect with each other. Antiphase domain boundaries are also found in some θ’ precipitates when the disregistry exists between different θ’ sections.
文摘We present a model of the universe based on the theory that space consists of energy quanta. We use the thermodynamics of an ideal gas to elucidate the composition, accelerated expansion, and the nature of dark energy and dark matter without an Inflation stage. From wave-particle duality, the space quanta can be treated as an ideal gas. The universe started from an atomic size volume at very high temperature and pressure. Upon expansion and cooling, phase transitions occurred to form fundamental particles, and matter. These nucleate and grew into stars, galaxies, and clusters due to gravity. From cooling data, a thermodynamic phase diagram of cosmic composition was constructed which yielded a correlation between dark energy and the energy of space. Using Friedmann’s equations, our model fits well the Williamson Microwave Anisotropy Platform (WMAP) data on cosmic composition with an equation of state parameter, <em>w</em> = -0.7. The dominance of dark energy started at 7.25 × 10<sup>9</sup> years, in good agreement with Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS) measurements. The expansion of space can be attributed to a scalar space field. Dark Matter is identified as a plasma form of matter similar to that which existed before recombination and during the reionization epoch. The expansion of the universe was adiabatic and decelerating during the first 7 billion years after the Big Bang;it accelerated thereafter. A negative pressure for Dark Energy is required to sustain it;this is consistent with the theory of General Relativity and energy conservation. We propose a mechanism for the acceleration as due to the consolidation of matter to form Black Holes and other massive compact objects. The resulting reduction in gravitational potential energy feeds back energy for the acceleration. It is not due to a repulsive form of gravity. Our Quantum Space model fits well the observed behavior of the universe and resolves the outstanding questions in Inflationary Big Bang Theory.
文摘The vacuum component of the Universe is investigated in both the quantum and the classical regimes of its evolution. The associated vacuum energy density was reduced by more than 78 orders of magnitude in 10-6 sec in the quantum regime and by nearly 45 orders of magnitude in 4 × 1017 sec in the classical regime. The vacuum energy was spent for the organization of new microstates during the expansion of the Universe. In the quantum regime, phase transitions were more effective in reducing the vacuum energy than in producing new microstates. Both of these phenomena have been recorded in the history of the Universe. Herein, the need for the evolution of the Universe’s vacuum component is discussed. Indeed, through this evolution, all 123 crisis orders of dark energy are reduced by conventional physical processes. A table of the vacuum energy’s evolution as the function of red shift and a short discussion about vacuum stability are presented.
文摘The nature and properties of dark matter and dark energy in the universe are among the outstanding open issues of modern cosmology. Despite extensive theoretical and empirical efforts, the question “what is dark matter made of?” has not been answered satisfactorily. Candidates proposed to identify particle dark matter span over ninety orders of magnitude in mass, from ultra-light bosons, to massive black holes. Dark energy is a greater enigma. It is believed to be some kind of negative vacuum energy, responsible for driving galaxies apart in accelerated motion. In this article we take a relativistic approach in theorizing about dark matter and dark energy. Our approach is based on our recently proposed Information Relativity theory. Rather than theorizing about the identities of particle dark matter candidates, we investigate the relativistic effects on large scale celestial structures at their recession from an observer on Earth. We analyze a simplified model of the universe, in which large scale celestial bodies, like galaxies and galaxy clusters, are non-charged compact bodies that recede rectilinearly along the line-of-sight of an observer on Earth. We neglect contributions to dark matter caused by the rotation of celestial structures (e.g., the rotation of galaxies) and of their constituents (e.g., rotations of stars inside galaxies). We define the mass of dark matter as the complimentary portion of the derived relativistic mass, such that at any given recession velocity the sum of the two is equal to the Newtonian mass. The emerging picture from our analysis could be summarized as follows: 1) At any given redshift, the dark matter of a receding body exists in duality to its observable matter. 2) The dynamical interaction between the dark and the observed matter is determined by the body’s recession velocity (or redshift). 3) The observable matter mass density decreases with its recession velocity, with matter transforming to dark matter. 4) For redshifts z 0.5 the universe is dominated by dark matter. 5) Consistent with observational data, at redshift z = 0.5, the densities of matter and dark matter in the universe are predicted to be equal. 6) At redshift equaling the Golden Ratio (z ≈ 1.618), baryonic matter undergoes a quantum phase transition. The universe at higher redshifts is comprised of a dominant dark matter alongside with quantum matter. 7) Contrary to the current conjecture that dark energy is a negative vacuum energy that might interact with dark matter, comparisons of our theoretical results with observational results of ΛCDM cosmologies, and with observations of the relative densities of matter and dark energy at redshift z ≈ 0.55, allow us to conclude that dark energy is the energy carried by dark matter. 8) Application of the model to the case of rotating bodies, which will be discussed in detail in a subsequent paper, raises the intriguing possibility that the gravitational force between two bodies of mass is mediated by the entanglement of their dark matter components.
