To study multi-radio multi-channel （MR-MC） Ad Hoc networks based on 802.11, an efficient cross-layer routing protocol with the function of joint channel assignment, called joint channel assignment and cross-layer ro...To study multi-radio multi-channel （MR-MC） Ad Hoc networks based on 802.11, an efficient cross-layer routing protocol with the function of joint channel assignment, called joint channel assignment and cross-layer routing （JCACR）, is presented. Firstly, this paper introduces a new concept called channel utilization percentage （CUP）, which is for measuring the contention level of different channels in a node’s neighborhood, and deduces its optimal value for determining whether a channel is overloaded or not. Then, a metric parameter named channel selection metric （CSM） is designed, which actually reffects not only the channel status but also corresponding node’s capacity to seize it. JCACR evaluates channel assignment by CSM, performs a local optimization by assigning each node a channel with the smaller CSM value, and changes the working channel dynamically when the channel is overloaded. Therefore, the network load balancing can be achieved. In addition, simulation shows that, when compared with the protocol of weighted cumulative expected transfer time （WCETT）, the new protocol can improve the network throughput and reduce the end-to-end average delay with fewer overheads.展开更多
In multi-hop cognitive radio networks （ CRNs）, the heterogeneous environment increases the complexity of common control channel （CCC） formation and routing protocol design. In this paper, we consider the on-demand...In multi-hop cognitive radio networks （ CRNs）, the heterogeneous environment increases the complexity of common control channel （CCC） formation and routing protocol design. In this paper, we consider the on-demand routing protocol transmits over CCC. However, since CR transceivers （secondary users） have different available channel sets and it must vacate the licensed channel when a primary user arrives, forming a CCC becomes a main challenge in routing protocol design for CRNs. Our proposed CCC formation algorithm is based on a spectrum-tree structure, which consists of all cluster heads in CRNs. The cluster heads are with smaller moving range and lower mobility, and also act as a router in the whole network which maintains information of its cluster. Hence, a route is constituted in part by a set of cluster-head identity （ID） numbers, which represent the spe- cific cluster heads the path traverses, and in part by a set of member nodes ID numbers, which are included in the clusters containing the source and destination nodes. Due to high mobility and dynamic available spectrum, we define the stability parameters of path as two parts. One stability parameter is mobility factor, which represents the probability that a pairwise node can keep in communication range for the next flow transmission. The another stability parameter is spectrum opportunistic （SOP） factor, which represents the probability that a pairwise links can obtain the assigned spectrum band for the next flow transmission. Simulation results show that CCC formation algorithm produces a high probability of CCC formation, and the proposed routing protocol performs better than typical routing protocols.展开更多
UAV networks often encounter jamming attacks, under which multi-radio protocols have to switch radios to accelerate communication recovery. However, the existing protocols rely on exchange of hello messages to detect ...UAV networks often encounter jamming attacks, under which multi-radio protocols have to switch radios to accelerate communication recovery. However, the existing protocols rely on exchange of hello messages to detect jamming, leading to long sensing time and thus slow routing recovery. To address the issues raised by jamming attacks, we propose a new routing protocol, Electromagnetic Spectrum situation awareness Optimized Link State Routing (ESOLSR) protocol, to improve the existing OLSRv2 protocol. ESOLSR utilizes the spectrum situation awareness capability from the physical layer, and adopts joint-updating of link status, updating of interface functions, and adaptive adjustment of parameters. Our simulation results show that the improved protocol, ESOLSR, can recover routing and resume normal communication 26.6% faster compared to the existing protocols.展开更多
Since most ad hoc mobile devices today operate on batteries,the power consumption becomes an important issue.This paper proposes a cross-layer design of energy-aware ad hoc on-demand distance vector(CEAODV) routing pr...Since most ad hoc mobile devices today operate on batteries,the power consumption becomes an important issue.This paper proposes a cross-layer design of energy-aware ad hoc on-demand distance vector(CEAODV) routing protocol which adopts cross-layer mechanism and energy-aware metric to improve AODV routing protocol to reduce the energy consumption and then prolong the life of the whole network.In CEAODV,the link layer and the routing layer work together to choose the optimized transmission power for nodes and the route for packets.The link layer provides the energy consumption information for the routing layer and the routing layer chooses route accordingly and conversely controls the link layer to adjust the transmission power.The simulation result shows that CEAODV can outperform AODV to save more energy.It can reduce the consumed energy by about 8%over traditional energy-aware algorithm.And the performance is better when the traffic load is higher in the network.展开更多
A proactive routing protocol CL-OLSR （cross-layer based optimized link state routing） by using a brand-new routing metric CLM （cross-layer metric） is proposed. CL-OLSR takes into account four link quality impact f...A proactive routing protocol CL-OLSR （cross-layer based optimized link state routing） by using a brand-new routing metric CLM （cross-layer metric） is proposed. CL-OLSR takes into account four link quality impact factors in route calculation through the cross-layer operation mechanism： the node available bandwidth, the node load, the link delivery rate, and the link interference, and thus the effect of route selection is optimized greatly. The simulation results show that the proposed CL-OLSR protocol can not only improve the network throughput to a large extent, but also reduce the end-to-end delay, while achieving load balance route results.展开更多
Communication over wireless links identifies significant challenges for routing protocols operating. This paper proposes a Cross-layer design based Multipath Routing Protocol (CMRP) for mobile ad hoc networks, by mean...Communication over wireless links identifies significant challenges for routing protocols operating. This paper proposes a Cross-layer design based Multipath Routing Protocol (CMRP) for mobile ad hoc networks, by means of the node energy signal from the physical layer. The purpose is to optimize routing decision and path quality. The nodes’ mobility behavior is predicted using a notion of “Signal Fading Degree, SFD”. Especially, in combination of the IEEE 802.11e standard at the MAC layer, we determine that the IEEE 802.11e makes a significant contribution to performance improvement of CMRP. Performance evaluation of AODV in legacy 802.11 and CMRP in IEEE 802.11e shows that, as a function of speed of node mobility, a tremendous reduction achieved, in metrics such as the average end-to-end delay, route overhead, route discovery frequency, normalized routing load - almost more than 80%, 40%, 40%, and 40%. In the case of varying number of sessions, the reduction for route discovery frequency and normalized routing load are up to 70% and 80%.展开更多
This paper contributes a sophisticated statistical method for the assessment of performance in routing protocols salient Mobile Ad Hoc Network(MANET)routing protocols:Destination Sequenced Distance Vector(DSDV),Ad hoc...This paper contributes a sophisticated statistical method for the assessment of performance in routing protocols salient Mobile Ad Hoc Network(MANET)routing protocols:Destination Sequenced Distance Vector(DSDV),Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector(AODV),Dynamic Source Routing(DSR),and Zone Routing Protocol(ZRP).In this paper,the evaluation will be carried out using complete sets of statistical tests such as Kruskal-Wallis,Mann-Whitney,and Friedman.It articulates a systematic evaluation of how the performance of the previous protocols varies with the number of nodes and the mobility patterns.The study is premised upon the Quality of Service(QoS)metrics of throughput,packet delivery ratio,and end-to-end delay to gain an adequate understanding of the operational efficiency of each protocol under different network scenarios.The findings explained significant differences in the performance of different routing protocols;as a result,decisions for the selection and optimization of routing protocols can be taken effectively according to different network requirements.This paper is a step forward in the general understanding of the routing dynamics of MANETs and contributes significantly to the strategic deployment of robust and efficient network infrastructures.展开更多
This paper introduces an ant colony routing and wavelength assignment algorithm based on cross-layer design(CL-ACRWA),which can overcome the adverse effects of Doppler wavelength shift on data transmission in optical ...This paper introduces an ant colony routing and wavelength assignment algorithm based on cross-layer design(CL-ACRWA),which can overcome the adverse effects of Doppler wavelength shift on data transmission in optical satellite networks. Firstly, a cross-layer optimization model is built, which considers the Doppler wavelength shift, the transmission delay as well as wavelength-continuity constraint. Then an ant colony algorithm is utilized to solve the cross-layer optimization model, resulting in finding an optimal light path satisfying the above constraints for every connection request. The performance of CL-ACRWA is measured by the communication success probability, the convergence property and the transmission delay. Simulation results show that CL-ACRWA performs well in communication success probability and has good global search ability as well as fast convergence speed. Meanwhile, the transmission delay can meet the basic requirement of real-time transmission of business.展开更多
Lossy link is one of the unique characteristics in random-deployed sensor networks. We envision that robustness and reliability of routing cannot be ensured purely in network layer. Our idea is to enhance the performa...Lossy link is one of the unique characteristics in random-deployed sensor networks. We envision that robustness and reliability of routing cannot be ensured purely in network layer. Our idea is to enhance the performance of routing protocol by cross-layer interaction. We modified mint protocol, a routing protocol in TinyOS and proposed an enhanced version of mint called PA-mint. A transmission power control interface is added to network layer in PA-mint. When routing performance of the current network is not satisfied, PA-mint monotonically increases the transmission power via the interface we added. PA-mint is able to connect orphan nodes and robust to node mobility or key nodes failure. In the case that automatic request retransmission is employed, the number of retransmissions can be reduced by PA-mint. Results from experiments show that PA-mint increases the reliability and robustness of routing protocol by cross-layer interaction.展开更多
In order to overcome the adverse effects of Doppler wavelength shift on data transmission in the optical satellite networks,a dynamic routing and wavelength assignment algorithm based on crosslayer design( CL-DRWA) is...In order to overcome the adverse effects of Doppler wavelength shift on data transmission in the optical satellite networks,a dynamic routing and wavelength assignment algorithm based on crosslayer design( CL-DRWA) is introduced which can improve robustness of the network. Above all,a cross-layer optimization model is designed,which considers transmission delay and wavelength-continuity constraint,as well as Doppler wavelength shift. Then CL-DRWA is applied to solve this model,resulting in finding an optimal light path satisfying the above constraints for every connection request. In CL-DRWA,Bellman-Ford method is used to find an optimal route and a distributed relative capacity loss method is implemented to get an optimal wavelength assignment result on the optimal route. Moreover,compared with the dynamic routing and wavelength assignment algorithm based on minimum delay strategy( MD-DRWA),CL-DRWA can make an improvement of 5. 3% on the communication success probability. Meanwhile,CL-DRWA can meet the requirement of transmission delay for real-time services.展开更多
To cope with the problem of low protocol efficiency of the standard ad hoc on-demand distance vector （AODV） routing protocol with the periodic Hello message broadcast mechanism, a new link availability prediction ba...To cope with the problem of low protocol efficiency of the standard ad hoc on-demand distance vector （AODV） routing protocol with the periodic Hello message broadcast mechanism, a new link availability prediction based strategy is introduced to reduce the amount of Hello messages. In this strategy, a novel wireless link availability prediction model under line-of-sight （LOS） propagation environments is proposed based on which the parameter of Hello Interval in AODV can be dynamically adjusted to achieve the goal of changing the frequency of Hello message broadcasts under different link stability degrees. Simulation results demonstrate that, compared with the standard AODV with the periodic Hello message broadcast mechanism, the proposed protocol effectively reduces unnecessary control message overhead and greatly improves the performance in terms of end-to-end delay and efficiency.展开更多
Recently, location-based routings in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are attracting a lot of interest in the research community, especially because of its scalability. In location-based routing, the network size is sc...Recently, location-based routings in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are attracting a lot of interest in the research community, especially because of its scalability. In location-based routing, the network size is scalable without increasing the signalling overhead as routing decisions are inherently localized. Here, each node is aware of its position in the network through some positioning device like GPS and uses this information in the routing mechanism. In this paper, we first discuss the basics of WSNs including the architecture of the network, energy consumption for the components of a typical sensor node, and draw a detailed picture of classification of location-based routing protocols. Then, we present a systematic and comprehensive taxonomy of location-based routing protocols, mostly for sensor networks. All the schemes are subsequently discussed in depth. Finally, we conclude the paper with some insights on potential research directions for location-based routing in WSNs.展开更多
An efcient hop count route fnding approach for mobile ad hoc network is presented in this paper.It is an adaptive routing protocol that has a tradeof between transmission power and hop count for wireless ad hoc networ...An efcient hop count route fnding approach for mobile ad hoc network is presented in this paper.It is an adaptive routing protocol that has a tradeof between transmission power and hop count for wireless ad hoc networks.During the route fnding process,the node can dynamically assign transmission power to nodes along the route.The node who has received route request message compares its power with the threshold power value,and then selects a reasonable route according to discriminating algorithms.This algorithm is an efective solution scheme to wireless ad hoc networks through reasonably selected path to reduce network consumption.Simulation results indicate that the proposed protocol can deliver better performances with respect to energy consumption and end-to-end delay.展开更多
Most knowledgeable people agree that networking and routing technologies have been around about 25 years. Routing is simultaneously the most complicated function of a network and the most important. It is of the same ...Most knowledgeable people agree that networking and routing technologies have been around about 25 years. Routing is simultaneously the most complicated function of a network and the most important. It is of the same kind that more than 70% of computer application fields are MIS applications. So the challenge in building and using a MIS in the network is developing the means to find, access, and communicate large databases or multi databases systems. Because general databases are not time continuous, in fact, they can not be streaming, so we can't obtain reliable and secure quality of service by deleting some unimportant datagrams in the databases transmission. In this article, we will discuss which kind of routing protocol is the best type for large databases or multi databases systems transmission in the networks.展开更多
As a core technology of Intemet of Things （loT）, Wireless Sensor Network （WSN） has become a research hotspot recently. More and more WSNs are being deployed in highly mobile environments. The fast moving sensor no...As a core technology of Intemet of Things （loT）, Wireless Sensor Network （WSN） has become a research hotspot recently. More and more WSNs are being deployed in highly mobile environments. The fast moving sensor nodes bring significant challenges for the routing decision. In this paper, we propose an efficient logical location method, and designe a mobility estimating metric and derive a novel Green Mobility Estirmtion- based Routing protocol （G-MER） for WSNs. We also set up a full framework to evaluate its per- formance. Simulation results illustrate that G-MER achieves a fairly better perforrmnce in terrm of broadcast times and link failures than AODV. What＇s more, it decreases the mean hops by about 0.25 and reduces energy consumption by about 10% during the whole experiment. All the results show that G-MER can be effectively used in fast- moving and limited resource scenarios.展开更多
In recent years,with the rapid development of the Internet and wireless communication technology,wireless Ad hoc networks have received more attention.Due to the limited transmission range and energy of nodes in Ad ho...In recent years,with the rapid development of the Internet and wireless communication technology,wireless Ad hoc networks have received more attention.Due to the limited transmission range and energy of nodes in Ad hoc networks,it is important to establish a reliable and energy-balanced transmission path in Ad hoc networks.This paper proposes an energy-based dynamic routing protocol based on the existing AODV routing protocol,which has the following two aspects of improvement:(1)In the route discovery process,a node selects a suitable route from the minimum energy consumption route and the energy-balanced route designed in this paper according to a“Mark”bit that representing remaining energy of a node.(2)Based on(1),a route interruption update strategy was proposed to restart the route discovery process when node energy was used excessively.Simulation results demonstrate that compared with AODV and other existing routing protocols,proposed algorithm can reduce network energy consumption and balance node energy,thus extending the network lifetime.展开更多
Due to the increasing number of wireless mobile devices,the possibility of mobile communications without infrastructure becomes a reality.The Decentralized Mobile Social Network(DMSN) is a paradigm where nodes can mov...Due to the increasing number of wireless mobile devices,the possibility of mobile communications without infrastructure becomes a reality.The Decentralized Mobile Social Network(DMSN) is a paradigm where nodes can move freely and organize themselves arbitrarily.Routing in these environments is difficult for the reason of the rapid changes of the social relationship graph's topology.Meanwhile,the social ties among nodes change overtime.Therefore,an efficient data forwarding mechanism should be considered over the temporal weighted relationship graph.In this paper,an Advanced routing Protocol based on Parameters Optimization in the Weighted mobile social network(APPOW) is proposed to improve the delivery success ratio and reduce the cost of exchanging information.APPOW combines the normalized relative weights of three local social metrics,i.e.,LinkRank,similarity and contact strength,to select the next relay node.The weights of the three metrics are derived by pair-wise learning algorithm.The result shows that APPOW outperforms the state-ofthe-art SimBet Routing in delivering message and significantly reduces the average hops.Additionally,the delivery performance of APPOW is close to Epidemic Routing but without message duplications.展开更多
Wireless Mesh Network （WMN） is seen as an effective Intemet access solution for dynamic wireless applications. For the low mobility of mesh routers in WMN, the backbone topography can be effectively maintained by pr...Wireless Mesh Network （WMN） is seen as an effective Intemet access solution for dynamic wireless applications. For the low mobility of mesh routers in WMN, the backbone topography can be effectively maintained by proactive routing protocol. Pre-proposals like Tree Based Routing （TBR） protocol and Root Driven Routing （RDR） protocol are so centralized that they make the gateway becorre a bottleneck which severely restricts the network performance. We proposed an Optimized Tree-based Routing （OTR） protocol that logically separated the proactive tree into pieces. Route is partly computed by the branches instead of root. We also discussed the operation of multipie Intemet gateways which is a main issue in WMN. The new proposal lightens the load in root, reduces the overhead and improves the throughput. Numerical analysis and simulation results confirm that the perforrmnce of WMN is improved and OTR is more suitable for large scale WMN.展开更多
Wireless technology is transforming the future of transportation through the development of the Internet of Vehicles(IoV).However,intricate security challenges are intertwinedwith technological progress:Vehicular ad h...Wireless technology is transforming the future of transportation through the development of the Internet of Vehicles(IoV).However,intricate security challenges are intertwinedwith technological progress:Vehicular ad hoc Networks(VANETs),a core component of IoV,face security issues,particularly the Black Hole Attack(BHA).This malicious attack disrupts the seamless flow of data and threatens the network’s overall reliability;also,BHA strategically disrupts communication pathways by dropping data packets from legitimate nodes altogether.Recognizing the importance of this challenge,we have introduced a new solution called ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector-Reputation-based mechanism Local Outlier Factor(AODV-RL).The significance of AODVRL lies in its unique approach:it verifies and confirms the trustworthiness of network components,providing robust protection against BHA.An additional safety layer is established by implementing the Local Outlier Factor(LOF),which detects and addresses abnormal network behaviors.Rigorous testing of our solution has revealed its remarkable ability to enhance communication in VANETs.Specifically,Our experimental results achieve message delivery ratios of up to 94.25%andminimal packet loss ratios of just 0.297%.Based on our experimental results,the proposedmechanismsignificantly improves VANET communication reliability and security.These results promise a more secure and dependable future for IoV,capable of transforming transportation safety and efficiency.展开更多
Quality of service （QoS） routing and multicasting protocols in ad hoc networks are face with the challenge of delivering data to destinations through multihop routes in the presence of node movements and topology ch...Quality of service （QoS） routing and multicasting protocols in ad hoc networks are face with the challenge of delivering data to destinations through multihop routes in the presence of node movements and topology changes. The multicast routing problem with multiple QoS constraints is discussed, which may deal with the delay, bandwidth and cost metrics, and describes a network model for researching the ad hoc networks QoS multicast routing problem. It presents a distributed QoS multicast routing protocol （DQMRP）. The proof of correctness and complenty analysis of the DQMRP are also given. Simulation results show that the multicast tree optimized by DQMRP is better than other protocols and is fitter for the network situations with frequently changed status and the realtime multimedia application. It is an available approach to multicast routing decision with multiple QoS constraints.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundationof China (60873195 61070220)+3 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province (070412049)the Outstanding Young Teacher Foundation of Anhui Higher Education Institutions of China (2009SQRZ167)the Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Higher Education Institutions of China (KJ2009B114)the Open Project Program of Engineering Research Center of Safety Critical Industry Measure and Control Technology (SCIMCT0802)
文摘To study multi-radio multi-channel （MR-MC） Ad Hoc networks based on 802.11, an efficient cross-layer routing protocol with the function of joint channel assignment, called joint channel assignment and cross-layer routing （JCACR）, is presented. Firstly, this paper introduces a new concept called channel utilization percentage （CUP）, which is for measuring the contention level of different channels in a node’s neighborhood, and deduces its optimal value for determining whether a channel is overloaded or not. Then, a metric parameter named channel selection metric （CSM） is designed, which actually reffects not only the channel status but also corresponding node’s capacity to seize it. JCACR evaluates channel assignment by CSM, performs a local optimization by assigning each node a channel with the smaller CSM value, and changes the working channel dynamically when the channel is overloaded. Therefore, the network load balancing can be achieved. In addition, simulation shows that, when compared with the protocol of weighted cumulative expected transfer time （WCETT）, the new protocol can improve the network throughput and reduce the end-to-end average delay with fewer overheads.
文摘In multi-hop cognitive radio networks （ CRNs）, the heterogeneous environment increases the complexity of common control channel （CCC） formation and routing protocol design. In this paper, we consider the on-demand routing protocol transmits over CCC. However, since CR transceivers （secondary users） have different available channel sets and it must vacate the licensed channel when a primary user arrives, forming a CCC becomes a main challenge in routing protocol design for CRNs. Our proposed CCC formation algorithm is based on a spectrum-tree structure, which consists of all cluster heads in CRNs. The cluster heads are with smaller moving range and lower mobility, and also act as a router in the whole network which maintains information of its cluster. Hence, a route is constituted in part by a set of cluster-head identity （ID） numbers, which represent the spe- cific cluster heads the path traverses, and in part by a set of member nodes ID numbers, which are included in the clusters containing the source and destination nodes. Due to high mobility and dynamic available spectrum, we define the stability parameters of path as two parts. One stability parameter is mobility factor, which represents the probability that a pairwise node can keep in communication range for the next flow transmission. The another stability parameter is spectrum opportunistic （SOP） factor, which represents the probability that a pairwise links can obtain the assigned spectrum band for the next flow transmission. Simulation results show that CCC formation algorithm produces a high probability of CCC formation, and the proposed routing protocol performs better than typical routing protocols.
基金supported in part by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.61931011 and 62372230)the Jiangsu Provincial Key Research and Development Program,China(No.BE2021013-4).
文摘UAV networks often encounter jamming attacks, under which multi-radio protocols have to switch radios to accelerate communication recovery. However, the existing protocols rely on exchange of hello messages to detect jamming, leading to long sensing time and thus slow routing recovery. To address the issues raised by jamming attacks, we propose a new routing protocol, Electromagnetic Spectrum situation awareness Optimized Link State Routing (ESOLSR) protocol, to improve the existing OLSRv2 protocol. ESOLSR utilizes the spectrum situation awareness capability from the physical layer, and adopts joint-updating of link status, updating of interface functions, and adaptive adjustment of parameters. Our simulation results show that the improved protocol, ESOLSR, can recover routing and resume normal communication 26.6% faster compared to the existing protocols.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.90604013)Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin(No.08JCYBJC14200)National High Technology Research and Development Program("863"Program)of China(No.2007AA01Z220)
文摘Since most ad hoc mobile devices today operate on batteries,the power consumption becomes an important issue.This paper proposes a cross-layer design of energy-aware ad hoc on-demand distance vector(CEAODV) routing protocol which adopts cross-layer mechanism and energy-aware metric to improve AODV routing protocol to reduce the energy consumption and then prolong the life of the whole network.In CEAODV,the link layer and the routing layer work together to choose the optimized transmission power for nodes and the route for packets.The link layer provides the energy consumption information for the routing layer and the routing layer chooses route accordingly and conversely controls the link layer to adjust the transmission power.The simulation result shows that CEAODV can outperform AODV to save more energy.It can reduce the consumed energy by about 8%over traditional energy-aware algorithm.And the performance is better when the traffic load is higher in the network.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities under Grant No.ZYGX2009j006Foundation of Science & Technology Department of Sichuan Province under Grant No.2011GZ0192
文摘A proactive routing protocol CL-OLSR （cross-layer based optimized link state routing） by using a brand-new routing metric CLM （cross-layer metric） is proposed. CL-OLSR takes into account four link quality impact factors in route calculation through the cross-layer operation mechanism： the node available bandwidth, the node load, the link delivery rate, and the link interference, and thus the effect of route selection is optimized greatly. The simulation results show that the proposed CL-OLSR protocol can not only improve the network throughput to a large extent, but also reduce the end-to-end delay, while achieving load balance route results.
文摘Communication over wireless links identifies significant challenges for routing protocols operating. This paper proposes a Cross-layer design based Multipath Routing Protocol (CMRP) for mobile ad hoc networks, by means of the node energy signal from the physical layer. The purpose is to optimize routing decision and path quality. The nodes’ mobility behavior is predicted using a notion of “Signal Fading Degree, SFD”. Especially, in combination of the IEEE 802.11e standard at the MAC layer, we determine that the IEEE 802.11e makes a significant contribution to performance improvement of CMRP. Performance evaluation of AODV in legacy 802.11 and CMRP in IEEE 802.11e shows that, as a function of speed of node mobility, a tremendous reduction achieved, in metrics such as the average end-to-end delay, route overhead, route discovery frequency, normalized routing load - almost more than 80%, 40%, 40%, and 40%. In the case of varying number of sessions, the reduction for route discovery frequency and normalized routing load are up to 70% and 80%.
基金supported by Northern Border University,Arar,KSA,through the Project Number“NBU-FFR-2024-2248-02”.
文摘This paper contributes a sophisticated statistical method for the assessment of performance in routing protocols salient Mobile Ad Hoc Network(MANET)routing protocols:Destination Sequenced Distance Vector(DSDV),Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector(AODV),Dynamic Source Routing(DSR),and Zone Routing Protocol(ZRP).In this paper,the evaluation will be carried out using complete sets of statistical tests such as Kruskal-Wallis,Mann-Whitney,and Friedman.It articulates a systematic evaluation of how the performance of the previous protocols varies with the number of nodes and the mobility patterns.The study is premised upon the Quality of Service(QoS)metrics of throughput,packet delivery ratio,and end-to-end delay to gain an adequate understanding of the operational efficiency of each protocol under different network scenarios.The findings explained significant differences in the performance of different routing protocols;as a result,decisions for the selection and optimization of routing protocols can be taken effectively according to different network requirements.This paper is a step forward in the general understanding of the routing dynamics of MANETs and contributes significantly to the strategic deployment of robust and efficient network infrastructures.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61675033,61575026,61675233)National High Technical Research and Development Program of China(No.2015AA015504)
文摘This paper introduces an ant colony routing and wavelength assignment algorithm based on cross-layer design(CL-ACRWA),which can overcome the adverse effects of Doppler wavelength shift on data transmission in optical satellite networks. Firstly, a cross-layer optimization model is built, which considers the Doppler wavelength shift, the transmission delay as well as wavelength-continuity constraint. Then an ant colony algorithm is utilized to solve the cross-layer optimization model, resulting in finding an optimal light path satisfying the above constraints for every connection request. The performance of CL-ACRWA is measured by the communication success probability, the convergence property and the transmission delay. Simulation results show that CL-ACRWA performs well in communication success probability and has good global search ability as well as fast convergence speed. Meanwhile, the transmission delay can meet the basic requirement of real-time transmission of business.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of P. R. China (60374072, 60434030)
文摘Lossy link is one of the unique characteristics in random-deployed sensor networks. We envision that robustness and reliability of routing cannot be ensured purely in network layer. Our idea is to enhance the performance of routing protocol by cross-layer interaction. We modified mint protocol, a routing protocol in TinyOS and proposed an enhanced version of mint called PA-mint. A transmission power control interface is added to network layer in PA-mint. When routing performance of the current network is not satisfied, PA-mint monotonically increases the transmission power via the interface we added. PA-mint is able to connect orphan nodes and robust to node mobility or key nodes failure. In the case that automatic request retransmission is employed, the number of retransmissions can be reduced by PA-mint. Results from experiments show that PA-mint increases the reliability and robustness of routing protocol by cross-layer interaction.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61675033,61575026,61675232,61571440)the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(No.2015AA015504)
文摘In order to overcome the adverse effects of Doppler wavelength shift on data transmission in the optical satellite networks,a dynamic routing and wavelength assignment algorithm based on crosslayer design( CL-DRWA) is introduced which can improve robustness of the network. Above all,a cross-layer optimization model is designed,which considers transmission delay and wavelength-continuity constraint,as well as Doppler wavelength shift. Then CL-DRWA is applied to solve this model,resulting in finding an optimal light path satisfying the above constraints for every connection request. In CL-DRWA,Bellman-Ford method is used to find an optimal route and a distributed relative capacity loss method is implemented to get an optimal wavelength assignment result on the optimal route. Moreover,compared with the dynamic routing and wavelength assignment algorithm based on minimum delay strategy( MD-DRWA),CL-DRWA can make an improvement of 5. 3% on the communication success probability. Meanwhile,CL-DRWA can meet the requirement of transmission delay for real-time services.
基金The National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863Program)(No2006AA01Z268)
文摘To cope with the problem of low protocol efficiency of the standard ad hoc on-demand distance vector （AODV） routing protocol with the periodic Hello message broadcast mechanism, a new link availability prediction based strategy is introduced to reduce the amount of Hello messages. In this strategy, a novel wireless link availability prediction model under line-of-sight （LOS） propagation environments is proposed based on which the parameter of Hello Interval in AODV can be dynamically adjusted to achieve the goal of changing the frequency of Hello message broadcasts under different link stability degrees. Simulation results demonstrate that, compared with the standard AODV with the periodic Hello message broadcast mechanism, the proposed protocol effectively reduces unnecessary control message overhead and greatly improves the performance in terms of end-to-end delay and efficiency.
文摘Recently, location-based routings in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are attracting a lot of interest in the research community, especially because of its scalability. In location-based routing, the network size is scalable without increasing the signalling overhead as routing decisions are inherently localized. Here, each node is aware of its position in the network through some positioning device like GPS and uses this information in the routing mechanism. In this paper, we first discuss the basics of WSNs including the architecture of the network, energy consumption for the components of a typical sensor node, and draw a detailed picture of classification of location-based routing protocols. Then, we present a systematic and comprehensive taxonomy of location-based routing protocols, mostly for sensor networks. All the schemes are subsequently discussed in depth. Finally, we conclude the paper with some insights on potential research directions for location-based routing in WSNs.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.60940010 and 61071073)Doctoral Fund of Ministry of Education of China(No.20090061110043)
文摘An efcient hop count route fnding approach for mobile ad hoc network is presented in this paper.It is an adaptive routing protocol that has a tradeof between transmission power and hop count for wireless ad hoc networks.During the route fnding process,the node can dynamically assign transmission power to nodes along the route.The node who has received route request message compares its power with the threshold power value,and then selects a reasonable route according to discriminating algorithms.This algorithm is an efective solution scheme to wireless ad hoc networks through reasonably selected path to reduce network consumption.Simulation results indicate that the proposed protocol can deliver better performances with respect to energy consumption and end-to-end delay.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(6 98730 2 7)
文摘Most knowledgeable people agree that networking and routing technologies have been around about 25 years. Routing is simultaneously the most complicated function of a network and the most important. It is of the same kind that more than 70% of computer application fields are MIS applications. So the challenge in building and using a MIS in the network is developing the means to find, access, and communicate large databases or multi databases systems. Because general databases are not time continuous, in fact, they can not be streaming, so we can't obtain reliable and secure quality of service by deleting some unimportant datagrams in the databases transmission. In this article, we will discuss which kind of routing protocol is the best type for large databases or multi databases systems transmission in the networks.
基金This paper was partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Crants No. 61003283, No. 61001122 Beijing Natural Science Foundation of China under Crants No. 4102064+2 种基金 the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province under Crant No. BK2011171 the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China under Crant No. 2011 AA010701 the Fundamental Research Funds for the Cen- tral Universities under Ccants No. 2011RC0507, No. 2012RO3603.
文摘As a core technology of Intemet of Things （loT）, Wireless Sensor Network （WSN） has become a research hotspot recently. More and more WSNs are being deployed in highly mobile environments. The fast moving sensor nodes bring significant challenges for the routing decision. In this paper, we propose an efficient logical location method, and designe a mobility estimating metric and derive a novel Green Mobility Estirmtion- based Routing protocol （G-MER） for WSNs. We also set up a full framework to evaluate its per- formance. Simulation results illustrate that G-MER achieves a fairly better perforrmnce in terrm of broadcast times and link failures than AODV. What＇s more, it decreases the mean hops by about 0.25 and reduces energy consumption by about 10% during the whole experiment. All the results show that G-MER can be effectively used in fast- moving and limited resource scenarios.
基金This Paper is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants Nos.61761035,41761086,61461037,61661041).
文摘In recent years,with the rapid development of the Internet and wireless communication technology,wireless Ad hoc networks have received more attention.Due to the limited transmission range and energy of nodes in Ad hoc networks,it is important to establish a reliable and energy-balanced transmission path in Ad hoc networks.This paper proposes an energy-based dynamic routing protocol based on the existing AODV routing protocol,which has the following two aspects of improvement:(1)In the route discovery process,a node selects a suitable route from the minimum energy consumption route and the energy-balanced route designed in this paper according to a“Mark”bit that representing remaining energy of a node.(2)Based on(1),a route interruption update strategy was proposed to restart the route discovery process when node energy was used excessively.Simulation results demonstrate that compared with AODV and other existing routing protocols,proposed algorithm can reduce network energy consumption and balance node energy,thus extending the network lifetime.
基金supported by NSFC (Grant No. 61172074, 61471028, 61371069, and 61272505)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities under Grant No. 2015JBM016+1 种基金the Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China under Grant No.20130009110015the financial support from China Scholarship Council
文摘Due to the increasing number of wireless mobile devices,the possibility of mobile communications without infrastructure becomes a reality.The Decentralized Mobile Social Network(DMSN) is a paradigm where nodes can move freely and organize themselves arbitrarily.Routing in these environments is difficult for the reason of the rapid changes of the social relationship graph's topology.Meanwhile,the social ties among nodes change overtime.Therefore,an efficient data forwarding mechanism should be considered over the temporal weighted relationship graph.In this paper,an Advanced routing Protocol based on Parameters Optimization in the Weighted mobile social network(APPOW) is proposed to improve the delivery success ratio and reduce the cost of exchanging information.APPOW combines the normalized relative weights of three local social metrics,i.e.,LinkRank,similarity and contact strength,to select the next relay node.The weights of the three metrics are derived by pair-wise learning algorithm.The result shows that APPOW outperforms the state-ofthe-art SimBet Routing in delivering message and significantly reduces the average hops.Additionally,the delivery performance of APPOW is close to Epidemic Routing but without message duplications.
基金Acknowledgements This paper was supported by the Major National Science and Technology program under Grant No. 2011ZX03005-002 the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 61100233 the Fundamental Universities under Grant No Research Funds for the Central K50510030010.
文摘Wireless Mesh Network （WMN） is seen as an effective Intemet access solution for dynamic wireless applications. For the low mobility of mesh routers in WMN, the backbone topography can be effectively maintained by proactive routing protocol. Pre-proposals like Tree Based Routing （TBR） protocol and Root Driven Routing （RDR） protocol are so centralized that they make the gateway becorre a bottleneck which severely restricts the network performance. We proposed an Optimized Tree-based Routing （OTR） protocol that logically separated the proactive tree into pieces. Route is partly computed by the branches instead of root. We also discussed the operation of multipie Intemet gateways which is a main issue in WMN. The new proposal lightens the load in root, reduces the overhead and improves the throughput. Numerical analysis and simulation results confirm that the perforrmnce of WMN is improved and OTR is more suitable for large scale WMN.
文摘Wireless technology is transforming the future of transportation through the development of the Internet of Vehicles(IoV).However,intricate security challenges are intertwinedwith technological progress:Vehicular ad hoc Networks(VANETs),a core component of IoV,face security issues,particularly the Black Hole Attack(BHA).This malicious attack disrupts the seamless flow of data and threatens the network’s overall reliability;also,BHA strategically disrupts communication pathways by dropping data packets from legitimate nodes altogether.Recognizing the importance of this challenge,we have introduced a new solution called ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector-Reputation-based mechanism Local Outlier Factor(AODV-RL).The significance of AODVRL lies in its unique approach:it verifies and confirms the trustworthiness of network components,providing robust protection against BHA.An additional safety layer is established by implementing the Local Outlier Factor(LOF),which detects and addresses abnormal network behaviors.Rigorous testing of our solution has revealed its remarkable ability to enhance communication in VANETs.Specifically,Our experimental results achieve message delivery ratios of up to 94.25%andminimal packet loss ratios of just 0.297%.Based on our experimental results,the proposedmechanismsignificantly improves VANET communication reliability and security.These results promise a more secure and dependable future for IoV,capable of transforming transportation safety and efficiency.
基金This project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (60172035 ,90304018) NSF of HubeiProvince (2004ABA014) and Teaching Research Project of Higher Educational Institutions of Hubei Province (20040231)
文摘Quality of service （QoS） routing and multicasting protocols in ad hoc networks are face with the challenge of delivering data to destinations through multihop routes in the presence of node movements and topology changes. The multicast routing problem with multiple QoS constraints is discussed, which may deal with the delay, bandwidth and cost metrics, and describes a network model for researching the ad hoc networks QoS multicast routing problem. It presents a distributed QoS multicast routing protocol （DQMRP）. The proof of correctness and complenty analysis of the DQMRP are also given. Simulation results show that the multicast tree optimized by DQMRP is better than other protocols and is fitter for the network situations with frequently changed status and the realtime multimedia application. It is an available approach to multicast routing decision with multiple QoS constraints.
