The promulgation of the Rules represents a crucial step toward institutionalization and standardization of the minimum cost of living program, which marks the end of the arbitrariness in the traditional relief behavio...The promulgation of the Rules represents a crucial step toward institutionalization and standardization of the minimum cost of living program, which marks the end of the arbitrariness in the traditional relief behavior. In a country, to what degree the citizens enjoy human rights, it depends on the law. The minimum cost of living system has to be ensured by law in its progress toward institutionalization and standardization. This has been testified by the history of the development of the social security systems, either in Germany, which is regarded as a pioneer in modern social security systems or the United States.展开更多
For probabilistic programs,there is some work for qualitative and quantitative analysis about expec-tation or mean,such as expected termination time,and expected cost analysis.However,another non-trivial issue is abou...For probabilistic programs,there is some work for qualitative and quantitative analysis about expec-tation or mean,such as expected termination time,and expected cost analysis.However,another non-trivial issue is about tail bounds(i.e.,upper bounds of tail probabilities),which can provide high-probability guarantees to extreme events.In this work,we focus on the problem of tail-bound cost analysis over nondeterministic proba-bilistic programs,which aims to automatically obtain the tail bound of resource usages over such programs.To achieve this goal,we present a novel approach,combined with a suitable concentration inequality,to derive the tail bound of accumulated cost until program termination.Our approach can handle both positive and negative costs.Moreover,our approach enables an automated template-based synthesis of supermartingales and leads to an efficient polynomial-time algorithm.To show the effectiveness of our approach,we present experimental results on various programs and make a comparison with state-of-the-art tools.展开更多
Motor vehicle inspection and maintenance (I/M) programs are designed to identify high-emitting vehicles and mitigate their impacts on air quality and climate. I/M programs have been traditionally ranked superior among...Motor vehicle inspection and maintenance (I/M) programs are designed to identify high-emitting vehicles and mitigate their impacts on air quality and climate. I/M programs have been traditionally ranked superior among various vehicle emission control measures by the results of cost-benefit analysis, based on the assumption that these programs will achieve the targeted emission reduction outcomes. However, the actual effects of I/M programs may be greatly uncertain and when this uncertainty is taken into account, these programs may become suboptimal. This study develops a new a cost-benefit analysis framework that links various program design consideration, such as program participation rate, identification rate and effective repair rate, to the public health benefits as well as costs of the programs. This framework helps decision makers to investigate minimum implementation requirements that at least ensure the benefits are greater than the costs of implementing the programs in order to improve the overall effectiveness of the I/M programs. To illustrate the applications of the framework, it was applied to a particulate matter oriented I/M program targeting all diesel-fueled vehicles in the city of Bangkok, Thailand, a large metropolitan area that has been suffering from severe ambient PM pollution mainly attributable to its wide use of diesel-fueled vehicles and motorcycles. It was found that the health benefits achieved from the program are sensitive to several key program design elements, including participation rate and problem vehicle identification rate, fraction of effective repairs and illegal operation rate. Other variables, such as the testing cut-points and vehicle population growth rate, only have modest effects on the overall emission reduction and consequent health benefits. Overall, the performance of multiple variables associated with I/M program design needs to be improved simultaneous in order to achieve the targeted benefits of the program.展开更多
In this paper, the problem of non-response with significant travel costs in multivariate stratified sample surveys has been formulated of as a Multi-Objective Geometric Programming Problem (MOGPP). The fuzzy programmi...In this paper, the problem of non-response with significant travel costs in multivariate stratified sample surveys has been formulated of as a Multi-Objective Geometric Programming Problem (MOGPP). The fuzzy programming approach has been described for solving the formulated MOGPP. The formulated MOGPP has been solved with the help of LINGO Software and the dual solution is obtained. The optimum allocations of sample sizes of respondents and non respondents are obtained with the help of dual solutions and primal-dual relationship theorem. A numerical example is given to illustrate the procedure.展开更多
We describe a new active-set, cutting-plane Constraint Optimal Selection Technique (COST) for solving general linear programming problems. We describe strategies to bound the initial problem and simultaneously add mul...We describe a new active-set, cutting-plane Constraint Optimal Selection Technique (COST) for solving general linear programming problems. We describe strategies to bound the initial problem and simultaneously add multiple constraints. We give an interpretation of the new COST’s selection rule, which considers both the depth of constraints as well as their angles from the objective function. We provide computational comparisons of the COST with existing linear programming algorithms, including other COSTs in the literature, for some large-scale problems. Finally, we discuss conclusions and future research.展开更多
大规模虚拟电厂(virtual power plant,VPP)逐步具备与传统发电资源对等的地位,其优化运行策略将显著影响电力市场的均衡状态。高效表征虚拟电厂在关键端口下的外特性将促进虚拟电厂与现有市场模式的有效兼容,对于其深度参与电力市场具...大规模虚拟电厂(virtual power plant,VPP)逐步具备与传统发电资源对等的地位,其优化运行策略将显著影响电力市场的均衡状态。高效表征虚拟电厂在关键端口下的外特性将促进虚拟电厂与现有市场模式的有效兼容,对于其深度参与电力市场具有十分重要的现实意义。基于改进多参数线性规划(multi-parametric linear programming,MPLP)理论提出虚拟电厂边际成本函数解析表征方法,通过虚拟电厂与主网在公共连接点(point of common coupling,PCC)处的交易电量这一低维参数,反映其整体灵活性、交易可行域及边际成本。基于成本最小化将初始参数空间优化分割为若干临界域(critical region,CR),随后,揭示优化分割的经济学特性,并利用该特性刻画参数空间与虚拟电厂成本的分段映射关系。最后,基于改进的IEEE 33及IEEE 123节点系统验证所提算法的有效性,为虚拟电厂以非迭代的方式参与市场出清提供理论基础。展开更多
在双碳背景下,促进清洁能源消纳与碳减排已成为电网发展的重要目标。文章提出了一种优化方法,考虑可再生能源不确定性与系统功率储备进行系统调度。在预测误差分析的基础上,提出了一种基于负荷损失概率的评估方法,以确定系统运行储备功...在双碳背景下,促进清洁能源消纳与碳减排已成为电网发展的重要目标。文章提出了一种优化方法,考虑可再生能源不确定性与系统功率储备进行系统调度。在预测误差分析的基础上,提出了一种基于负荷损失概率的评估方法,以确定系统运行储备功率。将系统运营成本和CO_(2)排放量建模为优化目标。优化过程包括两个阶段,在第一阶段优化中利用混合整数线性规划(mixed integer linear programming,MILP)方法进行确定性优化,生成具有规定功率储备要求的发电机组组合。在第二阶段优化中考虑预测不确定性,对运行计划进行调整,使用可控发电机来处理预测偏差。将不同方法下可用运行储备功率、成本和CO_(2)排放量在仿真中进行了对比。与传统确定性调度方法相比,在保证目标安全水平的同时,所提出的方法节省了大约15%的经济成本和环境成本。展开更多
文摘The promulgation of the Rules represents a crucial step toward institutionalization and standardization of the minimum cost of living program, which marks the end of the arbitrariness in the traditional relief behavior. In a country, to what degree the citizens enjoy human rights, it depends on the law. The minimum cost of living system has to be ensured by law in its progress toward institutionalization and standardization. This has been testified by the history of the development of the social security systems, either in Germany, which is regarded as a pioneer in modern social security systems or the United States.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.61802254,62072299,and 61772336)。
文摘For probabilistic programs,there is some work for qualitative and quantitative analysis about expec-tation or mean,such as expected termination time,and expected cost analysis.However,another non-trivial issue is about tail bounds(i.e.,upper bounds of tail probabilities),which can provide high-probability guarantees to extreme events.In this work,we focus on the problem of tail-bound cost analysis over nondeterministic proba-bilistic programs,which aims to automatically obtain the tail bound of resource usages over such programs.To achieve this goal,we present a novel approach,combined with a suitable concentration inequality,to derive the tail bound of accumulated cost until program termination.Our approach can handle both positive and negative costs.Moreover,our approach enables an automated template-based synthesis of supermartingales and leads to an efficient polynomial-time algorithm.To show the effectiveness of our approach,we present experimental results on various programs and make a comparison with state-of-the-art tools.
文摘Motor vehicle inspection and maintenance (I/M) programs are designed to identify high-emitting vehicles and mitigate their impacts on air quality and climate. I/M programs have been traditionally ranked superior among various vehicle emission control measures by the results of cost-benefit analysis, based on the assumption that these programs will achieve the targeted emission reduction outcomes. However, the actual effects of I/M programs may be greatly uncertain and when this uncertainty is taken into account, these programs may become suboptimal. This study develops a new a cost-benefit analysis framework that links various program design consideration, such as program participation rate, identification rate and effective repair rate, to the public health benefits as well as costs of the programs. This framework helps decision makers to investigate minimum implementation requirements that at least ensure the benefits are greater than the costs of implementing the programs in order to improve the overall effectiveness of the I/M programs. To illustrate the applications of the framework, it was applied to a particulate matter oriented I/M program targeting all diesel-fueled vehicles in the city of Bangkok, Thailand, a large metropolitan area that has been suffering from severe ambient PM pollution mainly attributable to its wide use of diesel-fueled vehicles and motorcycles. It was found that the health benefits achieved from the program are sensitive to several key program design elements, including participation rate and problem vehicle identification rate, fraction of effective repairs and illegal operation rate. Other variables, such as the testing cut-points and vehicle population growth rate, only have modest effects on the overall emission reduction and consequent health benefits. Overall, the performance of multiple variables associated with I/M program design needs to be improved simultaneous in order to achieve the targeted benefits of the program.
文摘In this paper, the problem of non-response with significant travel costs in multivariate stratified sample surveys has been formulated of as a Multi-Objective Geometric Programming Problem (MOGPP). The fuzzy programming approach has been described for solving the formulated MOGPP. The formulated MOGPP has been solved with the help of LINGO Software and the dual solution is obtained. The optimum allocations of sample sizes of respondents and non respondents are obtained with the help of dual solutions and primal-dual relationship theorem. A numerical example is given to illustrate the procedure.
文摘We describe a new active-set, cutting-plane Constraint Optimal Selection Technique (COST) for solving general linear programming problems. We describe strategies to bound the initial problem and simultaneously add multiple constraints. We give an interpretation of the new COST’s selection rule, which considers both the depth of constraints as well as their angles from the objective function. We provide computational comparisons of the COST with existing linear programming algorithms, including other COSTs in the literature, for some large-scale problems. Finally, we discuss conclusions and future research.
文摘大规模虚拟电厂(virtual power plant,VPP)逐步具备与传统发电资源对等的地位,其优化运行策略将显著影响电力市场的均衡状态。高效表征虚拟电厂在关键端口下的外特性将促进虚拟电厂与现有市场模式的有效兼容,对于其深度参与电力市场具有十分重要的现实意义。基于改进多参数线性规划(multi-parametric linear programming,MPLP)理论提出虚拟电厂边际成本函数解析表征方法,通过虚拟电厂与主网在公共连接点(point of common coupling,PCC)处的交易电量这一低维参数,反映其整体灵活性、交易可行域及边际成本。基于成本最小化将初始参数空间优化分割为若干临界域(critical region,CR),随后,揭示优化分割的经济学特性,并利用该特性刻画参数空间与虚拟电厂成本的分段映射关系。最后,基于改进的IEEE 33及IEEE 123节点系统验证所提算法的有效性,为虚拟电厂以非迭代的方式参与市场出清提供理论基础。
文摘在双碳背景下,促进清洁能源消纳与碳减排已成为电网发展的重要目标。文章提出了一种优化方法,考虑可再生能源不确定性与系统功率储备进行系统调度。在预测误差分析的基础上,提出了一种基于负荷损失概率的评估方法,以确定系统运行储备功率。将系统运营成本和CO_(2)排放量建模为优化目标。优化过程包括两个阶段,在第一阶段优化中利用混合整数线性规划(mixed integer linear programming,MILP)方法进行确定性优化,生成具有规定功率储备要求的发电机组组合。在第二阶段优化中考虑预测不确定性,对运行计划进行调整,使用可控发电机来处理预测偏差。将不同方法下可用运行储备功率、成本和CO_(2)排放量在仿真中进行了对比。与传统确定性调度方法相比,在保证目标安全水平的同时,所提出的方法节省了大约15%的经济成本和环境成本。
