In the paper we use detrended cross-correlation analysis （DCCA） to study the electroencephalograms of healthy young subjects and healthy old subjects. It is found that the cross-correlation between different leads o...In the paper we use detrended cross-correlation analysis （DCCA） to study the electroencephalograms of healthy young subjects and healthy old subjects. It is found that the cross-correlation between different leads of a healthy young subject is larger than that of a healthy old subject. It was shown that the cross-correlation relationship decreases with the aging process and the phenomenon can help to diagnose whether the subject＇s brain function is healthy or not.展开更多
Temporal-spatial cross-correlation analysis of non-stationary wind speed time series plays a crucial role in wind field reconstruction as well as in wind pattern recognition.Firstly,the near-surface wind speed time se...Temporal-spatial cross-correlation analysis of non-stationary wind speed time series plays a crucial role in wind field reconstruction as well as in wind pattern recognition.Firstly,the near-surface wind speed time series recorded at different locations are studied using the detrended fluctuation analysis(DFA),and the corresponding scaling exponents are larger than 1.This indicates that all these wind speed time series have non-stationary characteristics.Secondly,concerning this special feature( i.e.,non-stationarity)of wind signals,a cross-correlation analysis method,namely detrended cross-correlation analysis(DCCA) coefficient,is employed to evaluate the temporal-spatial cross-correlations between non-stationary time series of different anemometer pairs.Finally,experiments on ten wind speed data synchronously collected by the ten anemometers with equidistant arrangement illustrate that the method of DCCA cross-correlation coefficient can accurately analyze full-scale temporal-spatial cross-correlation between non-stationary time series and also can easily identify the seasonal component,while three traditional cross-correlation techniques(i.e.,Pearson coefficient,cross-correlation function,and DCCA method) cannot give us these information directly.展开更多
The Galileo E1 open service （OS） and the global positioning system （GPS） L1C are intending to use the multiplexed binary offset carrier （MBOC） modulation in E1/L1 band, including both pilot and data components. ...The Galileo E1 open service （OS） and the global positioning system （GPS） L1C are intending to use the multiplexed binary offset carrier （MBOC） modulation in E1/L1 band, including both pilot and data components. The impact of data and pilot codes cross-correlation on the distortion of the discriminator function （i.e., the S-curve） is investigated, when only the pilot （or data） components of MBOC signals are tracked. It is shown that the modulation schemes and the receiver configuration （e.g., the correlator spacing） strongly affect the S-curve bias. In this paper, two methods are proposed to optimize the data/pilot code pairs of Galileo E1 OS and GPS L1C. The optimization goal is to obtain the minimum average S-curve bias when tracking only the pilot components a the specific correlator spacing. Figures of merit, such as S-curve bias, correlation loss and code tracking variance have been adopted for analyzing and comparing the un-optimized and optimized code pairs. Simulation results show that the optimized data/pilot code pairs could significantly mitigate the intra-channel codes cross-correlation, and then improve the code tracking performance of MBOC signals.展开更多
In Multiple-Input Multiple-Output( MIMO) system, the number of positive channel matrix eigenvalues is directly related to system performance. In order to characterize and model channel matrix eigenvalues,channel measu...In Multiple-Input Multiple-Output( MIMO) system, the number of positive channel matrix eigenvalues is directly related to system performance. In order to characterize and model channel matrix eigenvalues,channel measurements at 6. 0- 6. 4GHz by using 4 × 4 MIMO structure were conducted in a typical classroom environment. Based on measured data, the eigenvalues were modeled as Log-Normal distributed random variables and parameterized. Furthermore, Cross-Correlation( CC) coefficients of eigenvalues were estimated. The measurement results show that,under both Light-Of-Sight( LOS) and NonLight-Of-Sight( NLOS) scenarios,eigenvalues are highly de-correlated so that CC can be ignored for eigenvalue model.展开更多
Taking the return series of the EU carbon allowance price, WTI crude oil price, the European renewable energy index and Shenzhen carbon emission price, Daqing crude oil price, the China securities new energy index as ...Taking the return series of the EU carbon allowance price, WTI crude oil price, the European renewable energy index and Shenzhen carbon emission price, Daqing crude oil price, the China securities new energy index as sample data, the multifractal detrend cross-correlation analysis method(MF-DCCA)is used to research the dynamic cross-correlation relationships among the carbon emission market, crude oil market and the new energy market in Europe and China and the source of the multifractality. The empirical analysis shows that the cross-correlations among the carbon emission market, crude oil market and new energy market in Europe and China have all significant multifractal characteristics. Moreover, the multifractal strength of cross-correlation between the carbon emission market and crude oil market is less than that between the carbon emission market and new energy market in Europe. The Chinese market is the opposite. In addition, the multifractal strength of cross-correlation between the crude oil market and new energy market in Europe is more than that between the crude oil market and new energy market in China. It is also found that the long-range correlation of the sequences themselves and the fat-tailed distribution in fluctuations are the common causes of the multifractality, and the fat-tailed in fluctuations distribution contributes more to the multifractals of the series.展开更多
Background:Epidemiological studies have confirmed that longer exposure to insecticides like cypermethrin(CYP)significantly increases the risk of male reproductive toxicity.Crocus sativus L.has been recognized due to i...Background:Epidemiological studies have confirmed that longer exposure to insecticides like cypermethrin(CYP)significantly increases the risk of male reproductive toxicity.Crocus sativus L.has been recognized due to its therapeutic properties,but its exact role and molecular mechanisms in treatment of reproductive dysfunction remain unclear.Methods:During this study,36 rats were randomly divided into six groups(n=6):control,CYP-induced(60 mg/kg),standard(leuprolide 3 mg/kg)and three treatment groups receiving aqueous,ethanolic,and oil extracts(50 mg/kg or 20 mL/kg)for post-toxicity induction.Results:The finding represented that exposure of CYP significantly increased oxidative stress,disrupted testicular architecture,and markedly reduced testosterone levels(P<0.05).Importantly,Crocus sativus L.treatment alleviated these changes by increasing the expression of Nrf2(nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2),restoring the activity of antioxidant enzymes,and enhancing testicular histomorphology.Surprisingly,molecular docking established a high binding affinity of Crocus sativus L.phytoconstituents such as gallic acid,cinnamic acid and quercetin to the Nrf2-Keap1 complex.It is worth noting that,Crocus sativus L.exhibited a high level of protection against reproductive toxicity caused by CYP in male rats,which was mediated by the activation of Nrf2 pathway,reduction of oxidative damage,and favorable ADMET characteristics.Conclusion:Notably,this research provides a more valid,safe,and effective method of developing new drugs for reproductive disorders,however,further investigation is needed to support the research findings and implement it in clinical practice.展开更多
Border-associated macrophages are located at the interface between the brain and the periphery, including the perivascular spaces, choroid plexus, and meninges. Until recently, the functions of border-associated macro...Border-associated macrophages are located at the interface between the brain and the periphery, including the perivascular spaces, choroid plexus, and meninges. Until recently, the functions of border-associated macrophages have been poorly understood and largely overlooked. However, a recent study reported that border-associated macrophages participate in stroke-induced inflammation, although many details and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we performed a comprehensive single-cell analysis of mouse border-associated macrophages using sequencing data obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus(GEO) database(GSE174574 and GSE225948). Differentially expressed genes were identified, and enrichment analysis was performed to identify the transcription profile of border-associated macrophages. CellChat analysis was conducted to determine the cell communication network of border-associated macrophages. Transcription factors were predicted using the ‘pySCENIC' tool. We found that, in response to hypoxia, borderassociated macrophages underwent dynamic transcriptional changes and participated in the regulation of inflammatory-related pathways. Notably, the tumor necrosis factor pathway was activated by border-associated macrophages following ischemic stroke. The pySCENIC analysis indicated that the activity of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3(Stat3) was obviously upregulated in stroke, suggesting that Stat3 inhibition may be a promising strategy for treating border-associated macrophages-induced neuroinflammation. Finally, we constructed an animal model to investigate the effects of border-associated macrophages depletion following a stroke. Treatment with liposomes containing clodronate significantly reduced infarct volume in the animals and improved neurological scores compared with untreated animals. Taken together, our results demonstrate comprehensive changes in border-associated macrophages following a stroke, providing a theoretical basis for targeting border-associated macrophages-induced neuroinflammation in stroke treatment.展开更多
Landslides significantly threaten lives and infrastructure, especially in seismically active regions. This study conducts a probabilistic analysis of seismic landslide runout behavior, leveraging a large-deformation f...Landslides significantly threaten lives and infrastructure, especially in seismically active regions. This study conducts a probabilistic analysis of seismic landslide runout behavior, leveraging a large-deformation finite-element (LDFE) model that accounts for the three-dimensional (3D) spatial variability and cross-correlation in soil strength — a reflection of natural soils' inherent properties. LDFE model results are validated by comparing them against previous studies, followed by an examination of the effects of univariable, uncorrelated bivariable, and cross-correlated bivariable random fields on landslide runout behavior. The study's findings reveal that integrating variability in both friction angle and cohesion within uncorrelated bivariable random fields markedly influences runout distances when compared with univariable random fields. Moreover, the cross-correlation of soil cohesion and friction angle dramatically affects runout behavior, with positive correlations enlarging and negative correlations reducing runout distances. Transitioning from two-dimensional (2D) to 3D analyses, a more realistic representation of sliding surface, landslide velocity, runout distance and final deposit morphology is achieved. The study highlights that 2D random analyses substantially underestimate the mean value and overestimate the variability of runout distance, underscoring the importance of 3D modeling in accurately predicting landslide behavior. Overall, this work emphasizes the essential role of understanding 3D cross-correlation in soil strength for landslide hazard assessment and mitigation strategies.展开更多
Cross-correlating traffic flow data at different intersections in an urban transportation network is important for understanding the collective behavior of constituents in a complex system and for predicting the risk ...Cross-correlating traffic flow data at different intersections in an urban transportation network is important for understanding the collective behavior of constituents in a complex system and for predicting the risk of network-wide congestion. In this work, a Random Matrix Theory （RMT） based method is used to describe the collective behavior from massive traffic data sets. Nonrandom correlations between traffic flow series recorded in the Beijing road network occur both with and without detrending. The effect of the traffic load on the correlation patterns of network-wide traffic flows is analyzed using the RMT analysis of a simulated data set collected from Paramics. The RMT analysis is also used to evaluate the impact of incidents on the network-wide traffic status. Cluster analysis is used to find the largest cluster in the network which indicates the critical congestion caused by the incident. All the results show that RMT analyses are an effective method for investigating systematic interactions in urban transportation systems.展开更多
The cyclic cross-correlation between a stationary process and a cyclostationary process at cycle frequency α(≠ 0)is identically zero under an ideal condition, which indicates that a cyclic cross-correlation method p...The cyclic cross-correlation between a stationary process and a cyclostationary process at cycle frequency α(≠ 0)is identically zero under an ideal condition, which indicates that a cyclic cross-correlation method performs much better than the conventional cross-correlation method in suppressing the stationary noise or interference. But unfortunately, the cyclic cross-correlation will not really approach zero due to the limited data length in some real conditions. In this paper, the quantitative relation between the data length and the estimated cyclic cross-correlation is deduced, and some useful conclusions are drawn, which are proven by some computer simulations. The conclusion in this paper is really useful for the practical application of cyclostationary signal processing.展开更多
In order to study the universality of the interactions among different markets, we analyze the cross-correlation matrix of the price of the Chinese and American bank stocks. We then find that the stock prices of the e...In order to study the universality of the interactions among different markets, we analyze the cross-correlation matrix of the price of the Chinese and American bank stocks. We then find that the stock prices of the emerging market are more correlated than that of the developed market. Considering that the values of the components for the eigenvector may be positive or negative, we analyze the differences between two markets in combination with the endogenous and exogenous events which influence the financial markets. We find that the sparse pattern of components of eigenvectors out of the threshold value has no change in American bank stocks before and after the subprime crisis. However, it changes from sparse to dense for Chinese bank stocks. By using the threshold value to exclude the external factors, we simulate the interactions in financial markets.展开更多
This document presents a framework for recognizing people by palm vein distribution analysis using cross-correlation based signatures to obtain descriptors. Haar wavelets are useful in reducing the number of features ...This document presents a framework for recognizing people by palm vein distribution analysis using cross-correlation based signatures to obtain descriptors. Haar wavelets are useful in reducing the number of features while maintaining high recognition rates. This experiment achieved 97.5% of individuals classified correctly with two levels of Haar wavelets. This study used twelve-version of RGB and NIR (near infrared) wavelength images per individual. One hundred people were studied;therefore 4,800 instances compose the complete database. A Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) was trained to improve the recognition rate in a k-fold cross-validation test with k = 10. Classification results using MLP neural network were obtained using Weka (open source machine learning software).展开更多
The SKP1 gene is an important component of the SCF(SKP1-Cullin1-F-box)complex and serves as a bridge connecting the F-box and Cullin1genes(F-box-SKP1-Cullin1).The pattern of S-RNase being ubiquitously labelled by the ...The SKP1 gene is an important component of the SCF(SKP1-Cullin1-F-box)complex and serves as a bridge connecting the F-box and Cullin1genes(F-box-SKP1-Cullin1).The pattern of S-RNase being ubiquitously labelled by the SCF complex and degraded by the 26S protease accounts for the bulk of the available self-incompatibility studies.In this study,15 ClSKP1s from the‘Xiangshui'lemon genome and ubiquitome exist in the same SKP1 conserved domain(CD)as SKP1s in other species.The q PCR results showed that SKP1-6 and SKP1-14 have tissue expression patterns specific for expression in pollen.In addition,SKP1-6 and SKP1-14 in the stigma,style and ovary were significantly upregulated after self-pollination compared to those after cross-pollination.A subcellular location showed that SKP1-6 and SKP1-14 were located in the nucleus.In addition,yeast two-hybrid(Y2H)assays,bimolecular fluorescence complementation(BiFC)and luciferase complementation imaging(LCI)assays showed that SKP1-6 interacted with F-box1,F-box33,F-box34,F-box17,F-box19,Cullin1-2 and 26S proteasome subunit 4 homolog A(26S PS4HA).SKP1-14 interacted with F-box17,F-box19,F-box35,Cullin1-2 and 26S PS4HA.The interaction of Cullin1-2 and the F-box with SKP1 as a bridge was verified by a yeast three-hybrid experiment.The ability of S3-RNase to inhibit pollen and pollen tube growth and development was assessed using in vitro pollen co-culture experiments with recombinant S3-RNase proteins.Overall,this study provides important experimental evidence and theoretical basis for understanding the mechanism of self-incompatibility in plants by revealing the key role of the SCF complex in‘Xiangshui'lemon,which is bridged by ClSKP1-6,in self-incompatibility.The results of this study are of great significance for the future indepth exploration of the molecular mechanism of the SCF complex and its wide application in the self-incompatibility of plants.展开更多
Peripheral nerve injury is a common neurological condition that often leads to severe functional limitations and disabilities.Research on the pathogenesis of peripheral nerve injury has focused on pathological changes...Peripheral nerve injury is a common neurological condition that often leads to severe functional limitations and disabilities.Research on the pathogenesis of peripheral nerve injury has focused on pathological changes at individual injury sites,neglecting multilevel pathological analysis of the overall nervous system and target organs.This has led to restrictions on current therapeutic approaches.In this paper,we first summarize the potential mechanisms of peripheral nerve injury from a holistic perspective,covering the central nervous system,peripheral nervous system,and target organs.After peripheral nerve injury,the cortical plasticity of the brain is altered due to damage to and regeneration of peripheral nerves;changes such as neuronal apoptosis and axonal demyelination occur in the spinal cord.The nerve will undergo axonal regeneration,activation of Schwann cells,inflammatory response,and vascular system regeneration at the injury site.Corresponding damage to target organs can occur,including skeletal muscle atrophy and sensory receptor disruption.We then provide a brief review of the research advances in therapeutic approaches to peripheral nerve injury.The main current treatments are conducted passively and include physical factor rehabilitation,pharmacological treatments,cell-based therapies,and physical exercise.However,most treatments only partially address the problem and cannot complete the systematic recovery of the entire central nervous system-peripheral nervous system-target organ pathway.Therefore,we should further explore multilevel treatment options that produce effective,long-lasting results,perhaps requiring a combination of passive(traditional)and active(novel)treatment methods to stimulate rehabilitation at the central-peripheral-target organ levels to achieve better functional recovery.展开更多
As a means of quantitative interpretation,forward calculations of the global lithospheric magnetic field in the Spherical Harmonic(SH)domain have been widely used to reveal geophysical,lithological,and geothermal vari...As a means of quantitative interpretation,forward calculations of the global lithospheric magnetic field in the Spherical Harmonic(SH)domain have been widely used to reveal geophysical,lithological,and geothermal variations in the lithosphere.Traditional approaches either do not consider the non-axial dipolar terms of the inducing field and its radial variation or do so by means of complicated formulae.Moreover,existing methods treat the magnetic lithosphere either as an infinitesimally thin layer or as a radially uniform spherical shell of constant thickness.Here,we present alternative forward formulae that account for an arbitrarily high maximum degree of the inducing field and for a magnetic lithosphere of variable thickness.Our simulations based on these formulae suggest that the satellite magnetic anomaly field is sensitive to the non-axial dipolar terms of the inducing field but not to its radial variation.Therefore,in forward and inverse calculations of satellite magnetic anomaly data,the non-axial dipolar terms of the inducing field should not be ignored.Furthermore,our results show that the satellite magnetic anomaly field is sensitive to variability in the lateral thickness of the magnetized shell.In particular,we show that for a given vertically integrated susceptibility distribution,underestimating the thickness of the magnetic layer overestimates the induced magnetic field.This discovery bridges the greatest part of the alleged gap between the susceptibility values measured from rock samples and the susceptibility values required to match the observed magnetic field signal.We expect the formulae and conclusions of this study to be a valuable tool for the quantitative interpretation of the Earth's global lithospheric magnetic field,through an inverse or forward modelling approach.展开更多
The improved cross-correlation algorithm for the strain demodulation of Vernier-effect-based optical fiber sensor(VE-OFS)is proposed in this article.The algorithm identifies the most similar spectrum to the measured o...The improved cross-correlation algorithm for the strain demodulation of Vernier-effect-based optical fiber sensor(VE-OFS)is proposed in this article.The algorithm identifies the most similar spectrum to the measured one from the database of the collected spectra by employing the cross-correlation operation,subsequently deriving the predicted value via weighted calculation.As the algorithm uses the complete information in the measured raw spectrum,more accurate results and larger measurement range can be obtained.Additionally,the improved cross-correlation algorithm also has the potential to improve the measurement speed compared to current standards due to the possibility for the collection using low sampling rate.This work presents an important algorithm towards a simpler,faster way to improve the demodulation performance of VE-OFS.展开更多
Because of the challenge of compounding lightweight,high-strength Ti/Al alloys due to their considerable disparity in properties,Al 6063 as intermediate layer was proposed to fabricate TC4/Al 6063/Al 7075 three-layer ...Because of the challenge of compounding lightweight,high-strength Ti/Al alloys due to their considerable disparity in properties,Al 6063 as intermediate layer was proposed to fabricate TC4/Al 6063/Al 7075 three-layer composite plate by explosive welding.The microscopic properties of each bonding interface were elucidated through field emission scanning electron microscope and electron backscattered diffraction(EBSD).A methodology combining finite element method-smoothed particle hydrodynamics(FEM-SPH)and molecular dynamics(MD)was proposed for the analysis of the forming and evolution characteristics of explosive welding interfaces at multi-scale.The results demonstrate that the bonding interface morphologies of TC4/Al 6063 and Al 6063/Al 7075 exhibit a flat and wavy configuration,without discernible defects or cracks.The phenomenon of grain refinement is observed in the vicinity of the two bonding interfaces.Furthermore,the degree of plastic deformation of TC4 and Al 7075 is more pronounced than that of Al 6063 in the intermediate layer.The interface morphology characteristics obtained by FEM-SPH simulation exhibit a high degree of similarity to the experimental results.MD simulations reveal that the diffusion of interfacial elements predominantly occurs during the unloading phase,and the simulated thickness of interfacial diffusion aligns well with experimental outcomes.The introduction of intermediate layer in the explosive welding process can effectively produce high-quality titanium/aluminum alloy composite plates.Furthermore,this approach offers a multi-scale simulation strategy for the study of explosive welding bonding interfaces.展开更多
Joint Multimodal Aspect-based Sentiment Analysis(JMASA)is a significant task in the research of multimodal fine-grained sentiment analysis,which combines two subtasks:Multimodal Aspect Term Extraction(MATE)and Multimo...Joint Multimodal Aspect-based Sentiment Analysis(JMASA)is a significant task in the research of multimodal fine-grained sentiment analysis,which combines two subtasks:Multimodal Aspect Term Extraction(MATE)and Multimodal Aspect-oriented Sentiment Classification(MASC).Currently,most existing models for JMASA only perform text and image feature encoding from a basic level,but often neglect the in-depth analysis of unimodal intrinsic features,which may lead to the low accuracy of aspect term extraction and the poor ability of sentiment prediction due to the insufficient learning of intra-modal features.Given this problem,we propose a Text-Image Feature Fine-grained Learning(TIFFL)model for JMASA.First,we construct an enhanced adjacency matrix of word dependencies and adopt graph convolutional network to learn the syntactic structure features for text,which addresses the context interference problem of identifying different aspect terms.Then,the adjective-noun pairs extracted from image are introduced to enable the semantic representation of visual features more intuitive,which addresses the ambiguous semantic extraction problem during image feature learning.Thereby,the model performance of aspect term extraction and sentiment polarity prediction can be further optimized and enhanced.Experiments on two Twitter benchmark datasets demonstrate that TIFFL achieves competitive results for JMASA,MATE and MASC,thus validating the effectiveness of our proposed methods.展开更多
The growth trajectory of hailstones within clouds has remained elusive due to the inability to trace them directly,impeding the comprehension of their underlying growth mechanisms.This study investigated hailstone ver...The growth trajectory of hailstones within clouds has remained elusive due to the inability to trace them directly,impeding the comprehension of their underlying growth mechanisms.This study investigated hailstone vertical growth trajectories by detecting the stable isotope signatures(2H and 18O compositions)of different shells in 27 hailstones from 9hailstorms,which allowed us to capture the ambient temperature during hailstone growth.The vertical growth trajectories were obtained by comparing the isotopic compositions of water condensate in clouds,derived from the Adiabatic Model,with those measured in hailstones.Although hailstone growth was primarily observed in the–10°C to–30°C temperature layer,the embryo formation height and subsequent growth trajectories significantly varied among hailstones.Embryos formed over a wide range of temperatures(–8.7°C to–33.4°C);four originated at temperatures above–15°C and 16originated at temperatures below–20°C,suggesting ice nuclei composed of bioproteins and mineral dust,respectively.Among the 27 measured hailstones,3 exhibited minimal vertical movement,16 exhibited a monotonic rise or fall,and the remaining 8 exhibited alternating up-down trajectories;only one experienced“recycling”during up-down drifting.Trajectory analysis revealed that similar-sized hailstones from a single storm tended to form at similar heights,whereas those larger than 25 mm in diameter exhibited at least one period of upward growth.Vertical trajectories derived from isotopic analysis were corroborated by radar hydrometeor observations.展开更多
Background China is seeing a growing demand for rehabilitation treatments for post-stroke upper limb spastic paresis(PSSP-UL).Although acupuncture is known to be effective for PSSP-UL,there is room to enhance its effi...Background China is seeing a growing demand for rehabilitation treatments for post-stroke upper limb spastic paresis(PSSP-UL).Although acupuncture is known to be effective for PSSP-UL,there is room to enhance its efficacy.Objective This study explored a semi-personalized acupuncture approach for PSSP-UL that used three-dimensional kinematic analysis(3DKA)results to select additional acupoints,and investigated the feasibility,efficacy and safety of this approach.Design,setting,participants and interventions This single-blind,single-center,randomized,controlled trial involved 74 participants who experienced a first-ever ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke with spastic upper limb paresis.The participants were then randomly assigned to the intervention group or the control group in a 1:1 ratio.Both groups received conventional treatments and acupuncture treatment 5 days a week for 4 weeks.The main acupoints in both groups were the same,while participants in the intervention group received additional acupoints selected on the basis of 3DKA results.Follow-up assessments were conducted for 8 weeks after the treatment.Main outcome measures The primary outcome was the Fugl-Meyer Assessment for Upper Extremity(FMA-UE)response rate(≥6-point change)at week 4.Secondary outcomes included changes in motor function(FMA-UE),Brunnstrom recovery stage(BRS),manual muscle test(MMT),spasticity(Modified Ashworth Scale,MAS),and activities of daily life(Modified Barthel Index,MBI)at week 4 and week 12.Results Sixty-four participants completed the trial and underwent analyses.Compared with control group,the intervention group exhibited a significantly higher FMA-UE response rate at week 4(χ^(2)=5.479,P=0.019)and greater improvements in FMA-UE at both week 4 and week 12(both P<0.001).The intervention group also showed bigger improvements from baseline in the MMT grades for shoulder adduction and elbow flexion at weeks 4 and 12 as well as thumb adduction at week 4(P=0.007,P=0.049,P=0.019,P=0.008,P=0.029,respectively).The intervention group showed a better change in the MBI at both week 4 and week 12(P=0.004 and P=0.010,respectively).Although the intervention group had a higher BRS for the hand at week 12(P=0.041),no intergroup differences were observed at week 4(all P>0.05).The two groups showed no differences in MAS grades as well as in BRS for the arm at weeks 4 and 12(all P>0.05).Conclusion Semi-personalized acupuncture prescription based on 3DKA results significantly improved motor function,muscle strength,and activities of daily living in patients with PSSP-UL.展开更多
基金supported by the Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China (Grant No.BK2011759)
文摘In the paper we use detrended cross-correlation analysis （DCCA） to study the electroencephalograms of healthy young subjects and healthy old subjects. It is found that the cross-correlation between different leads of a healthy young subject is larger than that of a healthy old subject. It was shown that the cross-correlation relationship decreases with the aging process and the phenomenon can help to diagnose whether the subject＇s brain function is healthy or not.
基金Projects(61271321,61573253,61401303)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(14ZCZDSF00025)supported by Tianjin Key Technology Research and Development Program,China+1 种基金Project(13JCYBJC17500)supported by Tianjin Natural Science Foundation,ChinaProject(20120032110068)supported by Doctoral Fund of Ministry of Education of China
文摘Temporal-spatial cross-correlation analysis of non-stationary wind speed time series plays a crucial role in wind field reconstruction as well as in wind pattern recognition.Firstly,the near-surface wind speed time series recorded at different locations are studied using the detrended fluctuation analysis(DFA),and the corresponding scaling exponents are larger than 1.This indicates that all these wind speed time series have non-stationary characteristics.Secondly,concerning this special feature( i.e.,non-stationarity)of wind signals,a cross-correlation analysis method,namely detrended cross-correlation analysis(DCCA) coefficient,is employed to evaluate the temporal-spatial cross-correlations between non-stationary time series of different anemometer pairs.Finally,experiments on ten wind speed data synchronously collected by the ten anemometers with equidistant arrangement illustrate that the method of DCCA cross-correlation coefficient can accurately analyze full-scale temporal-spatial cross-correlation between non-stationary time series and also can easily identify the seasonal component,while three traditional cross-correlation techniques(i.e.,Pearson coefficient,cross-correlation function,and DCCA method) cannot give us these information directly.
基金National Basic Research Program of China(No.2010CB731805)
文摘The Galileo E1 open service （OS） and the global positioning system （GPS） L1C are intending to use the multiplexed binary offset carrier （MBOC） modulation in E1/L1 band, including both pilot and data components. The impact of data and pilot codes cross-correlation on the distortion of the discriminator function （i.e., the S-curve） is investigated, when only the pilot （or data） components of MBOC signals are tracked. It is shown that the modulation schemes and the receiver configuration （e.g., the correlator spacing） strongly affect the S-curve bias. In this paper, two methods are proposed to optimize the data/pilot code pairs of Galileo E1 OS and GPS L1C. The optimization goal is to obtain the minimum average S-curve bias when tracking only the pilot components a the specific correlator spacing. Figures of merit, such as S-curve bias, correlation loss and code tracking variance have been adopted for analyzing and comparing the un-optimized and optimized code pairs. Simulation results show that the optimized data/pilot code pairs could significantly mitigate the intra-channel codes cross-correlation, and then improve the code tracking performance of MBOC signals.
基金Sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundtion of China(Grant No.61371101)the Shenzhen Biological,Internet,New Energy and New Materials Industry Development Project(Grant No.JC201104210030A)+3 种基金the Science and Technology Basic Research Project of Shenzhen(Grant No.JC200903120174A)the Research Innovation Fund Project of HIT(Grant No.HIT.NSFIR.2010133)the WINDOW-Towards Pervasive Indoor Wireless NetworksSupported by the European Commission under its 7th Frame Work Program(Grant No.318992)
文摘In Multiple-Input Multiple-Output( MIMO) system, the number of positive channel matrix eigenvalues is directly related to system performance. In order to characterize and model channel matrix eigenvalues,channel measurements at 6. 0- 6. 4GHz by using 4 × 4 MIMO structure were conducted in a typical classroom environment. Based on measured data, the eigenvalues were modeled as Log-Normal distributed random variables and parameterized. Furthermore, Cross-Correlation( CC) coefficients of eigenvalues were estimated. The measurement results show that,under both Light-Of-Sight( LOS) and NonLight-Of-Sight( NLOS) scenarios,eigenvalues are highly de-correlated so that CC can be ignored for eigenvalue model.
基金supported by the Jiangsu postgraduate research and practice innovation program (Grant No. KYCX18_1386)
文摘Taking the return series of the EU carbon allowance price, WTI crude oil price, the European renewable energy index and Shenzhen carbon emission price, Daqing crude oil price, the China securities new energy index as sample data, the multifractal detrend cross-correlation analysis method(MF-DCCA)is used to research the dynamic cross-correlation relationships among the carbon emission market, crude oil market and the new energy market in Europe and China and the source of the multifractality. The empirical analysis shows that the cross-correlations among the carbon emission market, crude oil market and new energy market in Europe and China have all significant multifractal characteristics. Moreover, the multifractal strength of cross-correlation between the carbon emission market and crude oil market is less than that between the carbon emission market and new energy market in Europe. The Chinese market is the opposite. In addition, the multifractal strength of cross-correlation between the crude oil market and new energy market in Europe is more than that between the crude oil market and new energy market in China. It is also found that the long-range correlation of the sequences themselves and the fat-tailed distribution in fluctuations are the common causes of the multifractality, and the fat-tailed in fluctuations distribution contributes more to the multifractals of the series.
文摘Background:Epidemiological studies have confirmed that longer exposure to insecticides like cypermethrin(CYP)significantly increases the risk of male reproductive toxicity.Crocus sativus L.has been recognized due to its therapeutic properties,but its exact role and molecular mechanisms in treatment of reproductive dysfunction remain unclear.Methods:During this study,36 rats were randomly divided into six groups(n=6):control,CYP-induced(60 mg/kg),standard(leuprolide 3 mg/kg)and three treatment groups receiving aqueous,ethanolic,and oil extracts(50 mg/kg or 20 mL/kg)for post-toxicity induction.Results:The finding represented that exposure of CYP significantly increased oxidative stress,disrupted testicular architecture,and markedly reduced testosterone levels(P<0.05).Importantly,Crocus sativus L.treatment alleviated these changes by increasing the expression of Nrf2(nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2),restoring the activity of antioxidant enzymes,and enhancing testicular histomorphology.Surprisingly,molecular docking established a high binding affinity of Crocus sativus L.phytoconstituents such as gallic acid,cinnamic acid and quercetin to the Nrf2-Keap1 complex.It is worth noting that,Crocus sativus L.exhibited a high level of protection against reproductive toxicity caused by CYP in male rats,which was mediated by the activation of Nrf2 pathway,reduction of oxidative damage,and favorable ADMET characteristics.Conclusion:Notably,this research provides a more valid,safe,and effective method of developing new drugs for reproductive disorders,however,further investigation is needed to support the research findings and implement it in clinical practice.
基金supported by Qingdao Key Medical and Health Discipline ProjectThe Intramural Research Program of the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University,No. 4910Qingdao West Coast New Area Science and Technology Project,No. 2020-55 (all to SW)。
文摘Border-associated macrophages are located at the interface between the brain and the periphery, including the perivascular spaces, choroid plexus, and meninges. Until recently, the functions of border-associated macrophages have been poorly understood and largely overlooked. However, a recent study reported that border-associated macrophages participate in stroke-induced inflammation, although many details and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we performed a comprehensive single-cell analysis of mouse border-associated macrophages using sequencing data obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus(GEO) database(GSE174574 and GSE225948). Differentially expressed genes were identified, and enrichment analysis was performed to identify the transcription profile of border-associated macrophages. CellChat analysis was conducted to determine the cell communication network of border-associated macrophages. Transcription factors were predicted using the ‘pySCENIC' tool. We found that, in response to hypoxia, borderassociated macrophages underwent dynamic transcriptional changes and participated in the regulation of inflammatory-related pathways. Notably, the tumor necrosis factor pathway was activated by border-associated macrophages following ischemic stroke. The pySCENIC analysis indicated that the activity of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3(Stat3) was obviously upregulated in stroke, suggesting that Stat3 inhibition may be a promising strategy for treating border-associated macrophages-induced neuroinflammation. Finally, we constructed an animal model to investigate the effects of border-associated macrophages depletion following a stroke. Treatment with liposomes containing clodronate significantly reduced infarct volume in the animals and improved neurological scores compared with untreated animals. Taken together, our results demonstrate comprehensive changes in border-associated macrophages following a stroke, providing a theoretical basis for targeting border-associated macrophages-induced neuroinflammation in stroke treatment.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.U22A20596)the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(Grant No.GJHZ20220913142605010)the Jinan Lead Researcher Project(Grant No.202333051).
文摘Landslides significantly threaten lives and infrastructure, especially in seismically active regions. This study conducts a probabilistic analysis of seismic landslide runout behavior, leveraging a large-deformation finite-element (LDFE) model that accounts for the three-dimensional (3D) spatial variability and cross-correlation in soil strength — a reflection of natural soils' inherent properties. LDFE model results are validated by comparing them against previous studies, followed by an examination of the effects of univariable, uncorrelated bivariable, and cross-correlated bivariable random fields on landslide runout behavior. The study's findings reveal that integrating variability in both friction angle and cohesion within uncorrelated bivariable random fields markedly influences runout distances when compared with univariable random fields. Moreover, the cross-correlation of soil cohesion and friction angle dramatically affects runout behavior, with positive correlations enlarging and negative correlations reducing runout distances. Transitioning from two-dimensional (2D) to 3D analyses, a more realistic representation of sliding surface, landslide velocity, runout distance and final deposit morphology is achieved. The study highlights that 2D random analyses substantially underestimate the mean value and overestimate the variability of runout distance, underscoring the importance of 3D modeling in accurately predicting landslide behavior. Overall, this work emphasizes the essential role of understanding 3D cross-correlation in soil strength for landslide hazard assessment and mitigation strategies.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos. 60721003 and 60834001)the National High-Tech Research and Development (863) Program of China (Nos. 2012AA112305,2011AA110301, and 2011AA110401)
文摘Cross-correlating traffic flow data at different intersections in an urban transportation network is important for understanding the collective behavior of constituents in a complex system and for predicting the risk of network-wide congestion. In this work, a Random Matrix Theory （RMT） based method is used to describe the collective behavior from massive traffic data sets. Nonrandom correlations between traffic flow series recorded in the Beijing road network occur both with and without detrending. The effect of the traffic load on the correlation patterns of network-wide traffic flows is analyzed using the RMT analysis of a simulated data set collected from Paramics. The RMT analysis is also used to evaluate the impact of incidents on the network-wide traffic status. Cluster analysis is used to find the largest cluster in the network which indicates the critical congestion caused by the incident. All the results show that RMT analyses are an effective method for investigating systematic interactions in urban transportation systems.
文摘The cyclic cross-correlation between a stationary process and a cyclostationary process at cycle frequency α(≠ 0)is identically zero under an ideal condition, which indicates that a cyclic cross-correlation method performs much better than the conventional cross-correlation method in suppressing the stationary noise or interference. But unfortunately, the cyclic cross-correlation will not really approach zero due to the limited data length in some real conditions. In this paper, the quantitative relation between the data length and the estimated cyclic cross-correlation is deduced, and some useful conclusions are drawn, which are proven by some computer simulations. The conclusion in this paper is really useful for the practical application of cyclostationary signal processing.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11275186,91024026,and FOM2014OF001)the University of Shanghai for Science and Technology(USST)of Humanities and Social Sciences,China(Grant Nos.USST13XSZ05 and 11YJA790231)
文摘In order to study the universality of the interactions among different markets, we analyze the cross-correlation matrix of the price of the Chinese and American bank stocks. We then find that the stock prices of the emerging market are more correlated than that of the developed market. Considering that the values of the components for the eigenvector may be positive or negative, we analyze the differences between two markets in combination with the endogenous and exogenous events which influence the financial markets. We find that the sparse pattern of components of eigenvectors out of the threshold value has no change in American bank stocks before and after the subprime crisis. However, it changes from sparse to dense for Chinese bank stocks. By using the threshold value to exclude the external factors, we simulate the interactions in financial markets.
文摘This document presents a framework for recognizing people by palm vein distribution analysis using cross-correlation based signatures to obtain descriptors. Haar wavelets are useful in reducing the number of features while maintaining high recognition rates. This experiment achieved 97.5% of individuals classified correctly with two levels of Haar wavelets. This study used twelve-version of RGB and NIR (near infrared) wavelength images per individual. One hundred people were studied;therefore 4,800 instances compose the complete database. A Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) was trained to improve the recognition rate in a k-fold cross-validation test with k = 10. Classification results using MLP neural network were obtained using Weka (open source machine learning software).
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31960585)Science and Technology Major Project of Guangxi(Grant No.Guike AA22068092)+1 种基金Guangxi Science and Technology Vanguard Special Action Project(Grant No.202204)State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources(Grant Nos.SKLCUSA-a201906,SKLCU-SA-c201901)。
文摘The SKP1 gene is an important component of the SCF(SKP1-Cullin1-F-box)complex and serves as a bridge connecting the F-box and Cullin1genes(F-box-SKP1-Cullin1).The pattern of S-RNase being ubiquitously labelled by the SCF complex and degraded by the 26S protease accounts for the bulk of the available self-incompatibility studies.In this study,15 ClSKP1s from the‘Xiangshui'lemon genome and ubiquitome exist in the same SKP1 conserved domain(CD)as SKP1s in other species.The q PCR results showed that SKP1-6 and SKP1-14 have tissue expression patterns specific for expression in pollen.In addition,SKP1-6 and SKP1-14 in the stigma,style and ovary were significantly upregulated after self-pollination compared to those after cross-pollination.A subcellular location showed that SKP1-6 and SKP1-14 were located in the nucleus.In addition,yeast two-hybrid(Y2H)assays,bimolecular fluorescence complementation(BiFC)and luciferase complementation imaging(LCI)assays showed that SKP1-6 interacted with F-box1,F-box33,F-box34,F-box17,F-box19,Cullin1-2 and 26S proteasome subunit 4 homolog A(26S PS4HA).SKP1-14 interacted with F-box17,F-box19,F-box35,Cullin1-2 and 26S PS4HA.The interaction of Cullin1-2 and the F-box with SKP1 as a bridge was verified by a yeast three-hybrid experiment.The ability of S3-RNase to inhibit pollen and pollen tube growth and development was assessed using in vitro pollen co-culture experiments with recombinant S3-RNase proteins.Overall,this study provides important experimental evidence and theoretical basis for understanding the mechanism of self-incompatibility in plants by revealing the key role of the SCF complex in‘Xiangshui'lemon,which is bridged by ClSKP1-6,in self-incompatibility.The results of this study are of great significance for the future indepth exploration of the molecular mechanism of the SCF complex and its wide application in the self-incompatibility of plants.
基金supported by grants from the Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin(General Program),Nos.23JCYBJC01390(to RL),22JCYBJC00220(to XC),and 22JCYBJC00210(to QL).
文摘Peripheral nerve injury is a common neurological condition that often leads to severe functional limitations and disabilities.Research on the pathogenesis of peripheral nerve injury has focused on pathological changes at individual injury sites,neglecting multilevel pathological analysis of the overall nervous system and target organs.This has led to restrictions on current therapeutic approaches.In this paper,we first summarize the potential mechanisms of peripheral nerve injury from a holistic perspective,covering the central nervous system,peripheral nervous system,and target organs.After peripheral nerve injury,the cortical plasticity of the brain is altered due to damage to and regeneration of peripheral nerves;changes such as neuronal apoptosis and axonal demyelination occur in the spinal cord.The nerve will undergo axonal regeneration,activation of Schwann cells,inflammatory response,and vascular system regeneration at the injury site.Corresponding damage to target organs can occur,including skeletal muscle atrophy and sensory receptor disruption.We then provide a brief review of the research advances in therapeutic approaches to peripheral nerve injury.The main current treatments are conducted passively and include physical factor rehabilitation,pharmacological treatments,cell-based therapies,and physical exercise.However,most treatments only partially address the problem and cannot complete the systematic recovery of the entire central nervous system-peripheral nervous system-target organ pathway.Therefore,we should further explore multilevel treatment options that produce effective,long-lasting results,perhaps requiring a combination of passive(traditional)and active(novel)treatment methods to stimulate rehabilitation at the central-peripheral-target organ levels to achieve better functional recovery.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42250103 and 42174090)the Opening Fund of Key Laboratory of Geological Survey and Evaluation of Ministry of Education(Grant No.GLAB2023ZR02)the Ministry of Science and Technology(MOST)Special Fund from the State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources(Grant No.MSFGPMR2022-4)。
文摘As a means of quantitative interpretation,forward calculations of the global lithospheric magnetic field in the Spherical Harmonic(SH)domain have been widely used to reveal geophysical,lithological,and geothermal variations in the lithosphere.Traditional approaches either do not consider the non-axial dipolar terms of the inducing field and its radial variation or do so by means of complicated formulae.Moreover,existing methods treat the magnetic lithosphere either as an infinitesimally thin layer or as a radially uniform spherical shell of constant thickness.Here,we present alternative forward formulae that account for an arbitrarily high maximum degree of the inducing field and for a magnetic lithosphere of variable thickness.Our simulations based on these formulae suggest that the satellite magnetic anomaly field is sensitive to the non-axial dipolar terms of the inducing field but not to its radial variation.Therefore,in forward and inverse calculations of satellite magnetic anomaly data,the non-axial dipolar terms of the inducing field should not be ignored.Furthermore,our results show that the satellite magnetic anomaly field is sensitive to variability in the lateral thickness of the magnetized shell.In particular,we show that for a given vertically integrated susceptibility distribution,underestimating the thickness of the magnetic layer overestimates the induced magnetic field.This discovery bridges the greatest part of the alleged gap between the susceptibility values measured from rock samples and the susceptibility values required to match the observed magnetic field signal.We expect the formulae and conclusions of this study to be a valuable tool for the quantitative interpretation of the Earth's global lithospheric magnetic field,through an inverse or forward modelling approach.
文摘The improved cross-correlation algorithm for the strain demodulation of Vernier-effect-based optical fiber sensor(VE-OFS)is proposed in this article.The algorithm identifies the most similar spectrum to the measured one from the database of the collected spectra by employing the cross-correlation operation,subsequently deriving the predicted value via weighted calculation.As the algorithm uses the complete information in the measured raw spectrum,more accurate results and larger measurement range can be obtained.Additionally,the improved cross-correlation algorithm also has the potential to improve the measurement speed compared to current standards due to the possibility for the collection using low sampling rate.This work presents an important algorithm towards a simpler,faster way to improve the demodulation performance of VE-OFS.
基金Opening Foundation of Key Laboratory of Explosive Energy Utilization and Control,Anhui Province(BP20240104)Graduate Innovation Program of China University of Mining and Technology(2024WLJCRCZL049)Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province(KYCX24_2701)。
文摘Because of the challenge of compounding lightweight,high-strength Ti/Al alloys due to their considerable disparity in properties,Al 6063 as intermediate layer was proposed to fabricate TC4/Al 6063/Al 7075 three-layer composite plate by explosive welding.The microscopic properties of each bonding interface were elucidated through field emission scanning electron microscope and electron backscattered diffraction(EBSD).A methodology combining finite element method-smoothed particle hydrodynamics(FEM-SPH)and molecular dynamics(MD)was proposed for the analysis of the forming and evolution characteristics of explosive welding interfaces at multi-scale.The results demonstrate that the bonding interface morphologies of TC4/Al 6063 and Al 6063/Al 7075 exhibit a flat and wavy configuration,without discernible defects or cracks.The phenomenon of grain refinement is observed in the vicinity of the two bonding interfaces.Furthermore,the degree of plastic deformation of TC4 and Al 7075 is more pronounced than that of Al 6063 in the intermediate layer.The interface morphology characteristics obtained by FEM-SPH simulation exhibit a high degree of similarity to the experimental results.MD simulations reveal that the diffusion of interfacial elements predominantly occurs during the unloading phase,and the simulated thickness of interfacial diffusion aligns well with experimental outcomes.The introduction of intermediate layer in the explosive welding process can effectively produce high-quality titanium/aluminum alloy composite plates.Furthermore,this approach offers a multi-scale simulation strategy for the study of explosive welding bonding interfaces.
基金supported by the Science and Technology Project of Henan Province(No.222102210081).
文摘Joint Multimodal Aspect-based Sentiment Analysis(JMASA)is a significant task in the research of multimodal fine-grained sentiment analysis,which combines two subtasks:Multimodal Aspect Term Extraction(MATE)and Multimodal Aspect-oriented Sentiment Classification(MASC).Currently,most existing models for JMASA only perform text and image feature encoding from a basic level,but often neglect the in-depth analysis of unimodal intrinsic features,which may lead to the low accuracy of aspect term extraction and the poor ability of sentiment prediction due to the insufficient learning of intra-modal features.Given this problem,we propose a Text-Image Feature Fine-grained Learning(TIFFL)model for JMASA.First,we construct an enhanced adjacency matrix of word dependencies and adopt graph convolutional network to learn the syntactic structure features for text,which addresses the context interference problem of identifying different aspect terms.Then,the adjective-noun pairs extracted from image are introduced to enable the semantic representation of visual features more intuitive,which addresses the ambiguous semantic extraction problem during image feature learning.Thereby,the model performance of aspect term extraction and sentiment polarity prediction can be further optimized and enhanced.Experiments on two Twitter benchmark datasets demonstrate that TIFFL achieves competitive results for JMASA,MATE and MASC,thus validating the effectiveness of our proposed methods.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42030607)the Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission(Grant No.Z251100004525005)the National Science Foundation/National Center for Atmospheric Research,and NASA(Grant No.80NSSC22M0129)。
文摘The growth trajectory of hailstones within clouds has remained elusive due to the inability to trace them directly,impeding the comprehension of their underlying growth mechanisms.This study investigated hailstone vertical growth trajectories by detecting the stable isotope signatures(2H and 18O compositions)of different shells in 27 hailstones from 9hailstorms,which allowed us to capture the ambient temperature during hailstone growth.The vertical growth trajectories were obtained by comparing the isotopic compositions of water condensate in clouds,derived from the Adiabatic Model,with those measured in hailstones.Although hailstone growth was primarily observed in the–10°C to–30°C temperature layer,the embryo formation height and subsequent growth trajectories significantly varied among hailstones.Embryos formed over a wide range of temperatures(–8.7°C to–33.4°C);four originated at temperatures above–15°C and 16originated at temperatures below–20°C,suggesting ice nuclei composed of bioproteins and mineral dust,respectively.Among the 27 measured hailstones,3 exhibited minimal vertical movement,16 exhibited a monotonic rise or fall,and the remaining 8 exhibited alternating up-down trajectories;only one experienced“recycling”during up-down drifting.Trajectory analysis revealed that similar-sized hailstones from a single storm tended to form at similar heights,whereas those larger than 25 mm in diameter exhibited at least one period of upward growth.Vertical trajectories derived from isotopic analysis were corroborated by radar hydrometeor observations.
基金funded by Science Foundation for Youth supported by Shanghai Municipal Health Commission(No.20204Y0313)Sailing Program with the support of Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(No.21YF1443800).
文摘Background China is seeing a growing demand for rehabilitation treatments for post-stroke upper limb spastic paresis(PSSP-UL).Although acupuncture is known to be effective for PSSP-UL,there is room to enhance its efficacy.Objective This study explored a semi-personalized acupuncture approach for PSSP-UL that used three-dimensional kinematic analysis(3DKA)results to select additional acupoints,and investigated the feasibility,efficacy and safety of this approach.Design,setting,participants and interventions This single-blind,single-center,randomized,controlled trial involved 74 participants who experienced a first-ever ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke with spastic upper limb paresis.The participants were then randomly assigned to the intervention group or the control group in a 1:1 ratio.Both groups received conventional treatments and acupuncture treatment 5 days a week for 4 weeks.The main acupoints in both groups were the same,while participants in the intervention group received additional acupoints selected on the basis of 3DKA results.Follow-up assessments were conducted for 8 weeks after the treatment.Main outcome measures The primary outcome was the Fugl-Meyer Assessment for Upper Extremity(FMA-UE)response rate(≥6-point change)at week 4.Secondary outcomes included changes in motor function(FMA-UE),Brunnstrom recovery stage(BRS),manual muscle test(MMT),spasticity(Modified Ashworth Scale,MAS),and activities of daily life(Modified Barthel Index,MBI)at week 4 and week 12.Results Sixty-four participants completed the trial and underwent analyses.Compared with control group,the intervention group exhibited a significantly higher FMA-UE response rate at week 4(χ^(2)=5.479,P=0.019)and greater improvements in FMA-UE at both week 4 and week 12(both P<0.001).The intervention group also showed bigger improvements from baseline in the MMT grades for shoulder adduction and elbow flexion at weeks 4 and 12 as well as thumb adduction at week 4(P=0.007,P=0.049,P=0.019,P=0.008,P=0.029,respectively).The intervention group showed a better change in the MBI at both week 4 and week 12(P=0.004 and P=0.010,respectively).Although the intervention group had a higher BRS for the hand at week 12(P=0.041),no intergroup differences were observed at week 4(all P>0.05).The two groups showed no differences in MAS grades as well as in BRS for the arm at weeks 4 and 12(all P>0.05).Conclusion Semi-personalized acupuncture prescription based on 3DKA results significantly improved motor function,muscle strength,and activities of daily living in patients with PSSP-UL.
